1
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Wang J, Li Y, Yang Y, Zhang J, Du J, Zhang S, Yang L. Profiling the interaction mechanism of indole-based derivatives targeting the HIV-1 gp120 receptor. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra04299b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
A glycoprotein exposed on a viral surface, human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) gp120 is essential for virus entry into cells as it plays a vital role in seeking out specific cell surface receptors for entry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinghui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE)
- Department of Materials Sciences and Chemical Engineering
- Dalian University of Technology
- Dalian
- China
| | - Yan Li
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE)
- Department of Materials Sciences and Chemical Engineering
- Dalian University of Technology
- Dalian
- China
| | - Yinfeng Yang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE)
- Department of Materials Sciences and Chemical Engineering
- Dalian University of Technology
- Dalian
- China
| | - Jingxiao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE)
- Department of Materials Sciences and Chemical Engineering
- Dalian University of Technology
- Dalian
- China
| | - Jian Du
- Institute of Chemical Process Systems Engineering
- Dalian University of Technology
- Dalian 116024
- China
| | - Shuwei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE)
- Department of Materials Sciences and Chemical Engineering
- Dalian University of Technology
- Dalian
- China
| | - Ling Yang
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Resource Discovery
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics
- Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Dalian
- China
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2
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Liu T, Huang B, Zhan P, De Clercq E, Liu X. Discovery of small molecular inhibitors targeting HIV-1 gp120-CD4 interaction drived from BMS-378806. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 86:481-90. [PMID: 25203778 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Revised: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 09/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The HIV-1 entry into host cells is a complex, multi-factors involved, and multi-step process. Especially, the attachment of HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein gp120 to the host cell receptor CD4 is the first key step during entry process, representing a promising antiviral therapeutic target. Among the HIV-1 attachment inhibitors blocking the interaction between gp120 and CD4 cells, BMS-378806 and NBD-556 are two representative small molecular chemical entities. Particularly, BMS-378806 and its derivatives are newly identified class of orally bioavailable HIV-1 inhibitors that interfere gp120-CD4 interaction. In this review, we focused on describing the structure-activity relationships (SARs), structural modifications, in vitro or even in vivo pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of BMS-378806 and its analogues as HIV-1 gp120 attachment inhibitors. In addition, the brief SARs, structural modifications of NBD-556 and its derivatives targeting the "Phe-43 cavity" as CD4 mimics were also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44, West Culture Road, 250012, Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Boshi Huang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44, West Culture Road, 250012, Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Peng Zhan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44, West Culture Road, 250012, Jinan, Shandong, PR China.
| | - Erik De Clercq
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, K.U. Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Xinyong Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44, West Culture Road, 250012, Jinan, Shandong, PR China.
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3
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Teixeira C, Serradji N, Amroune S, Storck K, Rogez-Kreuz C, Clayette P, Barbault F, Maurel F. Is the conformational flexibility of piperazine derivatives important to inhibit HIV-1 replication? J Mol Graph Model 2013; 44:91-103. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2013.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2013] [Revised: 04/29/2013] [Accepted: 05/05/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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4
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Férir G, Hänchen A, François KO, Hoorelbeke B, Huskens D, Dettner F, Süssmuth RD, Schols D. Feglymycin, a unique natural bacterial antibiotic peptide, inhibits HIV entry by targeting the viral envelope protein gp120. Virology 2012; 433:308-19. [PMID: 22959895 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2012.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2012] [Revised: 06/04/2012] [Accepted: 08/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Feglymycin (FGM), a natural Streptomyces-derived 13mer peptide, consistently inhibits HIV replication in the lower μM range. FGM also inhibits HIV cell-to-cell transfer between HIV-infected T cells and uninfected CD4(+) T cells and the DC-SIGN-mediated viral transfer to CD4(+) T cells. FGM potently interacts with gp120 (X4 and R5) as determined by SPR analysis and shown to act as a gp120/CD4 binding inhibitor. Alanine-scan analysis showed an important role for l-aspartic acid at position 13 for its anti-HIV activity. In vitro generated FGM-resistant HIV-1 IIIB virus (HIV-1 IIIB(FGMres)) showed two unique mutations in gp120 at positions I153L and K457I. HIV-1 IIIB(FGMres) virus was equally susceptible to other viral binding/adsorption inhibitors with the exception of dextran sulfate (9-fold resistance) and cyclotriazadisulfonamide (>15-fold), two well-described compounds that interfere with HIV entry. In conclusion, FGM is a unique prototype lead peptide with potential for further development of more potent anti-HIV derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey Férir
