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Latham AS, Rocha SM, McDermott CP, Reigan P, Slayden RA, Tjalkens RB. Neuroprotective Efficacy of the Glucocorticoid Receptor Modulator PT150 in the Rotenone Mouse Model of Parkinson's Disease. Neurotoxicology 2024:S0161-813X(24)00071-8. [PMID: 38960072 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2024.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2024] [Revised: 06/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the most common neurodegenerative movement disorder worldwide. Current treatments for PD largely center around dopamine replacement therapies and fail to prevent the progression of pathology, underscoring the need for neuroprotective interventions. Approaches that target neuroinflammation, which occurs prior to dopaminergic neuron (DAn) loss in the substantia nigra (SN), represent a promising therapeutic strategy. The glucocorticoid receptor (GR) has been implicated in the neuropathology of PD and modulates numerous neuroinflammatory signaling pathways in the brain. Therefore, we investigated the neuroprotective effects of the novel GR modulator, PT150, in the rotenone mouse model of PD, postulating that inhibition of glial inflammation would protect DAn and reduce accumulation of neurotoxic misfolded ⍺-synuclein protein. C57Bl/6 mice were exposed to 2.5mg/kg/day rotenone by intraperitoneal injection for 14 days. Upon completion of rotenone dosing, mice were orally treated at day 15 with 30mg/kg/day or 100mg/kg/day PT150 in the 14-day post-lesioning incubation period, during which the majority of DAn loss and α-synuclein (α-syn) accumulation occurs. Our results indicate that treatment with PT150 reduced both loss of DAn and microgliosis in the nigrostriatal pathway. Although morphologic features of astrogliosis were not attenuated, PT150 treatment promoted potentially neuroprotective activity in these cells, including increased phagocytosis of hyperphosphorylated α-syn. Ultimately, PT150 treatment reduced the loss of DAn cell bodies in the SN, but not the striatum, and prohibited intra-neuronal accumulation of α-syn. Together, these data indicate that PT150 effectively reduced SN pathology in the rotenone mouse model of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda S Latham
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523
| | - Savannah M Rocha
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523
| | - Casey P McDermott
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523
| | - Philip Reigan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Richard A Slayden
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523
| | - Ronald B Tjalkens
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523.
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Bergmans S, Noel NCL, Masin L, Harding EG, Krzywańska AM, De Schutter JD, Ayana R, Hu CK, Arckens L, Ruzycki PA, MacDonald RB, Clark BS, Moons L. Age-related dysregulation of the retinal transcriptome in African turquoise killifish. Aging Cell 2024:e14192. [PMID: 38742929 DOI: 10.1111/acel.14192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Age-related vision loss caused by retinal neurodegenerative pathologies is becoming more prevalent in our ageing society. To understand the physiological and molecular impact of ageing on retinal homeostasis, we used the short-lived African turquoise killifish, a model known to naturally develop central nervous system (CNS) ageing hallmarks and vision loss. Bulk and single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNAseq) of three age groups (6-, 12-, and 18-week-old) identified transcriptional ageing fingerprints in the killifish retina, unveiling pathways also identified in the aged brain, including oxidative stress, gliosis, and inflammageing. These findings were comparable to observations in the ageing mouse retina. Additionally, transcriptional changes in genes related to retinal diseases, such as glaucoma and age-related macular degeneration, were observed. The cellular heterogeneity in the killifish retina was characterized, confirming the presence of all typical vertebrate retinal cell types. Data integration from age-matched samples between the bulk and scRNAseq experiments revealed a loss of cellular specificity in gene expression upon ageing, suggesting potential disruption in transcriptional homeostasis. Differential expression analysis within the identified cell types highlighted the role of glial/immune cells as important stress regulators during ageing. Our work emphasizes the value of the fast-ageing killifish in elucidating molecular signatures in age-associated retinal disease and vision decline. This study contributes to the understanding of how age-related changes in molecular pathways may impact CNS health, providing insights that may inform future therapeutic strategies for age-related pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Bergmans
- Department of Biology, Animal Physiology and Neurobiology Division, Neural Circuit Development & Regeneration Research Group, KU Leuven, Leuven Brain Institute, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Nicole C L Noel
- University College London, Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK
| | - Luca Masin
- Department of Biology, Animal Physiology and Neurobiology Division, Neural Circuit Development & Regeneration Research Group, KU Leuven, Leuven Brain Institute, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ellen G Harding
- John F Hardesty, MD Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA
| | | | - Julie D De Schutter
- Department of Biology, Animal Physiology and Neurobiology Division, Neural Circuit Development & Regeneration Research Group, KU Leuven, Leuven Brain Institute, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Rajagopal Ayana
- Department of Biology, Animal Physiology and Neurobiology Section, Laboratory of Neuroplasticity and Neuroproteomics, KU Leuven, Leuven Brain Institute, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Chi-Kuo Hu
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, USA
| | - Lut Arckens
- Department of Biology, Animal Physiology and Neurobiology Section, Laboratory of Neuroplasticity and Neuroproteomics, KU Leuven, Leuven Brain Institute, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Philip A Ruzycki
- John F Hardesty, MD Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Ryan B MacDonald
- University College London, Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK
| | - Brian S Clark
- John F Hardesty, MD Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA
- Center of Regenerative Medicine, Center of Regenerative Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Lieve Moons
- Department of Biology, Animal Physiology and Neurobiology Division, Neural Circuit Development & Regeneration Research Group, KU Leuven, Leuven Brain Institute, Leuven, Belgium
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Latham AS, Rocha SM, McDermott CP, Reigan P, Slayden RA, Tjalkens RB. Neuroprotective Efficacy of the Glucocorticoid Receptor Modulator PT150 in the Rotenone Mouse Model of Parkinson's Disease. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.04.12.589261. [PMID: 38659796 PMCID: PMC11042181 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.12.589261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the most common neurodegenerative movement disorder worldwide. Current treatments for PD largely center around dopamine replacement therapies and fail to prevent the progression of pathology, underscoring the need for neuroprotective interventions. Approaches that target neuroinflammation, which occurs prior to dopaminergic neuron (DAn) loss in the substantia nigra (SN), represent a promising therapeutic strategy. The glucocorticoid receptor (GR) has been implicated in the neuropathology of PD and modulates numerous neuroinflammatory signaling pathways in the brain. Therefore, we investigated the neuroprotective effects of the novel GR modulator, PT150, in the rotenone mouse model of PD, postulating that inhibition of glial inflammation would protect DAn and reduce accumulation of neurotoxic misfolded ⍺-synuclein protein. C57Bl/6 mice were exposed to 2.5 mg/kg/day rotenone by intraperitoneal injection for 14 days, immediately followed by oral treatment with 30 mg/kg/day or 100 mg/kg/day PT150 in the 14-day post-lesioning incubation period, during which the majority of DAn loss and α-synuclein (α-syn) accumulation occurs. Our results indicate that treatment with PT150 reduced both loss of DAn and microgliosis in the nigrostriatal pathway. Although morphologic features of astrogliosis were not attenuated, PT150 treatment promoted potentially neuroprotective activity in these cells, including increased phagocytosis of hyperphosphorylated α-syn. Ultimately, PT150 treatment reduced the loss of DAn cell bodies in the SN, but not the striatum, and prohibited intra-neuronal accumulation of α-syn. Together, these data indicate that PT150 effectively reduced SN pathology in the rotenone mouse model of PD.
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Ochi S, Yamada K, Saito T, Saido TC, Iinuma M, Azuma K, Kubo KY. Effects of early tooth loss on chronic stress and progression of neuropathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease in adult Alzheimer's model AppNL-G-F mice. Front Aging Neurosci 2024; 16:1361847. [PMID: 38469162 PMCID: PMC10925668 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2024.1361847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most common neurodegenerative disease, is characterized by accumulated amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques, aggregated phosphorylated tau protein, gliosis-associated neuroinflammation, synaptic dysfunction, and cognitive impairment. Many cohort studies indicate that tooth loss is a risk factor for AD. The detailed mechanisms underlying the association between AD and tooth loss, however, are not yet fully understood. Methods We explored the involvement of early tooth loss in the neuropathogenesis of the adult AppNL-G-F mouse AD model. The maxillary molars were extracted bilaterally in 1-month-old male mice soon after tooth eruption. Results Plasma corticosterone levels were increased and spatial learning memory was impaired in these mice at 6 months of age. The cerebral cortex and hippocampus of AD mice with extracted teeth showed an increased accumulation of Aβ plaques and phosphorylated tau proteins, and increased secretion of the proinflammatory cytokines, including interleukin 1β (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), accompanied by an increased number of microglia and astrocytes, and decreased synaptophysin expression. AD mice with extracted teeth also had a shorter lifespan than the control mice. Discussion These findings revealed that long-term tooth loss is a chronic stressor, activating the recruitment of microglia and astrocytes; exacerbating neuroinflammation, Aβ deposition, phosphorylated tau accumulation, and synaptic dysfunction; and leading to spatial learning and memory impairments in AD model mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzuko Ochi
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Asahi University School of Dentistry, Mizuho, Japan
| | - Kumiko Yamada
- Department of Health and Nutrition, Faculty of Health Science, Nagoya Women's University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Takashi Saito
- Department of Neurocognitive Science, Institute of Brain Science, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Takaomi C Saido
- Laboratory for Proteolytic Neuroscience, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wako, Japan
| | - Mitsuo Iinuma
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Asahi University School of Dentistry, Mizuho, Japan
| | - Kagaku Azuma
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Kin-Ya Kubo
- Graduate School of Human Life Science, Nagoya Women's University, Nagoya, Japan
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Abdullahi A, Wong TW, Ng SS. Understanding the mechanisms of disease modifying effects of aerobic exercise in people with Alzheimer's disease. Ageing Res Rev 2024; 94:102202. [PMID: 38272266 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2024.102202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a very disabling disease. Pathologically, it is characterized by the presence of amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in the brain that results in neurodegeneration. Its clinical manifestations include progressive memory impairment, language decline and difficulty in carrying out activities of daily living (ADL). The disease is managed using interventions such as pharmacological interventions and aerobic exercise. Use of aerobic exercise has shown some promises in reducing the risk of developing AD, and improving cognitive function and the ability to carry out both basic and instrumental ADL. Although, the mechanisms through which aerobic exercise improves AD are poorly understood, improvement in vascular function, brain glucose metabolism and cardiorespiratory fitness, increase in antioxidant capacity and haemoglobin level, amelioration of immune-related and inflammatory responses, modulation of concentration of circulating Neurotrophins and peptides and decrease in concentration of tau protein and cortisol level among others seem to be the possible mechanisms. Therefore, understanding these mechanisms is important to help characterize the dose and the nature of the aerobic exercise to be given. In addition, they may also help in finding ways to optimize other interventions such as the pharmacological interventions. However, more quality studies are needed to verify the mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Auwal Abdullahi
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Thomson Wl Wong
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Shamay Sm Ng
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China.
