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Picek I, Matković-Čalogović D, Dražić G, Kapun G, Šket P, Popović J, Foretić B. Supramolecular Solid Complexes between Bis-pyridinium-4-oxime and Distinctive Cyanoiron Platforms. Molecules 2024; 29:1698. [PMID: 38675518 PMCID: PMC11052229 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29081698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The structural features and optical properties of supramolecular cyanoiron salts containing bis-pyridinium-4-oxime Toxogonin® (TOXO) as an electron acceptor are presented. The properties of the new TOXO-based cyanoiron materials were probed by employing two cyanoiron platforms: hexacyanoferrate(II), [Fe(CN)6]4- (HCF); and nitroprusside, [Fe(CN)5(NO)]2- (NP). Two water-insoluble inter-ionic donor-acceptor phases were characterized: the as-prepared microcrystalline reddish-brown (TOXO)2[Fe(CN)6]·8H2O (1a) with a medium-responsive, hydrochromic character; and the dark violet crystalline (TOXO)2[Fe(CN)6]·3.5H2O (1cr). Complex 1a, upon external stimulation, transforms to the violet anhydrous phase (TOXO)2[Fe(CN)6] (1b), which upon water uptake transforms back to 1a. Using the NP platform resulted in the water-insoluble crystalline salt TOXO[Fe(CN)5(NO)]·2H2O (2). The structures of 1cr and 2, solved by single-crystal X-ray diffraction, along with a comparative spectroscopic (UV-vis-NIR diffuse reflectance, IR, solid-state MAS-NMR, Mössbauer), thermal, powder X-ray diffraction, and microscopic analysis (SEM, TEM) of the isolated materials, provided insight for the supramolecular binding, electron-accepting, and H-bonding capabilities of TOXO in the self-assembly of these functionalized materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Picek
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Šalata 3, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Dubravka Matković-Čalogović
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Horvatovac 102a, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Goran Dražić
- National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, SLO-1001 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (G.D.); (G.K.); (P.Š.)
| | - Gregor Kapun
- National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, SLO-1001 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (G.D.); (G.K.); (P.Š.)
| | - Primož Šket
- National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, SLO-1001 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (G.D.); (G.K.); (P.Š.)
| | - Jasminka Popović
- Division of Materials Physics, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička Cesta 54, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Blaženka Foretić
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Šalata 3, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
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2
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Golomb BA, Han JH. Adverse effect propensity: A new feature of Gulf War illness predicted by environmental exposures. iScience 2023; 26:107363. [PMID: 37554469 PMCID: PMC10405325 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023] Open
Abstract
A third of 1990-1 Gulf-deployed personnel developed drug/chemical-induced multisymptom illness, "Gulf War illness" (GWI). Veterans with GWI (VGWI) report increased drug/exposure adverse effects (AEs). Using previously collected data from a case-control study, we evaluated whether the fraction of exposures that engendered AEs ("AE Propensity") is increased in VGWI (it was); whether AE Propensity is related to self-rated "chemical sensitivity" (it did); and whether specific exposures "predicted" AE Propensity (they did). Pesticides and radiation exposure were significant predictors, with copper significantly "protective"-in the total sample (adjusted for GWI-status) and separately in VGWI and controls, on multivariable regression. Mitochondrial impairment and oxidative stress (OS) underlie AEs from many exposures irrespective of nominal specific mechanism. We hypothesize that mitochondrial toxicity and interrelated OS from pesticides and radiation position people on the steep part of the curve of mitochondrial impairment and OS versus symptom/biological disruption, amplifying impact of new exposures. Copper, meanwhile, is involved in critical OS detoxification processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice A. Golomb
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Jun Hee Han
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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3
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Markley LC, Gonzalez-Bonet A, Ogungbesan A, Bandele OJ, Bailey AB, Patton GW. Safety assessment for Tris(2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl) phosphite (Irgafos 168) used as an antioxidant and stabilizer in food contact applications. Food Chem Toxicol 2023:113877. [PMID: 37336387 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2023.113877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
During and after fabrication of polymeric food contact articles (FCA), polymers undergo oxidation by thermal decomposition processes initiated by oxygen, heat, light, shear, and catalyst residues. To reduce degradation of the polymer, a commonly used secondary antioxidant (AO), Irgafos 168 (I-168), may be included. Use of I-168 in polymeric FCAs presents a potential concern for neurotoxicity due to its phosphate-containing degradation species, I-168ate. As a result, we evaluated dietary exposure and oral toxicity data for I-168 and its degradants when used as an AO in FCAs. Our exposure assessment included extensive review of the U.S. food-contact regulatory history of I-168 resulting in a combined cumulative estimated daily intake (CEDI) of 0.09 mg/kg bw/day for I-168 and I-168ate when used as an AO in FCAs. Our comprehensive literature review of toxicological data and supporting structure activity relationship (SAR) analysis of I-168 reactivity against acetylcholinesterase diminished concern for potential neurotoxic effects of I-168 and its degradants. An acceptable daily intake (ADI) value of 1 mg/kg bw/day for I-168 was derived from a two-year rodent combined chronic toxicity/carcinogenicity study, which is higher than the CEDI and supports the safety of current authorized food contact use levels of I-168.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura C Markley
- Division of Food Contact Substances, Office of Food Additive Safety, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 5001 Campus Drive, HSF-275, College Park, MD, 20740, USA.
| | - Andrés Gonzalez-Bonet
- Division of Food Contact Substances, Office of Food Additive Safety, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 5001 Campus Drive, HSF-275, College Park, MD, 20740, USA
| | - Adejoke Ogungbesan
- Division of Food Contact Substances, Office of Food Additive Safety, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 5001 Campus Drive, HSF-275, College Park, MD, 20740, USA
| | - Omari J Bandele
- Division of Food Contact Substances, Office of Food Additive Safety, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 5001 Campus Drive, HSF-275, College Park, MD, 20740, USA
| | - Allan B Bailey
- Division of Food Contact Substances, Office of Food Additive Safety, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 5001 Campus Drive, HSF-275, College Park, MD, 20740, USA
| | - Geoffrey W Patton
- Division of Food Contact Substances, Office of Food Additive Safety, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 5001 Campus Drive, HSF-275, College Park, MD, 20740, USA
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4
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Dardiotis E, Skouras P, Varvarelis OP, Aloizou AM, Hernández AF, Liampas I, Rikos D, Dastamani M, Golokhvast KS, Bogdanos DP, Tsatsakis A, Siokas V, Mitsias PD, Hadjigeorgiou GM. Pesticides and tremor: An overview of association, mechanisms and confounders. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 229:115442. [PMID: 36758916 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.115442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Pesticides are a heterogeneous class of chemicals mainly used for the protection of crops from pests. Because of their very widespread use, acute or/and chronic exposure to these chemicals can lead to a plethora of sequelae inflicting diseases, many of which involve the nervous system. Tremor has been associated with pesticide exposure in human and animal studies. This review is aimed at assessing the studies currently available on the association between the various types of pesticides/insecticides and tremor, while also accounting for potential confounding factors. To our knowledge, this is the first coherent review on the subject. After appraising the available evidence, we call for more intensive research on this topic, as well as intonate the need of implementing future preventive measures to protect the exposed populations and to reduce potential disabilities and social drawbacks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Efthimios Dardiotis
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Larissa Greece, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece.