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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5
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Tsou LK, Chen CH, Dutschman GE, Cheng YC, Hamilton AD. Blocking HIV-1 entry by a gp120 surface binding inhibitor. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:3358-61. [PMID: 22487177 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.02.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2011] [Revised: 02/18/2012] [Accepted: 02/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
We report the mode of action of a proteomimetic compound that binds to the exterior surface of gp120 and blocks HIV-1 entry into cells. Using a one cycle time-of-addition study and antibody competition binding studies, we have determined that the compound blocks HIV-1 entry through modulation of key protein-protein interactions mediated by gp120. The compound exhibits anti-HIV-1 replication activities against several pseudotype viruses derived from primary isolates and the resistant strains isolated from existing drug candidates with equal potency. Together, these data provide evidence that the proteomimetic compound represents a novel class of HIV-1 viral entry inhibitor that functions through protein surface recognition in analogy to an antibody.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lun K Tsou
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, United States
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6
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Zhao B, Mankowski MK, Snyder BA, Ptak RG, Liwang PJ. Highly potent chimeric inhibitors targeting two steps of HIV cell entry. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:28370-81. [PMID: 21659523 PMCID: PMC3151080 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.234799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2011] [Revised: 06/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Blocking HIV-1 cell entry has long been a major goal of anti-HIV drug development. Here, we report a successful design of two highly potent chimeric HIV entry inhibitors composed of one CCR5-targeting RANTES (regulated on activation normal T cell expressed and secreted) variant (5P12-RANTES or 5P14-RANTES (Gaertner, H., Cerini, F., Escola, J. M., Kuenzi, G., Melotti, A., Offord, R., Rossitto-Borlat, I., Nedellec, R., Salkowitz, J., Gorochov, G., Mosier, D., and Hartley, O. (2008) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 105, 17706-17711)) linked to a gp41 fusion inhibitor, C37. Chimeric inhibitors 5P12-linker-C37 and 5P14-linker-C37 showed extremely high antiviral potency in single cycle and replication-competent viral assays against R5-tropic viruses, with IC(50) values as low as 0.004 nm. This inhibition was somewhat strain-dependent and was up to 100-fold better than the RANTES variant alone or in combination with unlinked C37. The chimeric inhibitors also fully retained the antiviral activity of C37 against X4-tropic viruses, and this inhibition can be further enhanced significantly if the target cell co-expresses CCR5 receptor. On human peripheral blood mononuclear cells, the inhibitors showed very strong inhibition against R5-tropic Ba-L strain and X4-tropic IIIB strain, with IC(50) values as low as 0.015 and 0.44 nm, which are 45- and 16-fold better than the parent inhibitors, respectively. A clear delivery mechanism requiring a covalent linkage between the two segments of the chimera was observed and characterized. Furthermore, the two chimeric inhibitors are fully recombinant and are easily produced at low cost. These attributes make them excellent candidates for anti-HIV microbicides. The results of this study also suggest a potent approach for optimizing existing HIV entry inhibitors or designing new inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zhao
- University of California, Merced, California 95343, USA
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7
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Da LT, Quan JM, Wu YD. Understanding the binding mode and function of BMS-488043 against HIV-1 viral entry. Proteins 2011; 79:1810-9. [DOI: 10.1002/prot.23005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2010] [Revised: 01/10/2011] [Accepted: 01/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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8
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Potent strategy to inhibit HIV-1 by binding both gp120 and gp41. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2010; 55:264-75. [PMID: 20956603 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00376-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of an anti-HIV microbicide is critical in the fight against the spread of HIV. It is shown here that the covalent linking of compounds that bind gp120 with compounds that bind gp41 can inhibit HIV entry even more potently than individual inhibitors or noncovalent combinations. The most striking example involves griffithsin, a potent HIV inhibitor that binds to the surface of HIV gp120. While griffithsin inhibits HIV Env-mediated fusion in a CCR5-tropic cell-cell fusion assay with a 50% inhibitory concentration (IC(50)) of 1.31 ± 0.87 nM and the gp41-binding peptide C37 shows an IC(50) of 18.2 ± 7.6 nM, the covalently linked combination of griffithsin with C37 (Griff37) has an IC(50) of 0.15 ± 0.05 nM, exhibiting a potency 8.7-fold greater than that of griffithsin alone. Similarly, in CXCR4-tropic cell-cell fusion assays, Griff37 is 5.2-fold more potent than griffithsin alone. In viral assays, both griffithsin and Griff37 inhibit HIV replication at midpicomolar levels, but the linked compound Griff37 is severalfold more potent than griffithsin alone against both CCR5- and CXCR4-tropic virus strains. Another example of this strategy is the covalently linked combination of peptide C37 with a variant of the gp120-binding peptide CD4M33 (L. Martin et al., Nat. Biotechnol. 21:71-76, 2003). Also, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra for several of these compounds are shown, including, to our knowledge, the first published NMR spectrum for griffithsin.