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Harris BN, Yavari M, Ramalingam L, Mounce PL, Alers Maldonado K, Chavira AC, Thomas S, Scoggin S, Biltz C, Moustaid-Moussa N. Impact of Long-Term Dietary High Fat and Eicosapentaenoic Acid on Behavior and Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis Activity in Amyloidogenic APPswe/PSEN1dE9 Mice. Neuroendocrinology 2024; 114:553-576. [PMID: 38301617 PMCID: PMC11153005 DOI: 10.1159/000536586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Alzheimer's disease (AD) alters neurocognitive and emotional function and causes dysregulation of multiple homeostatic processes. The leading AD framework pins amyloid beta plaques and tau tangles as primary drivers of dysfunction. However, many additional variables, including diet, stress, sex, age, and pain tolerance, interact in ways that are not fully understood to impact the onset and progression of AD pathophysiology. We asked: (1) does high-fat diet, compared to low-fat diet, exacerbate AD pathophysiology and behavioral decline? And, (2) can supplementation with eicosapentaenoic (EPA)-enriched fish oil prevent high-fat-diet-induced changes? METHODS Male and female APPswePSdE9 mice, and their non-transgenic littermates, were randomly assigned to a diet condition (low-fat, high-fat, high-fat with EPA) and followed from 2 to 10 months of age. We assessed baseline corticosterone concentration during aging, pain tolerance, cognitive function, stress coping, and corticosterone response to a stressor. RESULTS Transgenic mice were consistently more active than non-transgenic mice but did not perform worse on either cognitive task, even though we recently reported that these same transgenic mice exhibited metabolic changes and had increased amyloid beta. Mice fed high-fat diet had higher baseline and post-stressor corticosterone, but diet did not impact cognition or pain tolerance. Sex had the biggest influence, as female mice were consistently more active and had higher corticosterone than males. CONCLUSION Overall, diet, genotype, and sex did not have consistent impacts on outcomes. We found little support for predicted interactions and correlations, suggesting diet impacts metabolic function and amyloid beta levels, but these outcomes do not translate to changes in behaviors measured here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Breanna N. Harris
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX
- Obesity Research Institute, Office of Research & Innovation, Texas Tech University
| | - Mahsa Yavari
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX
- Obesity Research Institute, Office of Research & Innovation, Texas Tech University
- Current address: Department of Molecular Metabolism, School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA
| | - Latha Ramalingam
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX
- Obesity Research Institute, Office of Research & Innovation, Texas Tech University
- Current address: Department of Nutritional and Food Studies Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY
| | - P. Logan Mounce
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX
| | | | - Angela C. Chavira
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX
| | - Sarah Thomas
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX
| | - Shane Scoggin
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX
| | - Caroline Biltz
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX
| | - Naima Moustaid-Moussa
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX
- Obesity Research Institute, Office of Research & Innovation, Texas Tech University
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Harris BN, Roberts BR, DiMarco GM, Maldonado KA, Okwunwanne Z, Savonenko AV, Soto PL. Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activity and anxiety-like behavior during aging: A test of the glucocorticoid cascade hypothesis in amyloidogenic APPswe/PS1dE9 mice. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2023; 330:114126. [PMID: 36122793 PMCID: PMC10250074 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2022.114126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive, dementing, whole-body disorder that presents with decline in cognitive, behavioral, and emotional functions, as well as endocrine dysregulation. The etiology of AD is not fully understood but stress- and anxiety-related hormones may play a role in its development and trajectory. The glucocorticoid cascade hypothesis posits that levels of glucocorticoids increase with age, leading to dysregulated negative feedback, further elevated glucocorticoids, and resulting neuropathology. We examined the impact of age (from 2 to 10 months) and stressor exposure (predator odor) on hormone levels (corticosterone and ghrelin), anxiety-like behavior (open field and light dark tests), and memory-related behavior (novel object recognition; NOR), and whether these various measures correlated with neuropathology (hippocampus and cortex amyloid beta, Aβ) in male and female APPswe/PS1dE9 transgenic and non-transgenic mice. Additionally, we performed exploratory analyses to probe if the open field and light dark test as commonly used tasks to assess anxiety levels were correlated. Consistent with the glucocorticoid cascade hypothesis, baseline corticosterone increased with age. Predator odor exposure elevated corticosterone at each age, but in contrast to the glucocorticoid cascade hypothesis, the magnitude of stressor-induced elevations in corticosterone levels did not increase with age. Overall, transgenic mice had higher post-stressor, but not baseline, corticosterone than non-transgenic mice, and across both genotypes, females consistently had higher (baseline and post-stressor) corticosterone than males. Behavior in the open field test primarily showed decreased locomotion with age, and this was pronounced in transgenic females. Anxiety-like behaviors in the light dark test were exacerbated following predator odor, and female transgenic mice were the most impacted. Compared to transgenic males, transgenic females had higher Aβ concentrations and showed more anxiety-like behavior. Performance on the NOR did not differ significantly between genotypes. Lastly, we did not find robust, statistically significant correlations among corticosterone, ghrelin, recognition memory, anxiety-like behaviors, or Aβ, suggesting outcomes are not strongly related on the individual level. Our data suggest that despite Aβ accumulation in the hippocampus and cortex, male and female APPswePS1dE9 transgenic mice do not differ robustly from their non-transgenic littermates in physiological, endocrine, and behavioral measures at the range of ages studied here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Breanna N Harris
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States.
| | - Breanna R Roberts
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States
| | - Giuliana M DiMarco
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States; Center for Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, United States
| | | | - Zenobia Okwunwanne
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States
| | - Alena V Savonenko
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States; Department of Neurology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Paul L Soto
- Department of Psychology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
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Harris BN, Cooke JT, Littlefield AK, Tucker CA, Campbell CM, King KS. Relations among CRFR1 and FKBP5 genotype, cortisol, and cognitive function in aging humans: A Project FRONTIER study. Physiol Behav 2022; 254:113884. [PMID: 35718217 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2022.113884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Here we use the glucocorticoid cascade hypothesis framework to address the role of baseline cortisol on changes in cognitive function over a 3-year span in non-demented rural Americans. We also determine if genotype at 4 different single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) relates to change in cognitive function. We predicted 1) over time, increases in baseline cortisol will be associated with decline in cognitive function, 2) individuals homozygous for 3 CRFR1 SNP rare alleles (AA rs110402, TT rs7209436, and TT rs242924 vs. others) will show less cognitive decline and this will be particularly pronounced in those with lower baseline cortisol, and 3) FKBP5 T carriers (TT or CT vs. CC homozygotes) will have decreased cognitive performance and this will be particularly pronounced in individuals with higher baseline cortisol. Collectively, our data do not robustly support the glucocorticoid cascade hypothesis. In several cases, higher baseline cortisol related to better cognitive performance over time, but within individuals, increased cortisol over time related to decreased performance on some cognitive domains over time. Contrary to our predictions, individuals with the rare CRFR1 haplotype (AA, TT, TT) performed worse than individuals with the common haplotype across multiple domains of cognitive function. FKBP5 genotype status had minimal impacts on cognitive outcomes. Genotype effects were largely not dependent on cortisol. The Project FRONTIER dataset is supported by Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center Garrison Institute on Aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Breanna N Harris
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States of America.
| | - Jeffrey T Cooke
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States of America
| | - Andrew K Littlefield
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States of America
| | - Cody A Tucker
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States of America
| | - Callie M Campbell
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States of America
| | - Kaleb S King
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States of America
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Ridderinkhof KR, Krugers HJ. Horizons in Human Aging Neuroscience: From Normal Neural Aging to Mental (Fr)Agility. Front Hum Neurosci 2022; 16:815759. [PMID: 35845248 PMCID: PMC9277589 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2022.815759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
While aging is an important risk factor for neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease, age-related cognitive decline can also manifest without apparent neurodegenerative changes. In this review, we discuss molecular, cellular, and network changes that occur during normal aging in the absence of neurodegenerative disease. Emerging findings reveal that these changes include metabolic alterations, oxidative stress, DNA damage, inflammation, calcium dyshomeostasis, and several other hallmarks of age-related neural changes that do not act on their own, but are often interconnected and together may underlie age-related alterations in brain plasticity and cognitive function. Importantly, age-related cognitive decline may not be reduced to a single neurobiological cause, but should instead be considered in terms of a densely connected system that underlies age-related cognitive alterations. We speculate that a decline in one hallmark of neural aging may trigger a decline in other, otherwise thus far stable subsystems, thereby triggering a cascade that may at some point also incur a decline of cognitive functions and mental well-being. Beyond studying the effects of these factors in isolation, considerable insight may be gained by studying the larger picture that entails a representative collection of such factors and their interactions, ranging from molecules to neural networks. Finally, we discuss some potential interventions that may help to prevent these alterations, thereby reducing cognitive decline and mental fragility, and enhancing mental well-being, and healthy aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Richard Ridderinkhof
- Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Amsterdam Center for Brain and Cognition (ABC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Harm J Krugers
- Amsterdam Center for Brain and Cognition (ABC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- SILS-CNS, Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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Silva TC, Young JI, Martin ER, Chen XS, Wang L. MethReg: estimating the regulatory potential of DNA methylation in gene transcription. Nucleic Acids Res 2022; 50:e51. [PMID: 35100398 PMCID: PMC9122535 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkac030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Epigenome-wide association studies often detect many differentially methylated sites, and many are located in distal regulatory regions. To further prioritize these significant sites, there is a critical need to better understand the functional impact of CpG methylation. Recent studies demonstrated that CpG methylation-dependent transcriptional regulation is a widespread phenomenon. Here, we present MethReg, an R/Bioconductor package that analyzes matched DNA methylation and gene expression data, along with external transcription factor (TF) binding information, to evaluate, prioritize and annotate CpG sites with high regulatory potential. At these CpG sites, TF-target gene associations are often only present in a subset of samples with high (or low) methylation levels, so they can be missed by analyses that use all samples. Using colorectal cancer and Alzheimer's disease datasets, we show MethReg significantly enhances our understanding of the regulatory roles of DNA methylation in complex diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago C Silva
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Juan I Young
- Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Eden R Martin
- Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - X Steven Chen
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Lily Wang
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
- Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
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Dolotov OV, Inozemtseva LS, Myasoedov NF, Grivennikov IA. Stress-Induced Depression and Alzheimer's Disease: Focus on Astrocytes. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:4999. [PMID: 35563389 PMCID: PMC9104432 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases and depression are multifactorial disorders with a complex and poorly understood physiopathology. Astrocytes play a key role in the functioning of neurons in norm and pathology. Stress is an important factor for the development of brain disorders. Here, we review data on the effects of stress on astrocyte function and evidence of the involvement of astrocyte dysfunction in depression and Alzheimer's disease (AD). Stressful life events are an important risk factor for depression; meanwhile, depression is an important risk factor for AD. Clinical data indicate atrophic changes in the same areas of the brain, the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex (PFC), in both pathologies. These brain regions play a key role in regulating the stress response and are most vulnerable to the action of glucocorticoids. PFC astrocytes are critically involved in the development of depression. Stress alters astrocyte function and can result in pyroptotic death of not only neurons, but also astrocytes. BDNF-TrkB system not only plays a key role in depression and in normalizing the stress response, but also appears to be an important factor in the functioning of astrocytes. Astrocytes, being a target for stress and glucocorticoids, are a promising target for the treatment of stress-dependent depression and AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleg V. Dolotov
- Institute of Molecular Genetics of National Research Centre “Kurchatov Institute”, 123182 Moscow, Russia; (O.V.D.); (L.S.I.); (N.F.M.)
- Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 119234 Moscow, Russia
| | - Ludmila S. Inozemtseva
- Institute of Molecular Genetics of National Research Centre “Kurchatov Institute”, 123182 Moscow, Russia; (O.V.D.); (L.S.I.); (N.F.M.)
| | - Nikolay F. Myasoedov
- Institute of Molecular Genetics of National Research Centre “Kurchatov Institute”, 123182 Moscow, Russia; (O.V.D.); (L.S.I.); (N.F.M.)
| | - Igor A. Grivennikov
- Institute of Molecular Genetics of National Research Centre “Kurchatov Institute”, 123182 Moscow, Russia; (O.V.D.); (L.S.I.); (N.F.M.)
