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Rashid F, Zaongo SD, Iqbal H, Harypursat V, Song F, Chen Y. Interactions between HIV proteins and host restriction factors: implications for potential therapeutic intervention in HIV infection. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1390650. [PMID: 39221250 PMCID: PMC11361988 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1390650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Different host proteins target different HIV proteins and antagonize their functions, depending on the stage of the HIV life cycle and the stage of infection. Concurrently, HIV proteins also target and antagonize various different host proteins to facilitate HIV replication within host cells. The preceding quite specific area of knowledge in HIV pathogenesis, however, remains insufficiently understood. We therefore propose, in this review article, to examine and discuss the HIV proteins that counteract those host restriction proteins which results directly in increased infectivity of HIV. We elaborate on HIV proteins that antagonize host cellular proteins to promote HIV replication, and thus HIV infection. We examine the functions and mechanisms via which Nef, Vif, Vpu, Env, Vpr, and Vpx counteract host proteins such as Ser5, PSGL-1, IFITMS, A3G, tetherin, GBP5, SAMHD1, STING, HUSH, REAF, and TET2 to increase HIV infectivity. Nef antagonizes three host proteins, viz., Ser5, PSGL1, and IFITIMs, while Vpx also antagonizes three host restriction factors, viz., SAMHD1, STING, and HUSH complex; therefore, these proteins may be potential candidates for therapeutic intervention in HIV infection. Tetherin is targeted by Vpu and Env, PSGL1 is targeted by Nef and Vpu, while Ser5 is targeted by Nef and Env proteins. Finally, conclusive remarks and future perspectives are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farooq Rashid
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, Chongqing, China
| | - Silvere D. Zaongo
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, Chongqing, China
| | - Hifza Iqbal
- School of science, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Vijay Harypursat
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, Chongqing, China
| | - Fangzhou Song
- Basic Medicine College, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yaokai Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, Chongqing, China
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2
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Gupta P, Rai A, Hans C, Husain M. An Observational Study of Genetic Diversity of HIV-1 vpu in Rapid Progressors in India. Curr HIV Res 2023; 21:99-108. [PMID: 36809950 DOI: 10.2174/1570162x21666230221152633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The genetic diversity in HIV-1 genes affects viral pathogenesis in HIV-1 positive patients. Accessory genes of HIV-1, including vpu, are reported to play a critical role in HIV pathogenesis and disease progression. Vpu has a crucial role in CD4 degradation and virus release. The sequence heterogeneity in the vpu gene may affect disease progression in patients, therefore, the current study was undertaken to identify the role of vpu in patients defined as rapid progressors. OBJECTIVE The objective of the study was to identify the viral determinants present on vpu that may be important in disease progression in rapid progressors. METHODS Blood samples were collected from 13 rapid progressors. DNA was isolated from PBMCs and vpu was amplified using nested PCR. Both strands of the gene were sequenced using an automated DNA Sequencer. The characterization and analysis of vpu was done using various bioinformatics tools. RESULTS The analysis revealed that all sequences had intact ORF and sequence heterogeneity was present across all sequences and distributed all over the gene. The synonymous substitutions, however, were higher than nonsynonymous substitutions. The phylogenetic tree analysis showed an evolutionary relationship with previously published Indian subtype C sequences. Comparatively, the cytoplasmic tail(77 - 86) showed the highest degree of variability in these sequences as determined by Entropy- one tool. CONCLUSION The study showed that due to the robust nature of the protein, the biological activity of the protein was intact and sequence heterogeneity may promote disease progression in the study population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poonam Gupta
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Millia Islamia (Central University), 110 025, New Delhi, India
| | - Arvind Rai
- National Centre for Disease Control, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, 22 - Sham Nath Marg, 110 054, Delhi, India
| | - Charoo Hans
- Department of Microbiology, Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital, 110 001, New Delhi, India
| | - Mohammad Husain
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Millia Islamia (Central University), 110 025, New Delhi, India