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9
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Hertje M, Zhou M, Dietrich U. Inhibition of HIV-1 Entry: Multiple Keys to Close the Door. ChemMedChem 2010; 5:1825-35. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201000292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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10
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CoMFA and CoMSIA studies on HIV-1 attachment inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2010; 45:1792-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2010.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2009] [Accepted: 01/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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11
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Da LT, Quan JM, Wu YD. Understanding of the Bridging Sheet Formation of HIV-1 Glycoprotein gp120. J Phys Chem B 2009; 113:14536-43. [DOI: 10.1021/jp9081239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lin-Tai Da
- Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, Shenzhen Graduate School of Peking University, Shenzhen 518055, China, and Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jun-Min Quan
- Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, Shenzhen Graduate School of Peking University, Shenzhen 518055, China, and Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yun-Dong Wu
- Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, Shenzhen Graduate School of Peking University, Shenzhen 518055, China, and Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
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12
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Wang T, Yin Z, Zhang Z, Bender JA, Yang Z, Johnson G, Yang Z, Zadjura LM, D’Arienzo CJ, DiGiugno Parker D, Gesenberg C, Yamanaka GA, Gong YF, Ho HT, Fang H, Zhou N, McAuliffe BV, Eggers BJ, Fan L, Nowicka-Sans B, Dicker IB, Gao Q, Colonno RJ, Lin PF, Meanwell NA, Kadow JF. Inhibitors of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1) Attachment. 5. An Evolution from Indole to Azaindoles Leading to the Discovery of 1-(4-Benzoylpiperazin-1-yl)-2-(4,7-dimethoxy-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-c]pyridin-3-yl)ethane-1,2-dione (BMS-488043), a Drug Candidate That Demonstrates Antiviral Activity in HIV-1-Infected Subjects. J Med Chem 2009; 52:7778-87. [DOI: 10.1021/jm900843g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Zheng Yang
- Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Preclinical Candidate Optimization
| | - Lisa M. Zadjura
- Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Preclinical Candidate Optimization
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Qi Gao
- Analytical Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 1 Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901
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13
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Teixeira C, Serradji N, Maurel F, Barbault F. Docking and 3D-QSAR studies of BMS-806 analogs as HIV-1 gp120 entry inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2009; 44:3524-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2009.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2008] [Revised: 01/27/2009] [Accepted: 03/19/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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14
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Tran TD, Adam FM, Calo F, Fenwick DR, Fok-Seang J, Gardner I, Hay DA, Perros M, Rawal J, Middleton DS, Parkinson T, Pickford C, Platts M, Randall A, Stephenson PT, Vuong H, Williams DH. Design and optimisation of potent gp120-CD4 inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2009; 19:5250-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.06.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2009] [Revised: 06/23/2009] [Accepted: 06/23/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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15
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Inhibition of envelope-mediated CD4+-T-cell depletion by human immunodeficiency virus attachment inhibitors. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2009; 53:4726-32. [PMID: 19721067 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00494-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) envelope (Env) binding induces proapoptotic signals in CD4(+) T cells without a requirement of infection. Defective virus particles, which represent the majority of HIV-1, usually contain a functional Env and therefore represent a potentially significant cause of such CD4(+)-T-cell loss. We reasoned that an HIV-1 inhibitor that prohibits Env-host cell interactions could block the destructive effects of defective particles. HIV-1 attachment inhibitors (AIs), which potently inhibit Env-CD4 binding and subsequent downstream effects of Env, display low-nanomolar antiapoptotic potency and prevent CD4(+)-T-cell depletion from mixed lymphocyte cultures, also with low-nanomolar potency. Specific Env amino acid changes that confer resistance to AI antientry activity eliminate AI antiapoptotic effects. We observed that CD4(+)-T-cell destruction is specific for CXCR4-utilizing HIV-1 strains and that the fusion blocker enfuvirtide inhibits Env-mediated CD4(+)-T-cell killing but is substantially less potent than AIs. These observations, in conjunction with observed antiapoptotic activities of soluble CD4 and the CXCR4 blocker AMD3100, suggest that this AI activity functions through a mechanism common to AI antientry activity, e.g., prevention of Env conformation changes necessary for specific interactions with cellular factors that facilitate viral entry. Our study suggests that AIs, in addition to having potent antientry activity, could contribute to immune system homeostasis in individuals infected with HIV-1 that can engage CXCR4, thereby mitigating the increased risk of adverse clinical events observed in such individuals on current antiretroviral regimens.
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16
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Wang T, Kadow JF, Zhang Z, Yin Z, Gao Q, Wu D, Parker DD, Yang Z, Zadjura L, Robinson BA, Gong YF, Spicer TP, Blair WS, Shi PY, Yamanaka G, Lin PF, Meanwell NA. Inhibitors of HIV-1 attachment. Part 4: A study of the effect of piperazine substitution patterns on antiviral potency in the context of indole-based derivatives. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2009; 19:5140-5. [PMID: 19664921 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.07.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2009] [Revised: 07/13/2009] [Accepted: 07/15/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
4-Fluoro- and 4-methoxy-1-(4-benzoylpiperazin-1-yl)-2-(1H-indol-3-yl)ethane-1,2-dione (2 and 3, respectively) have been characterized as potent inhibitors of HIV-1 attachment that interfere with the interaction of viral gp120 with the host cell receptor CD4. As part of an effort to understand fundamental aspects of this pharmacophore, discovered originally using a high throughput cell-based screen, modification and substitution of the piperazine ring was examined in the context of compounds 6a-ah. The piperazine ring was shown to be a critical element of the HIV-1 attachment inhibiting pharmacophore, acting as a scaffold to deploy the indole glyoxamide and benzamide in a topographical relationship that complements the binding site on gp120.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA.
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17
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Inhibitors of HIV-1 attachment. Part 3: A preliminary survey of the effect of structural variation of the benzamide moiety on antiviral activity. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2009; 19:5136-9. [PMID: 19632112 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2009] [Revised: 06/23/2009] [Accepted: 07/02/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
1-(4-Benzoylpiperazin-1-yl)-2-(1H-indol-3-yl)ethane-1,2-dione (1a) has been characterized as an inhibitor of HIV-1 attachment that interferes with the interaction of viral gp120 with the host cell receptor CD4. In previous studies, the effect of indole substitution pattern on antiviral activity was probed. In this Letter, the effect of structural variation of the benzamide moiety is described, a study that reveals the potential or the phenyl moiety to be replaced by five-membered heterocyclic rings and a restricted tolerance for the introduction of substituents to the phenyl ring.
