From Antibacterial to Antitumour Agents: A Brief Review on The Chemical and Medicinal Aspects of Sulfonamides

One-carbon metabolism and microbial pathogenicity

One-carbon metabolism (OCM) pathways are responsible for several functions, producing a number of one-carbon unit intermediates (formyl, methylene, methenyl, methyl) that are required for the synthesis of various amino acids and other biomolecules such as purines, thymidylate, redox regulators, and, in most microbes, folate. As humans must acquire folate from the diet, folate production is a target for antimicrobials such as sulfonamides. OCM impacts the regulation of microbial virulence such that in a number of instances, limiting the availability of para-aminobenzoic acid (pABA), an essential OCM precursor, causes a reduction in pathogenicity. Porphyromonas gingivalis, however, displays increased pathogenicity in response to lower pABA levels, and exogenous pABA exerts a calming influence on heterotypic communities of P. gingivalis with pABA-producing partner species. Differential responses to pABA may reflect both the physiology of the organisms and their host microenvironment. OCM plays an integral role in regulating the global rate of protein translation, where the alarmones ZMP and ZTP sense insufficient stores of intracellular folate and coordinate adaptive responses to compensate and restore folate to sufficient levels. The emerging interconnections between OCM, protein synthesis, and context-dependent pathogenicity provide novel insights into the dynamic host-microbe interface.

Dynamics of small molecule-enzyme interactions: Novel benzenesulfonamides as multi-target agents endowed with inhibitory effects against some metabolic enzymes

In contemporary medicinal chemistry, employing a singular small molecule to concurrently multi-target disparate molecular entities is emerging as a potent strategy in the ongoing battle against metabolic disease. In this study, we present the meticulous design, synthesis, and comprehensive biological evaluation of a novel series of 1,2,3-triazolylmethylthio-1,3,4-oxadiazolylbenzenesulfonamide derivatives (8a-m) as potential multi-target inhibitors against human carbonic anhydrase (EC.4.2.1.1, hCA I/II), α-glycosidase (EC.3.2.1.20, α-GLY), and α-amylase (EC.3.2.1.1, α-AMY). Each synthesized sulfonamide underwent rigorous assessment for inhibitory effects against four distinct enzymes, revealing varying degrees of hCA I/II, a-GLY, and a-AMY inhibition across the tested compounds. hCA I was notably susceptible to inhibition by all compounds, demonstrating remarkably low inhibition constants (KI) ranging from 42.20 ± 3.90 nM to 217.90 ± 11.81 nM compared to the reference standard AAZ (KI of 439.17 ± 9.30 nM). The evaluation against hCA II showed that most of the synthesized compounds exhibited potent inhibition effects with KI values spanning the nanomolar range 16.44 ± 1.53-70.82 ± 4.51 nM, while three specific compounds, namely 8a-b and 8d, showcased lower inhibitory potency than other derivatives that did not exceed that of the reference drug AAZ (with a KI of 98.28 ± 1.69 nM). Moreover, across the spectrum of synthesized compounds, potent inhibition profiles were observed against diabetes mellitus-associated α-GLY (KI values spanning from 0.54 ± 0.06 μM to 5.48 ± 0.50 μM), while significant inhibition effects were noted against α-AMY, with IC50 values ranging between 0.16 ± 0.04 μM and 7.81 ± 0.51 μM) compared to reference standard ACR (KI of 23.53 ± 2.72 μM and IC50 of 48.17 ± 2.34 μM, respectively). Subsequently, these inhibitors were evaluated for their DPPH· and ABTS+· radical scavenging activity. Moreover, molecular docking investigations were meticulously conducted within the active sites of hCA I/II, α-GLY, and α-AMY to provide comprehensive elucidation and rationale for the observed inhibitory outcomes.

Amide bioisosteric replacement in the design and synthesis of quorum sensing modulators

The prevention or control of bacterial infections requires continuous search for novel approaches among which bacterial quorum sensing inhibition is considered as a complementary antibacterial strategy. Quorum sensing, used by many different bacteria, functions through a cell-to-cell communication mechanism relying on chemical signals, referred to as autoinducers, such as N-acyl homoserine lactones (AHLs) which are the most common chemical signals in this system. Designing analogs of these autoinducers is one of the possible ways to interfere with quorum sensing. Since bioisosteres are powerful tools in medicinal chemistry, targeting analogs of AHLs or other signal molecules and mimics of known QS modulators built on amide bond bioisosteres is a relevant strategy in molecular design and synthetic routes. This review highlights the application of amide bond bioisosteric replacement in the design and synthesis of novel quorum sensing inhibitors.