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Zhai F, Wang J, Yang W, Ye M, Jin X. The E3 Ligases in Cervical Cancer and Endometrial Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:5354. [PMID: 36358773 PMCID: PMC9658772 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14215354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 07/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Endometrial (EC) and cervical (CC) cancers are the most prevalent malignancies of the female reproductive system. There is a global trend towards increasing incidence and mortality, with a decreasing age trend. E3 ligases label substrates with ubiquitin to regulate their activity and stability and are involved in various cellular functions. Studies have confirmed abnormal expression or mutations of E3 ligases in EC and CC, indicating their vital roles in the occurrence and progression of EC and CC. This paper provides an overview of the E3 ligases implicated in EC and CC and discusses their underlying mechanism. In addition, this review provides research advances in the target of ubiquitination processes in EC and CC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengguang Zhai
- The Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315020, China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Medical School of Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Jie Wang
- The Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315020, China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Medical School of Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Weili Yang
- Department of Gynecology, The Affiliated People’s Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo 315040, China
| | - Meng Ye
- The Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315020, China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Medical School of Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Xiaofeng Jin
- The Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315020, China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Medical School of Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
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4
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Khan N, Geiger JD. Role of Viral Protein U (Vpu) in HIV-1 Infection and Pathogenesis. Viruses 2021; 13:1466. [PMID: 34452331 PMCID: PMC8402909 DOI: 10.3390/v13081466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 and HIV-2 originated from cross-species transmission of simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIVs). Most of these transfers resulted in limited spread of these viruses to humans. However, one transmission event involving SIVcpz from chimpanzees gave rise to group M HIV-1, with M being the principal strain of HIV-1 responsible for the AIDS pandemic. Vpu is an HIV-1 accessory protein generated from Env/Vpu encoded bicistronic mRNA and localized in cytosolic and membrane regions of cells capable of being infected by HIV-1 and that regulate HIV-1 infection and transmission by downregulating BST-2, CD4 proteins levels, and immune evasion. This review will focus of critical aspects of Vpu including its zoonosis, the adaptive hurdles to cross-species transmission, and future perspectives and broad implications of Vpu in HIV-1 infection and dissemination.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jonathan D. Geiger
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, 504 Hamline Street, Room 110, Grand Forks, ND 58203, USA;
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5
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Luscombe CA, Avihingsanon A, Supparatpinyo K, Gatechompol S, Han WM, Ewart GD, Thomson AS, Miller M, Becker S, Murphy RL. Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Vpu Inhibitor, BIT225, in Combination with 3-Drug Antiretroviral Therapy: Inflammation and Immune Cell Modulation. J Infect Dis 2021; 223:1914-1922. [PMID: 33038249 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiaa635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BIT225 is a first-in-class inhibitor of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1 Vpu. A phase II trial enrolled 36 HIV-1-infected, treatment-naive participants in Thailand to receive standard-of-care antiretroviral therapy (ART), tenofovir disoproxil fumarate/emtricitabine/efavirenz (Atripla), with 100 or 200 mg of BIT225 or placebo (daily) for 12 weeks. Combined treatment with BIT225 and ART was found to be generally safe and well tolerated, with antiviral efficacy comparable to that of ART alone. The secondary end point-soluble CD163, a marker of monocyte/macrophage inflammation-was noted to be significantly decreased in the BIT225 arm. Plasma-derived activated CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, natural killer cells, and interleukin 21 were increased in those treated with BIT225. These findings are consistent with inhibition of the known effects of HIV Vpu and may reflect clinically important modulation of inflammatory and immune function. Further clinical study is planned to both confirm and extend these important findings in treatment-naive, and treatment-experienced individuals. Clinical Trials Registration. Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (Universal Trial Number U1111-1191-2194).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anchalee Avihingsanon