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12
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Wu-Chung EL, Leal SL, Denny BT, Cheng SL, Fagundes CP. Spousal caregiving, widowhood, and cognition: A systematic review and a biopsychosocial framework for understanding the relationship between interpersonal losses and dementia risk in older adulthood. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2022; 134:104487. [PMID: 34971701 PMCID: PMC8925984 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Accumulating research suggests that stressful life events, especially those that threaten close intimate bonds, are associated with an increased risk of dementia. Grieving the loss of a spouse, whether in the form of caregiving or after the death, ranks among 'life's most significant stressors', evoking intense psychological and physiological distress. Despite numerous studies reporting elevated dementia risk or poorer cognition among spousal caregivers and widow(er)s compared to controls, no review has summarized findings across cognitive outcomes (i.e., dementia incidence, cognitive impairment rates, cognitive performance) or proposed a theoretical model for understanding the links between partner loss and abnormal cognitive decline. The current systematic review summarizes findings across 64 empirical studies. Overall, both cross-sectional and longitudinal studies revealed an adverse association between partner loss and cognitive outcomes. In turn, we propose a biopsychosocial model of cognitive decline that explains how caregiving and bereavement may position some to develop cognitive impairment or Alzheimer's disease and related dementias. More longitudinal studies that focus on the biopsychosocial context of caregivers and widow(er)s are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Bryan T. Denny
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Rice University, Houston, TX
| | | | - Christopher P. Fagundes
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Rice University, Houston, TX,Department of Behavioral Science, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX,Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
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13
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Ferguson LA, Leal SL. Interactions of Emotion and Memory in the Aging Brain: Neural and Psychological Correlates. Curr Behav Neurosci Rep 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s40473-021-00245-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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14
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Zhang L, Chen S, Sun Y. Mechanism and Prevention of Spiral Ganglion Neuron Degeneration in the Cochlea. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 15:814891. [PMID: 35069120 PMCID: PMC8766678 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.814891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) is one of the most prevalent sensory deficits in humans, and approximately 360 million people worldwide are affected. The current treatment option for severe to profound hearing loss is cochlear implantation (CI), but its treatment efficacy is related to the survival of spiral ganglion neurons (SGNs). SGNs are the primary sensory neurons, transmitting complex acoustic information from hair cells to second-order sensory neurons in the cochlear nucleus. In mammals, SGNs have very limited regeneration ability, and SGN loss causes irreversible hearing loss. In most cases of SNHL, SGN damage is the dominant pathogenesis, and it could be caused by noise exposure, ototoxic drugs, hereditary defects, presbycusis, etc. Tremendous efforts have been made to identify novel treatments to prevent or reverse the damage to SGNs, including gene therapy and stem cell therapy. This review summarizes the major causes and the corresponding mechanisms of SGN loss and the current protection strategies, especially gene therapy and stem cell therapy, to promote the development of new therapeutic methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Sen Chen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yu Sun
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Institute of Otorhinolaryngology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Yu Sun,
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15
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Differential Ageing of the Brain Hemispheres: Evidence from a Longitudinal Study of Hand Preferences in Common Marmosets. Symmetry (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/sym13122349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper is concerned with decreasing asymmetry of motor control in ageing. It discusses age-related changes in humans and reports a longitudinal study of hand preferences in common marmosets. An annual assessment of hand preference for holding food was recorded throughout the lifespan of 19 marmosets that lived for at least 9 years, and half of those lived for at least 11 years. Those with a left-hand preference showed a gradual reduction in the strength of their hand preference throughout adult life. No significant change in the strength of hand preference was found in right-handed marmosets. Hence, ageing has a specific effect on motor control by the right hemisphere.
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16
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Milligan Armstrong A, Porter T, Quek H, White A, Haynes J, Jackaman C, Villemagne V, Munyard K, Laws SM, Verdile G, Groth D. Chronic stress and Alzheimer's disease: the interplay between the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, genetics and microglia. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2021; 96:2209-2228. [PMID: 34159699 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Chronic psychosocial stress is increasingly being recognised as a risk factor for sporadic Alzheimer's disease (AD). The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA axis) is the major stress response pathway in the body and tightly regulates the production of cortisol, a glucocorticoid hormone. Dysregulation of the HPA axis and increased levels of cortisol are commonly found in AD patients and make a major contribution to the disease process. The underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. In addition, within the general population there are interindividual differences in sensitivities to glucocorticoid and stress responses, which are thought to be due to a combination of genetic and environmental factors. These differences could ultimately impact an individuals' risk of AD. The purpose of this review is first to summarise the literature describing environmental and genetic factors that can impact an individual's HPA axis reactivity and function and ultimately AD risk. Secondly, we propose a mechanism by which genetic factors that influence HPA axis reactivity may also impact inflammation, a key driver of neurodegeneration. We hypothesize that these factors can mediate glucocorticoid priming of the immune cells of the brain, microglia, to become pro-inflammatory and promote a neurotoxic environment resulting in neurodegeneration. Understanding the underlying molecular mechanisms and identifying these genetic factors has implications for evaluating stress-related risk/progression to neurodegeneration, informing the success of interventions based on stress management and potential risks associated with the common use of glucocorticoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayeisha Milligan Armstrong
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Kent St, Bentley, WA, 6102, Australia.,Curtin Medical School, Curtin University, Kent St, Bentley, WA, 6102, Australia
| | - Tenielle Porter
- Curtin Medical School, Curtin University, Kent St, Bentley, WA, 6102, Australia.,Collaborative Genomics and Translation Group, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Drive, Joondalup, WA, 6027, Australia
| | - Hazel Quek
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Institute, 300 Herston Rd, Herston, QLD, Australia
| | - Anthony White
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Institute, 300 Herston Rd, Herston, QLD, Australia
| | - John Haynes
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Connie Jackaman
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Kent St, Bentley, WA, 6102, Australia.,Curtin Medical School, Curtin University, Kent St, Bentley, WA, 6102, Australia
| | - Victor Villemagne
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Drive, Joondalup, WA, 6027, Australia.,The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, 30 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Kylie Munyard
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Kent St, Bentley, WA, 6102, Australia.,Curtin Medical School, Curtin University, Kent St, Bentley, WA, 6102, Australia
| | - Simon M Laws
- Curtin Medical School, Curtin University, Kent St, Bentley, WA, 6102, Australia.,Collaborative Genomics and Translation Group, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Drive, Joondalup, WA, 6027, Australia
| | - Giuseppe Verdile
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Kent St, Bentley, WA, 6102, Australia.,Curtin Medical School, Curtin University, Kent St, Bentley, WA, 6102, Australia.,School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Drive, Joondalup, WA, 6027, Australia
| | - David Groth
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Kent St, Bentley, WA, 6102, Australia.,Curtin Medical School, Curtin University, Kent St, Bentley, WA, 6102, Australia
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17
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Ozdurak Singin RH, Duz S, Kiraz M. Cortical and Subcortical Brain Volume Alterations Following Endurance Running at 38.6 km and 119.2 km in Male Athletes. Med Sci Monit 2021; 27:e926060. [PMID: 34155188 PMCID: PMC8234558 DOI: 10.12659/msm.926060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although several studies have shown that ultramarathon running causes severe physical and mental stress and harms organ systems, its effect on brain tissue remains unclear. The purpose of this study was to investigate the volumetric change of cortical and subcortical brain structures following 38.6-km and 119.8-km mountain races. MATERIAL AND METHODS A total of 23 healthy male runners (age, 49.05±5.99 years) were classified as short-trail (ST; n=9) and ultra-trail (UT; n=14) endurance running. Pre- and post-test scanning of brain tissue was performed by using a 3-Tesla magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Pre- and post-race differences in cortical and subcortical volumes in the ST and UT groups were separately determined by Wilcoxon signed-rank test. RESULTS Cortical gray matter (GM) and cerebral GM volume significantly increased after the race in both ST and UT groups, whereas the volume of the thalamus, caudate, pallidus, and hippocampus significantly increased only in the UT group. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and white-matter (WM) volumes did not change after endurance running and remained unaltered in both groups. CONCLUSIONS Endurance running has a site-specific acute effect on cortical and subcortical structures and may attenuate GM volume decrease in older adult male athletes. The increased volume of subcortical structures might be a response of physical exercise and additional physical stress experienced by ultramarathon runners.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Serkan Duz
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey
| | - Murat Kiraz
- Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, Hitit University, Çorum, Turkey
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18
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Nayeri T, Sarvi S, Sharif M, Daryani A. Toxoplasma gondii: A possible etiologic agent for Alzheimer's disease. Heliyon 2021; 7:e07151. [PMID: 34141920 PMCID: PMC8187970 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) is one of the most pervasive neurotropic pathogens causing different lesions in a wide variety of mammals as intermediate hosts, including humans. It is estimated that one-third of the world population is infected with T. gondii; however, for a long time, there has been much interest in the examination of the possible role of this parasite in the development of mental disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). T. gondii may play a role in the progression of AD using mechanisms, such as the induction of the host's immune responses, inflammation of the central nervous system (CNS), alteration in the levels of neurotransmitters, and activation of indoleamine-2,3-dyoxigenase. This paper presents an appraisal of the literature, reports, and studies that seek to the possible role of T. gondii in the development of AD. For achieving the purpose of the current study, a search of six English databases (PubMed, ScienceDirect, Web of Science, Scopus, ProQuest, and Google Scholar) was performed. The results support the involvement of T. gondii in the induction and development of AD. Indeed, T. gondii can be considered a risk factor for the development of AD and requires the special attention of specialists and patients. Furthermore, the results of this study may contribute to prevent or delay the progress of AD worldwide. Therefore, it is required to carry out further studies in order to better perceive the parasitic mechanisms in the progression of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tooran Nayeri
- Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
- Department of Parasitology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Shahabeddin Sarvi
- Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
- Department of Parasitology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Mehdi Sharif
- Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
- Department of Parasitology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Ahmad Daryani
- Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
- Department of Parasitology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
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19
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Kotb MA, Kamal AM, Al-Malki D, Abd El Fatah AS, Ahmed YM. Cognitive performance in patients with chronic tension-type headache and its relation to neuroendocrine hormones. THE EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF NEUROLOGY, PSYCHIATRY AND NEUROSURGERY 2020. [DOI: 10.1186/s41983-020-0150-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Tension-type headache is the most common headache to be seen in clinical practice. Depression is highly prevalent in chronic tension-type headache (CTTH) patients attending the clinical settings. Cognitive impairment and neuroendocrine dysregulation had been reported in patients with depression and patients with CTTH.
Objective
To assess the cognitive performance and investigate its possible relations to neuroendocrine levels in patients with CTTH.
Subjects and methods
Patients with CTTH, depression, and control subjects were recruited. CTTH was diagnosed according to the International Classification of Headache Disorders. Cognitive performance, depression severity, and pain intensity were assessed by the Montreal Cognitive Assessment Arabic version, Beck’s Depression Inventory, and McGill Pain Questionnaire respectively. Blood samples were collected in the morning within 60 min after waking up from 8:00 to 9:00 a.m. to measure serum levels of basal plasma CRH, ACTH, Cortisol, TSH, FT3, and FT4.
Results
Both patients with CTTH and depression had impaired cognitive performance. Patients with CTTH and patients with depression had altered the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis, and pituitary-thyroid axis. The hormonal levels significantly correlated with cognitive function in patient groups, especially patients with CTTH.
Conclusion
Patients with CTTH had cognitive dysfunction which could be related to neuroendocrine hormonal dysregulation.
