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Bay Y, Egeberg Jeppesen M, Frydenvang K, Francotte P, Pirotte B, Pickering DS, Kristensen AS, Kastrup JS. The positive allosteric modulator BPAM344 and L-glutamate introduce an active-like structure of the ligand-binding domain of GluK2. FEBS Lett 2024; 598:743-757. [PMID: 38369668 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Kainate receptors belong to the family of ionotropic glutamate receptors and contribute to the majority of fast excitatory neurotransmission. Consequently, they also play a role in brain diseases. Therefore, understanding how these receptors can be modulated is of importance. Our study provides a crystal structure of the dimeric ligand-binding domain of the kainate receptor GluK2 in complex with L-glutamate and the small-molecule positive allosteric modulator, BPAM344, in an active-like conformation. The role of Thr535 and Gln786 in modulating GluK2 by BPAM344 was investigated using a calcium-sensitive fluorescence-based assay on transiently transfected cells expressing GluK2 and mutants hereof. This study may aid in the design of compounds targeting kainate receptors, expanding their potential as targets for the treatment of brain diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmin Bay
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mie Egeberg Jeppesen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Karla Frydenvang
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Pierre Francotte
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Medicines (CIRM), University of Liège, Belgium
| | - Bernard Pirotte
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Medicines (CIRM), University of Liège, Belgium
| | - Darryl S Pickering
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anders Skov Kristensen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jette Sandholm Kastrup
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
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2
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Bay Y, Venskutonytė R, Frantsen SM, Thorsen TS, Musgaard M, Frydenvang K, Francotte P, Pirotte B, Biggin PC, Kristensen AS, Boesen T, Pickering DS, Gajhede M, Kastrup JS. Small-molecule positive allosteric modulation of homomeric kainate receptors GluK1-3: development of screening assays and insight into GluK3 structure. FEBS J 2024; 291:1506-1529. [PMID: 38145505 DOI: 10.1111/febs.17046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/27/2023]
Abstract
The kainate receptors GluK1-3 (glutamate receptor ionotropic, kainate receptors 1-3) belong to the family of ionotropic glutamate receptors and are essential for fast excitatory neurotransmission in the brain, and are associated with neurological and psychiatric diseases. How these receptors can be modulated by small-molecule agents is not well understood, especially for GluK3. We show that the positive allosteric modulator BPAM344 can be used to establish robust calcium-sensitive fluorescence-based assays to test agonists, antagonists, and positive allosteric modulators of GluK1-3. The half-maximal effective concentration (EC50) of BPAM344 for potentiating the response of 100 μm kainate was determined to be 26.3 μm for GluK1, 75.4 μm for GluK2, and 639 μm for GluK3. Domoate was found to be a potent agonist for GluK1 and GluK2, with an EC50 of 0.77 and 1.33 μm, respectively, upon co-application of 150 μm BPAM344. At GluK3, domoate acts as a very weak agonist or antagonist with a half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 14.5 μm, in presence of 500 μm BPAM344 and 100 μm kainate for competition binding. Using H523A-mutated GluK3, we determined the first dimeric structure of the ligand-binding domain by X-ray crystallography, allowing location of BPAM344, as well as zinc-, sodium-, and chloride-ion binding sites at the dimer interface. Molecular dynamics simulations support the stability of the ion sites as well as the involvement of Asp761, Asp790, and Glu797 in the binding of zinc ions. Using electron microscopy, we show that, in presence of glutamate and BPAM344, full-length GluK3 adopts a dimer-of-dimers arrangement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmin Bay
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Raminta Venskutonytė
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Stine M Frantsen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thor S Thorsen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Karla Frydenvang
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Pierre Francotte
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Medicines (CIRM), University of Liège, Belgium
| | - Bernard Pirotte
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Medicines (CIRM), University of Liège, Belgium
| | | | - Anders S Kristensen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas Boesen
- Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience-DANDRITE, Nordic-EMBL Partnership for Molecular Medicine, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - Darryl S Pickering
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Michael Gajhede
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jette S Kastrup
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
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3
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Sainas S, Temperini P, Farnsworth JC, Yi F, Møllerud S, Jensen AA, Nielsen B, Passoni A, Kastrup JS, Hansen KB, Boschi D, Pickering DS, Clausen RP, Lolli ML. Use of the 4-Hydroxytriazole Moiety as a Bioisosteric Tool in the Development of Ionotropic Glutamate Receptor Ligands. J Med Chem 2019; 62:4467-4482. [PMID: 30943028 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b01986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