- HIV-Netherlands Australia Thailand Research Collaboration, Thai Red Cross AIDS Research Centre, Bangkok, Thailand.,Tuberculosis Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Sivaporn Gatechompol
- HIV-Netherlands Australia Thailand Research Collaboration, Thai Red Cross AIDS Research Centre, Bangkok, Thailand.,Tuberculosis Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Win Min Han
- HIV-Netherlands Australia Thailand Research Collaboration, Thai Red Cross AIDS Research Centre, Bangkok, Thailand
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Abstract
HIV, the causative agent of AIDS, has a complex evolutionary history involving several cross-species transmissions and recombination events as well as changes in the repertoire and function of its accessory genes. Understanding these events and the adaptations to new host species provides key insights into innate defense mechanisms, viral dependencies on cellular factors, and prerequisites for the emergence of the AIDS pandemic. In addition, understanding the factors and adaptations required for the spread of HIV in the human population helps to better assess the risk of future lentiviral zoonoses and provides clues to how improved control of viral replication can be achieved. Here, we summarize our current knowledge on viral features and adaptations preceding the AIDS pandemic. We aim at providing a viral point of view, focusing on known key hurdles of each cross-species transmission and the mechanisms that HIV and its simian precursors evolved to overcome them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Sauter
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Centre, Ulm 89081, Germany
| | - Frank Kirchhoff
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Centre, Ulm 89081, Germany.
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7
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Joas S, Parrish EH, Gnanadurai CW, Lump E, Stürzel CM, Parrish NF, Learn GH, Sauermann U, Neumann B, Rensing KM, Fuchs D, Billingsley JM, Bosinger SE, Silvestri G, Apetrei C, Huot N, Garcia-Tellez T, Müller-Trutwin M, Hotter D, Sauter D, Stahl-Hennig C, Hahn BH, Kirchhoff F. Species-specific host factors rather than virus-intrinsic virulence determine primate lentiviral pathogenicity. Nat Commun 2018; 9:1371. [PMID: 29636452 PMCID: PMC5893559 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-03762-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 causes chronic inflammation and AIDS in humans, whereas related simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIVs) replicate efficiently in their natural hosts without causing disease. It is currently unknown to what extent virus-specific properties are responsible for these different clinical outcomes. Here, we incorporate two putative HIV-1 virulence determinants, i.e., a Vpu protein that antagonizes tetherin and blocks NF-κB activation and a Nef protein that fails to suppress T cell activation via downmodulation of CD3, into a non-pathogenic SIVagm strain and test their impact on viral replication and pathogenicity in African green monkeys. Despite sustained high-level viremia over more than 4 years, moderately increased immune activation and transcriptional signatures of inflammation, the HIV-1-like SIVagm does not cause immunodeficiency or any other disease. These data indicate that species-specific host factors rather than intrinsic viral virulence factors determine the pathogenicity of primate lentiviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Joas
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Erica H Parrish
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 372327, USA
| | - Clement W Gnanadurai
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081, Ulm, Germany
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Edina Lump
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Christina M Stürzel
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Nicholas F Parrish
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Gerald H Learn
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | | | | | | | - Dietmar Fuchs
- Division of Biological Chemistry, Biocenter Innsbruck Medical University, Center for Chemistry and Biomedicine, A-6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - James M Billingsley
- Emory Vaccine Center and Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Steven E Bosinger
- Emory Vaccine Center and Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Guido Silvestri
- Emory Vaccine Center and Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Cristian Apetrei
- WA Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Nicolas Huot
- Institut Pasteur, Unité HIV, Inflammation and Persistence, Paris, 75015, France
- Vaccine Research Institute, Hôpital Henri Mondor, Créteil, 94010, France
| | | | | | - Dominik Hotter
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Daniel Sauter
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Beatrice H Hahn
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Frank Kirchhoff
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081, Ulm, Germany.