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20
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Joshi N, Chandler D. Sex and the noradrenergic system. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2020; 175:167-176. [PMID: 33008523 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-64123-6.00012-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
Abstract
The central noradrenergic system comprises multiple brainstem nuclei whose cells synthesize and release the catecholamine transmitter norepinephrine (NE). The largest of these nuclei is the pontine locus coeruleus (LC), which innervates the vast majority of the forebrain. NE interacts with a number of pre- and postsynaptically expressed G protein-coupled receptors to affect a wide array of functions, including sensory signal processing, waking and arousal, stress responsiveness, mood, attention, and memory. Given the myriad functions ascribed to the locus coeruleus-noradrenergic (LC-NE) system, it is unsurprising that it is implicated in many disease states, including various mood, cognitive, neuropsychiatric, and neurodegenerative diseases. The LC-NE system is also notably sexually dimorphic with regard to its morphologic and anatomical features as well as how it responds to the peptide transmitter corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH), a major mediator of the central stress response. The sex-biased morphology and signaling that is observed in the LC could then be considered a potential contributor to the differential prevalence of various diseases between men and women. This chapter summarizes the primary differences between the male and female LC, based primarily on preclinical observations and how these disparities may relate to differential diagnoses of several diseases between men and women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neal Joshi
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rowan University School of Osteopathic Medicine, Stratford, NJ, United States
| | - Daniel Chandler
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rowan University School of Osteopathic Medicine, Stratford, NJ, United States.
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21
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Harris BN. Stress hypothesis overload: 131 hypotheses exploring the role of stress in tradeoffs, transitions, and health. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2020; 288:113355. [PMID: 31830473 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2019.113355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Stress is ubiquitous and thus, not surprisingly, many hypotheses and models have been created to better study the role stress plays in life. Stress spans fields and is found in the literature of biology, psychology, psychophysiology, sociology, economics, and medicine, just to name a few. Stress, and the hypothalamic-pituitaryadrenal/interrenal (HPA/I) axis and sympathetic nervous system (SNS), are involved in a multitude of behaviors and physiological processes, including life-history and ecological tradeoffs, developmental transitions, health, and survival. The goal of this review is to highlight and summarize the large number of available hypotheses and models, to aid in comparative and interdisciplinary thinking, and to increase reproducibility by a) discouraging hypothesizing after results are known (HARKing) and b) encouraging a priori hypothesis testing. For this review I collected 214 published hypotheses or models dealing broadly with stress. In the main paper, I summarized and categorized 131 of those hypotheses and models which made direct connections among stress and/or HPA/I and SNS, tradeoffs, transitions, and health. Of those 131, the majority made predictions about reproduction (n = 43), the transition from health to disease (n = 38), development (n = 23), and stress coping (n = 18). Additional hypotheses were classified as stage-spanning or models (n = 37). The additional 83 hypotheses found during searches were tangentially related, or pertained to immune function or oxidative stress, and these are listed separately. Many of the hypotheses share underlying rationale and suggest similar, if not identical, predictions, and are thus not mutually exclusive; some hypotheses spanned classification categories. Some of the hypotheses have been tested multiple times, whereas others have only been examined a few times. It is the hope that multi-disciplinary stress researchers will begin to harmonize their naming of hypotheses in the literature so as to build a clearer picture of how stress impacts various outcomes across fields. The paper concludes with some considerations and recommendations for robust testing of stress hypotheses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Breanna N Harris
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States.
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22
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Rostami F, Javan M, Moghimi A, Haddad-Mashadrizeh A, Fereidoni M. Prenatal stress promotes icv-STZ-induced sporadic Alzheimer's pathology through central insulin signaling change. Life Sci 2019; 241:117154. [PMID: 31857087 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.117154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 12/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
AIM Insulin resistance and neuroinflammation play roles in Alzheimer's (AD) etiology. Insulin receptors (IR) are developmentally expressed in neurons as well as astrocytes. Moreover, prolonged stress can induce brain insulin resistance and astrogliosis. Also, prenatal stress could advance AD-related abnormalities in a transgenic model of AD. Besides, postnatal maternal care (PMC) has antagonistic effects on prenatal stress (PS)-induced neuronal and immunological malfunctions. Using an icv-STZ subclinical model of sAD, we assessed PS and/or abnormal PMC impacts on advancing sAD-like pathology in adult male rats. We also sought astrocyte- and/or neuron-oriented change in central insulin programming. MAIN METHODS Pregnant rats were exposed to PS. Thereafter, a group of pups was fostered onto unstressed mothers and the others remained intact. Real-time RT-PCR- for hippocampal IR, Tau, and ChAT transcripts- and immunohistochemistry analysis- for GFAP+ astrocytes- were performed at the first- and forth-postnatal-week, respectively. The other animals received icv-STZ0.5 mg/kg in adulthood and subjected to cognitive tests, molecular, and histological experiments at appropriate time-point post-injection. KEY FINDINGS PS could advance sAD-related symptoms in icv-STZ-treated animals. PS changed expression levels of hippocampal IR in one-week-old and 5.5-month-old offspring. PS could worsen cognitive, molecular and histological impairments of icv-STZ. Adequate PMC prevented some destructive effects of PS. SIGNIFICANCE PS can potentially change central insulin programming and induce long-lasting astrogliosis in rat hippocampus. PS-related cognitive and histological pathologies can rescue by PMC probably via IR-dependent pathways. Astrocyte involvement in AD-like neuropathology observed in stressed-animals needs more detailed investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzaneh Rostami
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohammad Javan
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Moghimi
- Rayan Center for Neuroscience and Behavior, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Aliakbar Haddad-Mashadrizeh
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran; Cell and Molecular Research Group, Institute of Biotechnology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Masoud Fereidoni
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran; Rayan Center for Neuroscience and Behavior, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran.
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23
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Correro AN, Nielson KA. A Review of Minority Stress as a Risk Factor for Cognitive Decline in Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender (LGBT) Elders. JOURNAL OF GAY & LESBIAN MENTAL HEALTH 2019; 24:2-19. [PMID: 33014237 DOI: 10.1080/19359705.2019.1644570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) older adults comprise a unique and growing subset of the aging population. The historical context in which they came of age was imbued with victimization and discrimination. These experiences are subjectively stressful and collectively known as minority stress. Older LGBT adults continue to face stressors related to their gender and sexual identities in their daily lives. Importantly, chronic minority stress (CMS), like other forms of chronic stress, is harmful to health and well-being. CMS contributes to LGBT health disparities, including cardiovascular disease and depression, conditions that in turn increase risk for premature cognitive decline. Furthermore, long-term exposure to stress hormones is associated with accelerated brain aging. Yet, the cognitive functioning of LGBT elders and the influence of CMS on their cognition is all but unexplored. In this review, we examine the influences of CMS in LGBT elders and connect those influences to existing research on stress and cognitive aging. We propose a testable model describing how CMS in LGBT elders heightens risk for premature cognitive aging and how ameliorating factors may help protect from CMS risk. Research is desperately needed to calibrate this model toward improving LGBT quality of life and mental health practices.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kristy A Nielson
- Department of Psychology, Marquette University.,Department of Neurology and the Center for Imaging Research, Medical College of Wisconsin
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24
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Social Network Position Moderates the Relationship between Late-life Depressive Symptoms and Memory Differently in Men and Women. Sci Rep 2019; 9:6142. [PMID: 30992479 PMCID: PMC6467864 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-42388-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Late-life depression has been considered to be associated with memory deficits and hippocampal volume reduction. Considering that not all depression patients undergo the same amount of cognitive impairment or regional brain volume loss, moderating factors such as complex mental activity and social activity have been examined to assess whether these factors attenuate the detrimental impact of depressive symptoms on cognitive function and regional brain volume. However, the premise that a cognitively stimulating experience may modify the association between depressive symptoms and memory or hippocampal volume has not been investigated using social network data, which would reflect individuals' concrete characteristic of everyday social activity. In a social network, a brokerage position which connects two otherwise unconnected others demands mental and physical efforts. Using complete social network data in an entire village in South Korea, we examined whether opportunities for brokerage in social networks alter the negative association between depressive symptoms and episodic memory function or hippocampal volume in older adults. Initially, 125 participants were included in the analysis involving episodic memory function. Then, of which 65 participants completed the MRI scan, and were included in the subsequent analysis containing the hippocampal volume. Furthermore, we investigated the gender-specific effect of brokerage based on the previously reported gender difference in the effect of social networks. We found a gender-specific moderating effect of brokerage. For men, a large opportunity for brokerage weakened the negative association between depressive symptoms and memory performance and left hippocampal volume. In contrast, women showed that a large opportunity for brokerage was not beneficial for assuaging the impact of depressive symptoms on memory performance and hippocampal volume. In women, the opportunity for brokerage was positively associated with the detrimental impact of depressive symptoms on memory performance and hippocampal volume. Our findings suggest that occupying a bridging position in a social network may minimize the impact of depressive symptoms on memory function and hippocampal volume among older men, whereas the opposite holds true for older women.
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Chronic stress impairs the aquaporin-4-mediated glymphatic transport through glucocorticoid signaling. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2019; 236:1367-1384. [PMID: 30607477 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-018-5147-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The glymphatic system has recently been proposed to function as a brain-wide macroscopic system for the clearance of potentially harmful molecules, such as amyloid beta (e.g., Aβ), from the brain parenchyma. Previous literatures have established that the glymphatic function is dramatically suppressed by aging, traumatic brain injury, and some diseases. However, the effect of chronic stress on the glymphatic function and its underlying mechanism remains largely unknown. METHODS Adult mice were randomly divided into four groups: chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS)-treated group, CUMS simultaneously treated with mifepristone (MFP) group, dexamethasone (DEX)-treated group, and control group. Stress response was observed by assessing the change of body weight, plasma corticosterone level, and behavior tests. The level of Aβ42 in cerebral tissue was assessed by ELISA. The glymphatic function was determined by using fluorescence tracer injection. The expression and localization of aquaporin-4 (AQP4) were evaluated by immunohistochemistry and western blot. The transcription level of AQP4 and anchoring molecules was evaluated by real-time PCR. FINDINGS Compared with control group, CUMS-treated mice exhibited the impairment of global glymphatic function especially in the anterior brain. This change was accompanied by the decreased expression and polarization of AQP4, reduced transcription of AQP4, agrin, laminin, and dystroglycan in the anterior cortex. Similarly, the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) agonist DEX exposure could reduce the glymphatic function and AQP4 expression. Moreover, the GR antagonist MFP treatment could significantly rescue the glymphatic function and reverse the expression and polarization of AQP4 impaired by CUMS. CONCLUSION Chronic stress could impair the AQP4-mediated glymphatic transport in the brain through glucocorticoid signaling. Our results also suggest that GR antagonist could be beneficial to rescue the glymphatic function suppressed by chronic stress.
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Ng TKS, Ho CSH, Tam WWS, Kua EH, Ho RCM. Decreased Serum Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) Levels in Patients with Alzheimer's Disease (AD): A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20020257. [PMID: 30634650 PMCID: PMC6358753 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20020257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Findings from previous studies reporting the levels of serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and individuals with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) have been conflicting. Hence, we performed a meta-analysis to examine the aggregate levels of serum BDNF in patients with AD and individuals with MCI, in comparison with healthy controls. Fifteen studies were included for the comparison between AD and healthy control (HC) (n = 2067). Serum BDNF levels were significantly lower in patients with AD (SMD: -0.282; 95% confidence interval [CI]: -0.535 to -0.028; significant heterogeneity: I² = 83.962). Meta-regression identified age (p < 0.001) and MMSE scores (p < 0.001) to be the significant moderators that could explain the heterogeneity in findings in these studies. Additionally, there were no significant differences in serum BDNF levels between patients with AD and MCI (eight studies, n = 906) and between MCI and HC (nine studies, n = 5090). In all, patients with AD, but not MCI, have significantly lower serum BDNF levels compared to healthy controls. This meta-analysis confirmed the direction of change in serum BDNF levels in dementia. This finding suggests that a significant change in peripheral BDNF levels can only be detected at the late stage of the dementia spectrum. Molecular mechanisms, implications on interventional trials, and future directions for studies examining BDNF in dementia were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ted Kheng Siang Ng
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119228, Singapore.
| | - Cyrus Su Hui Ho
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119228, Singapore.