| | - Panagiotis Skouras
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Larissa Greece, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - Orfeas-Petros Varvarelis
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Larissa Greece, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - Athina-Maria Aloizou
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Larissa Greece, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - Antonio F Hernández
- Department of Legal Medicine and Toxicology, University of Granada School of Medicine, Granada, Spain; Health Research Institute of Granada (ibs.GRANADA), Granada, Spain; Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ioannis Liampas
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Larissa Greece, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Rikos
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Larissa Greece, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - Metaxia Dastamani
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Larissa Greece, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - Kirill S Golokhvast
- Siberian Federal Scientific Center of Agrobiotechnology RAS, Krasnoobsk, Russia, 630501
| | - Dimitrios P Bogdanos
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University Hospital of Larissa, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - Aristidis Tsatsakis
- Center of Toxicology Science & Research, Medical School, University of Crete, 71003, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Vasileios Siokas
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Larissa Greece, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - Panayiotis D Mitsias
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003, Heraklion, Greece; Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Georgios M Hadjigeorgiou
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Larissa Greece, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece; Department of Neurology, Medical School, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
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5
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Jamil YM, Al-Azab FM, Al-Selwi NA, Alorini T, Al-Hakimi AN. Preparation, physicochemical characterization, molecular docking and biological activity of a novel schiff-base and organophosphorus schiff base with some transition metal(II) ions. MAIN GROUP CHEMISTRY 2023. [DOI: 10.3233/mgc-220101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The two synthesis of Schiff base SB (Indole-3-carboxalidene-1-phenylsemicarbazide) and organophosphorus Schiff base OPSB (Indole-3-carboxalidene diphenylphosphate-1-phenylsemicarbazide) have been prepared and characterized by elemental analyses, IR, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, UV–Vis and XRD. A series of complexes of the type [M(SB)2Cl2].2H2O and [M(OPSB)Cl.(H2O)2].Cl, where M = Cu(II), Ni(II) and Co(II) have been synthesized and the chemical structures of them were established by magnetic susceptibility, conductance measurements, elemental analyses, IR, UV–Vis. These results suggest that the metal complexes have octahedral geometry. X-ray powder diffraction analysis of ligands and SB complexes indicate that they are crystalline in nature and within nano range. The molecular docking of [Co(OPSB)Cl.(H2O)2].Cl is discussed using MOE software to understand the binding pattern of the investigated compound towards target proteins Bacillus subtilis (PDB ID: 2RHL), Staphylococcus aureus (PDB ID: 4URM), Escherichia coli (PDB ID: 4PRV), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PDB ID: 4JVI). All compounds have been evaluated for their antimicrobial. The ligands and OPSB complexes showed high antioxidant activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmin M.S. Jamil
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Sana’a University, Yemen
| | - Fathi M. Al-Azab
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Sana’a University, Yemen
| | | | - Thamer Alorini
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Qassim University, Buraidah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed N. Al-Hakimi
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Qassim University, Buraidah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Ibb University, Ibb, Yemen
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6
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Neurotoxicity evoked by organophosphates and available countermeasures. Arch Toxicol 2023; 97:39-72. [PMID: 36335468 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-022-03397-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Organophosphorus compounds (OP) are a constant problem, both in the military and in the civilian field, not only in the form of acute poisoning but also for their long-lasting consequences. No antidote has been found that satisfactorily protects against the toxic effects of organophosphates. Likewise, there is no universal cure to avert damage after poisoning. The key mechanism of organophosphate toxicity is the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase. The overstimulation of nicotinic or muscarinic receptors by accumulated acetylcholine on a synaptic cleft leads to activation of the glutamatergic system and the development of seizures. Further consequences include generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), neuroinflammation, and the formation of various other neuropathologists. In this review, we present neuroprotection strategies which can slow down the secondary nerve cell damage and alleviate neurological and neuropsychiatric disturbance. In our opinion, there is no unequivocal approach to ensure neuroprotection, however, sooner the neurotoxicity pathway is targeted, the better the results which can be expected. It seems crucial to target the key propagation pathways, i.e., to block cholinergic and, foremostly, glutamatergic cascades. Currently, the privileged approach oriented to stimulating GABAAR by benzodiazepines is of limited efficacy, so that antagonizing the hyperactivity of the glutamatergic system could provide an even more efficacious approach for terminating OP-induced seizures and protecting the brain from permanent damage. Encouraging results have been reported for tezampanel, an antagonist of GluK1 kainate and AMPA receptors, especially in combination with caramiphen, an anticholinergic and anti-glutamatergic agent. On the other hand, targeting ROS by antioxidants cannot or already developed neuroinflammation does not seem to be very productive as other processes are also involved.
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7
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Thosapornvichai T, Huangteerakul C, Jensen AN, Jensen LT. Mitochondrial dysfunction from malathion and chlorpyrifos exposure is associated with degeneration of GABAergic neurons in Caenorhabditis elegans. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2022; 96:104000. [PMID: 36252730 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2022.104000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Toxicity resulting from off-target effects, beyond acetylcholine esterase inhibition, for the commonly used organophosphate (OP) insecticides chlorpyrifos (CPS) and malathion (MA) was investigated using Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Caenorhabditis elegans model systems. Mitochondrial damage and dysfunction were observed in yeast following exposure to CPS and MA, suggesting this organelle is a major target. In the C. elegans model, the mitochondrial unfolded protein response pathway showed the most robust induction from CPS and MA treatment among stress responses examined. GABAergic neurodegeneration was observed with CPS and MA exposure. Impaired movement observed in C. elegans exposed to CPS and MA may be the result of motor neuron damage. Our analysis suggests that stress from CPS and MA results in mitochondrial dysfunction, with GABAergic neurons sensitized to these effects. These findings may aid in the understanding of toxicity from CPS and MA from high concentration exposure leading to insecticide poisoning.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Laran T Jensen
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok Thailand.
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8
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Elias S, Columbus I, Shoshanim O, Mizrahi D, Chen R, Yehezkel L, Ghindes‐Azaria L, Ashkenazi N, Zafrani Y. The Prominent Motif of the Leaving Group in Chemical and Biological Processes of Phosphonoesters: Understanding the Behavior of V‐type Nerve Agents. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202201363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shlomi Elias
- Department of Organic Chemistry Israel Institute for Biological Research Ness-Ziona 7410019 Israel
| | - Ishay Columbus
- Department of Organic Chemistry Israel Institute for Biological Research Ness-Ziona 7410019 Israel
| | - Ofir Shoshanim
- Department of Environmental Physics Israel Institute for Biological Research Ness-Ziona 7410019 Israel
| | - Dana Mizrahi
- Department of Organic Chemistry Israel Institute for Biological Research Ness-Ziona 7410019 Israel
| | - Ravit Chen
- Department of Organic Chemistry Israel Institute for Biological Research Ness-Ziona 7410019 Israel
| | - Lea Yehezkel
- Department of Organic Chemistry Israel Institute for Biological Research Ness-Ziona 7410019 Israel
| | - Lee Ghindes‐Azaria
- Department of Organic Chemistry Israel Institute for Biological Research Ness-Ziona 7410019 Israel
| | - Nissan Ashkenazi
- Department of Organic Chemistry Israel Institute for Biological Research Ness-Ziona 7410019 Israel
| | - Yossi Zafrani
- Department of Organic Chemistry Israel Institute for Biological Research Ness-Ziona 7410019 Israel
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Bahadi R, Berredjem M, Bouasla R, Belhani B, Bouchareb F, Boussaker M, Redjemia R. Recent progress in synthesis of oxazaphosphinanes and their biological applications: a review. PHOSPHORUS SULFUR 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/10426507.2022.2114477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rania Bahadi
- Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Synthesis of Biomolecules and Molecular Modelling Group, Department of Chemistry, Sciences Faculty, Badji-Mokhtar – Annaba University, Annaba, Algeria
| | - Malika Berredjem
- Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Synthesis of Biomolecules and Molecular Modelling Group, Department of Chemistry, Sciences Faculty, Badji-Mokhtar – Annaba University, Annaba, Algeria
| | - Radia Bouasla
- Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Synthesis of Biomolecules and Molecular Modelling Group, Department of Chemistry, Sciences Faculty, Badji-Mokhtar – Annaba University, Annaba, Algeria
- Department of Chemistry, Higher School of Industrial Technologies-Annaba, Annaba, Algeria
| | - Billel Belhani
- Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Synthesis of Biomolecules and Molecular Modelling Group, Department of Chemistry, Sciences Faculty, Badji-Mokhtar – Annaba University, Annaba, Algeria
| | - Fouzia Bouchareb
- Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Synthesis of Biomolecules and Molecular Modelling Group, Department of Chemistry, Sciences Faculty, Badji-Mokhtar – Annaba University, Annaba, Algeria
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Chadli Bendjedid – El Tarf University, El Tarf, Algeria
| | - Meriem Boussaker
- Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Synthesis of Biomolecules and Molecular Modelling Group, Department of Chemistry, Sciences Faculty, Badji-Mokhtar – Annaba University, Annaba, Algeria
| | - Rayenne Redjemia
- Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Synthesis of Biomolecules and Molecular Modelling Group, Department of Chemistry, Sciences Faculty, Badji-Mokhtar – Annaba University, Annaba, Algeria
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Rezende-Teixeira P, Dusi RG, Jimenez PC, Espindola LS, Costa-Lotufo LV. What can we learn from commercial insecticides? Efficacy, toxicity, environmental impacts, and future developments. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 300:118983. [PMID: 35151812 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.118983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Worldwide pesticide usage was estimated in up to 3.5 million tons in 2020. The number of approved products varies among different countries, however, in Brazil, there are nearly 5000 of such products available. Among them, insecticides correspond to a group of mounting importance for controlling crop pests and disease-associated vectors in public health. Unfortunately, resistance to commercially approved insecticides is commonly observed, limiting the use of these products. Thus, the search for more effective and environmentally friendly products is both a challenge and a necessity since several insecticides are no longer allowed in many countries. In this review, we discuss the historical strategies used in the development of modern insecticides, including chemical structure alterations, mechanism of action and their impact on insecticidal activity. The environmental impact of each pesticide class is also discussed, with persistence data and activity on non-target organisms, along with the human toxicological effect. By tracing the historical route of discovery and development of blockbuster pesticides like DDT, pyrethroids and organophosphates, we also aim to categorize and relate the successful chemical alterations and novel pesticide development strategies that resulted in safer alternatives. A brief discussion on the Brazilian registration procedure and a perspective of insecticides currently approved in the country was also included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Rezende-Teixeira
- Laboratório de Farmacologia Marinha, Departamento de Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, 05508-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Renata G Dusi
- Laboratório de Farmacognosia, Universidade de Brasília, Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, Brasília, 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Paula C Jimenez
- Laboratório de Bioprospecção de Organismos Marinhos, Instituto do Mar, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Santos, SP, Brazil
| | - Laila S Espindola
- Laboratório de Farmacognosia, Universidade de Brasília, Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, Brasília, 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Letícia V Costa-Lotufo
- Laboratório de Farmacologia Marinha, Departamento de Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, 05508-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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11
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Organophosphorus Nerve Agents: Types, Toxicity, and Treatments. J Toxicol 2020; 2020:3007984. [PMID: 33029136 PMCID: PMC7527902 DOI: 10.1155/2020/3007984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 08/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Organophosphorus compounds are extensively used worldwide as pesticides which cause great hazards to human health. Nerve agents, a subcategory of the organophosphorus compounds, have been produced and used during wars, and they have also been used in terrorist activities. These compounds possess physiological threats by interacting and inhibiting acetylcholinesterase enzyme which leads to the cholinergic crisis. After a general introduction, this review elucidates the mechanisms underlying cholinergic and noncholinergic effects of organophosphorus compounds. The conceivable treatment strategies for organophosphate poisoning are different types of bioscavengers which include stoichiometric, catalytic, and pseudocatalytic. The current research on the promising treatments specifically the catalytic bioscavengers including several wild-type organophosphate hydrolases such as paraoxonase and phosphotriesterase, phosphotriesterase-like lactonase, methyl parathion hydrolase, organophosphate acid anhydrolase, diisopropyl fluorophosphatase, human triphosphate nucleotidohydrolase, and senescence marker protein has been widely discussed. Organophosphorus compounds are reported to be the nonphysiological substrate for many mammalian organophosphate hydrolysing enzymes; therefore, the efficiency of these enzymes toward these compounds is inadequate. Hence, studies have been conducted to create mutants with an enhanced rate of hydrolysis and high specificity. Several mutants have been created by applying directed molecular evolution and/or targeted mutagenesis, and catalytic efficiency has been characterized. Generally, organophosphorus compounds are chiral in nature. The development of mutant enzymes for providing superior stereoselective degradation of toxic organophosphorus compounds has also been widely accounted for in this review. Existing enzymes have shown limited efficiency; hence, more effective treatment strategies have also been critically analyzed.