We report a series of glutamate and aspartate analogues designed using the hydroxy-1,2,3-triazole moiety as a bioisostere for the distal carboxylic acid. Compound 6b showed unprecedented selectivity among ( S)-2-amino-3-(3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolyl)propionic acid (AMPA) receptor subtypes, confirmed also by an unusual binding mode observed for the crystal structures in complex with the AMPA receptor GluA2 agonist-binding domain. Here, a methionine (Met729) was highly disordered compared to previous agonist-bound structures. This observation provides a possible explanation for the pharmacological profile. In the structure with 7a, an unusual organization of water molecules around the bioisostere arises compared to previous structures of ligands with other bioisosteres. Aspartate analogue 8 with the hydroxy-1,2,3-triazole moiety directly attached to glycine was unexpectedly able to activate both the glutamate and glycine agonist-binding sites of the N-methyl-d-aspartic acid receptor. These observations demonstrate novel features that arise when employing a hydroxytriazole moiety as a bioisostere for the distal carboxylic acid in glutamate receptor agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Sainas
- Department of Drug Science and Technology , University of Turin , via P.Giuria 9 , 10125 Turin , Italy
| | - Piero Temperini
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology , University of Copenhagen , 2100 Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Jill C Farnsworth
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, and Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics , University of Montana , Missoula , Montana 59812 , United States
| | - Feng Yi
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, and Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics , University of Montana , Missoula , Montana 59812 , United States
| | - Stine Møllerud
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology , University of Copenhagen , 2100 Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Anders A Jensen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology , University of Copenhagen , 2100 Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Birgitte Nielsen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology , University of Copenhagen , 2100 Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Alice Passoni
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri" IRCCS , via La Masa 19 , 20156 Milan , Italy
| | - Jette S Kastrup
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology , University of Copenhagen , 2100 Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Kasper B Hansen
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, and Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics , University of Montana , Missoula , Montana 59812 , United States
| | - Donatella Boschi
- Department of Drug Science and Technology , University of Turin , via P.Giuria 9 , 10125 Turin , Italy
| | - Darryl S Pickering
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology , University of Copenhagen , 2100 Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Rasmus P Clausen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology , University of Copenhagen , 2100 Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Marco L Lolli
- Department of Drug Science and Technology , University of Turin , via P.Giuria 9 , 10125 Turin , Italy
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4
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Clausen RP, Mohr AØ, Riise E, Jensen AA, Gill A, Madden DR, Kastrup JS, Skottrup PD. A parallel panning scheme used for selection of a GluA4-specific Fab targeting the ligand-binding domain. Int J Biol Macromol 2016; 92:779-787. [PMID: 27402461 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Revised: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
A method for development of murine Fab fragments towards extracellular domains of a surface receptor is presented. The GluA4 ionotropic glutamate receptor is used as a model system. Recombinant GluA4 ectodomain comprising both the N-terminal domain (NTD) and the ligand-binding domain (LBD) in one molecule was used for immunization. A Fab-phage library was constructed and a parallel panning approach enabled selection of murine Fab fragments towards either intact ectodomain or the isolated LBD of the GluA4 receptor. One LBD-Fab (FabL9) showed exclusive selectivity for the GluA4 LBD, over a panel of LBDs from GluA2, GluK1, GluK2 and GluD2. Soluble FabL9 was produced in amounts suitable for characterization. Competitive ELISA and rat-brain immunoprecipitation experiments confirmed that the FabL9 epitope is conserved in the LBD and in the intact native receptor. By an alignment of GluA2 and GluA4, the likely binding epitope for FabL9 was predicted. This study demonstrates a simple approach for development of antibody fragments towards specific sub-domains of a large ligand-gated ion channel, and this method could be utilized for all multi-domain surface receptors where antibody domain-selectivity may be desirable. Furthermore, we present for the first time a GluA4 subtype-specific murine Fab fragment targeting the LBD of the receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasmus P Clausen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Andreas Ø Mohr
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Erik Riise
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anders A Jensen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Avinash Gill
- Department of Biochemistry & Cell Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Dean R Madden
- Department of Biochemistry & Cell Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Jette S Kastrup
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peter D Skottrup
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Copenhagen University Hospital, Hvidovre, DK-2650, Denmark.