Selective COX-2 inhibitors as anticancer agents: a patent review (2018-2023)

INTRODUCTION

COX-2 is a crucial enzyme in the manufacture of prostaglandins. The enzyme's metabolites might have an important function as regulators of the inflammatory response and other medical conditions such as cancer. Selective COX-2 inhibitors are believed to enhance or reverse the response of cancer chemotherapeutics.

AREAS COVERED

This study addresses the chemical structures as well as the antitumor activity of new COX-2 inhibitors produced in the recent five years, aiming to provide an insight into the mechanism of COX-2 induced PGE2 powerful signal in cancer development.

EXPERT OPINION

The significance of selective COX-2 inhibitors as an efficient superfamily of compounds with anti-inflammatory, anti-Alzheimer's, anti-Parkinson's disease, and anticancer properties has piqued the passion of academics in the field of drug development. Long-term usage of selective COX-2 inhibitors, such as celecoxib has been proven in clinical trials to lower the incidence of several human malignancies. Furthermore, celecoxib has the potential to greatly increase the effectiveness of chemotherapy. Our extensive understanding of selective COX-2 inhibitor SAR may aid in the development of safer and more effective selective COX-2 inhibitors as cancer chemopreventive agents. This review focuses on the different structural classes of selective COX-2 inhibitors, with a particular emphasis on their SAR.

First report of Nocardia wallacei infection in an immunocompetent patient in Zhejiang province

Nocardiosis is an infectious disease caused by Nocardia spp., mainly affecting immunocompromised hosts. Nocardia infection is not common; especially Nocardia wallacei infection is even rarer. The patient, female, 61 years old, farmer, has been working in the field for a long time and has normal immune function. Her main clinical manifestation was persistent back pain. Chest-enhanced computed tomography showed pulmonary inflammation. Rare pathogen Nocardia wallacei was detected in alveolar lavage fluid using matrix-assisted laser destructive ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. She received treatment with linezolid and was discharged after her condition improved.

Palladium-Catalyzed Remote Hydrosulfonamidation of Alkenes: Access to Primary N-Alkyl Sulfamides by the SuFEx Reaction

Herein, we establish a remote hydrosulfonamidation (HSA) of alkenes using palladium catalysis, where N-fluoro-N-(fluoro-sulfonyl)-carbamate with a sulfur(VI) fluoride moiety is demonstrated as a good amidation reagent. The anti-Markovnikov HSA reaction of terminal alkenes and the remote HSA of internal alkenes are achieved to efficiently yield primary N-alkyl-N-(fluorosulfonyl)-carbamates. In addition, this protocol enables the high-value utilization of alkane by combining the dehydrogenation process. The generated N-alkyl products exhibit a unique reactivity of sulfur(VI) fluorides, which can be directly transferred to N-alkyl sulfamides or amines via the sulfur(VI) fluoride exchange reaction, thereby streamlining their synthesis. Moreover, a (pyridyl) benzazole-type ligand proved to be vital for the excellent chemo- and regioselectivities.

One-pot preparation of magnetic molecularly imprinted adsorbent with dual template molecules for simultaneously specific capture of sulfonamides and quinolones in water and milk samples

Specific capture is a beneficial tactic in simultaneous monitoring of sulfonamides (SAs) and quinolones (QLs). For this purpose, a new magnetic molecularly imprinted adsorbent based on double-template molecules (DT-MIP@MNA) was facilely prepared by "one-pot" hydrothermal technique and utilized as the adsorbent of magnetic solid-phase extraction (MSPE). Molecular simulation technique was employed to quickly screen functional monomer. The recognition factors of prepared adsorbent towards templates sulfamethazine and nalidixic acid were 5.89 and 2.90, respectively, and the corresponding adsorption capacities were as high as 8.85 mg/g and 8.97 mg/g, respectively. Under the optimized parameters, the proposed DT-MIP@MNA/MSPE was combined with HPLC to simultaneously and selectively monitor trace SAs and QLs residuals in water and milk samples. The achieved limits of detection were 0.012-0.028 μg/L and 0.015-0.032 μg/kg for water and milk samples, respectively. The current supplied a sensitive, reliable and anti-interference method for simultaneously monitoring trace SAs and QLs in food.

Thiosuccinimide enabled S-N bond formation to access N-sulfenylated sulfonamide derivatives with synthetic diversity

A thiosuccinimide enabled S-N cross-coupling strategy has been established for the intermolecular N-sulfenylation of clinically approved sulfa drugs under additive-free conditions. This approach features simple operation, high chemoselectivity for sulfenylating the phenylamino group of sulfonamides, wide substrate scope, and easy scale production, affording N-sulfenylated products in moderate to excellent yields (up to 90%). In addition, we also found that this transformation can be realized in a one-pot manner by employing readily available thiols as starting materials, and the obtained sulfonamide derivatives are capable of various late-stage functionalizations, including oxidation, arylation, benzylation, and methylation.