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8
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Hölzemer A, Garcia-Beltran WF, Altfeld M. Natural Killer Cell Interactions with Classical and Non-Classical Human Leukocyte Antigen Class I in HIV-1 Infection. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1496. [PMID: 29184550 PMCID: PMC5694438 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are effector lymphocytes of the innate immune system that are able to mount a multifaceted antiviral response within hours following infection. This is achieved through an array of cell surface receptors surveilling host cells for alterations in human leukocyte antigen class I (HLA-I) expression and other ligands as signs of viral infection, malignant transformation, and cellular stress. This interaction between HLA-I ligands and NK-cell receptor is not only important for recognition of diseased cells but also mediates tuning of NK-cell-effector functions. HIV-1 alters the expression of HLA-I ligands on infected cells, rendering them susceptible to NK cell-mediated killing. However, over the past years, various HIV-1 evasion strategies have been discovered to target NK-cell-receptor ligands and allow the virus to escape from NK cell-mediated immunity. While studies have been mainly focusing on the role of polymorphic HLA-A, -B, and -C molecules, less is known about how HIV-1 affects the more conserved, non-classical HLA-I molecules HLA-E, -G, and -F. In this review, we will focus on the recent progress in understanding the role of non-classical HLA-I ligands in NK cell-mediated recognition of HIV-1-infected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelique Hölzemer
- First Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Marcus Altfeld
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, Hamburg, Germany
- Institute for Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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9
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Heusinger E, Kirchhoff F. Primate Lentiviruses Modulate NF-κB Activity by Multiple Mechanisms to Fine-Tune Viral and Cellular Gene Expression. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:198. [PMID: 28261165 PMCID: PMC5306280 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) plays a complex role during the replication of primate lentiviruses. On the one hand, NF-κB is essential for induction of efficient proviral gene expression. On the other hand, this transcription factor contributes to the innate immune response and induces expression of numerous cellular antiviral genes. Recent data suggest that primate lentiviruses cope with this challenge by boosting NF-κB activity early during the replication cycle to initiate Tat-driven viral transcription and suppressing it at later stages to minimize antiviral gene expression. Human and simian immunodeficiency viruses (HIV and SIV, respectively) initially exploit their accessory Nef protein to increase the responsiveness of infected CD4+ T cells to stimulation. Increased NF-κB activity initiates Tat expression and productive replication. These events happen quickly after infection since Nef is rapidly expressed at high levels. Later during infection, Nef proteins of HIV-2 and most SIVs exert a very different effect: by down-modulating the CD3 receptor, an essential factor for T cell receptor (TCR) signaling, they prevent stimulation of CD4+ T cells via antigen-presenting cells and hence suppress further induction of NF-κB and an effective antiviral immune response. Efficient LTR-driven viral transcription is maintained because it is largely independent of NF-κB in the presence of Tat. In contrast, human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and its simian precursors have lost the CD3 down-modulation function of Nef and use the late viral protein U (Vpu) to inhibit NF-κB activity by suppressing its nuclear translocation. In this review, we discuss how HIV-1 and other primate lentiviruses might balance viral and antiviral gene expression through a tight temporal regulation of NF-κB activity throughout their replication cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Heusinger
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center Ulm, Germany
| | - Frank Kirchhoff
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center Ulm, Germany
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10
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Cell Surface Downregulation of NK Cell Ligands by Patient-Derived HIV-1 Vpu and Nef Alleles. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2016; 72:1-10. [PMID: 26656785 DOI: 10.1097/qai.0000000000000917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE HIV-1 Vpu and Nef proteins downregulate cell surface levels of natural killer (NK) cell ligands but functional consequences of individual downregulation events are unclear. We tested how well-conserved NK cell ligand downregulation is among Vpu and Nef variants isolated from chronic HIV patients. METHODS Proviral vpu and nef sequences were amplified from 27 chronic HIV patients, subcloned, and tested for their ability to downregulate cell surface receptors. RESULTS Cell surface downregulation of CD4, CD317/tetherin, and major histocompatibility complex class 1 that exert biological functions other than NK cell activation were well conserved among patient-derived Vpu and Nef variants. Among NK cell ligands, NK-T-B-antigen, poliovirus receptor, and UL16-binding protein were identified as main targets for Vpu and Nef, the downregulation of which by at least 1 viral protein was highly conserved. NK cell ligands displayed specific sensitivity to Vpu (NK-T-B-antigen) or Nef (poliovirus receptor), and downregulation of cell surface UL16-binding protein was identified as a novel and highly conserved activity of HIV-1 Vpu but not Nef. CONCLUSIONS The conservation of downregulation of major NK cell ligands by either HIV-1 Vpu or Nef suggests an important pathophysiological role of this activity, which may impact the acute but not the chronic phase of HIV infection.