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12
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Hayes TR, Blecha JE, Chao CK, Huynh TL, VanBrocklin HF, Zinn KR, Taylor PW, Gerdes JM, Thompson CM. Positron emission tomography evaluation of oxime countermeasures in live rats using the tracer O-(2-[ 18 F]fluoroethyl)-O-(p-nitrophenyl)methylphosphonate [ 18 F]-VXS. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2020; 1479:180-195. [PMID: 32436233 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Oxime antidotes regenerate organophosphate-inhibited acetylcholinesterase (AChE). Although they share a common mechanism of AChE reactivation, the rate and amount of oxime that enters the brain are critical to the efficacy, a process linked to the oxime structure and charge. Using a platform based on the organophosphate [18 F]-VXS as a positron emission tomography tracer for active AChE, the in vivo distribution of [18 F]-VXS was evaluated after an LD50 dose (250 μg/kg) of the organophosphate paraoxon (POX) and following oximes as antidotes. Rats given [18 F]-VXS tracer alone had significantly higher radioactivity (two- to threefold) in the heart and lung than rats given LD50 POX at 20 or 60 min prior to [18 F]-VXS. When rats were given LD50 POX followed by 2-PAM (cationic), RS194b (ionizable), or monoisonitrosoacetone (MINA) (neutral), central nervous system (CNS) radioactivity returned to levels at or above untreated naive rats (no POX), whereas CNS radioactivity did not increase in rats given the dication oximes HI-6 or MMB-4. MINA showed a significant, pairwise increase in CNS brain radioactivity compared with POX-treated rats. This new in vivo dynamic platform using [18 F]-VXS tracer measures and quantifies peripheral and CNS relative changes in AChE availability after POX exposure and is suitable for comparing oxime delivery and AChE reactivation in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas R Hayes
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Joseph E Blecha
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Chih-Kai Chao
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana
| | - Tony L Huynh
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Henry F VanBrocklin
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Kurt R Zinn
- Departments of Radiology, Small Animal Clinical Sciences, and Biomedical Engineering, Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Palmer W Taylor
- Department of Pharmacology, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - John M Gerdes
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana
| | - Charles M Thompson
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana
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Liu C, Zhou W, Li Z, Ren J, Li X, Li S, Liu Q, Song F, Hao A, Wang F. Melatonin Protects Neural Stem Cells Against Tri-Ortho-Cresyl Phosphate-Induced Autophagy. Front Mol Neurosci 2020; 13:25. [PMID: 32210763 PMCID: PMC7069477 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2020.00025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Tri-ortho-cresyl phosphate (TOCP) is an extensively used organophosphate in industry. It has been proven to lead to toxicity in different organ systems, especially in the nervous system. Neural stem cells (NSCs) play important roles in both embryonic and adult nervous systems. However, whether TOCP induces cytotoxicity in embryonic NSCs remains unclear. In this study, mouse NSCs were exposed to different concentrations of TOCP for 24 h. The results showed that TOCP led to impaired proliferation of NSCs and induced the autophagy of NSCs by increasing the generation of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and decreasing the phosphorylation of extracellular regulated protein kinase (ERK1/2). Melatonin has been reported to exert neuroprotective effects via various mechanisms. Therefore, we further investigate whether melatonin has potential protective effects against TOCP-induced cytotoxicity on NSCs. Our data showed that melatonin pretreatment attenuated TOCP-induced autophagy by suppressing oxidative stress and restoring ERK1/2 phosphorylation consistently. Taken together, the results indicated that TOCP induced the autophagy in mouse NSCs, and melatonin may effectively protect NSCs against TOCP-induced autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Liu
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of Ministry of Education, Shandong Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Department of Anatomy and Histoembryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Wenjuan Zhou
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of Ministry of Education, Shandong Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Department of Anatomy and Histoembryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Zhaopei Li
- Department of Oncology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Jun Ren
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of Ministry of Education, Shandong Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Department of Anatomy and Histoembryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xian Li
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of Ministry of Education, Shandong Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Department of Anatomy and Histoembryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Shan Li
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of Ministry of Education, Shandong Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Department of Anatomy and Histoembryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Qian Liu
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of Ministry of Education, Shandong Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Department of Anatomy and Histoembryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Fuyong Song
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Aijun Hao
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of Ministry of Education, Shandong Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Department of Anatomy and Histoembryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Fuwu Wang
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of Ministry of Education, Shandong Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Department of Anatomy and Histoembryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
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Lakstygal AM, Kolesnikova TO, Khatsko SL, Zabegalov KN, Volgin AD, Demin KA, Shevyrin VA, Wappler-Guzzetta EA, Kalueff AV. DARK Classics in Chemical Neuroscience: Atropine, Scopolamine, and Other Anticholinergic Deliriant Hallucinogens. ACS Chem Neurosci 2019; 10:2144-2159. [PMID: 30566832 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.8b00615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Anticholinergic drugs based on tropane alkaloids, including atropine, scopolamine, and hyoscyamine, have been used for various medicinal and toxic purposes for millennia. These drugs are competitive antagonists of acetylcholine muscarinic (M-) receptors that potently modulate the central nervous system (CNS). Currently used clinically to treat vomiting, nausea, and bradycardia, as well as alongside other anesthetics to avoid vagal inhibition, these drugs also evoke potent psychotropic effects, including characteristic delirium-like states with hallucinations, altered mood, and cognitive deficits. Given the growing clinical importance of anti-M deliriant hallucinogens, here we discuss their use and abuse, clinical importance, and the growing value in preclinical (experimental) animal models relevant to modeling CNS functions and dysfunctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton M. Lakstygal
- Graduate School of Biology, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg 199034, Russia
| | | | | | | | - Andrey D. Volgin
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Almazov National Medical Research Centre, Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation, St. Petersburg 197341, Russia
| | - Konstantin A. Demin
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Almazov National Medical Research Centre, Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation, St. Petersburg 197341, Russia
- Institute of Translational Biomedicine (ITBM), St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg 199034, Russia
| | | | | | - Allan V. Kalueff
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest University, Chongqing 400700, China
- Anatomy and Physiology Laboratory, Ural Federal University, Ekaterinburg 620002, Russia
- Laboratory of Biological Psychiatry, ITBM, St Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg 199034, Russia
- Scientific Research Institute of Physiology and Basic Medicine, Novosibirsk 630117, Russia
- Granov Russian Scientific Center of Radiology and Surgical Technologies, Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation, St. Petersburg 197758, Russia
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15
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Muckova L, Vanova N, Misik J, Herman D, Pejchal J, Jun D. Oxidative stress induced by oxime reactivators of acetylcholinesterase in vitro. Toxicol In Vitro 2019; 56:110-117. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2019.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Revised: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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16
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Hayes TR, Thompson CM, Blecha JE, Gerdes JM, VanBrocklin HF. Radiosynthesis of O-(1-[ 18 F]fluoropropan-2-yl)-O-(4-nitrophenyl)methylphosphonate: A novel PET tracer surrogate of sarin. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2018; 61:1089-1094. [PMID: 30347484 DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.3688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Revised: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
O-(1-Fluoropropan-2-yl)-O-(4-nitrophenyl) methylphosphonate is a reactive organophosphate ester (OP) developed as a surrogate of the chemical warfare agent sarin that forms a similar covalent adduct at the active site serine of acetylcholinesterase. The radiolabeled O-(1-[18 F]fluoropropan-2-yl)-O-(4-nitrophenyl) methylphosphonate ([18 F] fluorosarin surrogate) has not been previously prepared. In this paper, we report the first radiosynthesis of this tracer from the reaction of bis-(4-nitrophenyl) methylphosphonate with 1-[18 F]fluoro-2-propanol in the presence of DBU. The 1-[18 F]fluoro-2-propanol was prepared by reaction of propylene sulfite with Kryptofix 2.2.2 and [18 F] fluoride ion. The desired tracer O-(1-[18 F]fluoropropan-2-yl)-O-(4-nitrophenyl) methylphosphonate was obtained in a >98% radiochemical purity with a 2.4% ± 0.6% yield (n = 5, 65 minutes from start of synthesis) based on starting [18 F] fluoride ion and a molar activity of 49.9 GBq/μmol (1.349 ± 0.329 Ci/μmol, n = 3). This new facile radiosynthesis routinely affords sufficient quantities of [18 F] fluorosarin surrogate in high radiochemical purity, which will further enable the tracer development as a novel radiolabeled OP acetylcholinesterase inhibitor for assessment of OP modes of action with PET imaging in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas R Hayes
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Charles M Thompson
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA
| | - Joseph E Blecha
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - John M Gerdes
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA
| | - Henry F VanBrocklin
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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17
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da Silva FD, Nogara PA, Braga MM, Piccoli BC, Rocha JBT. Molecular docking analysis of acetylcholinesterase corroborates the protective effect of pralidoxime against chlorpyrifos-induced behavioral and neurochemical impairments in Nauphoeta cinerea. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comtox.2018.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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18