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18
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Williams DH, Adam F, Fenwick DR, Fok-Seang J, Gardner I, Hay D, Jaiessh R, Middleton DS, Mowbray CE, Parkinson T, Perros M, Pickford C, Platts M, Randall A, Siddle D, Stephenson PT, Tran TD, Vuong H. Discovery of a small molecule inhibitor through interference with the gp120-CD4 interaction. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2009; 19:5246-9. [PMID: 19620004 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.06.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2009] [Revised: 06/19/2009] [Accepted: 06/20/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
A series of piperazine derivatives were designed and synthesised as gp120-CD4 inhibitors. SAR studies led to the discovery of potent inhibitors in a cell based anti viral assay represented by compounds 9 and 28. The rat pharmacokinetic and antiviral profiles of selected compounds are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- David H Williams
- Department of Chemistry, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Sandwich Laboratories, Ramsgate Road, Sandwich, Kent, UK.
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19
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Lu RJ, Tucker JA, Pickens J, Ma YA, Zinevitch T, Kirichenko O, Konoplev V, Kuznetsova S, Sviridov S, Brahmachary E, Khasanov A, Mikel C, Yang Y, Liu C, Wang J, Freel S, Fisher S, Sullivan A, Zhou J, Stanfield-Oakley S, Baker B, Sailstad J, Greenberg M, Bolognesi D, Bray B, Koszalka B, Jeffs P, Jeffries C, Chucholowski A, Sexton C. Heterobiaryl Human Immunodeficiency Virus Entry Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2009; 52:4481-7. [DOI: 10.1021/jm900330x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rong-Jian Lu
- Trimeris, Inc., 3500 Paramount Parkway, Morrisville, North Carolina 27560
| | - John A. Tucker
- ChemBridge Research Laboratories, Inc., 16981 Via Tazon, Suite K, San Diego, California 92127
| | - Jason Pickens
- ChemBridge Research Laboratories, Inc., 16981 Via Tazon, Suite K, San Diego, California 92127
| | - You-An Ma
- ChemBridge Research Laboratories, Inc., 16981 Via Tazon, Suite K, San Diego, California 92127
| | - Tatiana Zinevitch
- ChemBridge Corporation, 16981 Via Tazon, Suite G, San Diego, California
| | - Olga Kirichenko
- ChemBridge Corporation, 16981 Via Tazon, Suite G, San Diego, California
| | - Vitalii Konoplev
- ChemBridge Corporation, 16981 Via Tazon, Suite G, San Diego, California
| | | | - Sergey Sviridov
- ChemBridge Corporation, 16981 Via Tazon, Suite G, San Diego, California
| | - Enugurthi Brahmachary
- ChemBridge Research Laboratories, Inc., 16981 Via Tazon, Suite K, San Diego, California 92127
| | - Alisher Khasanov
- ChemBridge Research Laboratories, Inc., 16981 Via Tazon, Suite K, San Diego, California 92127
| | - Charles Mikel
- ChemBridge Research Laboratories, Inc., 16981 Via Tazon, Suite K, San Diego, California 92127
| | - Yang Yang
- ChemBridge Research Laboratories, Inc., 16981 Via Tazon, Suite K, San Diego, California 92127
| | - Changhui Liu
- ChemBridge Research Laboratories, Inc., 16981 Via Tazon, Suite K, San Diego, California 92127
| | - Jian Wang
- ChemBridge Research Laboratories, Inc., 16981 Via Tazon, Suite K, San Diego, California 92127
| | - Stephanie Freel
- Trimeris, Inc., 3500 Paramount Parkway, Morrisville, North Carolina 27560
| | - Shelly Fisher
- Trimeris, Inc., 3500 Paramount Parkway, Morrisville, North Carolina 27560
| | - Alana Sullivan
- Trimeris, Inc., 3500 Paramount Parkway, Morrisville, North Carolina 27560
| | - Jiying Zhou
- Trimeris, Inc., 3500 Paramount Parkway, Morrisville, North Carolina 27560
| | | | - Brian Baker
- Trimeris, Inc., 3500 Paramount Parkway, Morrisville, North Carolina 27560
| | - Jeff Sailstad
- Trimeris, Inc., 3500 Paramount Parkway, Morrisville, North Carolina 27560
| | - Michael Greenberg
- Trimeris, Inc., 3500 Paramount Parkway, Morrisville, North Carolina 27560
| | - Dani Bolognesi
- Trimeris, Inc., 3500 Paramount Parkway, Morrisville, North Carolina 27560
| | - Brian Bray
- Trimeris, Inc., 3500 Paramount Parkway, Morrisville, North Carolina 27560
| | - Barney Koszalka
- Trimeris, Inc., 3500 Paramount Parkway, Morrisville, North Carolina 27560
| | - Peter Jeffs
- Trimeris, Inc., 3500 Paramount Parkway, Morrisville, North Carolina 27560
| | - Cynthia Jeffries
- ChemBridge Research Laboratories, Inc., 16981 Via Tazon, Suite K, San Diego, California 92127
| | - Alexander Chucholowski
- ChemBridge Research Laboratories, Inc., 16981 Via Tazon, Suite K, San Diego, California 92127
| | - Connie Sexton
- Trimeris, Inc., 3500 Paramount Parkway, Morrisville, North Carolina 27560
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Meanwell NA, Wallace OB, Fang H, Wang H, Deshpande M, Wang T, Yin Z, Zhang Z, Pearce BC, James J, Yeung KS, Qiu Z, Kim Wright J, Yang Z, Zadjura L, Tweedie DL, Yeola S, Zhao F, Ranadive S, Robinson BA, Gong YF, Wang HGH, Blair WS, Shi PY, Colonno RJ, Lin PF. Inhibitors of HIV-1 attachment. Part 2: An initial survey of indole substitution patterns. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2009; 19:1977-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.02.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2008] [Revised: 02/08/2009] [Accepted: 02/10/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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21