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5
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Lessons from crystal structures of kainate receptors. Neuropharmacology 2016; 112:16-28. [PMID: 27236079 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2016.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Revised: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Kainate receptors belong to the family of ionotropic glutamate receptors. These receptors assemble from five subunits (GluK1-5) into tetrameric ion channels. Kainate receptors are located at both pre- and postsynaptic membranes in the central nervous system where they contribute to excitatory synaptic transmission and modulate network excitability by regulating neurotransmitter release. Dysfunction of kainate receptors has been implicated in several neurological disorders such as epilepsy, schizophrenia and depression. Here we provide a review on the current understanding of kainate receptor structure and how they bind agonists, antagonists and ions. The first structure of the ligand-binding domain of the GluK1 subunit was reported in 2005, seven years after publication of the crystal structure of a soluble construct of the ligand-binding domain of the AMPA-type subunit GluA2. Today, a full-length structure has been determined of GluK2 by cryo electron microscopy to 7.6 Å resolution as well as 84 high-resolution crystal structures of N-terminal domains and ligand-binding domains, including agonist and antagonist bound structures, modulatory ions and mutations. However, there are still many unanswered questions and challenges in front of us. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled 'Ionotropic glutamate receptors'.
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6
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Wang SY, Larsen Y, Navarrete CV, Jensen AA, Nielsen B, Al-Musaed A, Frydenvang K, Kastrup JS, Pickering DS, Clausen RP. Tweaking Subtype Selectivity and Agonist Efficacy at (S)-2-Amino-3-(3-hydroxy-5-methyl-isoxazol-4-yl)propionic acid (AMPA) Receptors in a Small Series of BnTetAMPA Analogues. J Med Chem 2016; 59:2244-54. [PMID: 26862980 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b01982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A series of analogues of the (S)-2-Amino-3-(3-hydroxy-5-methyl-isoxazol-4-yl)propionic acid (AMPA) receptor agonist BnTetAMPA (5b) were synthesized and characterized pharmacologically in radioligand binding assays at native and cloned AMPA receptors and functionally by two-electrode voltage clamp electrophysiology at the four homomeric AMPA receptors expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes. The analogues 6 and 7 exhibit very different pharmacological profiles with binding affinity preference for the subtypes GluA1 and GluA3, respectively. X-ray crystal structures of three ligands (6, 7, and 8) in complex with the agonist binding domain (ABD) of GluA2 show that they induce full domain closure despite their low agonist efficacies. Trp767 in GluA2 ABD could be an important determinant for partial agonism of this compound series at AMPA receptors, since agonist efficacy also correlated with the location of the Trp767 side chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang-Yan Wang
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Universitetsparken 2, DK 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Gene Engineering and Biotechnology Beijing Key Laboratory, Beijing Normal University , Beijing 100875, P. R. of China
| | - Younes Larsen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Universitetsparken 2, DK 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Cristina Vara Navarrete
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Universitetsparken 2, DK 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anders A Jensen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Universitetsparken 2, DK 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Birgitte Nielsen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Universitetsparken 2, DK 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ali Al-Musaed
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Universitetsparken 2, DK 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Karla Frydenvang
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Universitetsparken 2, DK 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jette Sandholm Kastrup
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Universitetsparken 2, DK 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Darryl S Pickering
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Universitetsparken 2, DK 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rasmus Prætorius Clausen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Universitetsparken 2, DK 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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7
