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Rana R, Kant R, Kumra T, Gupta S, Rana DS, Ganguly NK. An update on SARS-CoV-2 immunization and future directions. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1125305. [PMID: 36969857 PMCID: PMC10033701 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1125305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Millions of people have died as a result of SARS-CoV-2, which was first discovered in China and has since spread globally. Patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection may show a range of symptoms, including fever, coughing, and shortness of breath, or they may show no symptoms at all. To treat COVID-19 symptoms and avoid serious infections, many medications and vaccinations have been employed. However, to entirely eradicate COVID-19 from the world, next-generation vaccine research is required because of the devastating consequences it is having for humanity and every nation's economy. Scientists are working hard to eradicate this dangerous virus across the world. SARS-CoV-2 has also undergone significant mutation, leading to distinct viral types such as the alpha, beta, gamma, delta, and omicron variants. This has sparked discussion about the effectiveness of current vaccines for the newly formed variants. A proper comparison of these vaccinations is required to compare their efficacy as the number of people immunized against SARS-CoV-2 globally increases. Population-level statistics evaluating the capacity of these vaccines to reduce infection are therefore being developed. In this paper, we analyze the many vaccines on the market in terms of their production process, price, dosage needed, and efficacy. This article also discusses the challenges of achieving herd immunity, the likelihood of reinfection, and the importance of convalescent plasma therapy in reducing infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashmi Rana
- Department of Research, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Ravi Kant
- Department of Research, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Tanya Kumra
- Department of Research, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Sneha Gupta
- Department of Research, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi, India
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Abstract
Protein nanomaterials are well-defined, hollow protein nanoparticles comprised of virus capsids, virus-like particles, ferritin, heat shock proteins, chaperonins and many more. Protein-based nanomaterials are formed by the self-assembly of protein subunits and have numerous desired properties as drug-delivery vehicles, including being optimally sized for endocytosis, nontoxic, biocompatible, biodegradable and functionalized at three separate interfaces (external, internal and intersubunit). As a result, protein nanomaterials have been intensively investigated as functional entities in bionanotechnology, including drug delivery, nanoreactors and templates for organic and inorganic nanomaterials. Several variables influence efficient administration, particularly active targeting, cellular uptake, the kinetics of the release and systemic elimination. This review examines the wide range of medicines, loading/release processes, targeted therapies and treatment effectiveness.
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Sharma P, Dhanjal DS, Chopra C, Tambuwala MM, Sohal SS, van der Spek PJ, Sharma HS, Satija S. Targeting eosinophils in chronic respiratory diseases using nanotechnology-based drug delivery. Chem Biol Interact 2022; 365:110050. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2022.110050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Revised: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Ismael F, Bizario JC, Battagin T, Zaramella B, Leal FE, Torales J, Ventriglio A, Marziali ME, Martins SS, Castaldelli-Maia JM. Post-infection depressive, anxiety and post-traumatic stress symptoms: A prospective cohort study in patients with mild COVID-19. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2021; 111:110341. [PMID: 33940097 PMCID: PMC8086265 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2021.110341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It remains unclear whether COVID-19 is associated with psychiatric symptoms during or after the acute illness phase. Being affected by the disease exposes the individual to an uncertain prognosis and a state of quarantine. These factors can predispose individuals to the development of mental symptoms during or after the acute phase of the disease. There is a need for prospective studies assessing psychiatric symptoms in COVID-19 patients in the post-infection period. METHODS In this prospective cohort study, nasopharyngeal swabs for COVID-19 tests were collected at patients' homes under the supervision of trained healthcare personnel. Patients who tested positive for COVID-19 and were classified as mild cases (N = 895) at treatment intake were further assessed for the presence of psychiatric symptoms (on average, 56.6 days after the intake). We investigated the association between the number of COVID-19 symptoms at intake and depressive, anxiety and post-traumatic symptoms approximately two months later, adjusting for previous mental health status, time between baseline and outcome, and other confounders. Multivariate logistic regression and generalized linear models were employed for categorical and continuous outcomes, respectively. RESULTS A clinically significant level of depressive, anxiety and post-traumatic stress symptoms were reported by 26.2% (N = 235), 22.4% (N = 201), and 17.3% (N = 155) of the sample. Reporting an increased number of COVID-related symptoms was associated with the presence of clinically significant levels of depressive (aOR = 1.059;95%CI = 1.002-1.119), anxiety (aOR = 1.072;95%CI = 1.012-1.134), and post-traumatic stress (aOR = 1.092;95%CI = 1.024-1.166) symptoms. Sensitivity analyses supported findings for both continuous and categorical measures. CONCLUSION Exposure to an increased number of COVID-19 symptoms may be associated with depressive, anxiety and post-traumatic symptoms after the acute phase of the disease. These patients should be monitored for the development of psychiatric symptoms after COVID-19 treatment discharge. Early interventions, such as brief interventions of psychoeducation on coping strategies, could benefit these individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia Ismael