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Lu RJ, Tucker JA, Zinevitch T, Kirichenko O, Konoplev V, Kuznetsova S, Sviridov S, Pickens J, Tandel S, Brahmachary E, Yang Y, Wang J, Freel S, Fisher S, Sullivan A, Zhou J, Stanfield-Oakley S, Greenberg M, Bolognesi D, Bray B, Koszalka B, Jeffs P, Khasanov A, Ma YA, Jeffries C, Liu C, Proskurina T, Zhu T, Chucholowski A, Li R, Sexton C. Design and Synthesis of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Entry Inhibitors: Sulfonamide as an Isostere for the α-Ketoamide Group. J Med Chem 2007; 50:6535-44. [PMID: 18052117 DOI: 10.1021/jm070650e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rong-Jian Lu
- Trimeris, Inc., 3500 Paramount Parkway, Morrisville, North Carolina 27560, ChemBridge Research Laboratories, Suite K, 16981 Via Tazon, San Diego, California 92127, and ChemBridge Corporation, Suite G, 16981 Via Tazon, San Diego, California 92127
| | - John A. Tucker
- Trimeris, Inc., 3500 Paramount Parkway, Morrisville, North Carolina 27560, ChemBridge Research Laboratories, Suite K, 16981 Via Tazon, San Diego, California 92127, and ChemBridge Corporation, Suite G, 16981 Via Tazon, San Diego, California 92127
| | - Tatiana Zinevitch
- Trimeris, Inc., 3500 Paramount Parkway, Morrisville, North Carolina 27560, ChemBridge Research Laboratories, Suite K, 16981 Via Tazon, San Diego, California 92127, and ChemBridge Corporation, Suite G, 16981 Via Tazon, San Diego, California 92127
| | - Olga Kirichenko
- Trimeris, Inc., 3500 Paramount Parkway, Morrisville, North Carolina 27560, ChemBridge Research Laboratories, Suite K, 16981 Via Tazon, San Diego, California 92127, and ChemBridge Corporation, Suite G, 16981 Via Tazon, San Diego, California 92127
| | - Vitalii Konoplev
- Trimeris, Inc., 3500 Paramount Parkway, Morrisville, North Carolina 27560, ChemBridge Research Laboratories, Suite K, 16981 Via Tazon, San Diego, California 92127, and ChemBridge Corporation, Suite G, 16981 Via Tazon, San Diego, California 92127
| | - Svetlana Kuznetsova
- Trimeris, Inc., 3500 Paramount Parkway, Morrisville, North Carolina 27560, ChemBridge Research Laboratories, Suite K, 16981 Via Tazon, San Diego, California 92127, and ChemBridge Corporation, Suite G, 16981 Via Tazon, San Diego, California 92127
| | - Sergey Sviridov
- Trimeris, Inc., 3500 Paramount Parkway, Morrisville, North Carolina 27560, ChemBridge Research Laboratories, Suite K, 16981 Via Tazon, San Diego, California 92127, and ChemBridge Corporation, Suite G, 16981 Via Tazon, San Diego, California 92127
| | - Jason Pickens
- Trimeris, Inc., 3500 Paramount Parkway, Morrisville, North Carolina 27560, ChemBridge Research Laboratories, Suite K, 16981 Via Tazon, San Diego, California 92127, and ChemBridge Corporation, Suite G, 16981 Via Tazon, San Diego, California 92127
| | - Sagun Tandel
- Trimeris, Inc., 3500 Paramount Parkway, Morrisville, North Carolina 27560, ChemBridge Research Laboratories, Suite K, 16981 Via Tazon, San Diego, California 92127, and ChemBridge Corporation, Suite G, 16981 Via Tazon, San Diego, California 92127
| | - Enugurthi Brahmachary
- Trimeris, Inc., 3500 Paramount Parkway, Morrisville, North Carolina 27560, ChemBridge Research Laboratories, Suite K, 16981 Via Tazon, San Diego, California 92127, and ChemBridge Corporation, Suite G, 16981 Via Tazon, San Diego, California 92127
| | - Yang Yang
- Trimeris, Inc., 3500 Paramount Parkway, Morrisville, North Carolina 27560, ChemBridge Research Laboratories, Suite K, 16981 Via Tazon, San Diego, California 92127, and ChemBridge Corporation, Suite G, 16981 Via Tazon, San Diego, California 92127
| | - Jian Wang
- Trimeris, Inc., 3500 Paramount Parkway, Morrisville, North Carolina 27560, ChemBridge Research Laboratories, Suite K, 16981 Via Tazon, San Diego, California 92127, and ChemBridge Corporation, Suite G, 16981 Via Tazon, San Diego, California 92127
| | - Stephanie Freel
- Trimeris, Inc., 3500 Paramount Parkway, Morrisville, North Carolina 27560, ChemBridge Research Laboratories, Suite K, 16981 Via Tazon, San Diego, California 92127, and ChemBridge Corporation, Suite G, 16981 Via Tazon, San Diego, California 92127
| | - Shelly Fisher
- Trimeris, Inc., 3500 Paramount Parkway, Morrisville, North Carolina 27560, ChemBridge Research Laboratories, Suite K, 16981 Via Tazon, San Diego, California 92127, and ChemBridge Corporation, Suite G, 16981 Via Tazon, San Diego, California 92127
| | - Alana Sullivan
- Trimeris, Inc., 3500 Paramount Parkway, Morrisville, North Carolina 27560, ChemBridge Research Laboratories, Suite K, 16981 Via Tazon, San Diego, California 92127, and ChemBridge Corporation, Suite G, 16981 Via Tazon, San Diego, California 92127
| | - Jiying Zhou
- Trimeris, Inc., 3500 Paramount Parkway, Morrisville, North Carolina 27560, ChemBridge Research Laboratories, Suite K, 16981 Via Tazon, San Diego, California 92127, and ChemBridge Corporation, Suite G, 16981 Via Tazon, San Diego, California 92127
| | - Sherry Stanfield-Oakley
- Trimeris, Inc., 3500 Paramount Parkway, Morrisville, North Carolina 27560, ChemBridge Research Laboratories, Suite K, 16981 Via Tazon, San Diego, California 92127, and ChemBridge Corporation, Suite G, 16981 Via Tazon, San Diego, California 92127
| | - Michael Greenberg