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11
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Paquin-Proulx D, Gibbs A, Bächle SM, Checa A, Introini A, Leeansyah E, Wheelock CE, Nixon DF, Broliden K, Tjernlund A, Moll M, Sandberg JK. Innate Invariant NKT Cell Recognition of HIV-1-Infected Dendritic Cells Is an Early Detection Mechanism Targeted by Viral Immune Evasion. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 197:1843-51. [PMID: 27481843 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1600556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Invariant NKT (iNKT) cells are innate-like T cells that respond rapidly with a broad range of effector functions upon recognition of glycolipid Ags presented by CD1d. HIV-1 carries Nef- and Vpu-dependent mechanisms to interfere with CD1d surface expression, indirectly suggesting a role for iNKT cells in control of HIV-1 infection. In this study, we investigated whether iNKT cells can participate in the innate cell-mediated immune response to HIV-1. Infection of dendritic cells (DCs) with Nef- and Vpu-deficient HIV-1 induced upregulation of CD1d in a TLR7-dependent manner. Infection of DCs caused modulation of enzymes in the sphingolipid pathway and enhanced expression of the endogenous glucosylceramide Ag. Importantly, iNKT cells responded specifically to rare DCs productively infected with Nef- and Vpu-defective HIV-1. Transmitted founder viral isolates differed in their CD1d downregulation capacity, suggesting that diverse strains may be differentially successful in inhibiting this pathway. Furthermore, both iNKT cells and DCs expressing CD1d and HIV receptors resided in the female genital mucosa, a site where HIV-1 transmission occurs. Taken together, these findings suggest that innate iNKT cell sensing of HIV-1 infection in DCs is an early immune detection mechanism, which is independent of priming and adaptive recognition of viral Ag, and is actively targeted by Nef- and Vpu-dependent viral immune evasion mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic Paquin-Proulx
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, 14186 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Gibbs
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Susanna M Bächle
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, 14186 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Antonio Checa
- Division of Physiological Chemistry II, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden; and
| | - Andrea Introini
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Edwin Leeansyah
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, 14186 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Craig E Wheelock
- Division of Physiological Chemistry II, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden; and
| | - Douglas F Nixon
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037
| | - Kristina Broliden
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Annelie Tjernlund
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Markus Moll
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, 14186 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Johan K Sandberg
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, 14186 Stockholm, Sweden;
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12
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Remodeling of the Host Cell Plasma Membrane by HIV-1 Nef and Vpu: A Strategy to Ensure Viral Fitness and Persistence. Viruses 2016; 8:67. [PMID: 26950141 PMCID: PMC4810257 DOI: 10.3390/v8030067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2016] [Revised: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The plasma membrane protects the cell from its surroundings and regulates cellular communication, homing, and metabolism. Not surprisingly, the composition of this membrane is highly controlled through the vesicular trafficking of proteins to and from the cell surface. As intracellular pathogens, most viruses exploit the host plasma membrane to promote viral replication while avoiding immune detection. This is particularly true for the enveloped human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), which assembles and obtains its lipid shell directly at the plasma membrane. HIV-1 encodes two proteins, negative factor (Nef) and viral protein U (Vpu), which function primarily by altering the quantity and localization of cell surface molecules to increase virus fitness despite host antiviral immune responses. These proteins are expressed at different stages in the HIV-1 life cycle and employ a variety of mechanisms to target both unique and redundant surface proteins, including the viral receptor CD4, host restriction factors, immunoreceptors, homing molecules, tetraspanins and membrane transporters. In this review, we discuss recent progress in the study of the Nef and Vpu targeting of host membrane proteins with an emphasis on how remodeling of the cell membrane allows HIV-1 to avoid host antiviral immune responses leading to the establishment of systemic and persistent infection.