- Universidade Municipal de São Caetano do Sul, São Caetano do Sul, SP, Brazil,ABC Center for Mental Health Studies, Santo André, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Tatiane Battagin
- Universidade Municipal de São Caetano do Sul, São Caetano do Sul, SP, Brazil
| | - Beatriz Zaramella
- Universidade Municipal de São Caetano do Sul, São Caetano do Sul, SP, Brazil
| | - Fabio E. Leal
- Universidade Municipal de São Caetano do Sul, São Caetano do Sul, SP, Brazil
| | - Julio Torales
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medical Sciences, National University of Asunción, Asunción, Paraguay
| | - Antonio Ventriglio
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Megan E. Marziali
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, U.S., USA
| | - Silvia S. Martins
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, U.S., USA
| | - João M. Castaldelli-Maia
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, U.S., USA,Corresponding author at: Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, 722 West 168th street, Rm. 515, New York, NY 10032, USA
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Khanna N, Pawar SV, Kumar A. A Review on Repurposed Drugs and Vaccine Trials for Combating SARS CoV-2. Curr Drug Res Rev 2021; 13:203-221. [PMID: 33719950 DOI: 10.2174/2589977513666210315094752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), emerged in Wuhan, China in December 2019 and then spread worldwide rapidly. The records from World Health Organisation (WHO), Centres of Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and Food and Drug Administration (FDA) backup the fact that no medications have proven to be completely effective for prevention or treatment of SARS-CoV-2. The clinical trials are underway for many repurposed, investigational drugs and vaccine candidates. BioNTech and Pfizer Inc, Moderna, Gamaleya institute and University of Oxford (collaboration with AstraZeneca) announced positive results in the Phase 3 interim analyses of vaccine trials in November 2020. Twelve countries have approved Pfizer- BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine for emergency use, as of December 2020. OBJECTIVE The objective was to summarize the repurposed/investigational drugs, their mechanism of action, and rationale for their use in COVID-19 treatment. The article also aimed to summarize the vaccine trials that are currently undergoing across the globe. METHODS In order to find the content for review, studies defining COVID-19 chronology, repurposed drugs along with their mode of action and potential vaccine trials were studied and summarized. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION The article summarizes potential therapeutic candidates (repurposed and investigational agents) for SARS-CoV-2, their possible mechanism of action and discussion related to their involvement in recent clinical trials. Innovative vaccine platform technologies are also highlighted that are recently being used in the vaccine production pipeline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikita Khanna
- University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | - Sandip V Pawar
- University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | - Anil Kumar
- University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
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Gómez-Salgado J, Allande-Cussó R, Domínguez-Salas S, García-Iglesias JJ, Coronado-Vázquez V, Ruiz-Frutos C. Design of Fear and Anxiety of COVID-19 Assessment Tool in Spanish Adult Population. Brain Sci 2021; 11:328. [PMID: 33807643 PMCID: PMC8001709 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11030328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to develop a specific scale to measure anxiety and fear levels in the general Spanish population. For this, a transcultural adaptation to Spanish of the fear of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) scale, in its original version of 10 items, was carried out. Then, the Anxiety and Fear of COVID-19 Assessment Scale (AMICO, for its acronym in Spanish) was designed by translating the tool and Delphi technique into three rounds. Ten experts participated voluntarily, and inter-observer match rates and the reliability study of the designed scale were calculated. A pilot study was carried out with the final version of the scale for the validity and reliability study. The instrument did not raise problems in semantic and cultural terms during the first and second rounds of the translation process, with an overall weighted Kappa value of 0.9. In the third round, eight new items were designed and consensual, obtaining a weighted overall value of 0.89. The pilot study sample was made up of 445 subjects, of which 60.3% were women with a mean age of 46.2 years. The final version consisted of 16 items, 2 factors, and a Cronbach's alpha value of 0.92. The AMICO scale was developed to assess the level of anxiety and fear of COVID-19 and proved to be valid and reliable for its use in the adult Spanish population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Gómez-Salgado
- Department of Sociology, Social Work and Public Health, Faculty of Labour Sciences, University of Huelva, 21007 Huelva, Spain; (J.J.G.-I.); (C.R.-F.)
- Safety and Health Postgraduate Programme, Universidad Espíritu Santo, 092301 Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | | | - Sara Domínguez-Salas
- Department of Psychology, Universidad Loyola Andalucía, 41704 Dos Hermanas, Spain;
| | - Juan Jesús García-Iglesias
- Department of Sociology, Social Work and Public Health, Faculty of Labour Sciences, University of Huelva, 21007 Huelva, Spain; (J.J.G.-I.); (C.R.-F.)
| | - Valle Coronado-Vázquez
- Illescas Health Centre, Castilla-La Mancha Health Service, 45200 Toledo, Spain;
- Bioethics Group of the Society of Family and Community Medicine of Madrid (SoMaMFyC), 28004 Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Ruiz-Frutos
- Department of Sociology, Social Work and Public Health, Faculty of Labour Sciences, University of Huelva, 21007 Huelva, Spain; (J.J.G.-I.); (C.R.-F.)