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Solly K, Klein R, Rudd M, Holloway MK, Johnson EN, Henze D, Finley MFA. High-Throughput Screen of GluK1 Receptor Identifies Selective Inhibitors with a Variety of Kinetic Profiles Using Fluorescence and Electrophysiology Assays. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 20:708-19. [PMID: 25700884 DOI: 10.1177/1087057115570580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 01/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
GluK1, a kainate subtype of ionotropic glutamate receptors, exhibits an expression pattern in the CNS consistent with involvement in pain processing and migraine. Antagonists of GluK1 have been shown to reduce pain signaling in the spinal cord and trigeminal nerve, and are predicted to provide pain and migraine relief. We developed an ultra-high-throughput small-molecule screen to identify antagonists of GluK1. Using the calcium indicator dye fluo-4, a multimillion-member small-molecule library was screened in 1536-well plate format on the FLIPR (Fluorescent Imaging Plate Reader) Tetra against cells expressing a calcium-permeable GluK1. Following confirmation in the primary assay and subsequent counter-screen against the endogenous Par-1 receptor, 6100 compounds were selected for dose titration to assess potency and selectivity. Final triage of 1000 compounds demonstrating dose-dependent inhibition with IC50 values of less than 12 µM was performed in an automated whole-cell patch clamp electrophysiology assay. Although a weak correlation between electrophysiologically active and calcium-imaging active compounds was observed, the identification of electrophysiologically active compounds with a range of kinetic profiles revealed a broad spectrum of mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelli Solly
- Screening and Protein Sciences, Merck Research Laboratories, North Wales, PA, USA
| | - Rebecca Klein
- Pain & Migraine Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA, USA
| | - Michael Rudd
- Exploratory Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA, USA
| | | | - Eric N Johnson
- Screening and Protein Sciences, Merck Research Laboratories, North Wales, PA, USA Wuxi AppTec, Plainsboro, NJ, USA
| | - Darrell Henze
- Pain & Migraine Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA, USA
| | - Michael F A Finley
- Screening and Protein Sciences, Merck Research Laboratories, North Wales, PA, USA
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8
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Traynelis SF, Wollmuth LP, McBain CJ, Menniti FS, Vance KM, Ogden KK, Hansen KB, Yuan H, Myers SJ, Dingledine R. Glutamate receptor ion channels: structure, regulation, and function. Pharmacol Rev 2010; 62:405-96. [PMID: 20716669 PMCID: PMC2964903 DOI: 10.1124/pr.109.002451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2553] [Impact Index Per Article: 182.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian ionotropic glutamate receptor family encodes 18 gene products that coassemble to form ligand-gated ion channels containing an agonist recognition site, a transmembrane ion permeation pathway, and gating elements that couple agonist-induced conformational changes to the opening or closing of the permeation pore. Glutamate receptors mediate fast excitatory synaptic transmission in the central nervous system and are localized on neuronal and non-neuronal cells. These receptors regulate a broad spectrum of processes in the brain, spinal cord, retina, and peripheral nervous system. Glutamate receptors are postulated to play important roles in numerous neurological diseases and have attracted intense scrutiny. The description of glutamate receptor structure, including its transmembrane elements, reveals a complex assembly of multiple semiautonomous extracellular domains linked to a pore-forming element with striking resemblance to an inverted potassium channel. In this review we discuss International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology glutamate receptor nomenclature, structure, assembly, accessory subunits, interacting proteins, gene expression and translation, post-translational modifications, agonist and antagonist pharmacology, allosteric modulation, mechanisms of gating and permeation, roles in normal physiological function, as well as the potential therapeutic use of pharmacological agents acting at glutamate receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen F Traynelis
- Department of Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine, Rollins Research Center, 1510 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30322-3090, USA.