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13
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Rosenberg MR, Weaver LM, Casarotto MG. Probing interactions of Vpu from HIV-1 with amiloride-based compounds. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2015; 1858:733-9. [PMID: 26724207 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2015.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Revised: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Viral ion channels or viroporins are short membrane proteins that participate in wide-ranging functions including virus replication and entry, assembly, and virus release. One such viroporin is the 81 amino acid residue Vpu protein derived from HIV-1. This protein consists of one transmembrane (TM) and two cytoplasmic helical domains, the former of which oligomerises to form cation-selective ion channels. In this study, we investigate the binding properties of amiloride compounds to Vpu embedded into liposomes using surface plasmon resonance (SPR). We explore the Vpu ion channel inhibitor, hexamethylene amiloride (HMA), as a molecular tool to examine the potential interactive role of key TM residues, Trp23, Ser24, and Glu29, in terms of positioning of these residues on the channel pore and the orientation of its constituent helices. The study provides experimental support that a direct interaction between Ser24 and HMA occurs and that this residue is most likely located in the channel pore. Mutation of Trp23 does not impact HMA affinity suggesting no direct involvement in binding and that this residue is lipid facing. These findings indicate that small molecules such as amilorides are capable of specifically interacting with Vpu ion channels. Although a correlation between ion channel and functional activity cannot be dismissed, alternative mechanisms involving protein-protein interactions may play an important role in the efficacy of these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R Rosenberg
- John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, PO Box 334, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Llara M Weaver
- John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, PO Box 334, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Marco G Casarotto
- John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, PO Box 334, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.
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14
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Involvement of a C-terminal motif in the interference of primate lentiviral Vpu proteins with CD1d-mediated antigen presentation. Sci Rep 2015; 5:9675. [PMID: 25872908 PMCID: PMC4397644 DOI: 10.1038/srep09675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2014] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The HIV-1 accessory protein Vpu is emerging as a critical factor for viral evasion from innate immunity. We have previously shown that the Vpu proteins of two HIV-1 group M subtype B strains (NL4-3 and BaL) down-regulate CD1d from the surface of infected dendritic cells (DCs) and inhibit their crosstalk with the innate invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells. In the present study, we have investigated the ability of a comprehensive set of primate lentiviral Vpu proteins to interfere with CD1d-mediated immunity. We found that CD1d down-regulation is a conserved function of Vpu proteins from HIV-1 groups M, O and P as well as their direct precursors SIVcpzPtt and SIVgor. At the group M subtype level, subtype C Vpu proteins were significantly weaker CD1d antagonists than subtype B Vpu proteins. Functional characterization of different mutants and chimeras derived from active subtype B and inactive subtype C Vpu proteins revealed that residues in the cytoplasmic domain are important for CD1d down-regulation. Specifically, we identified a C-terminal APW motif characteristic for group M subtype B Vpu proteins necessary for interference with CD1d surface expression. These findings support the notion that Vpu plays an important role in lentiviral evasion from innate immunity.