Results of the study of the attitude of women of reproductive age to the integrated gynecological care provision by family physicians

OBJECTIVE

Aim: To study and analyze the attitude of women of reproductive age to the integrated gynecological care provision by family physicians, their readiness to receive some gynecological services from family physicians, as well as to analyze the level of women's support and readiness for the integrated provision of gynecological care depending on age and level of education.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

Materials and Methods: For the survey, anonymous questionnaires containing questions on the attitude of women of reproductive age to the integrated provision of certain types of gynecological care by family physicians were developed. 181 women from the Kyiv region took part in the survey.

RESULTS

Results: Support of more than 80% of respondents regarding the integrated gynecological care provision by family physicians received the following questions: counseling on the prevention of sexually transmitted infections and human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) (92,3%); counseling on family planning and prevention of unwanted pregnancy (83,4%); counseling on the use of various methods of contraception (82,3%); examination and palpation of mammary glands (80,1%); referral of women to a higher level of obstetric and gynecological care (if necessary (86,2%).

CONCLUSION

Conclusions: The majority of respondents (67,4%) are ready or better ready than not ready to receive certain types of gynecological care services from family physicians. Almost the same percentage ratio (more than 60%) of women of each age group and all levels of education are ready or better ready than not ready to receive gynecological care services, which they supported, from family physicians.

Diazotization-Enabled Deaminative Late-Stage Functionalization of Primary Sulfonamides

We, for the first time, disclosed a simple and efficient strategy for the late-stage functionalization of primary sulfonamides by diazotization, leading to sulfonyl chlorides, sulfonates, and complex sulfonamides. This protocol obviates the requirement for the prefunctionalization of sulfonamides. Its applicability is exemplified by the late-stage functionalization of sulfonamide-type drugs.

Ultrasound assisted synthesis of hybrid quinoline anchored with 4-R-benzenesulfonamide moiety with potential antimicrobial activity

We present in this paper a direct and efficient study regarding synthesis and spectral characterization of three series of hybrid quinoline anchored with 4-R-benzenesulfonamide moiety, with potential antimicrobial activity, by using ultrasound (US) irradiation and conventional methods (CV). The synthesis pathway is efficient and direct, in two steps: an initial N-acylation of 8-aminoquinoline followed by metal complexation with variously M2+ metals (Cd2+, Co2+, Cu2+, Ni2+, Pd2+, Zn2+). For both type of reactions, N-acylation and complexation, under US irradiations the synthesis have some undeniable advantages: the most relevant being the higher yields, a dramatically decrease for reaction time (with about 150 (one hundred fifty) folds for complexation) comparative with conventional methods (CV) (therefore the spent energy decrease in the same way), a decrease of the amount of used solvents. Taking into account the above considerations these reactions setup could be appreciated as eco-friendly. The structures of the obtained hybrid quinoline - sulfonamide complexes (HQBSM) were determined by elemental analysis and by using spectral investigations: FT-IR, NMR experiments, and X-ray diffraction (in three cases). The FT-IR and NMR spectra of complexes show a similar spectroscopic pattern for all complexes and fully confirm the proposed structures. The X-ray spectra analyses prove without doubts the structure of metal complexes, indicating that their structure depends essentially by two factors: the nature of metal and the nature of sulfonamide-quinoline moieties. Complexes containing 4-methoxy-benzoyl moiety and Zn2+ (e.g. 6a) are tetra-coordinated while in the Ni2+ complex (e.g. 6e) the metallic ion forms a distorted square-based bi-pyramid. In the complexes containing 4-nitro-benzoyl moiety and Cd2+ (e.g. 5d) the metallic ion forms a triangular bipyramid. The antibacterial and antifungal assay reveal that only hybrid HQBSM complex (4e) (with 4-chlorophenyl moiety and Ni2+ in molecule) have a significant antibacterial activity.

Facile and stereospecific synthesis of diverse β-N-glycosyl sulfonamide scaffolds via palladium catalysis

Glycosylation is an important strategy to improve the druggability of lead compounds. Here, we present a palladium-catalysed stereospecific N-glycosylation of sulfonamides. This approach stands out with wide substrate scope, high functional group tolerance, and easy scalability, furnishing a broad spectrum of densely functionalized β-N-glycosyl sulfonamides with good efficiency and exceptional regio-/stereoselectivity. Diverse drug-like glycosulfonamido scaffolds have been constructed via a late-stage diversification strategy and various facile synthetic transformations of the products. Collectively, the established protocol provides a valuable tool for efficiently preparing glycosyl sulfonamides to facilitate drug discovery.