- Department of Psychological Medicine, National University Hospital, Singapore 119074, Singapore.
| | - Wilson Wai San Tam
- Alice Lee School of Nursing, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119228, Singapore.
| | - Ee Heok Kua
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119228, Singapore.
- Department of Psychological Medicine, National University Hospital, Singapore 119074, Singapore.
| | - Roger Chun-Man Ho
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119228, Singapore.
- Department of Psychological Medicine, National University Hospital, Singapore 119074, Singapore.
- Biomedical Global Institute of Healthcare Research & Technology (BIGHEART), National University of Singapore, Singapore 119228, Singapore.
- Center of Excellence in Behavioral Medicine, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh City 70000, Vietnam.
- Faculty of Education, Huaibei Normal University, 100 Dongshan Road, Huaibei 235000, Anhui, China.
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Alkadhi KA. Delayed effects of combined stress and Aβ infusion on L-LTP of the dentate gyrus: Prevention by nicotine. Neurosci Lett 2018; 682:10-15. [PMID: 29883681 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2018.05.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Revised: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is a progressive dementia hallmarked by the presence in the brain of extracellular beta-amyloid (Aβ) plaques and intraneuronal fibrillary tangles. Chronic stress is associated with heightened Aβ buildup and acceleration of development of AD, however, stress alone has no significant effect on synaptic plasticity in the dentate gyrus (DG) area. Previously, we have reported that the combination of stress and AD causes more severe inhibition of synaptic plasticity of hippocampal area CA1 than chronic stress or AD alone, and that chronic nicotine treatment prevents this impairment. To investigate the effect of stress and nicotine on synaptic plasticity in the relatively injury-resistant DG area, the present experiments analyzed the effect of chronic stress and the neuroprotective effect of nicotine on LTP in the DG area of a rat model of AD. Wistar rats were chronically stressed and treated with nicotine (1 mg/kg/twice daily; s.c.) for six weeks. Then, at weeks 5-6, AD model was generated by 14-day i.c.v osmotic pump infusion of Aβ peptides (300 pmol/day) into the brains of these rats. Field potential recordings from the DG area of anesthetized rats, revealed that while chronic stress did not accentuate Aβ-induced impairments of E-LTP, it markedly augmented Aβ effect on L-LTP that was only seen 100 min after multiple high frequency stimulation. This delayed action is likely to be due to impairment of process of de novo protein synthesis required for maintenance phase of L-LTP. Chronic nicotine treatment prevented stress-enhanced suppression of synaptic plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karim A Alkadhi
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77204, USA.
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Xu Y, Zhu N, Xu W, Ye H, Liu K, Wu F, Zhang M, Ding Y, Zhang C, Zhang H, O'Donnell J, Pan J. Inhibition of Phosphodiesterase-4 Reverses Aβ-Induced Memory Impairment by Regulation of HPA Axis Related cAMP Signaling. Front Aging Neurosci 2018; 10:204. [PMID: 30087608 PMCID: PMC6066959 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2018.00204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Beta amyloid peptides (Aβ) are found to be associated with dysfunction of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA axis) that leads to memory and cognitive deficits in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD). Phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) inhibitors increase the intracellular cAMP activities, which may ameliorate cognitive deficits associated with AD. However, it remains unclear whether PDE4-mediated reversal of cognitive impairment in mouse model of AD is related to HPA axis and downstream cAMP-dependent pathway. The present study investigated the effects of PDE4 inhibitor rolipram on Aβ1-42-induced cognitive dysfunction and its underlying mechanisms. The step-down passive avoidance (PA) and Morris water-maze (MWM) tests were conducted 1 week (1 W), 2 months (2 M), and 6 months (6 M) after intracerebroventricular microjection (i.c.v.) of Aβ1-42. The results suggested that memory impairment emerged as early as 1 W, peaked at 2 M, and lasted until 6 M after injection. Chronic treatment with rolipram (0.1, 0.5, 1.0 mg/kg/d, i.p.) for 2 weeks (i.e., treatment started at 1.5 months after Aβ1-42 microinjection) dose-dependently improved memory performance in both MWM and PA tests. Moreover, rolipram reversed the Aβ-induced increases in serum corticosterone (CORT), corticotropin-releasing factor, and glucocorticoid receptors (CRF-R and GR) levels, whereas it decreases in brain-derived neurotropic factor (BDNF) and the ratio of pCREB to CREB expression. These effects of rolipram were prevented by pre-treatment with PKA inhibitor H89. The findings indicated that the protective effects of rolipram against Aβ1-42-induced memory deficits might involve HPA axis and cAMP-CREB-BDNF signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Xu
- Brain Institute, School of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Naping Zhu
- Brain Institute, School of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Wen Xu
- Brain Institute, School of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Han Ye
- Brain Institute, School of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Kaiping Liu
- Brain Institute, School of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Feiyan Wu
- Brain Institute, School of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Meixi Zhang
- Pingyang Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Pingyang, China
| | - Yun Ding
- Hangzhou Geriatric Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chong Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Hanting Zhang
- Departments of Behavioral Medicine, Psychiatry and Physiology, and Pharmacology, West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, WV, United States
| | - James O'Donnell
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Jiangchun Pan
- Brain Institute, School of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
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Chang YS, Wu YH, Wang CJ, Tang SH, Chen HL. Higher levels of thyroxine may predict a favorable response to donepezil treatment in patients with Alzheimer disease: a prospective, case-control study. BMC Neurosci 2018; 19:36. [PMID: 29929471 PMCID: PMC6013955 DOI: 10.1186/s12868-018-0436-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cholinergic hypothesis has been advanced as an etiology of Alzheimer disease (AD) on the basis of the presynaptic deficit found in the diseased brains, and cholinesterase inhibitors (ChEIs) are the treatment of choice for these patients. However, only about half of treatment efficacy was found. Because increasing evidence supports an extensive interrelationship between thyroid hormones (THs), cortisol level and the cholinergic system, the aim of the present study was to evaluate thyroid function and cortisol level in patients with mild to moderate AD before and after ChEIs treatment, and to identify possible variations in response. This was a prospective, case–control, follow-up study. Levels of cortisol and THs were evaluated in 21 outpatients with mild to moderate AD and 20 normal controls. All patients were treated with 5 mg/day of donepezil (DPZ) and were reevaluated after 24–26 weeks of treatment.
Results The patients had worse cognitive function, higher cortisol level, and lower levels of triiodothyronine (T3) and its free fraction than the controls. There were no significant differences in global cognitive function or cortisol level after treatment, however, significant reductions in T3 and thyroxin (T4) levels were observed. Responders had higher levels of T4 than non-responders, followed by a significant reduction after treatment.
Conclusions These results suggest that relatively higher levels of T4 may predict a favorable response to DPZ treatment. Further studies are warranted to confirm the relationship between THs and ChEIs therapy in AD and to explore new therapeutic strategies. On the other hand, cortisol levels are more likely to respond to interventions for stress-related neuropsychiatric symptoms in patients with AD rather than ChEIs treatment. Further studies are warranted to investigate the association between cortisol level and the severity of stress-related neuropsychiatric symptoms in patients with AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu San Chang
- Kaohsiung Municipal Kai-Syuan Psychiatric Hospital, No. 130, Kai-Syuan, 2nd Road, Ling-Ya District, Kaohsiung, 802, Taiwan. .,Faculty of Nursing Department, Meiho University, No. 23, Pingguang Road, Neipu, Pingtung, Taiwan.
| | - Yu Hsuan Wu
- Kaohsiung Municipal Kai-Syuan Psychiatric Hospital, No. 130, Kai-Syuan, 2nd Road, Ling-Ya District, Kaohsiung, 802, Taiwan
| | - Chin Jen Wang
- Kaohsiung Municipal Kai-Syuan Psychiatric Hospital, No. 130, Kai-Syuan, 2nd Road, Ling-Ya District, Kaohsiung, 802, Taiwan
| | - Shu Hui Tang
- Kaohsiung Municipal Kai-Syuan Psychiatric Hospital, No. 130, Kai-Syuan, 2nd Road, Ling-Ya District, Kaohsiung, 802, Taiwan
| | - Hsiang Lan Chen
- Kaohsiung Municipal Kai-Syuan Psychiatric Hospital, No. 130, Kai-Syuan, 2nd Road, Ling-Ya District, Kaohsiung, 802, Taiwan
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Differential effects of chronic stress in young-adult and old female mice: cognitive-behavioral manifestations and neurobiological correlates. Mol Psychiatry 2018; 23:1432-1445. [PMID: 29257131 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2017.237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Revised: 10/01/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Stress-related psychopathology is highly prevalent among elderly individuals and is associated with detrimental effects on mood, appetite and cognition. Conversely, under certain circumstances repeated mild-to-moderate stressors have been shown to enhance cognitive performance in rodents and exert stress-inoculating effects in humans. As most stress-related favorable outcomes have been reported in adolescence and young-adulthood, this apparent disparity could result from fundamental differences in how aging organisms respond to stress. Furthermore, given prominent age-related alterations in sex hormones, the effect of chronic stress in aging females remains a highly relevant yet little studied issue. In the present study, female C57BL/6 mice aged 3 (young-adult) and 20-23 (old) months were subjected to 8 weeks of chronic unpredictable stress (CUS). Behavioral outcomes were measured during the last 3 weeks of the CUS protocol, followed by brain dissection for histological and molecular end points. We found that in young-adult female mice, CUS resulted in decreased anxiety-like behavior and enhanced cognitive performance, whereas in old female mice it led to weight loss, dysregulated locomotion and memory impairment. These phenotypes were paralleled by differential changes in the expression of hypothalamic insulin and melanocortin-4 receptors and were consistent with an age-dependent reduction in the dynamic range of stress-related changes in the hippocampal transcriptome. Supported by an integrated microRNA (miRNA)-mRNA expression analysis, the present study proposes that, when confronted with ongoing stress, neuroprotective mechanisms involving the upregulation of neurogenesis, Wnt signaling and miR-375 can be harnessed more effectively during young-adulthood. Conversely, we suggest that aging alters the pattern of immune activation elicited by stress. Ultimately, interventions that modulate these processes could reduce the burden of stress-related psychopathology in late life.