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Gökçe Apaydın F, Pandır D, Kalender S, Baş H, Kalender Y. Hematoprotective effect of vitamins C and E against subchronic toxicity of bendiocarb: Biochemical evidences. J Food Biochem 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.12659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Dilek Pandır
- Faculty of Arts and Science, Department of Biology Bozok University Yozgat Turkey
| | - Suna Kalender
- Faculty of Gazi Education, Department of Science Gazi University Ankara Turkey
| | - Hatice Baş
- Faculty of Arts and Science, Department of Biology Bozok University Yozgat Turkey
| | - Yusuf Kalender
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biology Gazi University Ankara Turkey
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19
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Hariri AT, Moallem SA, Mahmoudi M, Memar B, Razavi BM, Hosseinzadeh H. Effect of Crocus sativus L. stigma (saffron) against subacute effect of diazinon: histopathological, hematological, biochemical and genotoxicity evaluations in rats. J Pharmacopuncture 2018; 21:61-69. [PMID: 30151305 PMCID: PMC6054089 DOI: 10.3831/kpi.2018.21.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Revised: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective In this study, the effects of saffron stigma against subacute diazinon (DZN) toxicity on enzymes levels, biochemical, hematological, histopathological and genotoxicity indices were studied in rats. Methods Vitamin E (200 IU/kg) and the aqueous extract of saffron (50, 100 and 200 mg/kg) were injected intraperitoneally three times per week alone or with DZN (20 mg/kg/day, orally) for 4 weeks. The hematological and biochemical parameters were evaluated at the end of 4 weeks. Results Reticulocytes counts, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), creatine phosphokinase, CPK-MB, gama glutamyl transferase (GGT), uric acid and micronucleus indices were increased significantly but total protein and RBC cholinesterase activity were decreased in the DZN-treated group. Saffron prevented the effect of DZN on GGT (50 mg/kg), LDH, CPK and CPK-MB (100 and 200 mg/kg) levels. An increased uric acid and reduced protein levels by DZN were prevented by vitamin E and some doses of saffron. A significant reduction was observed in platelets, RBC, hemoglobin and hematocrit indices in the DZN group. Saffron and vitamin E prevented this reduction. Vitamin E and saffron did not reduce the effect of DZN on RBC cholinesterase activity. The extract and vitamin E could not prevent DZN genotoxicity in the micronucleus assay. Other biochemical parameters and pathological evaluation did not show any abnormality in tissues of all groups. Conclusion This study shows that vitamin E and saffron reduce DZN induced hematological and biochemical toxicity. However, they do not prevent the genotoxicity induced by DZN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Timcheh Hariri
- Medical Toxicology Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Seyed Adel Moallem
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Mahmoudi
- Immunology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Bahram Memar
- Department of Pathology, Imam Reza Hospital, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Bibi Marjan Razavi
- Targeted Drug Delivery Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology,School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hossein Hosseinzadeh
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology,School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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20
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Pshenichnyuk SA, Modelli A, Komolov AS. Interconnections between dissociative electron attachment and electron-driven biological processes. INT REV PHYS CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/0144235x.2018.1461347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Stanislav A. Pshenichnyuk
- Institute of Molecule and Crystal Physics – Subdivision of the Ufa Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ufa, Russia
| | - Alberto Modelli
- Dipartimento di Chimica ‘G. Ciamician’, Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Centro Interdipartimentale di Ricerca in Scienze Ambientali, Ravenna, Italy
| | - Alexei S. Komolov
- Department of Solid State Electronics, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia
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21
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Abstract
One of the major classes of pesticides is that of the organophosphates (OPs). Initial developments date back almost 2 centuries but it was only in the mid-1940s that OPs reached a prominent status as insecticides, a status that, albeit declining, is still ongoing. OPs are highly toxic to nontarget species including humans, the primary effects being an acute cholinergic toxicity (responsible for thousands of poisoning each year) and a delayed polyneuropathy. Several issues of current debate and investigation on the toxicology of OPs are discussed in this brief review. These include (1) possible additional targets of OPs, (2) OPs as developmental neurotoxicants, (3) OPs and neurodegenerative diseases, (4) OPs and the "aerotoxic syndrome," (5) OPs and the microbiome, and (6) OPs and cancer. Some of these issues have been debated and studied for some time, while others are newer, suggesting that the study of the toxicology of OPs will remain an important scientific and public health issue for years to come.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucio G Costa
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98105
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma 43100, Italy
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22
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Karami-Mohajeri S, Ahmadipour A, Rahimi HR, Abdollahi M. Adverse effects of organophosphorus pesticides on the liver: a brief summary of four decades of research. Arh Hig Rada Toksikol 2018; 68:261-275. [DOI: 10.1515/aiht-2017-68-2989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Organophosphorus pesticides (OPs) are widely used volatile pesticides that have harmful effects on the liver in acute and chronic exposures. This review article summarises and discusses a wide collection of studies published over the last 40 years reporting on the effects of OPs on the liver, in an attempt to propose general mechanisms of OP hepatotoxicity and possible treatment. Several key biological processes have been reported as involved in OP-induced hepatotoxicity such as disturbances in the antioxidant defence system, oxidative stress, apoptosis, and mitochondrial and microsomal metabolism. Most studies show that antioxidants can attenuate oxidative stress and the consequent changes in liver function. However, few studies have examined the relationship between OP structures and the severity and mechanism of their action. We hope that future in vitro, in vivo, and clinical trials will answer the remaining questions about the mechanisms of OP hepatotoxicity and its management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somayyeh Karami-Mohajeri
- Pharmaceutics Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Tehran , Iran
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran , Iran
| | - Ahmad Ahmadipour
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran , Iran
| | - Hamid-Reza Rahimi
- Pharmaceutics Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Tehran , Iran
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran , Iran
| | - Mohammad Abdollahi
- Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman , Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Iran
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology4, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran , Iran
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23
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Foretić B, Vianello R, Matković-Čalogović D, Jadreško D, Picek I. Supramolecular inter-ionic charge-transfer complexes between derivatives of pyridinium-4-oxime cations and hexacyanoferrate(ii) anions. NEW J CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8nj03066a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Mono- and bis-pyridinium-4-oxime compounds are introduced as new electron acceptors for the formation of colored, supramolecular, inter-ionic charge-transfer complexes with hexacyanoferrate(ii) as a donor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blaženka Foretić
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- School of Medicine
- University of Zagreb
- Šalata 3
- HR-10000 Zagreb
| | - Robert Vianello
- Division of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Ruđer Bošković Institute
- Bijenička 54
- HR-10000 Zagreb
- Croatia
| | | | - Dijana Jadreško
- Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička 54
- HR-10000 Zagreb
- Croatia
| | - Igor Picek
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- School of Medicine
- University of Zagreb
- Šalata 3
- HR-10000 Zagreb
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24
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Abd El-Moneam NM, Shreadah MA, El-Assar SA, Nabil-Adam A. Protective role of antioxidants capacity of Hyrtios aff. Erectus sponge extract against mixture of persistent organic pollutants (POPs)-induced hepatic toxicity in mice liver: biomarkers and ultrastructural study. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:22061-22072. [PMID: 28791578 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-9805-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The current study investigates the hepatoprotective effect of Hyrtios aff. Erectus sponge extract against POPs intoxication on endogenous antioxidant enzymes and lipid peroxidation in mice liver tissue. In the present study, the mice BALB/C were assigned into four groups: group I: received saline subcutaneously for 7 days and served as negative control; group II: received subcutaneously for 7 days, 130.6 mg/100 g/b. w/day POPs mixture(mixture of PCB 28, PCB 52,, PCB 101, PCB 118, PCB 153, PCB 138 and PCB 180, alpha-Hexachlorocyclohexane, beta-Hexachloro-cyclohexane, gamma-hexachlorocyclohexane, Aldrin, O,P'-DDE, Dieldrin, P,p DDE, O,P DDD, Endrin, P,p DDD and P,pDDT were extracted from sediments collected from Lake Mariout), and served as induced group; group III: pretreated with Hyrtios aff. Erectus sponge extract for 7 days, as a protection dose and then treated with POPs as group II and served as protective group; and group IV: received i.p Hyrtios aff. Erectus sponge extract of dose 0.7 mg/100 g b.wt/day for 7 days and served as positive control. After 7 days (experimental period), mice were scarified and the liver was harvested for biochemical estimation. Significant reduction in lipid peroxidation (p < 0.002) was noticed compared to POPs-protected group. The antioxidant biomarkers levels were significantly increase as the hepatic GSH and GST increased by 69.9 and 89.9%, respectively. Such increase was accompanied by a decrease in tyrosine kinase activity by 59.82%, additionally remarkable histopathological changes in liver tissue indicate the protective effect of Hyrtios aff. Erectus sponge extract. The results of this study revealed that the Hyrtios aff. Erectus sponge extract has the potential to diminish the destructive effect of POPs intoxication through enhancement of the endogenous antioxidant status. The hepatoprotective activity of Hyrtios aff. Erectus sponge extract is mediated, by the antioxidant effect of its active constituents. The active constituents of Hyrtios aff. Erectus sponge extract were identified by LC-MS/MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nehad M Abd El-Moneam
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A Shreadah
- Marine Biotechnology and Natural Products Lab (MBNP), National Institute of Oceanography & Fisheries (NIOF), Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Samy A El-Assar
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Asmaa Nabil-Adam
- Marine Biotechnology and Natural Products Lab (MBNP), National Institute of Oceanography & Fisheries (NIOF), Alexandria, Egypt.