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15
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Abstract
The clinical successes of proteasome inhibitors for the treatment of cancer have highlighted the therapeutic potential of targeting this protein degradation system. However, proteasome inhibitors prevent the degradation of numerous proteins, which may cause adverse effects. Increased specificity could be achieved by inhibiting the components of the ubiquitin-proteasome system that target specific subsets of proteins for degradation. F-box proteins are the substrate-targeting subunits of SKP1-CUL1-F-box protein (SCF) ubiquitin ligase complexes. Through the degradation of a plethora of diverse substrates, SCF ubiquitin ligases control a multitude of processes at the cellular and organismal levels, and their dysregulation is implicated in many pathologies. SCF ubiquitin ligases are characterized by their high specificity for substrates, and these ligases therefore represent promising drug targets. However, the potential for therapeutic manipulation of SCF complexes remains an underdeveloped area. This Review explores and discusses potential strategies to target SCF-mediated biological processes to treat human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey R Skaar
- 1] Department of Pathology, Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, 522 First Avenue, SRB 1107, New York, New York 10016, USA. [2]
| | - Julia K Pagan
- 1] Department of Pathology, Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, 522 First Avenue, SRB 1107, New York, New York 10016, USA. [2]
| | - Michele Pagano
- 1] Department of Pathology, Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, 522 First Avenue, SRB 1107, New York, New York 10016, USA. [2] Howard Hughes Medical Institute
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16
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Ramirez PW, Famiglietti M, Sowrirajan B, DePaula-Silva AB, Rodesch C, Barker E, Bosque A, Planelles V. Downmodulation of CCR7 by HIV-1 Vpu results in impaired migration and chemotactic signaling within CD4⁺ T cells. Cell Rep 2014; 7:2019-30. [PMID: 24910430 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2014.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2013] [Revised: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 05/07/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The chemokine receptor CCR7 plays a crucial role in the homing of central memory and naive T cells to peripheral lymphoid organs. Here, we show that the HIV-1 accessory protein Vpu downregulates CCR7 on the surface of CD4(+) T cells. Vpu and CCR7 were found to specifically interact and colocalize within the trans-Golgi network, where CCR7 is retained. Downmodulation of CCR7 did not involve degradation or endocytosis and was strictly dependent on Vpu expression. Stimulation of HIV-1-infected primary CD4(+) T cells with the CCR7 ligand CCL19 resulted in reduced mobilization of Ca(2+), reduced phosphorylation of Erk1/2, and impaired migration toward CCL19. Specific amino acid residues within the transmembrane domain of Vpu that were previously shown to be critical for BST-2 downmodulation (A14, A18, and W22) were also necessary for CCR7 downregulation. These results suggest that BST-2 and CCR7 may be downregulated via similar mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter W Ramirez
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Marylinda Famiglietti
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; School of Medicine, Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, 20132 Milan, Italy; AIDS Immunopathogenesis Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Bharatwaj Sowrirajan
- Department of Immunology/Microbiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Ana Beatriz DePaula-Silva
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Christopher Rodesch
- Department of Core Facilities, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Edward Barker
- Department of Immunology/Microbiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Alberto Bosque
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Vicente Planelles
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.
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Jia X, Weber E, Tokarev A, Lewinski M, Rizk M, Suarez M, Guatelli J, Xiong Y. Structural basis of HIV-1 Vpu-mediated BST2 antagonism via hijacking of the clathrin adaptor protein complex 1. eLife 2014; 3:e02362. [PMID: 24843023 PMCID: PMC4018625 DOI: 10.7554/elife.02362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BST2/tetherin, an antiviral restriction factor, inhibits the release of enveloped viruses from the cell surface. Human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) antagonizes BST2 through viral protein u (Vpu), which downregulates BST2 from the cell surface. We report the crystal structure of a protein complex containing Vpu and BST2 cytoplasmic domains and the core of the clathrin adaptor protein complex 1 (AP1). This, together with our biochemical and functional validations, reveals how Vpu hijacks the AP1-dependent membrane trafficking pathways to mistraffick BST2. Vpu mimics a canonical acidic dileucine-sorting motif to bind AP1 in the cytosol, while simultaneously interacting with BST2 in the membrane. These interactions enable Vpu to build on an intrinsic interaction between BST2 and AP1, presumably causing the observed retention of BST2 in juxtanuclear endosomes and stimulating its degradation in lysosomes. The ability of Vpu to hijack AP-dependent trafficking pathways suggests a potential common theme for Vpu-mediated downregulation of host proteins. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.02362.001 HIV is a retrovirus that attacks the immune system, making the body increasingly susceptible to opportunistic infections and disease and eventually leading to AIDS. While antiretroviral drugs have allowed people with AIDS to live longer, there is no cure or vaccine for HIV. Two types of HIV exist, with HIV-1 being much more common and pathogenic than HIV-2. Like other ‘complex’ retroviruses, the HIV-1 genome contains genes that encode various proteins that allow the virus to disrupt the immune response of the host it is attacking. Viral protein u is a protein encoded by HIV-1 (but not HIV-2) that counteracts an antiviral protein called BST2 in the host. BST2, which is part of the host's innate immune response, prevents newly formed viruses from leaving the surface of infected cells. By counteracting BST2, viral protein u allows the virus to spread in the host more efficiently. Like many proteins, newly produced BST2 is packaged inside structures called vesicles in a part of the cell called the trans-Golgi network, and then sent to its destination. Complexes formed by various proteins make sure that the vesicles take their cargo to their correct destinations within the cell. Two adaptor protein complexes—known as AP1 and AP2—are thought to be involved the transport of BST2. However, it is not known how viral protein u stops BST2 from reaching the cell surface, or how it decreases the amount of BST2 in the cell as a whole. Jia et al. show how viral protein u and BST2 jointly interact with AP1. This interaction leads to the mistrafficking and degradation of BST2 and the counteraction of its antiviral activity. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.02362.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofei Jia
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, United States
| | - Erin Weber
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, United States
| | - Andrey Tokarev
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, United States The VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, United States
| | - Mary Lewinski
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, United States The VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, United States
| | - Maryan Rizk
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, United States The VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, United States
| | - Marissa Suarez
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, United States The VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, United States
| | - John Guatelli
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, United States The VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, United States
| | - Yong Xiong
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, United States
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18
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Differential loss of invariant natural killer T cells and FoxP3⁺ regulatory T cells in HIV-1 subtype A and subtype D infections. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2013; 63:289-93. [PMID: 23403863 DOI: 10.1097/qai.0b013e31828b2073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
HIV-1 subtype D is associated with faster disease progression compared with subtype A. Immunological correlates of this difference remain undefined. We investigated invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells and FoxP3⁺ regulatory T cells (Tregs) in Ugandans infected with either subtype. Loss of iNKT cells was pronounced in subtype D, whereas Tregs displayed more profound loss in subtype A infection. The iNKT cell levels were associated with CD4 T-cell interleukin-2 production in subtype A, but not in D, infection. Thus, these viral subtypes are associated with differential loss of iNKT cells and Tregs that may influence the quality of the adaptive immune response.
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19
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Skaar JR, Pagan JK, Pagano M. Mechanisms and function of substrate recruitment by F-box proteins. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2013; 14:369-81. [PMID: 23657496 DOI: 10.1038/nrm3582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 505] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
S phase kinase-associated protein 1 (SKP1)-cullin 1 (CUL1)-F-box protein (SCF) ubiquitin ligase complexes use a family of F-box proteins as substrate adaptors to mediate the degradation of a large number of regulatory proteins involved in diverse processes. The dysregulation of SCF complexes and their substrates contributes to multiple pathologies. In the 14 years since the identification and annotation of the F-box protein family, the continued identification and characterization of novel substrates has greatly expanded our knowledge of the regulation of substrate targeting and the roles of F-box proteins in biological processes. Here, we focus on the evolution of our understanding of substrate recruitment by F-box proteins, the dysregulation of substrate recruitment in disease and potential avenues for F-box protein-directed disease therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey R Skaar
- Department of Pathology, New York University Cancer Institute, New York University School of Medicine, 522 First Avenue, SRB 1107, New York, New York 10016, USA.
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