Halogen Bonding in Sulphonamide Co-Crystals: X···π Preferred over X···O/N?

Sulphonamides have been one of the major pharmaceutical compound classes since their introduction in the 1930s. Co-crystallisation of sulphonamides with halogen bonding (XB) might lead to a new class of pharmaceutical-relevant co-crystals. We present the synthesis and structural analysis of seven new co-crystals of simple sulphonamides N-methylbenzenesulphonamide (NMBSA), N-phenylmethanesulphonamide (NPMSA), and N-phenylbenzenesulphonamide (BSA), as well as of an anti-diabetic agent Chlorpropamide (CPA), with the model XB-donors 1,4-diiodotetrafluorobenzene (14DITFB), 1,4-dibromotetrafluorobenzene (14DBTFB), and 1,2-diiodotetrafluorobenzene (12DITFB). In the reported co-crystals, X···O/N bonds do not represent the most common intermolecular interaction. Against our rational design expectations and the results of our statistical CSD analysis, the normally less often present X···π interaction dominates the crystal packing. Furthermore, the general interaction pattern in model sulphonamides and the CPA multicomponent crystals differ, mainly due to strong hydrogen bonds blocking possible interaction sites.

Enhancing antifungal properties of chitosan by attaching isatin-piperazine-sulfonyl-acetamide pendant groups via novel imidamide linkage

World health organization listed fungi as priority pathogens in 2022 to counter their adverse effects on human well-being. The use of antimicrobial biopolymers is a sustainable alternative to toxic antifungal agents. In this study, we explore chitosan as an antifungal agent by grafting a novel compound N-(4-((4-((isatinyl)methyl)piperazin-1-yl)sulfonyl)phenyl) acetamide (IS). The acetimidamide linkage of IS to chitosan herein was confirmed by ¹³C NMR and is a new branch in chitosan pendant group chemistry. The modified chitosan films (ISCH) were studied using thermal, tensile, and spectroscopic methods. The ISCH derivatives strongly inhibit fungal pathogens of agricultural and human importance, namely Fusarium solani, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, Myrothecium verrucaria, Penicillium oxalicum, and Candida albicans. ISCH80 showed an IC₅₀ value of 0.85 μg/ml against M. verrucaria and ISCH100 with IC₅₀ of 1.55 μg/ml is comparable to the commercial antifungal IC₅₀ values of Triadiamenol (3.6 μg/ml) and Trifloxystrobin (3 μg/ml). Interestingly, the ISCH series remained non-toxic up to 2000 μg/ml against L929 mouse fibroblast cells. The ISCH series showed long-standing antifungal action, superior to our lowest observed antifungal IC₅₀ values of plain chitosan and IS at 12.09 μg/ml and 3.14 μg/ml, respectively. ISCH films are thus suitable for fungal inhibition in an agricultural setting or food preservation.

Facile access to 3-sulfonylquinolines via Knoevenagel condensation/aza-Wittig reaction cascade involving ortho-azidobenzaldehydes and β-ketosulfonamides and sulfones

Quinoline-based sulfonyl derivatives, and especially sulfonamides, are relevant and promising structures for drug design. We have developed a new convenient protocol for the synthesis of 3-sulfonyl-substituted quinolines (sulfonamides and sulfones). The approach is based on a Knoevenagel condensation/aza-Wittig reaction cascade involving o-azidobenzaldehydes and ketosulfonamides or ketosulfones as key building blocks. The protocol is appropriate for both ketosulfonyl reagents and α-sulfonyl-substituted alkyl acetates providing the target quinoline derivatives in good to excellent yields.

Visible-light-driven reactions for the synthesis of sulfur dioxide-inserted compounds: generation of S-F, S-O, and S-N bonds

Sulfur dioxide-containing compounds such as sulfonyl fluorides, sulfonyl esters, and sulfonyl amides are important structural frameworks in many natural products, pharmaceuticals, and organic compounds. Thus, synthesis of these molecules is a very valuable research topic in organic chemistry. Various synthetic methods to introduce SO₂ groups into the structure of organic compounds have been developed for the synthesis of biologically and pharmaceutically useful compounds. Recently, visible-light-driven reactions were carried out to create SO₂-X (X = F, O, N) bonds, and their effective synthetic approaches were demonstrated. In this review, we summarized recent advances in visible-light-mediated synthetic strategies for generation of SO₂-X (X = F, O, N) bonds for various synthetic applications along with proposed reaction mechanisms.