- Trimeris, Inc., 3500 Paramount Parkway, Morrisville, North Carolina 27560, ChemBridge Research Laboratories, Suite K, 16981 Via Tazon, San Diego, California 92127, and ChemBridge Corporation, Suite G, 16981 Via Tazon, San Diego, California 92127
| | - Dani Bolognesi
- Trimeris, Inc., 3500 Paramount Parkway, Morrisville, North Carolina 27560, ChemBridge Research Laboratories, Suite K, 16981 Via Tazon, San Diego, California 92127, and ChemBridge Corporation, Suite G, 16981 Via Tazon, San Diego, California 92127
| | - Brian Bray
- Trimeris, Inc., 3500 Paramount Parkway, Morrisville, North Carolina 27560, ChemBridge Research Laboratories, Suite K, 16981 Via Tazon, San Diego, California 92127, and ChemBridge Corporation, Suite G, 16981 Via Tazon, San Diego, California 92127
| | - Barney Koszalka
- Trimeris, Inc., 3500 Paramount Parkway, Morrisville, North Carolina 27560, ChemBridge Research Laboratories, Suite K, 16981 Via Tazon, San Diego, California 92127, and ChemBridge Corporation, Suite G, 16981 Via Tazon, San Diego, California 92127
| | - Peter Jeffs
- Trimeris, Inc., 3500 Paramount Parkway, Morrisville, North Carolina 27560, ChemBridge Research Laboratories, Suite K, 16981 Via Tazon, San Diego, California 92127, and ChemBridge Corporation, Suite G, 16981 Via Tazon, San Diego, California 92127
| | - Alisher Khasanov
- Trimeris, Inc., 3500 Paramount Parkway, Morrisville, North Carolina 27560, ChemBridge Research Laboratories, Suite K, 16981 Via Tazon, San Diego, California 92127, and ChemBridge Corporation, Suite G, 16981 Via Tazon, San Diego, California 92127
| | - You-An Ma
- Trimeris, Inc., 3500 Paramount Parkway, Morrisville, North Carolina 27560, ChemBridge Research Laboratories, Suite K, 16981 Via Tazon, San Diego, California 92127, and ChemBridge Corporation, Suite G, 16981 Via Tazon, San Diego, California 92127
| | - Cynthia Jeffries
- Trimeris, Inc., 3500 Paramount Parkway, Morrisville, North Carolina 27560, ChemBridge Research Laboratories, Suite K, 16981 Via Tazon, San Diego, California 92127, and ChemBridge Corporation, Suite G, 16981 Via Tazon, San Diego, California 92127
| | - Changhui Liu
- Trimeris, Inc., 3500 Paramount Parkway, Morrisville, North Carolina 27560, ChemBridge Research Laboratories, Suite K, 16981 Via Tazon, San Diego, California 92127, and ChemBridge Corporation, Suite G, 16981 Via Tazon, San Diego, California 92127
| | - Tatiana Proskurina
- Trimeris, Inc., 3500 Paramount Parkway, Morrisville, North Carolina 27560, ChemBridge Research Laboratories, Suite K, 16981 Via Tazon, San Diego, California 92127, and ChemBridge Corporation, Suite G, 16981 Via Tazon, San Diego, California 92127
| | - Tong Zhu
- Trimeris, Inc., 3500 Paramount Parkway, Morrisville, North Carolina 27560, ChemBridge Research Laboratories, Suite K, 16981 Via Tazon, San Diego, California 92127, and ChemBridge Corporation, Suite G, 16981 Via Tazon, San Diego, California 92127
| | - Alexander Chucholowski
- Trimeris, Inc., 3500 Paramount Parkway, Morrisville, North Carolina 27560, ChemBridge Research Laboratories, Suite K, 16981 Via Tazon, San Diego, California 92127, and ChemBridge Corporation, Suite G, 16981 Via Tazon, San Diego, California 92127
| | - Rongshi Li
- Trimeris, Inc., 3500 Paramount Parkway, Morrisville, North Carolina 27560, ChemBridge Research Laboratories, Suite K, 16981 Via Tazon, San Diego, California 92127, and ChemBridge Corporation, Suite G, 16981 Via Tazon, San Diego, California 92127
| | - Connie Sexton
- Trimeris, Inc., 3500 Paramount Parkway, Morrisville, North Carolina 27560, ChemBridge Research Laboratories, Suite K, 16981 Via Tazon, San Diego, California 92127, and ChemBridge Corporation, Suite G, 16981 Via Tazon, San Diego, California 92127
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Hamza A, Zhan CG. How can (-)-epigallocatechin gallate from green tea prevent HIV-1 infection? Mechanistic insights from computational modeling and the implication for rational design of anti-HIV-1 entry inhibitors. J Phys Chem B 2007; 110:2910-7. [PMID: 16471901 DOI: 10.1021/jp0550762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Possible inhibitors preventing human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) entry into the cells are recognized as hopeful next-generation anti-HIV-1 drugs. It is highly desirable to develop a potent inhibitor blocking binding of glycoprotein CD4 of the cell with glycoprotein gp120 of HIV-1, because the gp120-CD4 binding is the initial step of HIV-1 entry into the cells. It has been recently reported that (-)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) from green tea is an inhibitor blocking gp120-CD4 binding. But the inhibitory mechanism remains unknown. For understanding the inhibitory mechanism, extensive molecular docking, molecular dynamics simulations, and binding free-energy calculations have been performed in this study to predict the most favorable structures of CD4-EGCG, gp120-CD4, and gp120-CD4-EGCG binding complexes in water. The results reveal that EGCG binds with CD4 in such a way that the calculated binding affinity of gp120 with the CD4-EGCG complex is negligible. So, the favorable binding of EGCG with CD4 can effectively block gp120-CD4 binding. The calculated CD4-EGCG binding affinity (DeltaG(bind) = -5.5 kcal/mol, K(d) = 94 microM) is in excellent agreement with available experimental data suggesting IC(50) approximately 100 microM for EGCG-blocking CD4-gp120 binding. These results and insights provide a rational basis for future design of novel, more potent inhibitors to block gp120-CD4 binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adel Hamza