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25
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Selva TMG, de Araujo WR, Bacil RP, Paixão TRLC. Study of Electrochemical Oxidation and Quantification of the Pesticide Pirimicarb Using a Boron-Doped Diamond Electrode. Electrochim Acta 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2017.06.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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26
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Chao CK, Ahmed SK, Gerdes JM, Thompson CM. Novel Organophosphate Ligand O-(2-Fluoroethyl)-O-(p-Nitrophenyl)Methylphosphonate: Synthesis, Hydrolytic Stability and Analysis of the Inhibition and Reactivation of Cholinesterases. Chem Res Toxicol 2016; 29:1810-1817. [PMID: 27551891 PMCID: PMC5575788 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.6b00160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The organophosphate O-(2-fluoroethyl)-O-(p-nitrophenyl) methyphosphonate 1 is the first-in-class, fluorine-18 radiolabeled organophosphate inhibitor ([18F]1) of acetylcholinesterase (AChE). In rats, [18F]1 localizes in AChE rich regions of the brain and other tissues where it likely exists as the (CH3)(18FCH2CH2O)P(O)-AChE adduct (ChE-1). Characterization of this adduct would define the inhibition mechanism and subsequent postinhibitory pathways and reactivation rates. To validate this adduct, the stability (hydrolysis) of 1 and ChE-1 reactivation rates were determined. Base hydrolysis of 1 yields p-nitrophenol and (CH3) (FCH2CH2O)P(O)OH with pseudo first order rate constants (kobsd) at pH 7.4 (PBS) of 3.25 × 10-4 min-1 (t1/2 = 35.5 h) at 25 °C and 8.70 × 10-4 min-1 (t1/2 = 13.3 h) at 37 °C. Compound 1 was a potent inhibitor of human acetylcholinesterase (HuAChE; ki = 7.5 × 105 M-1 min-1), electric eel acetylcholinesterase (EEAChE) (ki = 3.0 × 106 M-1 min-1), and human serum butyrylcholinesterase (HuBChE; 1.95 × 105 M-1 min-1). Spontaneous and oxime-mediated reactivation rates for the (CH3) (FCH2CH2O)P(O)-serine ChE adducts using 2-PAM (10 μM) were (a) HuAChE 8.8 × 10-5 min-1 (t1/2 = 131.2 h) and 2.41 × 10-2 min-1 (t1/2 = 0.48 h), (b) EEAChE 9.32 × 10-3 min-1 (t1/2 = 1.24 h) and 3.33 × 10-2 min-1 (t1/2 = 0.35 h), and (c) HuBChE 1.16 × 10-4 min-1 (t1/2 = 99.6 h) and 4.19 × 10-2 min-1 (t1/2 = 0.27 h). All ChE-1 adducts undergo rapid and near complete restoration of enzyme activity following addition of 2-PAM (30 min), and no aging was observed for either reactivation process. The fast reactivation rates and absence of aging of ChE-1 adducts are explained on the basis of the electron-withdrawing fluorine group that favors the nucleophilic reactivation processes but disfavors cation-based dealkylation aging mechanisms. Therefore, the likely fate of radiolabeled compound 1 in vivo is the formation of (CH3)(FCH2CH2O)P(O)-serine adducts and monoacid (CH3)(FCH2CH2O)P(O)OH from hydrolysis and reactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Kai Chao
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana 59812, United States
| | - S. Kaleem Ahmed
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana 59812, United States
- Center for Neuromolecular Research, Drug Discovery Division, Southern Research Institute, Birmingham, Alabama 35205, United States
| | - John M. Gerdes
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana 59812, United States
- Center for Neuromolecular Research, Drug Discovery Division, Southern Research Institute, Birmingham, Alabama 35205, United States
| | - Charles M. Thompson
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana 59812, United States
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Hocine L, Merzouk H, Merzouk SA, Ghorzi H, Youbi M, Narce M. The effects of alpha-cypermethrin exposure on biochemical and redox parameters in pregnant rats and their newborns. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 134:49-54. [PMID: 27914539 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2016.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Revised: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Pyrethroid insecticides are extensively used in agriculture and in household activities. During pregnancy, they might affect maternal metabolic status and there after fetal development. In this work, we studied metabolic and redox effects of low dose alpha-cypermethrin exposure in pregnant rats and their offspring. The diet containing alpha cypermethrin at 0.02mg/kg/day was consumed during the entire gestation. Plasma biochemical parameters as well as liver lipid and oxidative stress markers were determined. Our results showed that alpha-cypermethrin induced an increase in body weight and in plasma glucose and lipid levels, as well as in plasma aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase activities in pregnant rats and their newborns. Pregnant rats showed cellular oxidative stress and altered oxidant-antioxidant status when treated by the insecticide and these disturbances were also seen in their newborns. In conclusion, low dose alpha-cypermethrin exposure induced several metabolic and redox alterations leading to maternal physiological impairments and to fetal metabolic changes. Alpha-cypermethrin should be used with caution especially during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Hocine
- Laboratory of Physiology and Biochemistry of Nutrition, Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural and Life Sciences, Earth and Universe, University Abou-Bekr Belkaïd, Tlemcen 13000, Algeria
| | - Hafida Merzouk
- Laboratory of Physiology and Biochemistry of Nutrition, Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural and Life Sciences, Earth and Universe, University Abou-Bekr Belkaïd, Tlemcen 13000, Algeria.