An In Vitro Antimicrobial, Anticancer and Antioxidant Activity of N–[(2–Arylmethylthio)phenylsulfonyl]cinnamamide Derivatives

Cinnamic acid is a plant metabolite with antimicrobial, anticancer, and antioxidant properties. Its synthetic derivatives are often more effective in vitro than parent compounds due to stronger biological activities. In our study, we synthesized ten new N–(4–chloro–2–mercapto–5–methylphenylsulfonyl)cinnamamide derivatives, containing two pharmacophore groups: cinnamic acid moiety and benzenesulfonamide. The antimicrobial activity of the obtained compounds was estimated using different types of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, fungus species of Candida albicans, as well as clinical strains. The compounds were evaluated on biofilm formation and biofilm formed by Staphylococcus clinical strains (methicillin–resistance S. aureus MRSA and methicillin–resistance coagulase–negative Staphylococcus MRCNS). Furthermore, blood bacteriostatic activity test was performed using S. aureus and S. epidermidis. In cytotoxic study, we performed in vitro hemolysis assay on domestic sheep peripheral blood and MTT [3–(4,5–dimethylthiazol–2–yl)–2,5–diphenyltetrazolium bromide] assay on human cervical HeLa, ovarian SKOV-3, and breast MCF-7 cancer cell lines. We also estimated antioxidant activity of ten compounds with 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2′–azino–bis(3–ethylbenzthiazoline–6–sulfonic acid) (ABTS) assays. Our results showed a significant antimicrobial activity of the compounds. All of them were active on Staphylococcus and Enterococcus species (MIC was 1–4 µg/mL). The compounds 16d and 16e were the most active on staphylococci clinical strains and efficiently inhibited the biofilm formation and biofilm already formed by the clinical staphylococci. Moreover, the hemolytic properties of the tested compounds occurred in higher quantities (>32.5 µg/mL) than the concentrations that inhibited both the growth of bacteria in the blood and the formation and growth of biofilm. The results of MTT assay showed that compounds 16c, 16d, 17a, and 17d demonstrated the best activity on the cancer cells (the IC50 values were below 10 µg/mL). Compound 16f was the least active on the cancer cells (IC50 was > 60 µg/mL). Antiradical tests revealed that compounds 16f and 17d had the strongest antioxidant properties within the tested group (IC50 was 310.50 ± 0.73 and 574.41 ± 1.34 µg/mL in DPPH, respectively, and 597.53 ± 1.3 and 419.18 ± 2.72 µg/mL in ABTS assay, respectively). Our study showed that the obtained cinnamamide derivatives can be used as potential antimicrobial therapeutic agents.

Enhancing Memory Using Mnemonics Acronym

Traditional Chinese medicine students find pharmacology challenging because it is complicated, yet they still need to understand facts about the mechanism of actions of drugs and how to use this knowledge in clinical settings. Mnemonics are strategies that can enhance learning and memory of course material. Mnemonics are memory techniques that aid in chunking and organising material to be learnt; as a result, they improve encoding and ease retrieval. There are variety of forms that include acronyms and acrostics (also known as first-letter mnemonics), the loci method, the pegword method, the keyword approach, auditory, visual, and kinesthetic mnemonics, and a group of semantic-based mnemonic devices such as rhymes, songs, and stories.

Applications and prospects of cryo-EM in drug discovery

Drug discovery is a crucial part of human healthcare and has dramatically benefited human lifespan and life quality in recent centuries, however, it is usually time- and effort-consuming. Structural biology has been demonstrated as a powerful tool to accelerate drug development. Among different techniques, cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) is emerging as the mainstream of structure determination of biomacromolecules in the past decade and has received increasing attention from the pharmaceutical industry. Although cryo-EM still has limitations in resolution, speed and throughput, a growing number of innovative drugs are being developed with the help of cryo-EM. Here, we aim to provide an overview of how cryo-EM techniques are applied to facilitate drug discovery. The development and typical workflow of cryo-EM technique will be briefly introduced, followed by its specific applications in structure-based drug design, fragment-based drug discovery, proteolysis targeting chimeras, antibody drug development and drug repurposing. Besides cryo-EM, drug discovery innovation usually involves other state-of-the-art techniques such as artificial intelligence (AI), which is increasingly active in diverse areas. The combination of cryo-EM and AI provides an opportunity to minimize limitations of cryo-EM such as automation, throughput and interpretation of medium-resolution maps, and tends to be the new direction of future development of cryo-EM. The rapid development of cryo-EM will make it as an indispensable part of modern drug discovery.

Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae related urinary tract infection in adult cancer patients: a multicenter retrospective study, 2015-2019

BACKGROUND

The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence and risk factors of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Enterobacteriaceae related urinary tract infections (UTI) in adult cancer patients.

METHODS

We conducted a retrospective study of three cancer hospitals centered on Cancer Hospital of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences from 2015 to 2019. The clinical characters, risk factors and antimicrobial susceptibility of ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae UTI in adult cancer patients were described and analyzed.

RESULTS

A total of 4967 specimens of UTI were evaluated, of which 909 were positive. After excluding multiple infection bacteria, non-conforming strains, inconsistent pathological information, no drug sensitivity test or medical records, 358 episodes remained. Among them, 160 episodes belonged to ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae, while 198 were classified into non-ESBL group. The prevalence of ESBL UTI circled around 39.73 to 53.03% for 5 years. Subgroup analysis by tumor type revealed that 62.5% of isolates from patients with urological tumors were ESBL positive. Multivariate analysis showed that tumor metastasis (OR 3.41, 95%CI 1.84-6.30), urological cancer (OR 2.96, 95%CI 1.34-6.53), indwelling catheter (OR 2.08, 95%CI 1.22-3.55) and surgery or invasive manipulation (OR 1.98, 95%CI 1.13-3.50) were the independent risk factors. According to antimicrobial sensitivity, meropenem, imipenem and piperacillin/tazobactam were the most commonly used antibiotics for ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae UTI.

CONCLUSIONS

In view of the high prevalence, clinicians should be alert to the occurrence of ESBL UTI, especially for patients with urological cancer or metastatic tumors. Regular replacement of urinary catheters, reduction of unnecessary invasive operations and selection of appropriate antibiotics are the necessary conditions to deal with the occurrence of ESBL UTI in adult cancer patients.

Synthesis and Structure-Activity Relationship Studies of Novel Aryl Sulfonamides and Their Activity against Human Breast Cancer Cell Lines

A series of structural analogs of aryl sulfonamide hybrid compounds were synthesised and their cytotoxic activity was evaluated against three human breast cancer cell lines (MCF-7, MDA-MB-231 and Hs 578T). The compounds were designed through electronic, hydrophobic and steric modifications using the chemical structure of N-{4-[(2-hydroxy-3-methoxy-5-propylphenyl)sulfamoyl]phenyl}acetamide (referred to as compound 7) as a starting point to then assess a structure-activity relationship (SAR) study. From the data generated, we observed that compounds 9, 10 and 11 (which have modifications in the substituents of the aryl sulfonamide), efficiently reduced the cell viability of MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cell cultures. Based on initial data, we selected compounds 10 and 11 for further investigations into their antiproliferative and/or cytotoxic profile against MDA-MB-231 cells, and we noted that compound 10 was the most promising compound in the series. Compound 10 promoted morphological changes and altered the dynamics of cell cycle progression in MDA-MB-231 cells, inducing arrest in G1/S transition. Taken together, these results show that the dihydroeugenol-aryl-sulfonamide hybrid compound 10 (which has an electron withdrawing nitro group) displays promising antiproliferative activity against MDA-MB-231 cell lines.

Synthesis of 2'-O-[3-(N-methylsulfamoyl)propan-1-yl]ribothymidine as a potentially applicable 2'-modified nucleoside for antisense oligonucleotides

A synthetic scheme was developed to derive a modified ribothymidine bearing a 3-(N-methylsulfamoyl)propyl group on 2'-oxygen (T_MSP). For synthesis initiation, a nucleophilic attack of 1,2-ethanediol on 5'-protected 2,2'-anhydro-ribothymidine was performed to selectively modify the 2'-position. After protection of the 3'-hydroxy group, the hydroxyethyl group was oxidized to the aldehyde, which was coupled with isobutyl (diethoxyphosphinyl)methanesulfonate through the Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons reaction to yield the sulfonate intermediate. The intermediate was further converted to the desired T_MSP. Using the phosphoramidite units derived from nucleosides, we synthesized oligonucleotides incorporating T_MSP. Oligonucleotides modified with T_MSP were found to have duplex stability, resistance toward 3'-exonuclease digestion, and antisense activity comparable to that of the oligonucleotide modified with a previously reported 2'-O-methylcarbamoylethyl group. Based on these results and the generality of the synthetic scheme, 2'-O-sulfamoylalkyl modification is expected to be used for the modulation of the properties of oligonucleotides by changing the substituents on the nitrogen, enabling the oligonucleotides to possess suitable properties for antisense oligonucleotides.