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9
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Limon A, Reyes-Ruiz JM, Vaswani RG, Chamberlin AR, Miledi R. Kaitocephalin antagonism of glutamate receptors expressed in Xenopus oocytes. ACS Chem Neurosci 2010; 1:175-181. [PMID: 20436943 DOI: 10.1021/cn900037c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Kaitocephalin is the first discovered natural toxin with protective properties against excitotoxic-death of cultured neurons induced by N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) or alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid (AMPA)/kainic acid (kainate, KA) receptors. Nevertheless, the effects of kaitocephalin on the function of these receptors were unknown. In this work we report some pharmacological properties of synthetic (-)-kaitocephalin on rat brain glutamate receptors expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes and, on the homomeric AMPA-type GluR3 and KA-type GluR6 receptors. Kaitocephalin was found to be a more potent antagonist of NMDA receptors (IC(50) = 75 +/- 9 nM) than of AMPA receptors from cerebral cortex (IC(50) = 242 +/- 37 nM) and from homomeric GluR3 subunits (IC(50) = 502 +/- 55 nM). Moreover, kaitocephalin is a weak antagonist of the KA-type receptor GluR6 (IC(50) ~ 100 muM) and of metabotropic (IC(50) > 100 muM) glutamate receptors expressed by rat brain mRNA.
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10
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Fleming JJ, England PM. Developing a complete pharmacology for AMPA receptors: a perspective on subtype-selective ligands. Bioorg Med Chem 2010; 18:1381-7. [PMID: 20096591 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2009.12.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2009] [Revised: 12/19/2009] [Accepted: 12/31/2009] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
AMPA receptors are a family of ligand-gated ion channels that play central roles in rapid neural signaling and in regulation of synaptic strength. Additionally, these receptors are implicated in a number of major psychiatric and neurological diseases. A comprehensive understanding of the roles that AMPA receptors play in the mammalian nervous system has been hampered by the dearth of ligands available to select between individual AMPA receptors subtypes. Here we provide a perspective on opportunities for developing a complete pharmacology for AMPA receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- James J Fleming
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
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11
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Migita S, Tateishi A, Keinänen K, Haruyama T. Engineered synapse model cell: genetic construction and chemical evaluation for reproducible high-throughput analysis. Anal Bioanal Chem 2009; 396:1153-7. [PMID: 19946677 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-009-3300-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2009] [Revised: 11/02/2009] [Accepted: 11/05/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Bioassay models of neural functions must lend themselves to high-throughput analysis in neural drug discovery. However, smart analysis methods for these functions have not yet been fully established. Here, we describe the development of a synapse model for cell-based biosensing. The engineered synapse model cell expresses ionotropic glutamate receptor on its surface, like the neural postsynaptic membrane. The advantages of the model cell are the ease of handling and reproducibility as compared with the cultured neural cell, and it can be employed to evaluate receptor function through ion flux analysis. The agonist-induced sodium influx was monitored as an agonist concentration-dependent increase in the observed fluorescence signal. Furthermore, we found that our model cell enables the correction of uneven cellular signal levels using a reporter system. Our engineered synapse model cell can be employed as a powerful tool for the screening of lead substances in pharmaceutical high-throughput analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Migita
- Department of Biological Functions and Engineering, Kyushu Institute of Technology, Kitakyushu Science and Research Park, Fukuoka, 808-0196, Japan
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12