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Chan TE, Grossman YS, Bloss EB, Janssen WG, Lou W, McEwen BS, Dumitriu D, Morrison JH. Cell-Type Specific Changes in Glial Morphology and Glucocorticoid Expression During Stress and Aging in the Medial Prefrontal Cortex. Front Aging Neurosci 2018; 10:146. [PMID: 29875653 PMCID: PMC5974224 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2018.00146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Repeated exposure to stressors is known to produce large-scale remodeling of neurons within the prefrontal cortex (PFC). Recent work suggests stress-related forms of structural plasticity can interact with aging to drive distinct patterns of pyramidal cell morphological changes. However, little is known about how other cellular components within PFC might be affected by these challenges. Here, we examined the effects of stress exposure and aging on medial prefrontal cortical glial subpopulations. Interestingly, we found no changes in glial morphology with stress exposure but a profound morphological change with aging. Furthermore, we found an upregulation of non-nuclear glucocorticoid receptors (GR) with aging, while nuclear levels remained largely unaffected. Both changes are selective for microglia, with no stress or aging effect found in astrocytes. Lastly, we show that the changes found within microglia inversely correlated with the density of dendritic spines on layer III pyramidal cells. These findings suggest microglia play a selective role in synaptic health within the aging brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas E. Chan
- Department of Neuroscience, The Friedman Brain Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Yael S. Grossman
- Department of Neuroscience, The Friedman Brain Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Erik B. Bloss
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA, United States
| | - William G. Janssen
- Department of Neuroscience, The Friedman Brain Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Wendy Lou
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Bruce S. McEwen
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, Department of Neuroscience, Rockefeller University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Dani Dumitriu
- Department of Neuroscience, The Friedman Brain Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - John H. Morrison
- Department of Neuroscience, The Friedman Brain Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
- California National Primate Research Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
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Cognitive ability across the life course and cortisol levels in older age. Neurobiol Aging 2017; 59:64-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2017.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Revised: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Corticotropin-releasing factor overexpression gives rise to sex differences in Alzheimer's disease-related signaling. Mol Psychiatry 2017; 22:1126-1133. [PMID: 27752081 PMCID: PMC5395355 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2016.185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Revised: 08/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Several neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders share stress as a risk factor and are more prevalent in women than in men. Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) orchestrates the stress response, and excessive CRF is thought to contribute to the pathophysiology of these diseases. We previously found that the CRF1 receptor (CRF1) is sex biased whereby coupling to its GTP-binding protein, Gs, is greater in females, whereas β-arrestin-2 coupling is greater in males. This study used a phosphoproteomic approach in CRF-overexpressing (CRF-OE) mice to test the proof of principle that when CRF is in excess, sex-biased CRF1 coupling translates into divergent cell signaling that is expressed as different brain phosphoprotein profiles. Cortical phosphopeptides that distinguished female and male CRF-OE mice were overrepresented in unique pathways that were consistent with Gs-dependent signaling in females and β-arrestin-2 signaling in males. Notably, phosphopeptides that were more abundant in female CRF-OE mice were overrepresented in an Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathway. Phosphoproteomic results were validated by demonstrating that CRF overexpression in females was associated with increased tau phosphorylation and, in a mouse model of AD pathology, phosphorylation of β-secretase, the enzyme involved in the formation of amyloid β. These females exhibited increased formation of amyloid β plaques and cognitive impairments relative to males. Collectively, the findings are consistent with a mechanism whereby the excess CRF that characterizes stress-related diseases initiates distinct cellular processes in male and female brains, as a result of sex-biased CRF1 signaling. Promotion of AD-related signaling pathways through this mechanism may contribute to female vulnerability to AD.
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Futch HS, Croft CL, Truong VQ, Krause EG, Golde TE. Targeting psychologic stress signaling pathways in Alzheimer's disease. Mol Neurodegener 2017; 12:49. [PMID: 28633663 PMCID: PMC5479037 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-017-0190-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is the most prevalent progressive neurodegenerative disease; to date, no AD therapy has proven effective in delaying or preventing the disease course. In the search for novel therapeutic targets in AD, it has been shown that increased chronic psychologic stress is associated with AD risk. Subsequently, biologic pathways underlying psychologic stress have been identified and shown to be able to exacerbate AD relevant pathologies. In this review, we summarize the literature relevant to the association between psychologic stress and AD, focusing on studies investigating the effects of stress paradigms on transgenic mouse models of Amyloid-β (Aβ) and tau pathologies. In recent years, a substantial amount of research has been done investigating a key stress-response mediator, corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), and its interactions with AD relevant processes. We highlight attempts to target the CRH signaling pathway as a therapeutic intervention in these transgenic mouse models and discuss how targeting this pathway is a promising avenue for further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hunter S. Futch
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610 USA
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610 USA
- McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, 1149 Newell Drive, PO Box 1000015, Gainesville, FL 32610 USA
| | - Cara L. Croft
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610 USA
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610 USA
- McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, 1149 Newell Drive, PO Box 1000015, Gainesville, FL 32610 USA
| | - Van Q. Truong
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610 USA
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610 USA
- McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, 1149 Newell Drive, PO Box 1000015, Gainesville, FL 32610 USA
| | - Eric G. Krause
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA
- McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, 1149 Newell Drive, PO Box 1000015, Gainesville, FL 32610 USA
| | - Todd E. Golde
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610 USA
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610 USA
- McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, 1149 Newell Drive, PO Box 1000015, Gainesville, FL 32610 USA
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Neurophysiological Changes Induced by Chronic Toxoplasma gondii Infection. Pathogens 2017; 6:pathogens6020019. [PMID: 28513566 PMCID: PMC5488653 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens6020019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Revised: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the parasite Toxoplasma gondii is one of the most pervasive neurotropic pathogens in the world, the host-parasite interactions during CNS infection and the consequences of neurological infection are just beginning to be unraveled. The chronic stages of infection have been considered dormant, although several studies have found correlations of infection with an array of host behavioral changes. These may facilitate parasite transmission and impact neurological diseases. During infection, in addition to the presence of the parasites within neurons, host-mediated neuroimmune and hormonal responses to infection are also present. T. gondii induces numerous changes to host neurons during infection and globally alters host neurological signaling pathways, as discussed in this review. Understanding the neurophysiological changes in the host brain is imperative to understanding the parasitic mechanisms and to delineate the effects of this single-celled parasite on health and its contribution to neurological disease.
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Cox SR, Valdés Hernández MDC, Kim J, Royle NA, MacPherson SE, Ferguson KJ, Muñoz Maniega S, Anblagan D, Aribisala BS, Bastin ME, Park J, Starr JM, Deary IJ, MacLullich AM, Wardlaw JM. Associations between hippocampal morphology, diffusion characteristics, and salivary cortisol in older men. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2017; 78:151-158. [PMID: 28199858 PMCID: PMC5380197 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2017.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Revised: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
High, unabated glucocorticoid (GC) levels are thought to selectively damage certain tissue types. The hippocampus is thought to be particularly susceptible to such effects, and though findings from animal models and human patients provide some support for this hypothesis, evidence for associations between elevated GCs and lower hippocampal volumes in older age (when GC levels are at greater risk of dysregulation) is inconclusive. To address the possibility that the effects of GCs in non-pathological ageing may be too subtle for gross volumetry to reliably detect, we analyse associations between salivary cortisol (diurnal and reactive measures), hippocampal morphology and diffusion characteristics in 88 males, aged ∼73 years. However, our results provide only weak support for this hypothesis. Though nominally significant peaks in morphology were found in both hippocampi across all salivary cortisol measures (standardised β magnitudes<0.518, puncorrected>0.0000003), associations were both positive and negative, and none survived false discovery rate correction. We found one single significant association (out of 12 comparisons) between a general measure of hippocampal diffusion and reactive cortisol slope (β=0.290, p=0.008) which appeared to be driven predominantly by mean diffusivity but did not survive correction for multiple testing. The current data therefore do not clearly support the hypothesis that elevated cortisol levels are associated with subtle variations in hippocampal shape or microstructure in non-pathological older age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon R. Cox
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, UK,Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, UK,Scottish Imaging Network, A Platform for Scientific Excellence (SINAPSE) Collaboration, Edinburgh, UK,Corresponding author at: Department of Neuroimaging Sciences, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, 49 Little France Crescent, Chancellor’s Building, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK.Department of Neuroimaging SciencesCentre for Clinical Brain SciencesUniversity of EdinburghUK
| | - Maria del Carmen Valdés Hernández
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, UK,Scottish Imaging Network, A Platform for Scientific Excellence (SINAPSE) Collaboration, Edinburgh, UK,Department of Neuroimaging Sciences, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, UK,Corresponding author at: Department of Neuroimaging Sciences, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, 49 Little France Crescent, Chancellor’s Building, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK.Department of Neuroimaging SciencesCentre for Clinical Brain SciencesUniversity of EdinburghUK
| | - Jaeil Kim
- School of Computing, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Natalie A. Royle
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, UK,Scottish Imaging Network, A Platform for Scientific Excellence (SINAPSE) Collaboration, Edinburgh, UK,Department of Neuroimaging Sciences, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, UK
| | - Sarah E. MacPherson
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, UK,Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, UK
| | - Karen J. Ferguson
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, UK,Scottish Imaging Network, A Platform for Scientific Excellence (SINAPSE) Collaboration, Edinburgh, UK,Edinburgh Delirium Research Group, Geriatric Medicine, University of Edinburgh, UK
| | - Susana Muñoz Maniega
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, UK,Scottish Imaging Network, A Platform for Scientific Excellence (SINAPSE) Collaboration, Edinburgh, UK,Department of Neuroimaging Sciences, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, UK
| | - Devasuda Anblagan
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, UK,Scottish Imaging Network, A Platform for Scientific Excellence (SINAPSE) Collaboration, Edinburgh, UK,Department of Neuroimaging Sciences, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, UK
| | - Benjamin S. Aribisala
- Department of Neuroimaging Sciences, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, UK,Department of Computer Science, Lagos State University, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Mark E. Bastin
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, UK,Scottish Imaging Network, A Platform for Scientific Excellence (SINAPSE) Collaboration, Edinburgh, UK,Department of Neuroimaging Sciences, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, UK
| | - Jinah Park
- School of Computing, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, South Korea
| | - John M. Starr
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, UK
| | - Ian J. Deary
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, UK,Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, UK
| | - Alasdair M.J. MacLullich
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, UK,Edinburgh Delirium Research Group, Geriatric Medicine, University of Edinburgh, UK
| | - Joanna M. Wardlaw
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, UK,Scottish Imaging Network, A Platform for Scientific Excellence (SINAPSE) Collaboration, Edinburgh, UK,Department of Neuroimaging Sciences, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, UK
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Ponomareva NV, Andreeva TV, Protasova MS, Shagam LI, Malina DD, Goltsov AY, Fokin VF, Illarioshkin SN, Rogaev EI. Quantitative EEG during normal aging: association with the Alzheimer's disease genetic risk variant in PICALM gene. Neurobiol Aging 2017; 51:177.e1-177.e8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2016.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Revised: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/11/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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38