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, 725 Rose Street, Lexington, Kentucky 40536, USA
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23
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Zhou L, Thakur CS, Molinaro RJ, Paranjape JM, Hoppes R, Jeang KT, Silverman RH, Torrence PF. Delivery of 2-5A cargo into living cells using the Tat cell penetrating peptide: 2-5A-tat. Bioorg Med Chem 2007; 14:7862-74. [PMID: 16908165 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2006.07.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2006] [Accepted: 07/27/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
2',5'-Oligoadenylate tetramer (2-5A) has been chemically conjugated to short HIV-1 Tat peptides to provide 2-5A-tat chimeras. Two different convergent synthetic approaches have been employed to provide such 2-5A-tat bioconjugates. One involved generation of a bioconjugate through reaction of a cysteine terminated Tat peptide with a alpha-chloroacetyl derivative of 2-5A. The second synthetic strategy was based upon a cycloaddition reaction of an azide derivative of 2-5A with a Tat peptide bearing an alkyne function. Either bioconjugate of 2-5A-tat was able to activate human RNase L. The union of 2-5A and Tat peptide provided an RNase L-active chimeric nucleopeptide with the ability to be taken up by cells by virtue of the Tat peptide and to activate RNase L in intact cells. This strategy provides a valuable vehicle for the entry of the charged 2-5A molecule into cells and may provide a means for targeted destruction of HIV RNA in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longhu Zhou
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011-5698, USA
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24
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Briz V, Poveda E, Soriano V. HIV entry inhibitors: mechanisms of action and resistance pathways. J Antimicrob Chemother 2006; 57:619-27. [PMID: 16464888 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkl027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Entry inhibitors represent a new generation of antivirals for the treatment of HIV infection. Several compounds which block the attachment of HIV gp120 to either the CD4 T cell receptor or the CCR5/CXCR4 co-receptors are currently in clinical development. Most of these compounds have different molecular structures and specific mechanisms of action. These agents are eagerly awaited by a growing number of patients carrying viruses resistant viruses to many of the current available reverse transcriptase and protease inhibitors. For enfuvirtide, the first and, so far, only entry inhibitor approved for clinical use, the main mechanism of resistance is the selection of changes within a 10 amino acid segment encompassing residues 36-45 within the HR1 region of gp41. For other entry inhibitors, multiple changes in different gp120 domains (V1, V2, V3, C2 and C4) have been associated with loss of susceptibility to these agents, although in most cases with limited cross-resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verónica Briz
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Carlos III, Calle Sinesio Delgado 10, Madrid, Spain
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25
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Vermeire K, Schols D. Anti-HIV agents targeting the interaction of gp120 with the cellular CD4 receptor. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2005; 14:1199-212. [PMID: 16185162 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.14.10.1199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Perhaps one of the most effective approaches to prevent and inhibit viral infections is to block host cell receptors that are used by viruses to gain cell entry. Major advances have been made over the past decade in the understanding of the molecular mechanism of HIV entry into target cells. A crucial step in this entry process is the interaction of the external HIV envelope glycoprotein, gp120, with the cellular CD4 receptor molecule. This binding step represents a potential target for new antiviral agents, and current efforts to develop safe and effective HIV entry inhibitors are focused on natural ligands and/or monoclonal antibodies that interfere with gp120/CD4 interaction. Also, small synthetic compounds obtained either by high-throughput screening of large compound libraries or by structure-guided rational design have recently entered the antiretroviral arena. In this review, the anti-HIV activity of novel entry inhibitors targeting gp120/CD4 interaction is outlined, and special attention is given to the cyclotriazadisulfonamide compounds, which are the most specific CD4-targeted antiviral drugs described so far.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt Vermeire