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Clausen RP, Naur P, Kristensen AS, Greenwood JR, Strange M, Bräuner-Osborne H, Jensen AA, Nielsen AST, Geneser U, Ringgaard LM, Nielsen B, Pickering DS, Brehm L, Gajhede M, Krogsgaard-Larsen P, Kastrup JS. The glutamate receptor GluR5 agonist (S)-2-amino-3-(3-hydroxy-7,8-dihydro-6H-cyclohepta[d]isoxazol-4-yl)propionic acid and the 8-methyl analogue: synthesis, molecular pharmacology, and biostructural characterization. J Med Chem 2009; 52:4911-22. [PMID: 19588945 DOI: 10.1021/jm900565c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The design, synthesis, and pharmacological characterization of a highly potent and selective glutamate GluR5 agonist is reported. (S)-2-Amino-3-((RS)-3-hydroxy-8-methyl-7,8-dihydro-6H-cyclohepta[d]isoxazol-4-yl)propionic acid (5) is the 8-methyl analogue of (S)-2-amino-3-(3-hydroxy-7,8-dihydro-6H-cyclohepta[d]isoxazol-4-yl)propionic acid ((S)-4-AHCP, 4). Compound 5 displays an improved selectivity profile compared to 4. A versatile stereoselective synthetic route for this class of compounds is presented along with the characterization of the binding affinity of 5 to ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGluRs). Functional characterization of 5 at cloned iGluRs using a calcium imaging assay and voltage-clamp recordings show a different activation of GluR5 compared to (S)-glutamic acid (Glu), kainic acid (KA, 1), and (S)-2-amino-3-(3-hydroxy-5-tert-butyl-4-isoxazolyl)propionic acid ((S)-ATPA, 3) as previously demonstrated for 4. An X-ray crystallographic analysis of 4 and computational analyses of 4 and 5 bound to the GluR5 agonist binding domain (ABD) are presented, including a watermap analysis, which suggests that water molecules in the agonist binding site are important selectivity determinants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasmus P Clausen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2 Universitetsparken, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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13
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Kainate receptors: Pharmacology, function and therapeutic potential. Neuropharmacology 2009; 56:90-113. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2008.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2008] [Revised: 08/04/2008] [Accepted: 08/07/2008] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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14
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Pinto A, Conti P, Amici MD, Tamborini L, Madsen U, Nielsen B, Christesen T, Bräuner-Osborne H, Micheli CD. Synthesis and Pharmacological Characterization at Glutamate Receptors of the Four Enantiopure Isomers of Tricholomic Acid. J Med Chem 2008; 51:2311-5. [DOI: 10.1021/jm701394a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Pinto
- Istituto di Chimica Farmaceutica e Tossicologica “P. Pratesi”, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Mangiagalli 25, 20133 Milano, Italy, and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Paola Conti
- Istituto di Chimica Farmaceutica e Tossicologica “P. Pratesi”, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Mangiagalli 25, 20133 Milano, Italy, and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marco De Amici
- Istituto di Chimica Farmaceutica e Tossicologica “P. Pratesi”, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Mangiagalli 25, 20133 Milano, Italy, and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lucia Tamborini
- Istituto di Chimica Farmaceutica e Tossicologica “P. Pratesi”, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Mangiagalli 25, 20133 Milano, Italy, and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ulf Madsen
- Istituto di Chimica Farmaceutica e Tossicologica “P. Pratesi”, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Mangiagalli 25, 20133 Milano, Italy, and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Birgitte Nielsen
- Istituto di Chimica Farmaceutica e Tossicologica “P. Pratesi”, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Mangiagalli 25, 20133 Milano, Italy, and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas Christesen
- Istituto di Chimica Farmaceutica e Tossicologica “P. Pratesi”, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Mangiagalli 25, 20133 Milano, Italy, and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hans Bräuner-Osborne
- Istituto di Chimica Farmaceutica e Tossicologica “P. Pratesi”, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Mangiagalli 25, 20133 Milano, Italy, and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Carlo De Micheli