| | - Sid Ahmed Merzouk
- Department of Technical Sciences, Faculty of Engineering, University Abou-Bekr Belkaïd, Tlemcen 13000, Algeria
| | - Hafeda Ghorzi
- Laboratory of Physiology and Biochemistry of Nutrition, Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural and Life Sciences, Earth and Universe, University Abou-Bekr Belkaïd, Tlemcen 13000, Algeria
| | - Meriem Youbi
- Laboratory of Physiology and Biochemistry of Nutrition, Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural and Life Sciences, Earth and Universe, University Abou-Bekr Belkaïd, Tlemcen 13000, Algeria
| | - Michel Narce
- INSERM UMR 866, "Lipids Nutrition Cancer", University of Burgundy, Faculty of Sciences, 6 Boulevard Gabriel, Dijon 21000, France
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Shadnia S, Azizi E, Hosseini R, Khoei S, Fouladdel S, Pajoumand A, Jalali N, Abdollahi M. Evaluation of oxidative stress and genotoxicity in organophosphorus insecticide formulators. Hum Exp Toxicol 2016; 24:439-45. [PMID: 16235732 DOI: 10.1191/0960327105ht549oa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate genotoxicity and oxidative stress in workers who formulate organophosphorus (OP) pesticides. In this survey, blood leukocytes and erythrocytes of a group of 21 pesticide formulating workers and an equal number of control subjects were examined for genotoxicity and oxidative stress parameters. The mean comet tail length and mean comet length were used to measure DNA damage. Lipid peroxidation level, catalase, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase activities in erythrocytes were analysed as biomarkers of oxidative stress. In addition, the acetylcholinesterase activity was measured as a biomarker of toxicity. The average duration of employment of workers in the factory was 97 months. Results indicated that chronic exposure (multiple5dose, greater than or equal to 6 months duration) to OP pesticides was associated with increased activities of catalase, SOD and glutathione peroxidase in erythrocytes. The level of lipid peroxidation and acetylcholinesterase activity did not show any significant differences between the two groups. The results also indicated that chronic exposure to OP pesticides was associated with increased DNA damage. It is concluded that human chronic exposure to OP pesticides may result in stimulated antioxidant enzymes and increased DNA damage in the absence of depressed acetylcholinesterase levels. Routine genotoxicity monitoring concomitant to acetylcholinesterase activity in workers occupationally exposed to OP insecticides is suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahin Shadnia
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, and Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Teimouri F, Amirkabirian N, Esmaily H, Mohammadirad A, Aliahmadi A, Abdollahi M. Alteration of hepatic cells glucose metabolism as a non-cholinergic detoxication mechanism in counteracting diazinon-induced oxidative stress. Hum Exp Toxicol 2016; 25:697-703. [PMID: 17286147 DOI: 10.1177/0960327106075064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate effects of acute exposure to various doses of diazinon, a widely used synthetic organophosphorus (OP) insecticide on plasma glucose, hepatic cells key enzymes of glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis, and oxidative stress in rats. Diazinon was administered by gavage at doses of 15, 30 and 60 mg/kg. The liver was perfused and removed under anaesthesia. The activities of glycogen phosphorylase (GP), phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) were analysed in liver homogenate. Administration of diazinon (15, 30 and 60 mg/kg) increased plasma glucose concentrations by 101.43% (P=0.001), 103.68% (P=0.000) and 160.65% (P=0.000) of control, respectively. Diazinon (15, 30 and 60 mg/kg) increased hepatic GP activity by 43.5% (P=0.05), 70.3% (P=0.00) and 117.2% (P=0.02) of control, respectively. In addition, diazinon (30 and 60 mg/kg) increased hepatic PEPCK by 77.3% (P=0.000) and 93.5% (P=0.000) of control, respectively. Diazinon (30 and 60 mg/kg) decreased liver TAC by 38% (P=0.046) and 48% (P=0.000) of control, respectively. Also diazinon (30 and 60 mg/kg) increased hepatic cell liver lipid peroxidation by 77% (P=0.05) and 280% (P=0.000) of control. The correlations between plasma glucose and hepatic cells TBARS (r2=0.537, P=0.02), between plasma glucose and ChE activity (r2=0.81, P=0.049) and between plasma glucose and hepatic cells GP activity (r2=0.833, P=0.04) were significant. It is concluded that the liver cells are a site of toxic action of diazinon. Diazinon increases glucose release from liver into blood through activation of glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis as a detoxication non-cholinergic mechanism to overwhelm diazinon-induced toxic stress. The results are in accordance with the hypothesis that OPs are a predisposing factor of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Teimouri
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, and Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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30
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Rodríguez JL, Ares I, Castellano V, Martínez M, Martínez-Larrañaga MR, Anadón A, Martínez MA. Effects of exposure to pyrethroid cyfluthrin on serotonin and dopamine levels in brain regions of male rats. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2016; 146:388-394. [PMID: 26826775 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2016.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2015] [Revised: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The effects of cyfluthrin oral exposure (1, 5, 10 and 20mg/kg bw, 6 days) on brain region monoamine levels of male rats were examined. Cyfluthrin-treated rats (1, 5 and 10mg/kg bw, orally 6 days), had no visible injury, i.e., no clinical signs of dysfunction were observed. However, rats treated with cyfluthrin at the highest dose (20mg/kg bw, orally 6 days) showed skeletal muscle contraction in the hind limbs, slight movement incoordination without any signs of dyskinesia and tremor after 1-2h of treatment. These signs were reversible at 6h after dose. After last dose of cyfluthrin, dopamine (DA) and serotonin (5-HT) and its metabolites levels were determined in brain regions hypothalamus, midbrain, hippocampus, striatum and prefrontal cortex by HPLC. Cyfluthrin (1mg/kg bw, orally 6 days) did not affect the DA, 5-HT and metabolites levels in the brain regions studied. Cyfluthrin (5, 10 and 20mg/kg bw, orally 6 days) caused a statistically significant decrease in DA and its metabolites DOPAC and HVA levels and in 5-HT and its metabolite 5-HIAA levels in a brain region- and dose-related manner. Moreover, cyfluthrin (20mg/kg bw, orally 6 days) evoked a statistically significant increase in 5-HT turnover in striatum and midbrain, and in DA turnover in striatum and prefrontal cortex. These findings indicate that serotoninergic and dopaminergic neurotransmission is affected by exposure to cyfluthrin and may contribute to the overall spectrum of neurotoxicity caused by this pyrethroid.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Rodríguez
- Departamento de Toxicología y Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - I Ares
- Departamento de Toxicología y Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - V Castellano
- Departamento de Toxicología y Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - M Martínez
- Departamento de Toxicología y Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - M R Martínez-Larrañaga
- Departamento de Toxicología y Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - A Anadón
- Departamento de Toxicología y Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - M A Martínez
- Departamento de Toxicología y Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
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Dova D, Viglianti L, Mussini PR, Prager S, Dreuw A, Voituriez A, Licandro E, Cauteruccio S. Tetrathia[7]helicene Phosphorus Derivatives: Experimental and Theoretical Investigations of Electronic Properties, and Preliminary Applications as Organocatalysts. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.201600025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Davide Dova
- Dipartimento di ChimicaUniversità degli Studi di Milano via Golgi 19 20133 Milano Italy
| | - Lucia Viglianti
- Dipartimento di ChimicaUniversità degli Studi di Milano via Golgi 19 20133 Milano Italy
| | - Patrizia R. Mussini
- Dipartimento di ChimicaUniversità degli Studi di Milano via Golgi 19 20133 Milano Italy
| | - Stefan Prager
- Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific ComputingHeidelberg University Im Neuenheimer Feld 368 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Andreas Dreuw
- Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific ComputingHeidelberg University Im Neuenheimer Feld 368 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Arnaud Voituriez
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles CNRS UPR 2301 1, av. De la Terrasse 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette France
| | - Emanuela Licandro
- Dipartimento di ChimicaUniversità degli Studi di Milano via Golgi 19 20133 Milano Italy
| | - Silvia Cauteruccio
- Dipartimento di ChimicaUniversità degli Studi di Milano via Golgi 19 20133 Milano Italy
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32
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Zhao F, Wang B, Zhang X, Tian H, Wang W, Ru S. Induction of DNA base damage and strand breaks in peripheral erythrocytes and the underlying mechanism in goldfish (Carassius auratus) exposed to monocrotophos. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2015; 41:613-624. [PMID: 25666866 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-015-0032-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Using goldfish (Carassius auratus) as the model animal, the present study revealed the types of the DNA damage induced by monocrotophos, a highly toxic organophosphorus pesticide, and explored the mechanism underlying the DNA-damaging effect of this pesticide. Results of the alkaline comet assay showed that global DNA damage (including single- and double-strand breaks and alkali-labile sites) in peripheral erythrocytes of goldfish, measured as olive tail moment, was significantly increased by exposure to 0.01, 0.10, and 1.00 mg/L monocrotophos for 24, 48, 96, and 168 h. In particular, alkali-labile sites rather than single- or double-strand breaks, distinguished by the alkaline, pH 12.1, and neutral comet assays, were mainly induced by monocrotophos at 48 h. Oxidative damage in DNA bases and telomeric DNA was investigated by using the alkaline comet assay combined with endonuclease III or formamidopyrimidine DNA glycosylase and with fluorescence in situ hybridization, respectively. Further, glutathione peroxidase activity significantly decreased at 24 h but increased at 96 and 168 h, and malondialdehyde concentrations significantly increased at 48 h but gradually decreased at 96 and 168 h, which indicated an over-production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) at short exposure durations, but effective scavenging at long exposure durations in the peripheral blood tissues. Accordingly, our results suggest that DNA damage induced by monocrotophos in fish blood cells is possibly due to the inhibition of ROS scavenging and resulted accumulation of ROS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Zhao
- Marine Life Science College, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, 266003, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
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33
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Abstract
Oxidative stress has recently been implicated as a factor in the mortality and morbidity induced by organophosphorus (OP) compound poisoning. An overwhelming number of research papers are based on studying at the cellular and organ level. Such studies have concluded that antioxidants can be used as an adjunct compound in the treatment of both chronic as well as acute OP poisoning. Still, the role of antioxidants in reducing the mortality and morbidity induced by OP compounds has scarcely been verified, as well as their role as adjunct treatment compounds for both structurally and functionally different OP compounds. The present review of the literature was undertaken to establish the role of antioxidants in survival studies following acute exposure to OP compounds. The review found no substantial evidence that antioxidants demonstrate any positive effect following extremely toxic poisoning. However, for a more comprehensive and rational conclusion, further research needs to be conducted.
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35
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Zunec S, Kopjar N, Zeljezić D, Kuca K, Musilek K, Lucić Vrdoljak A. In vivo evaluation of cholinesterase activity, oxidative stress markers, cyto- and genotoxicity of K048 oxime–a promising antidote against organophosphate poisoning. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2014; 114:344-51. [PMID: 24741714 DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.12158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
K048 is a member of K-oximes, a new oxime class that has recently been confirmed effective against poisoning by the nerve agent tabun and several pesticides. The toxicity profile of the K048 oxime has not been fully characterized and its optimal therapeutic dose has not yet been established. Earlier studies report excellent results with K048 in reactivating tabun-phosphorylated AChE and in the therapy of tabun-poisoned mice. It possesses a low acute toxicity and exerts an acceptable toxicity profile on isolated human peripheral blood lymphocytes in vitro. Intraperitoneal administration of K048 in rats resulted in an LD50 of 238.3 mg/kg. In this in vivo study, we investigated cholinesterase (ChE) activity and oxidative stress marker levels (lipid peroxidation and superoxide dismutase activity) in the plasma of exposed rats after administering the compound at 25% of its LD50. Lymphocyte viability was evaluated using an acridine orange/ethidium bromide in situ fluorescent assay. The levels of primary DNA damage in rat white blood cells were measured using the alkaline comet assay. The compound applied at 25% of its LD50 did not significantly affect ChE activity and lipid peroxidation and did not cause significant changes in the SOD activity in plasma. The cytotoxicity profile of K048 in the tested dose was also acceptable, and it did not possess significant DNA-damaging potential. The obtained results are promising for further evaluations of the K048 oxime, which should include tests on a broader concentration range and longer incubation times.