An Aminative Rearrangement of O-(Arenesulfonyl)hydroxylamines: Facile Access to ortho-Sulfonyl Anilines

Ortho‐sulfonyl anilines are important building blocks for a range of applications. We report the discovery of an aromatic rearrangement reaction of O‐(arenesulfonyl)hydroxylamines which leads directly to ortho‐sulfonyl anilines through formation of a new C−N bond with excellent levels of regiocontrol for the ortho position(s) over all others. We establish that the rearrangement is proceeding through an intermolecular mechanism and propose that the regiocontrol observed is the result of attractive non‐covalent interactions occurring during the C−N bond‐forming step. Importantly, this method is complementary to classical aniline sulfonation in terms of the variously substituted regioisomers that can be obtained and it is also applicable to O‐(benzylsulfonyl) hydroxylamines.

Photoinduced C(sp3)-H Chalcogenation of Amide Derivatives and Ethers via Ligand-to-Metal Charge-Transfer

A photoinduced, iron(III) chloride-catalyzed C-H activation of N-methyl amides and ethers leads to the formation of C-S and C-Se bonds via a ligand-to-metal charge transfer (LMCT) process. This methodology converts secondary and tertiary amides, sulfonamides, and carbamates into the corresponding amido-N,S-acetal derivatives in good yields. Mechanistic work revealed that this transformation proceeds through a hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) involving chlorine radical intermediates.

Ligation Motifs in Zinc-Bound Sulfonamide Drugs Assayed by IR Ion Spectroscopy

The sulfonamide–zinc ion interaction, performing a key role in various biological contexts, is the focus of the present study, with the aim of elucidating ligation motifs in zinc complexes of sulfa drugs, namely sulfadiazine (SDZ) and sulfathiazole (STZ), in a perturbation-free environment. To this end, an approach is exploited based on mass spectrometry coupled with infrared multiple photon dissociation (IRMPD) spectroscopy backed by quantum chemical calculations. IR spectra of Zn(H2O+SDZ−H)+ and Zn(H2O+STZ−H)+ ions are consistent with a three-coordinate zinc complex, where ZnOH+ binds to the uncharged sulfonamide via N(heterocycle) and O(sulfonyl) donor atoms. Alternative prototropic isomers Zn(OH2)(SDZ−H)+ and Zn(OH2)(STZ−H)+ lie 63 and 26 kJ mol−1 higher in free energy, respectively, relative to the ground state Zn(OH)(SDZ)+ and Zn(OH)(STZ)+ species and do not contribute to any significant extent in the sampled population.

Synthesis and Evaluation of Antioxidant, Anti-Edematogenic and Antinociceptive Properties of Selenium-Sulfa Compounds

Herein we describe results for the synthesis and synthetic application of 4-amino-3-(arylselenyl)benzenesulfonamides, and preliminary evaluation of antioxidant, anti-edematogenic and antinociceptive properties. This class of compounds was synthesized in good yields by a reaction of commercially available sulfanilamide and diorganyl diselenides in the presence of 10 mol% of I2 . Furthermore, the synthesized compound 4-amino-3-(phenylselenyl)benzenesulfonamide (3 a) was evaluated on complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA)-induced acute inflammatory pain. Dose- and time-response curves of antinociceptive effect of compound 3 a were performed using this experimental model. Also, the effect of compound 3 a was monitored in a hot-plate test to evaluate the acute non-inflammatory antinociception. The open-field test was performed to evaluate the locomotor and exploratory behaviors of mice. Oxidative stress markers, such as glutathione peroxidase activity; reactive species, non-protein thiols, and lipid peroxidation levels were performed to investigate the antioxidant action of compound 3 a. Our findings suggest that the antioxidant effect of compound 3 a may contribute to reducing the nociception and suppress the signaling pathways of inflammation on the local injury induced by CFA. Thus, compound 3 a reduced the paw edema as well as the hyperalgesic behavior in mice, being a promising therapeutic agent for the treatment of painful conditions.

Synthesis of sulfamoyl-triazolyl-carboxamides as pharmacological myeloperoxidase inhibitors

Sulfamoyl-triazolyl-carboxamides were synthesized using DBU as a catalyst, and their molecular docking and MPO activity analyses were performed.