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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Wang J, Le N, Heredia A, Song H, Redfield R, Wang LX. Modification and structure–activity relationship of a small molecule HIV-1 inhibitor targeting the viral envelope glycoprotein gp120. Org Biomol Chem 2005; 3:1781-6. [PMID: 15858664 DOI: 10.1039/b415159c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes selected modification and structure-activity relationship of the small molecule HIV-1 inhibitor, 4-benzoyl-1-[(4-methoxy-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-3-yl)oxoacetyl]-2-(R)-methylpiperazine (BMS-378806). The results revealed: i) that both the presence and configuration (R vs. S) of the 3-methyl group on the piperazine moiety are important for the antiviral activity, with the 3-(R)-methyl derivatives showing the highest activity; ii) that the electronegativity of the C-4 substituent on the indole or azaindole ring seems to be important for the activity, with a small, electron-donating group such as a fluoro or a methoxy group showing enhanced activity, while a nitro group diminishes the activity; iii) that the N-1 position of the indole ring is not eligible for modification without losing activity; and iv) that bulky groups around the C-4 position of the indole or azaindole ring diminish the activity, probably due to steric hindrance in the binding. We found that a synthetic bivalent compound with two BMS-378806 moieties being tethered by a spacer demonstrated about 5-fold enhanced activity in an nM range against HIV-1 infection than the corresponding monomeric inhibitor. But the polyacrylamide-based polyvalent compounds did not show inhibitory activity at up to 200 nM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingsong Wang
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute, University of Maryland, 725 W. Lombard Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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Abstract
The year 2004 represents a milestone for the biosensor research community: in this year, over 1000 articles were published describing experiments performed using commercially available systems. The 1038 papers we found represent an approximately 10% increase over the past year and demonstrate that the implementation of biosensors continues to expand at a healthy pace. We evaluated the data presented in each paper and compiled a 'top 10' list. These 10 articles, which we recommend every biosensor user reads, describe well-performed kinetic, equilibrium and qualitative/screening studies, provide comparisons between binding parameters obtained from different biosensor users, as well as from biosensor- and solution-based interaction analyses, and summarize the cutting-edge applications of the technology. We also re-iterate some of the experimental pitfalls that lead to sub-optimal data and over-interpreted results. We are hopeful that the biosensor community, by applying the hints we outline, will obtain data on a par with that presented in the 10 spotlighted articles. This will ensure that the scientific community at large can be confident in the data we report from optical biosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Rich
- Center for Biomolecular Interaction Analysis, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
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Jiang S, Lu H, Liu S, Zhao Q, He Y, Debnath AK. N-substituted pyrrole derivatives as novel human immunodeficiency virus type 1 entry inhibitors that interfere with the gp41 six-helix bundle formation and block virus fusion. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2004; 48:4349-59. [PMID: 15504864 PMCID: PMC525433 DOI: 10.1128/aac.48.11.4349-4359.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A recently approved peptidic human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) fusion inhibitor, T-20 (Fuzeon; Trimeris Inc.), has shown significant promise in clinical application for treating HIV-1-infected individuals who have failed to respond to the currently available antiretroviral drugs. However, T-20 must be injected twice daily and is too expensive. Therefore, it is essential to develop orally available small molecule HIV-1 fusion inhibitors. By screening a chemical library consisting of "drug-like" compounds, we identified two N-substituted pyrroles, designated NB-2 and NB-64, that inhibited HIV-1 replication at a low micromolar range. The absence of the COOH group in NB-2 and NB-64 resulted in a loss of anti-HIV-1 activity, suggesting that this acid group plays an important role in mediating the antiviral activity. NB-2 and NB-64 inhibited HIV-1 fusion and entry by interfering with the gp41 six-helix bundle formation and disrupting the alpha-helical conformation. They blocked a d-peptide binding to the hydrophobic pocket on surface of the gp41 internal trimeric coiled-coil domain. Computer-aided molecular docking analysis has shown that they fit inside the hydrophobic pocket and that their COOH group interacts with a positively charged residue (K574) around the pocket to form a salt bridge. These results suggest that NB-2 and NB-64 may bind to the gp41 hydrophobic pocket through hydrophobic and ionic interactions and block the formation of the fusion-active gp41 core, thereby inhibiting HIV-1-mediated membrane fusion and virus entry. Therefore, NB-2 and NB-64 can be used as lead compounds toward designing and developing more potent small molecule HIV-1 fusion inhibitors targeting gp41.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shibo Jiang
- Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, 310 E 67th St., New York, NY 10021, USA.
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