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Pita R, Marco-Contelles J, Ramos E, Del Pino J, Romero A. Toxicity induced by chemical warfare agents: insights on the protective role of melatonin. Chem Biol Interact 2013; 206:134-42. [PMID: 24035908 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2013.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2013] [Revised: 08/24/2013] [Accepted: 09/02/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Chemical Warfare Agents (CWAs) are substances that can be used to kill, injure or incapacitate an enemy in warfare, but also against civilian population in terrorist attacks. Many chemical agents are able to generate free radicals and derived reactants, excitotoxicity process, or inflammation, and as consequence they can cause neurological symptoms and damage in different organs. Nowadays, taking into account that total immediate decontamination after exposure is difficult to achieve and there are not completely effective antidotes and treatments against all CWAs, we advance and propose that medical countermeasures against CWAs poisoning would benefit from a broad-spectrum multipotent molecule. Melatonin, a versatile and ubiquitous antioxidant molecule, originally discovered as a hormone synthesized mainly in the pineal gland, has low toxicity and high efficacy in reducing oxidative damage, anti-inflammatory effects by regulation of multiple cellular pathways and properties to prevent excitotoxicity, among others. The purpose of this review is to show the multiple and diverse properties of melatonin, as a pleiotropic indole derivative, and its marked potential for improving human health against the most widely used chemical weapons.
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Affiliation(s)
- René Pita
- Chemical Defence Department, CBRN Defence School, Army Engineer School, 28240-Hoyo de Manzanares, Madrid, Spain
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Elsharkawy EE, Yahia D, El-Nisr NA. Sub-chronic exposure to chlorpyrifos induces hematological, metabolic disorders and oxidative stress in rat: attenuation by glutathione. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2013; 35:218-227. [PMID: 23333651 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2012.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2012] [Revised: 12/08/2012] [Accepted: 12/19/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The current work aimed to investigate the different toxic effects of chlorpyrifos (CPF) in subchronic exposure. Two groups of Sprague-Dawley male rats were exposed to CPF alone in a dose of 30 mg/kg body weight, or CPF dose as previous plus glutathione (GSH) in a dose of 100 mg/kg body weight, for 90 days, twice weekly, orally. Another two groups of rat were given corn oil (control) or GSH. There is a significant decrease in hemoglobin concentration, haematocrit percentage, thrombocytic indices, total protein and albumin levels in CPF-exposed group. CPF induced hyperglycemia and significant increase in total cholesterol, but a significant decrease in triglyceride levels was obtained. A significant increase in the levels of lipid peroxidation was obtained while a significant decrease of the total antioxidant was recorded. The decrease in glycogen content and some histopathological changes were observed in liver after CPF exposure. Furthermore, co-administration of GSH can restore some of these alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eman E Elsharkawy
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assuit University, Egypt.
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Moshiri M, Darchini-Maragheh E, Balali-Mood M. Advances in toxicology and medical treatment of chemical warfare nerve agents. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 20:81. [PMID: 23351280 PMCID: PMC3556041 DOI: 10.1186/2008-2231-20-81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2012] [Accepted: 11/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Organophosphorous (OP) Nerve agents (NAs) are known as the deadliest chemical warfare agents. They are divided into two classes of G and V agents. Most of them are liquid at room temperature. NAs chemical structures and mechanisms of actions are similar to OP pesticides, but their toxicities are higher than these compounds. The main mechanism of action is irreversible inhibition of Acetyl Choline Esterase (AChE) resulting in accumulation of toxic levels of acetylcholine (ACh) at the synaptic junctions and thus induces muscarinic and nicotinic receptors stimulation. However, other mechanisms have recently been described. Central nervous system (CNS) depression particularly on respiratory and vasomotor centers may induce respiratory failure and cardiac arrest. Intermediate syndrome after NAs exposure is less common than OP pesticides poisoning. There are four approaches to detect exposure to NAs in biological samples: (I) AChE activity measurement, (II) Determination of hydrolysis products in plasma and urine, (III) Fluoride reactivation of phosphylated binding sites and (IV) Mass spectrometric determination of cholinesterase adducts. The clinical manifestations are similar to OP pesticides poisoning, but with more severity and fatalities. The management should be started as soon as possible. The victims should immediately be removed from the field and treatment is commenced with auto-injector antidotes (atropine and oximes) such as MARK I kit. A 0.5% hypochlorite solution as well as novel products like M291 Resin kit, G117H and Phosphotriesterase isolated from soil bacterias, are now available for decontamination of NAs. Atropine and oximes are the well known antidotes that should be infused as clinically indicated. However, some new adjuvant and additional treatment such as magnesium sulfate, sodium bicarbonate, gacyclidine, benactyzine, tezampanel, hemoperfusion, antioxidants and bioscavengers have recently been used for OP NAs poisoning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammd Moshiri
- Medical Toxicology Research Center, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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Pshenichnyuk SA, Modelli A. Electron attachment to antipyretics: possible implications of their metabolic pathways. J Chem Phys 2012; 136:234307. [PMID: 22779593 DOI: 10.1063/1.4727854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The empty-level structures and formation of negative ion states via resonance attachment of low-energy (0-15 eV) electrons into vacant molecular orbitals in a series of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), namely aspirin, paracetamol, phenacetin, and ibuprofen, were investigated in vacuo by electron transmission and dissociative electron attachment (DEA) spectroscopies, with the aim to model the behavior of these antipyretic agents under reductive conditions in vivo. The experimental findings are interpreted with the support of density functional theory calculations. The negative and neutral fragments formed by DEA in the gas phase display similarities with the main metabolites of these commonly used NSAIDs generated in vivo by the action of cytochrome P450 enzymes, as well as with several known active agents. It is concluded that xenobiotic molecules which possess pronounced electron-accepting properties could in principle follow metabolic pathways which parallel the gas-phase dissociative decay channels observed in the DEA spectra at incident electron energies below 1 eV. Unwanted side effects as, e.g., hepatoxicity or carcinogenicity produced by the NSAIDs under study in human organism are discussed within the "free radical model" framework, reported earlier to describe the toxic action of the well-known model toxicant carbon tetrachloride.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanislav A Pshenichnyuk
- Institute of Molecule and Crystal Physics, Ufa Research Centre, Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospekt Oktyabrya 151, 450075 Ufa, Russia.
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Preparation of molecularly imprinted polymers for organophosphates and their application to the recognition of organophosphorus compounds and phosphopeptides. Anal Chim Acta 2012; 748:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2012.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2012] [Revised: 07/28/2012] [Accepted: 08/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Rachwalska M, Natkaniec I, Urbanek ZH, Majda D. Inelastic Neutron Scattering (INS) Study of Low Frequency Vibrations of Acid K Salt of (E)-2-Hydroxyimino-2-Cyanoacetic Acid Ethyl Ester and its Phase Situation by DSC Method. Z PHYS CHEM 2012. [DOI: 10.1524/zpch.2012.0189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The acid potassium salt of (E)-2-hydroxyimino-2-cyanoacetic acid ethyl ester (in other words: the acid Ksalt of (E)-2-cyanoethyl ester of 2-oxime or acid Ksalt of 2-oxime, or shortly speaking acid Ksalt-) has been prepared and characterized using inelastic, incoherent neutron scattering (IINS or shortly speaking INS). The last results have been compared with those obtained from optical spectroscopy. Additionally, dimers of the acid Ksalt of 2-oxime were considered i.e. vibrational frequencies of such dimers have been calculated using RB3LYP method [20] with basis set 6-311++G(d, p).