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Harris MA, Cox SR, Brett CE, Deary IJ, MacLullich AMJ. Stress in childhood, adolescence and early adulthood, and cortisol levels in older age. Stress 2017; 20:140-148. [PMID: 28140738 PMCID: PMC5399806 DOI: 10.1080/10253890.2017.1289168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The glucocorticoid hypothesis suggests that overexposure to stress may cause permanent upregulation of cortisol. Stress in youth may therefore influence cortisol levels even in older age. Using data from the 6-Day Sample, we investigated the effects of high stress in childhood, adolescence and early adulthood - as well as individual variables contributing to these measures; parental loss, social deprivation, school and home moves, illness, divorce and job instability - upon cortisol levels at age 77 years. Waking, waking +45 min (peak) and evening salivary cortisol samples were collected from 159 participants, and the 150 who were not using steroid medications were included in this study. After correcting for multiple comparisons, the only significant association was between early-adulthood job instability and later-life peak cortisol levels. After excluding participants with dementia or possible mild cognitive impairment, early-adulthood high stress showed significant associations with lower evening and mean cortisol levels, suggesting downregulation by stress, but these results did not survive correction for multiple comparisons. Overall, our results do not provide strong evidence of a relationship between stress in youth and later-life cortisol levels, but do suggest that some more long-term stressors, such as job instability, may indeed produce lasting upregulation of cortisol, persisting into the mid-to-late seventies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathew A. Harris
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- CONTACT Mathew A. HarrisBrain Imaging Research Centre, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Western General HospitalCrewe Road South, Edinburgh EH4 2XUUK
| | - Simon R. Cox
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Caroline E. Brett
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- School of Natural Sciences and Psychology, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Ian J. Deary
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Alasdair M. J. MacLullich
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Edinburgh Delirium Research Group, Geriatric Medicine Unit, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Endocrinology Unit, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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39
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Harris MA, Brett CE, Deary IJ, Starr JM. Associations among height, body mass index and intelligence from age 11 to age 78 years. BMC Geriatr 2016; 16:167. [PMID: 27681526 PMCID: PMC5041406 DOI: 10.1186/s12877-016-0340-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Intelligence is related to both height and body mass index (BMI) at various stages of life. Several studies have demonstrated longitudinal relationships between these measures, but none has established whether height and intelligence, or BMI and intelligence are linked from childhood through to older age. Methods We assessed the relations between these measures over an interval of up to 67 years using data from the 36-Day Sample, an initially-representative sample of Scottish people born in 1936, assessed at age 11 years (N = 6,291) and again at 77–78 years (N = 722). This paper focuses on the 423 participants (6.7 % of the original sample) who provided relevant data in late adulthood. Results Height and intelligence were significantly positively associated in childhood (β = .23) and late adulthood (β = .21–.29). Longitudinal correlations also showed that childhood intelligence predicted late-adulthood height (β = .20), and childhood height predicted late-adulthood cognitive ability (β = .12–.14). We observed no significant relationship between BMI and intelligence either in childhood or in late adulthood, nor any longitudinal association between the two in this sample. Conclusions Our results on height and intelligence are the first to demonstrate that their relationship spans almost seven decades, from childhood through to late adulthood, and they call for further investigation into the mechanisms underlying this lifelong association. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12877-016-0340-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathew A Harris
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK. .,Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
| | - Caroline E Brett
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,School of Natural Sciences and Psychology, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Ian J Deary
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - John M Starr
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Alzheimer Scotland Dementia Research Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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40
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Venturelli M, Sollima A, Cè E, Limonta E, Bisconti AV, Brasioli A, Muti E, Esposito F. Effectiveness of Exercise- and Cognitive-Based Treatments on Salivary Cortisol Levels and Sundowning Syndrome Symptoms in Patients with Alzheimer’s Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2016; 53:1631-40. [DOI: 10.3233/jad-160392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Venturelli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessio Sollima
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Emiliano Cè
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Eloisa Limonta
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Angela V. Bisconti
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | - Fabio Esposito
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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41
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Nagae T, Araki K, Shimoda Y, Sue LI, Beach TG, Konishi Y. Cytokines and Cytokine Receptors Involved in the Pathogenesis of Alzheimer's Disease. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL & CELLULAR IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 7:441. [PMID: 27895978 PMCID: PMC5123596 DOI: 10.4172/2155-9899.1000441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory mechanisms are implicated in the pathology of Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, it is unclear whether inflammatory alterations are a cause or consequence of neurodegeneration leading to dementia. Clarifying this issue would provide valuable insight into the early diagnosis and therapeutic management of AD. To address this, we compared the mRNA expression profiles of cytokines in the brains of AD patients with "non-demented individuals with AD pathology" and non-demented healthy control (ND) individuals. "Non-demented individuals with AD pathology" are referred to as high pathology control (HPC) individuals that are considered an intermediate subset between AD and ND. HPC represents a transition between normal aging and early stage of AD, and therefore, is useful for determining whether neuroinflammation is a cause or consequence of AD pathology. We observed that immunological conditions that produce cytokines in the HPC brain were more representative of ND than AD. To validate these result, we investigated the expression of inflammatory mediators at the protein level in postmortem brain tissues. We examined the protein expression of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)α and its receptors (TNFRs) in the brains of AD, HPC, and ND individuals. We found differences in soluble TNFα and TNFRs expression between AD and ND groups and between AD and HPC groups. Expression in the temporal cortex was lower in the AD brains than HPC and ND. Our findings indicate that alterations in immunological conditions involving TNFR-mediated signaling are not the primary events initiating AD pathology, such as amyloid plaques and tangle formation. These may be early events occurring along with synaptic and neuronal changes or later events caused by these changes. In this review, we emphasize that elucidating the temporal expression of TNFα signaling molecules during AD is important to understand the selective tuning of these pathways required to develop effective therapeutic strategies for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomone Nagae
- Department of Clinical Research, National Tottori Medical Center, Tottori 689-0203, Japan
| | - Kiho Araki
- Department of Clinical Research, National Tottori Medical Center, Tottori 689-0203, Japan
| | - Yuki Shimoda
- Department of Clinical Research, National Tottori Medical Center, Tottori 689-0203, Japan
| | - Lucia I. Sue
- Civin Laboratory for Neuropathology, Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, AZ, 85351, USA
| | - Thomas G. Beach
- Civin Laboratory for Neuropathology, Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, AZ, 85351, USA
| | - Yoshihiro Konishi
- Department of Clinical Research, National Tottori Medical Center, Tottori 689-0203, Japan
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42
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Wood KN, Nikolov R, Shoemaker JK. Impact of Long-Term Endurance Training vs. Guideline-Based Physical Activity on Brain Structure in Healthy Aging. Front Aging Neurosci 2016; 8:155. [PMID: 27445798 PMCID: PMC4928447 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2016.00155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain structure is a fundamental determinant of brain function, both of which decline with age in the adult. Whereas short-term exercise improves brain size in older adults, the impact of endurance training on brain structure when initiated early and sustained throughout life, remains unknown. We tested the hypothesis that long-term competitive aerobic training enhances cortical and subcortical mass compared to middle to older-aged healthy adults who adhere to the minimum physical activity guidelines. Observations were made in 16 masters athletes (MA; 53 ± 6 years, VO2max = 55 ± 10 ml/kg/min, training > 15 years), and 16 active, healthy, and cognitively intact subjects (HA; 58 ± 9 years, VO2max = 38 ± 7 ml/kg/min). T1-weighted structural acquisition at 3T enabled quantification of cortical thickness and subcortical gray and white matter volumes. Cardiorespiratory fitness correlated strongly with whole-brain cortical thickness. Subcortical volumetric mass at the lateral ventricles, R hippocampus, R amygdala, and anterior cingulate cortex, correlated with age but not fitness. In a region-of-interest (ROI) group-based analysis, MA expressed greater cortical thickness in the medial prefrontal cortex, pre and postcentral gyri, and insula. There was no effect of group on the rate of age-related cortical or subcortical decline. The current data suggest that lifelong endurance training that produces high levels of cardiorespiratory fitness, builds cortical reserve early in life, and sustains this benefit over the 40–70 year age span. This reserve likely has important implications for neurological health later in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katelyn N Wood
- Department of Kinesiology, Neurovascular Research Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, Western University London, ON, Canada
| | - Robert Nikolov
- Robarts Research Institute, Western University London, ON, Canada
| | - J Kevin Shoemaker
- Department of Kinesiology, Neurovascular Research Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, Western UniversityLondon, ON, Canada; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Western UniversityLondon, ON, Canada
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43
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Campbell SN, Zhang C, Roe AD, Lee N, Lao KU, Monte L, Donohue MC, Rissman RA. Impact of CRFR1 Ablation on Amyloid-β Production and Accumulation in a Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2016; 45:1175-84. [PMID: 25697705 DOI: 10.3233/jad-142844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Stress exposure and the corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) system have been implicated as mechanistically involved in both Alzheimer's disease (AD) and associated rodent models. In particular, the major stress receptor, CRF receptor type 1 (CRFR1), modulates cellular activity in many AD-relevant brain areas, and has been demonstrated to impact both tau phosphorylation and amyloid-β (Aβ) pathways. The overarching goal of our laboratory is to develop and characterize agents that impact the CRF signaling system as disease-modifying treatments for AD. In the present study, we developed a novel transgenic mouse to determine whether partial or complete ablation of CRFR1 was feasible in an AD transgenic model and whether this type of treatment could impact Aβ pathology. Double transgenic AD mice (PSAPP) were crossed to mice null for CRFR1; resultant CRFR1 heterozygous (PSAPP-R1(+/-)) and homozygous (PSAPP-R1(-/-)) female offspring were used at 12 months of age to examine the impact of CRFR1 disruption on the severity of AD Aβ levels and pathology. We found that both PSAPP-R1(+/-) and PSAPP-R1(-/-) had significantly reduced Aβ burden in the hippocampus, insular, rhinal, and retrosplenial cortices. Accordingly, we observed dramatic reductions in Aβ peptides and AβPP-CTFs, providing support for a direct relationship between CRFR1 and Aβ production pathways. In summary, our results suggest that interference of CRFR1 in an AD model is tolerable and is efficacious in impacting Aβ neuropathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon N Campbell
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Allyson D Roe
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Nickey Lee
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Kathleen U Lao
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Louise Monte
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Michael C Donohue
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA Department of Family Preventive Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Robert A Rissman
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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44
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Cox SR, MacPherson SE, Ferguson KJ, Royle NA, Maniega SM, Hernández MDCV, Bastin ME, MacLullich AM, Wardlaw JM, Deary IJ. Does white matter structure or hippocampal volume mediate associations between cortisol and cognitive ageing? Psychoneuroendocrinology 2015; 62:129-37. [PMID: 26298692 PMCID: PMC4642652 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2015.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Revised: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Elevated glucocorticoid (GC) levels putatively damage specific brain regions, which in turn may accelerate cognitive ageing. However, many studies are cross-sectional or have relatively short follow-up periods, making it difficult to relate GCs directly to changes in cognitive ability with increasing age. Moreover, studies combining endocrine, MRI and cognitive variables are scarce, measurement methods vary considerably, and formal tests of the underlying causal hypothesis (cortisol→brain→cognition) are absent. In this study, 90 men, aged 73 years, provided measures of fluid intelligence, processing speed and memory, diurnal and reactive salivary cortisol and two measures of white matter (WM) structure (WM hyperintensity volume from structural MRI and mean diffusivity averaged across 12 major tracts from diffusion tensor MRI), hippocampal volume, and also cognitive ability at age 11. We tested whether negative relationships between cognitive ageing differences (over more than 60 years) and salivary cortisol were significantly mediated by WM and hippocampal volume. Significant associations between reactive cortisol at 73 and cognitive ageing differences between 11 and 73 (r=-.28 to -.36, p<.05) were partially mediated by both WM structural measures, but not hippocampal volume. Cortisol-WM relationships were modest, as was the degree to which WM structure attenuated cortisol-cognition associations (<15%). These data support the hypothesis that GCs contribute to cognitive ageing differences from childhood to the early 70s, partly via brain WM structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon R. Cox
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, UK,Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, UK,Brain Research Imaging Centre, Neuroimaging Sciences, University of Edinburgh, UK,Corresponding author at: Department of Psychology, 7 George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK. Fax: +44 (0)131 651 1771.