Lupeol acetate isolated from Chrysophyllum cainito L. fruit as a template for the synthesis of N-alkyl-arylsulfonamide derivatives and their synergistic effects with metronidazole against Trichomonas vaginalis

Pentacyclic triterpenes are found in a great variety of natural products and constitute an organic template for the development of new derivative compounds with therapeutic applications. In the present work, lupeol acetate isolated from Chrysophyllum cainito L. fruit was used as a template for the synthesis of novel N-alkyl-arylsulfonamide derivatives, and their synergistic effects with metronidazole against strains of Trichomonas vaginalis were tested. A library of 18 derivatives was synthesized. Ten compounds exhibited an IC₅₀ < 100 μM against a metronidazole-sensitive strain of T. vaginalis. Only seven of these compounds (12, 15, 18-22) also showed activity against metronidazole-resistant strains. The compounds 20 (N-cyclohexyl-p-chlorobenzenesulfonamidolupeol acetate) and 22 (N-cyclohexyl-p-nitrobenzenesulfonamidolupeol acetate) exhibited a similar IC₅₀ against both susceptible and resistant T. vaginalis strains and enhanced the efficacy of metronidazole in a partial and total synergistic way, respectively. These data provided evidence of the trichomonicidal effect of N-alkyl-arylsulfonamide derivatives of lupeol acetate, representing highly promising novel antiparasitic agents.

Recent Advances in Copper-Catalyzed C-N Bond Formation Involving N-Centered Radicals

C-N bonds are pervasive throughout organic-based materials, natural products, pharmaceutical compounds, and agricultural chemicals. Considering the widespread importance of C-N bonds, the development of greener and more convenient ways to form C-N bonds, especially in late-stage synthesis, has become one of the hottest research goals in synthetic chemistry. Copper-catalyzed radical reactions involving N-centered radicals have emerged as a sustainable and promising approach to build C-N bonds. As a chemically popular and diverse radical species, N-centered radicals have been used for all kinds of reactions for C-N bond formation by taking advantage of their inherently incredible reactive flexibility. Copper is also the most abundant and economic catalyst with the most relevant activity for facilitating the synthesis of valuable compounds. Therefore, the aim of the present Review was to illustrate recent and significant advances in C-N bond formation methods and to understand the unique advantages of copper catalysis in the generation of N-centered radicals since 2016. To provide an ease of understanding for the readers, this Review was organized based on the types of nitrogen sources (amines, amides, sulfonamides, oximes, hydrazones, azides, and tert-butyl nitrite).

Unlocking Amides through Selective C-N Bond Cleavage: Allyl Bromide-Mediated Divergent Synthesis of Nitrogen-Containing Functional Groups

We report a new set of reactions based on the unlocking of amides through simple treatment with allyl bromide, creating a common platform for accessing a diverse range of nitrogen-containing functional groups such as primary amides, sulfonamides, primary amines, N-acyl compounds (esters, thioesters, amides), and N-sulfonyl esters. The method has potential industrial applicability, as demonstrated through gram-scale syntheses in batch and in a continuous flow system.

Drugs That Changed Society: History and Current Status of the Early Antibiotics: Salvarsan, Sulfonamides, and β-Lactams

The appearance of antibiotic drugs revolutionized the possibilities for treatment of diseases with high mortality such as pneumonia, sepsis, plaque, diphtheria, tetanus, typhoid fever, and tuberculosis. Today fewer than 1% of mortalities in high income countries are caused by diseases caused by bacteria. However, it should be recalled that the antibiotics were introduced in parallel with sanitation including sewerage, piped drinking water, high standard of living and improved understanding of the connection between food and health. Development of salvarsan, sulfonamides, and β-lactams into efficient drugs is described. The effects on life expectancy and life quality of these new drugs are indicated.

Evaluation and docking of indole sulfonamide as a potent inhibitor of α-glucosidase enzyme in streptozotocin -induced diabetic albino wistar rats

We have synthesized new hybrid class of indole bearing sulfonamide scaffolds (1-17) as α-glucosidase inhibitors. All scaffolds were found to be active except scaffold 17 and exhibited IC₅₀ values ranging from 1.60 to 51.20 µM in comparison with standard acarbose (IC₅₀ = 42.45 µM). Among the synthesized hybrid class scaffolds 16 was the most potent analogue with IC₅₀ value 1.60 μM, showing many folds better potency as compared to standard acarbose. Whereas, synthesized scaffolds 1-15 showed good α-glucosidase inhibitory potential. Based on α-glucosidase inhibitory effect, Scaffold 16 was chosen due to highest activity in vitro for further evaluation of antidiabetic activity in Streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. The Scaffold 16 exhibited significant antidiabetic activity. All analogues were characterized through ¹H, ¹³CNMR and HR MS. Structure-activity relationship of synthesized analogues was established and confirmed through molecular docking study.