In the molecule of the acid Ksalt of 2-oxime, extra bands corresponding to hydrogen bond vibrations (λ – bending of hydrogen bond bridge, σ – stretching of hydrogen bond bridge, γ – bending out of plane of hydrogen bond, ν – stretching –OH, δ – bending in plane of hydrogen bond have been identified, namely λ at ca. 20, σ (N–O–H···O) at 109.7, 132.3, 154.8, 206.8, 248.5, 255.1, 303.9, 339.2, 359.4, 396.6, 428.8, 483.3, 537, 577.8, 782.4, 815.3, 894.7,1108, 1165. 1408.7, γ (N–O–H···O) at 1298, ν at 1583.1 cm-1, δ (N–OH···O) at 1734.4 and at 1847.4 cm-1, in the low temperature IINS spectrum. Formation of the O–H···O hydrogen bridge in the acid Ksalt of 2-oxime in comparison with the same O–H···O hydrogen bridge in pure 2-oxime is reflected in shifting of the bands of the stretching (to lower) and bending vibrations (to higher) of OH group frequencies confirming the fact of increasing of hydrogen bond power in the acid Ksalt of 2-oxime in comparison with hydrogen bond power of pure 2-oxime. Additionally the fact that acid Ksalt melts ca. 50 K higher than 2-oxime and the shorter length of hydrogen in acid Ksalt than in 2-oxime confirm the greater hydrogen bond power in the acid Ksalt than in 2-oxime.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - I. Natkaniec
- Adam Mickiewicz University, Department of Physics, Poznań, Polen
| | | | - D. Majda
- Frank Laboratory of Neutron Physics, JINR, Dubna, Russische Föderation
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Mostafalou S, Abdollahi M, Eghbal MA, Saeedi Kouzehkonani N. Protective effect of NAC against malathion-induced oxidative stress in freshly isolated rat hepatocytes. Adv Pharm Bull 2012; 2:79-88. [PMID: 24312774 DOI: 10.5681/apb.2012.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2012] [Accepted: 02/29/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Induction of oxidative stress by Organophosphate compounds (OPs) has been previously reported. In the present work, the mechanism of protective effects of N-acetylcysteine as a glutathion (GSH) prodrug against malathion-induced cell toxicity was investigated. In this work, freshly isolated rat hepatocytes were used to determine the effect of NAC on malathion-induced cytotoxicity, formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and mitochondrial dysfunction. METHODS Rat hepatocytes were isolated using collagenase perfusion and then cell viability, mitchondrial membrane potential (MMP) and ROS formation were determined using trypan blue exclusion, Rhodamine 123 fluorescence and fluorogenic probe, 2', 7' -dichlorofluorescin diacetate (DCFH-DA), respectively. RESULTS Despite the protective effect of NAC on malathion-induced cell toxicity and MMP dysfunction, its efficacy against ROS formation was not adequate to completely protect the cells. CONCLUSION Cytotoxic effects of malathion regardless of its cholinergic feature, is started with gradual free radical production but, the main factor that causes cell death, is mitochondrial dysfunction, so that reduction of ROS formation alone is not sufficient for cell survival, and the maintenance of mitochondrial integrity through different mechanisms is the most ameliorative factor specially at high levels of cell damage, as NAC seemed to protect cells with various fashions apart from ROS scavenging in concentrations higher than malathion's LC50.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Mostafalou
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran. ; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran. ; Students Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Lu XT, Ma Y, Wang C, Zhang XF, Jin DQ, Huang CJ. Cytotoxicity and DNA damage of five organophosphorus pesticides mediated by oxidative stress in PC12 cells and protection by vitamin E. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2012; 47:445-454. [PMID: 22424070 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2012.663312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated that pesticides could induce cytotoxicity and genotoxicity in vivo and in vitro, and that oxidative stress may be an important factor involved. However, investigations comparing the capability of different organophosphorous (OP) compounds to induce cytotoxicity, genotoxicity and oxidative stress are limited. Hence, the aim of this paper was to access the cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of five OPs or metabolites, Acephate (ACE), Methamidophos (MET), Chloramidophos (CHL), Malathion (MAT) and Malaoxon (MAO), and to clarify the role of oxidative stress, using PC12 cells. The results demonstrated that MET, MAT and MAO caused significant inhibition of cell viability and increased DNA damage in PC12 cells at 40 mg L(-1). MAO was more toxic than the other OPs. ACE, MET, MAT and MAO increased the levels of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA), and decreased the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione (GSH) at 20 mg L(-1) and 40 mg L(-1) to different degrees. Pre-treatment with vitamin E(600 μM)caused a significant attenuation in the cytotoxic and genotoxic effect; pre-treatment reversed subsequent OP-induced elevation of peroxidation products and the decline of anti-oxidant enzyme activities. These results indicate that oxidative damage is likely to be an initiating event that contributes to the OP-induced cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian T Lu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Kovacic P, Somanathan R. Propoxur: a novel mechanism for insecticidal action and toxicity. REVIEWS OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2012; 218:141-150. [PMID: 22488607 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-3137-4_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Propoxur is a carbamate insecticide that has recently attracted considerable attention as a possible treatment option for addressing the bedbug epidemic. The generally accepted mechanism of toxicity for propoxur involves the inhibition of ChE, as is the case for many agents in the category. Considerable research supports the concept that most physiologically active substances induce their effects through multi-faceted action. In this review, we provide evidence that ET--ROS--OS participate mechanistically in both the action and in human toxicity of pesticides, including propoxur. Propoxur is a catechol derivative that contains carbamate and isopropyl groups on the oxygens in its moiety. Metabolic studies with propoxur reveal hydrolysis of the carbamate and dealkylation of the isopropyl group to yield the parent catechol. In addition, nuclear hydroxylation produces a hydroquinone derivative. Both the catechol and this hydroquinone derivative are potentially able to undergo redox cycling with the corresponding quinone to produce ROS. It is primarily for these reasons that we believe propoxur may be similar to other classes of physiologically active compounds in producing effects through ET-ROS-OS. Generally, reactive ROS are generated by metabolic processes that yield ET entities, and this occurs with propoxur as well. Although ROS are commonly associated with toxicity, there is little recognition in the literature that they can also play a role in therapeutic action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Kovacic
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA.
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Srivastava A, Shivanandappa T. Differential cholinesterase inhibition in the rat brain regions by dichlorvos and protective effect of Decalepis hamiltonii roots. Neurotoxicology 2011; 32:931-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2011.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2011] [Revised: 04/20/2011] [Accepted: 04/25/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Prophylactic effect of green tea and Nigella sativa extracts against fenitrothion-induced toxicity in rat parotid gland. Arch Oral Biol 2011; 56:1339-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2011.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2010] [Revised: 05/16/2011] [Accepted: 05/17/2011] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Abstract
AbstractOrganophosphate pesticides are known to induce oxidative stress and cause oxidative tissue damage, as has been reported in studies concerning acute and chronic intoxication with these compounds.Our objective was to investigate the activities of brain antioxidant enzymes and malonyldialdehyde, as well as the level of carbonyl groups, in rats sub-chronically intoxicated with chlorpyrifos at doses of 0.2, 2 and 5 mg per kg of body weight per day. It was found that chlorpyrifos induces change in brain antioxidant enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidise, but to a different degree in comparison to proper control values; however, the elevated antioxidant enzymes activities failed to check lipid and protein peroxidation in the brains of rats. Thus, in sub-chronic intoxication with chlorpyrifos, as evidenced by increased level of malonyldialdehyde and carbonyl groups, oxidative stress is induced.Measurements of protein carbonyl groups appeared to give more consistent responses in the rats’ brains when compared to the malonyldialdehyde level after sub-chronic chlorpyrifos treatment.
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Ogut S, Gultekin F, Nesimi Kisioglu A, Kucukoner E. Oxidative stress in the blood of farm workers following intensive pesticide exposure. Toxicol Ind Health 2011; 27:820-5. [DOI: 10.1177/0748233711399311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate oxidative stress in workers who formulate organophosphate, synthetic pyrethroid and carbamate pesticides. In this survey, blood erythrocytes from a group of 94 pesticide-formulating workers (at least 5-years experience in pest-control in apple and cherry production) and 45 control subjects were examined for oxidative stress parameters. The control group was composed of 45 healthy people living in the same region with no exposure to pesticides. Lipid peroxidation level, catalase, superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activities in erythrocytes were analysed as biomarkers of oxidative stress. In addition, the acetylcholinesterase activity was measured as a biomarker of toxicity. Results indicated that chronic exposure to organophosphate, synthetic pyrethroid and carbamate pesticides were associated with increased activities of catalase, SOD and lipid peroxidation in erythrocytes (p < 0.05). Acetylcholinesterase activity did not show any significant differences between the two groups (p > 0.05). It is concluded that human chronic exposure to pesticides may result in stimulated antioxidant enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serdal Ogut
- Faculty of Medicine, Süleyman Demirel University, Blood Bank, Isparta, Turkey,
| | - Fatih Gultekin
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Süleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey
| | - A. Nesimi Kisioglu
- Department of Public Health, Süleyman Demirel University, Faculty of Medicine, Isparta, Turkey
| | - Erdoğan Kucukoner
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Süleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey
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Rohlman DS, Anger WK, Lein PJ. Correlating neurobehavioral performance with biomarkers of organophosphorous pesticide exposure. Neurotoxicology 2010; 32:268-76. [PMID: 21182866 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2010.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2010] [Revised: 12/03/2010] [Accepted: 12/13/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
There is compelling evidence that adverse neurobehavioral effects are associated with occupational organophosphorous pesticide (OP) exposure in humans. Behavioral studies of pesticide applicators, greenhouse workers, agricultural workers and farm residents exposed repeatedly over months or years to low levels of OPs reveal a relatively consistent pattern of neurobehavioral deficits. However, only two studies have demonstrated a link between neurobehavioral performance and current biomarkers of OP exposure including blood cholinesterase (ChE) activity and urinary levels of OP metabolites. A variety of reasons may explain why so few studies have reported such correlations, including differing individual and group exposure histories, differing methodologies for assessing behavior and exposure, and lack of a reliable index of exposure. Alternatively, these data may suggest that current biomarkers (ChE, urine metabolites) are neither predictive nor diagnostic of the neurobehavioral effects of chronic OP pesticide exposures. This review focuses on the evidence that neurobehavioral performance deficits are associated with occupational OP pesticide exposure and concludes that research needs to return to the basics and rigorously test the relationships between neurobehavioral performance and both current (ChE and urine metabolites) and novel (e.g., inflammation and oxidative stress) biomarkers using human and animal models. The results of such studies are critically important because OP pesticides are widely and extensively used throughout the world, including situations where exposure controls and personal protective equipment are not routinely used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane S Rohlman
- Center for Research on Occupational and Environmental Toxicology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA.
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Maddah B, Motahari A, Moghimi A. High Capacity Anion-Exchange Resin as a Solid-Phase Extraction for Determination of Methylphosphonic Acid. SEP SCI TECHNOL 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/01496391003705672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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