| | - Sarah E. MacPherson
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, UK,Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, UK
| | - Karen J. Ferguson
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, UK,Edinburgh Delirium Research Group, Geriatric Medicine, University of Edinburgh, UK
| | - Natalie A. Royle
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, UK,Brain Research Imaging Centre, Neuroimaging Sciences, University of Edinburgh, UK,Scottish Imaging Network, A Platform for Scientific Excellence (SINAPSE) Collaboration, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Susana Muñoz Maniega
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, UK,Brain Research Imaging Centre, Neuroimaging Sciences, University of Edinburgh, UK,Scottish Imaging Network, A Platform for Scientific Excellence (SINAPSE) Collaboration, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Maria del C. Valdés Hernández
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, UK,Brain Research Imaging Centre, Neuroimaging Sciences, University of Edinburgh, UK,Scottish Imaging Network, A Platform for Scientific Excellence (SINAPSE) Collaboration, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Mark E. Bastin
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, UK,Brain Research Imaging Centre, Neuroimaging Sciences, University of Edinburgh, UK,Scottish Imaging Network, A Platform for Scientific Excellence (SINAPSE) Collaboration, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Alasdair M.J. MacLullich
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, UK,Edinburgh Delirium Research Group, Geriatric Medicine, University of Edinburgh, UK
| | - Joanna M. Wardlaw
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, UK,Brain Research Imaging Centre, Neuroimaging Sciences, University of Edinburgh, UK,Scottish Imaging Network, A Platform for Scientific Excellence (SINAPSE) Collaboration, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Ian J. Deary
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, UK,Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, UK
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45
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Talwar P, Sinha J, Grover S, Rawat C, Kushwaha S, Agarwal R, Taneja V, Kukreti R. Dissecting Complex and Multifactorial Nature of Alzheimer's Disease Pathogenesis: a Clinical, Genomic, and Systems Biology Perspective. Mol Neurobiol 2015; 53:4833-64. [PMID: 26351077 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9390-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by loss of memory and other cognitive functions. AD can be classified into familial AD (FAD) and sporadic AD (SAD) based on heritability and into early onset AD (EOAD) and late onset AD (LOAD) based on age of onset. LOAD cases are more prevalent with genetically complex architecture. In spite of significant research focused on understanding the etiological mechanisms, search for diagnostic biomarker(s) and disease-modifying therapy is still on. In this article, we aim to comprehensively review AD literature on established etiological mechanisms including role of beta-amyloid and apolipoprotein E (APOE) along with promising newer etiological factors such as epigenetic modifications that have been associated with AD suggesting its multifactorial nature. As genomic studies have recently played a significant role in elucidating AD pathophysiology, a systematic review of findings from genome-wide linkage (GWL), genome-wide association (GWA), genome-wide expression (GWE), and epigenome-wide association studies (EWAS) was conducted. The availability of multi-dimensional genomic data has further coincided with the advent of computational and network biology approaches in recent years. Our review highlights the importance of integrative approaches involving genomics and systems biology perspective in elucidating AD pathophysiology. The promising newer approaches may provide reliable means of early and more specific diagnosis and help identify therapeutic interventions for LOAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puneet Talwar
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (CSIR-IGIB) Campus, New Delhi, India.,Genomics and Molecular Medicine Unit, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (CSIR-IGIB), Mall Road, Delhi, 110 007, India
| | - Juhi Sinha
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine Unit, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (CSIR-IGIB), Mall Road, Delhi, 110 007, India
| | - Sandeep Grover
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine Unit, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (CSIR-IGIB), Mall Road, Delhi, 110 007, India.,Department of Paediatrics, Division of Pneumonology-Immunology, Charité University Medical Centre, Berlin, Germany
| | - Chitra Rawat
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (CSIR-IGIB) Campus, New Delhi, India.,Genomics and Molecular Medicine Unit, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (CSIR-IGIB), Mall Road, Delhi, 110 007, India
| | - Suman Kushwaha
- Institute of Human Behaviour and Allied Sciences (IHBAS), Delhi, India
| | - Rachna Agarwal
- Institute of Human Behaviour and Allied Sciences (IHBAS), Delhi, India
| | - Vibha Taneja
- Department of Research, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Ritushree Kukreti
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (CSIR-IGIB) Campus, New Delhi, India. .,Genomics and Molecular Medicine Unit, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (CSIR-IGIB), Mall Road, Delhi, 110 007, India.
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46
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Park HJ, Ran Y, Jung JI, Holmes O, Price AR, Smithson L, Ceballos-Diaz C, Han C, Wolfe MS, Daaka Y, Ryabinin AE, Kim SH, Hauger RL, Golde TE, Felsenstein KM. The stress response neuropeptide CRF increases amyloid-β production by regulating γ-secretase activity. EMBO J 2015; 34:1674-86. [PMID: 25964433 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201488795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The biological underpinnings linking stress to Alzheimer's disease (AD) risk are poorly understood. We investigated how corticotrophin releasing factor (CRF), a critical stress response mediator, influences amyloid-β (Aβ) production. In cells, CRF treatment increases Aβ production and triggers CRF receptor 1 (CRFR1) and γ-secretase internalization. Co-immunoprecipitation studies establish that γ-secretase associates with CRFR1; this is mediated by β-arrestin binding motifs. Additionally, CRFR1 and γ-secretase co-localize in lipid raft fractions, with increased γ-secretase accumulation upon CRF treatment. CRF treatment also increases γ-secretase activity in vitro, revealing a second, receptor-independent mechanism of action. CRF is the first endogenous neuropeptide that can be shown to directly modulate γ-secretase activity. Unexpectedly, CRFR1 antagonists also increased Aβ. These data collectively link CRF to increased Aβ through γ-secretase and provide mechanistic insight into how stress may increase AD risk. They also suggest that direct targeting of CRF might be necessary to effectively modulate this pathway for therapeutic benefit in AD, as CRFR1 antagonists increase Aβ and in some cases preferentially increase Aβ42 via complex effects on γ-secretase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyo-Jin Park
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neuroscience, McKnight Brain Institute, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Yong Ran
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neuroscience, McKnight Brain Institute, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Joo In Jung
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neuroscience, McKnight Brain Institute, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Oliver Holmes
- Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ashleigh R Price
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neuroscience, McKnight Brain Institute, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Lisa Smithson
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neuroscience, McKnight Brain Institute, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Carolina Ceballos-Diaz
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neuroscience, McKnight Brain Institute, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Chul Han
- Department of Aging and Geriatric Research, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Michael S Wolfe
- Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yehia Daaka
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Andrey E Ryabinin
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Seong-Hun Kim
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Richard L Hauger
- Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry, VA Healthcare System, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Todd E Golde
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neuroscience, McKnight Brain Institute, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Kevin M Felsenstein
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neuroscience, McKnight Brain Institute, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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Machado A, Herrera AJ, de Pablos RM, Espinosa-Oliva AM, Sarmiento M, Ayala A, Venero JL, Santiago M, Villarán RF, Delgado-Cortés MJ, Argüelles S, Cano J. Chronic stress as a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease. Rev Neurosci 2015; 25:785-804. [PMID: 25178904 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2014-0035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2014] [Accepted: 07/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
This review aims to point out that chronic stress is able to accelerate the appearance of Alzheimer's disease (AD), proposing the former as a risk factor for the latter. Firstly, in the introduction we describe some human epidemiological studies pointing out the possibility that chronic stress could increase the incidence, or the rate of appearance of AD. Afterwards, we try to justify these epidemiological results with some experimental data. We have reviewed the experiments studying the effect of various stressors on different features in AD animal models. Moreover, we also point out the data obtained on the effect of chronic stress on some processes that are known to be involved in AD, such as inflammation and glucose metabolism. Later, we relate some of the processes known to be involved in aging and AD, such as accumulation of β-amyloid, TAU hyperphosphorylation, oxidative stress and impairement of mitochondrial function, emphasizing how they are affected by chronic stress/glucocorticoids and comparing with the description made for these processes in AD. All these data support the idea that chronic stress could be considered a risk factor for AD.
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Ebner NC, Kamin H, Diaz V, Cohen RA, MacDonald K. Hormones as "difference makers" in cognitive and socioemotional aging processes. Front Psychol 2015; 5:1595. [PMID: 25657633 PMCID: PMC4302708 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2014] [Accepted: 12/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging is associated with well-recognized alterations in brain function, some of which are reflected in cognitive decline. While less appreciated, there is also considerable evidence of socioemotional changes later in life, some of which are beneficial. In this review, we examine age-related changes and individual differences in four neuroendocrine systems-cortisol, estrogen, testosterone, and oxytocin-as "difference makers" in these processes. This suite of interrelated hormonal systems actively coordinates regulatory processes in brain and behavior throughout development, and their level and function fluctuate during the aging process. Despite these facts, their specific impact in cognitive and socioemotional aging has received relatively limited study. It is known that chronically elevated levels of the stress hormone cortisol exert neurotoxic effects on the aging brain with negative impacts on cognition and socioemotional functioning. In contrast, the sex hormones estrogen and testosterone appear to have neuroprotective effects in cognitive aging, but may decrease prosociality. Higher levels of the neuropeptide oxytocin benefit socioemotional functioning, but little is known about the effects of oxytocin on cognition or about age-related changes in the oxytocin system. In this paper, we will review the role of these hormones in the context of cognitive and socioemotional aging. In particular, we address the aforementioned gap in the literature by: (1) examining both singular actions and interrelations of these four hormonal systems; (2) exploring their correlations and causal relationships with aspects of cognitive and socioemotional aging; and (3) considering multilevel internal and external influences on these hormone systems within the framework of explanatory pluralism. We conclude with a discussion of promising future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie C Ebner
- Department of Psychology, University of Florida Gainesville, FL, USA ; Department of Aging and Geriatric Research, University of Florida Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Hayley Kamin
- Department of Psychology, University of Florida Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Vanessa Diaz
- Department of Psychology, University of Florida Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Ronald A Cohen
- Department of Aging and Geriatric Research, University of Florida Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Kai MacDonald
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
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Marchese M, Cowan D, Head E, Ma D, Karimi K, Ashthorpe V, Kapadia M, Zhao H, Davis P, Sakic B. Autoimmune manifestations in the 3xTg-AD model of Alzheimer's disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2014; 39:191-210. [PMID: 24150111 DOI: 10.3233/jad-131490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immune system activation is frequently reported in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, it remains unknown whether this is a cause, a consequence, or an epiphenomenon of brain degeneration. OBJECTIVE The present study examines whether immunological abnormalities occur in a well-established murine AD model and if so, how they relate temporally to behavioral deficits and neuropathology. METHODS A broad battery of tests was employed to assess behavioral performance and autoimmune/inflammatory markers in 3xTg-AD (AD) mice and wild type controls from 1.5 to 12 months of age. RESULTS Aged AD mice displayed severe manifestations of systemic autoimmune/inflammatory dise6ase, as evidenced by splenomegaly, hepatomegaly, elevated serum levels of anti-nuclear/anti-dsDNA antibodies, low hematocrit, and increased number of double-negative T splenocytes. However, anxiety-related behavior and altered spleen function were evident as early as 2 months of age, thus preceding typical AD-like brain pathology. Moreover, AD mice showed altered olfaction and impaired "cognitive" flexibility in the first 6 months of life, suggesting mild cognitive impairment-like manifestations before general learning/memory impairments emerged at an older age. Interestingly, all of these features were present in 3xTg-AD mice prior to significant amyloid-β or tau pathology. CONCLUSION The results indicate that behavioral deficits in AD mice develop in parallel with systemic autoimmune/inflammatory disease. These changes antedate AD-like neuropathology, thus supporting a causal link between autoimmunity and aberrant behavior. Consequently, 3xTg-AD mice may be a useful model in elucidating the role of immune system in the etiology of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Marchese
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - David Cowan
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Elizabeth Head
- Department of Molecular & Biomedical Pharmacology, Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Donglai Ma
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Khalil Karimi
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | | | - Minesh Kapadia
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Hui Zhao
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Paulina Davis
- Department of Molecular & Biomedical Pharmacology, Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Boris Sakic
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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