- Istituto di Chimica Farmaceutica e Tossicologica “P. Pratesi”, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Mangiagalli 25, 20133 Milano, Italy, and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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15
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Jensen AA, Christesen T, Bølcho U, Greenwood JR, Postorino G, Vogensen SB, Johansen TN, Egebjerg J, Bräuner-Osborne H, Clausen RP. Functional Characterization of Tet-AMPA [Tetrazolyl-2-amino-3-(3-hydroxy-5-methyl- 4-isoxazolyl)propionic Acid] Analogues at Ionotropic Glutamate Receptors GluR1−GluR4. The Molecular Basis for the Functional Selectivity Profile of 2-Bn-Tet-AMPA. J Med Chem 2007; 50:4177-85. [PMID: 17672447 DOI: 10.1021/jm070532r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Four 2-substituted Tet-AMPA [Tet = tetrazolyl, AMPA = 2-amino-3-(3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolyl)propionic acid] analogues were characterized functionally at the homomeric AMPA receptors GluR1i, GluR2Qi, GluR3i, and GluR4i in a Fluo-4/Ca2+ assay. Whereas 2-Et-Tet-AMPA, 2-Pr-Tet-AMPA, and 2-iPr-Tet-AMPA were nonselective GluR agonists, 2-Bn-Tet-AMPA exhibited a 40-fold higher potency at GluR4i than at GluR1i. Examination of homology models of the S1-S2 domains of GluR1 and GluR4 containing 2-Bn-Tet-AMPA suggested four nonconserved residues in a region adjacent to the orthosteric site as possible determinants of the GluR4i/GluR1i selectivity. In a mutagenesis study, doubly mutating M686V/I687A in GluR1i in combination with either D399S or E683A increased both the potency and the maximal response of 2-Bn-Tet-AMPA at this receptor to levels similar to those elicited by the agonist at GluR4i. The dependence of the novel selectivity profile of 2-Bn-Tet-AMPA upon residues located outside of the orthosteric site underlines the potential for developing GluR subtype selective ligands by designing compounds with substituents that protrude beyond the (S)-Glu binding pocket.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders A Jensen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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16
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Hald H, Naur P, Pickering DS, Sprogøe D, Madsen U, Timmermann DB, Ahring PK, Liljefors T, Schousboe A, Egebjerg J, Gajhede M, Kastrup JS. Partial Agonism and Antagonism of the Ionotropic Glutamate Receptor iGLuR5. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:25726-36. [PMID: 17581823 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m700137200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
More than 50 structures have been reported on the ligand-binding core of the ionotropic glutamate receptor iGluR2 that belongs to the 2-amino-3-(3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolyl)propionic acid-type of receptors. In contrast, the ligand-binding core of the kainic acid-type receptor iGluR5 has only been crystallized with three different ligands. Hence, additional structures of iGluR5 are needed to broaden the understanding of the ligand-binding properties of iGluR5, and the conformational changes leading to channel opening and closing. Here, we present two structures of the ligand-binding core of iGluR5; one as a complex with the partial agonist (2S,3S,4S)-3-carboxymethyl-4-[(1Z,3E,5R)-5-carboxy-1-methyl-hexa-1,3-dienyl]-pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid (domoic acid) and one as a complex with the antagonist (S)-2-amino-3-[5-tert-butyl-3-(phosphonomethoxy)-4-isoxazolyl]propionic acid ((S)-ATPO). In agreement with the partial agonist activity of domoic acid, the ligand-binding core of the iGluR5 complex is stabilized by domoic acid in a conformation that is 11 degrees more open than the conformation observed in the full agonist (S)-glutamic acid complex. This is primarily caused by the 5-carboxy-1-methyl-hexa-1,3-dienyl moiety of domoic acid and residues Val685-Thr690 of iGluR5. An even larger domain opening of 28 degrees is introduced upon binding of the antagonist (S)-ATPO. It appears that the span of domain opening is much larger in the ligand-binding core of iGluR5 (30 degrees) compared with what has been observed in iGluR2 (19 degrees ). Similarly, much larger variation in the distances between transmembrane linker residues in the two protomers comprising the dimer is observed in iGluR5 as compared with iGluR2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helle Hald
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
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