- Safety and Health Postgraduate Programme, Universidad Espíritu Santo, 092301 Guayaquil, Ecuador
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Shahcheraghi SH, Ayatollahi J, Aljabali AAA, Shastri MD, Shukla SD, Chellappan DK, Jha NK, Anand K, Katari NK, Mehta M, Satija S, Dureja H, Mishra V, Almutary AG, Alnuqaydan AM, Charbe N, Prasher P, Gupta G, Dua K, Lotfi M, Bakshi HA, Tambuwala MM. An overview of vaccine development for COVID-19. Ther Deliv 2021; 12:235-244. [PMID: 33624533 PMCID: PMC7923686 DOI: 10.4155/tde-2020-0129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic continues to endanger world health and the economy. The causative SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus has a unique replication system. The end point of the COVID-19 pandemic is either herd immunity or widespread availability of an effective vaccine. Multiple candidate vaccines - peptide, virus-like particle, viral vectors (replicating and nonreplicating), nucleic acids (DNA or RNA), live attenuated virus, recombinant designed proteins and inactivated virus - are presently under various stages of expansion, and a small number of vaccine candidates have progressed into clinical phases. At the time of writing, three major pharmaceutical companies, namely Pfizer and Moderna, have their vaccines under mass production and administered to the public. This review aims to investigate the most critical vaccines developed for COVID-19 to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed H Shahcheraghi
- Infectious Diseases Research Center, Shahid Sadoughi Hospital, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Jamshid Ayatollahi
- Infectious Diseases Research Center, Shahid Sadoughi Hospital, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Alaa AA Aljabali
- Department of Pharmaceutics & Pharmaceutical Technology, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Madhur D Shastri
- School of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
| | - Shakti D Shukla
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, School of Medicine & Public Health, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Australia
| | - Dinesh K Chellappan
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Niraj K Jha
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering & Technology, Sharda University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Krishnan Anand
- Department of Chemical Pathology, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences & National Health Laboratory Service, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Naresh K Katari
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, GITAM Deemed to be University, Hyderabad 502329, India
| | - Meenu Mehta
- Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144411, Punjab, India
| | - Saurabh Satija
- Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144411, Punjab, India
| | - Harish Dureja
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, India
| | - Vijay Mishra
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144411, Punjab, India
| | - Abdulmajeed G Almutary
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah M Alnuqaydan
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nitin Charbe
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química y de Farmacia, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Av. Libertador Bernardo O’Higgins, Santiago 340, Región Metropolitana, Chile
| | - Parteek Prasher
- Department of Chemistry, University of Petroleum & Energy Studies, Dehradun 248007, India
| | - Gaurav Gupta
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suresh Gyan Vihar University, Jaipur, India
| | - Kamal Dua
- Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Marzieh Lotfi
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
- Abortion Research Center, Reproductive Sciences Institute, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Hamid A Bakshi
- School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, County Londonderry, Northern Ireland, BT52 1SA, UK
| | - Murtaza M Tambuwala
- School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, County Londonderry, Northern Ireland, BT52 1SA, UK
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Silva Andrade B, Ghosh P, Barh D, Tiwari S, José Santana Silva R, Rodrigues de Assis Soares W, Silva Melo T, Santos Freitas A, González-Grande P, Sousa Palmeira L, Carlos Junior Alcantara L, Giovanetti M, Góes-Neto A, Ariston de Carvalho Azevedo V. Computational screening for potential drug candidates against the SARS-CoV-2 main protease. F1000Res 2020; 9:ISCB Comm J-514. [PMID: 33447372 PMCID: PMC7780344 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.23829.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: SARS-CoV-2 is the causal agent of the current coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. They are enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA viruses of the Coronaviridae family. Proteases of SARS-CoV-2 are necessary for viral replication, structural assembly, and pathogenicity. The approximately 33.8 kDa M pro protease of SARS-CoV-2 is a non-human homologue and is highly conserved among several coronaviruses, indicating that M pro could be a potential drug target for Coronaviruses. Methods: Herein, we performed computational ligand screening of four pharmacophores (OEW, remdesivir, hydroxychloroquine and N3) that are presumed to have positive effects against SARS-CoV-2 M pro protease (6LU7), and also screened 50,000 natural compounds from the ZINC Database dataset against this protease target. Results: We found 40 pharmacophore-like structures of natural compounds from diverse chemical classes that exhibited better affinity of docking as compared to the known ligands. The 11 best selected ligands, namely ZINC1845382, ZINC1875405, ZINC2092396, ZINC2104424, ZINC44018332, ZINC2101723, ZINC2094526, ZINC2094304, ZINC2104482, ZINC3984030, and ZINC1531664, are mainly classified as beta-carboline, alkaloids, and polyflavonoids, and all displayed interactions with dyad CYS145 and HIS41 from the protease pocket in a similar way as other known ligands. Conclusions: Our results suggest that these 11 molecules could be effective against SARS-CoV-2 protease and may be subsequently tested in vitro and in vivo to develop novel drugs against this virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Silva Andrade
- Laboratório de Bioinformática e Química Computacional, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia (UESB), Jequié, Bahia, 45205-490, Brazil
| | - Preetam Ghosh
- Department of Computer Science, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23284, USA
| | - Debmalya Barh
- Centre for Genomics and Applied Gene Technology, Institute of Integrative Omics and Applied Biotechnology (IIOAB), Purba Medinipur, India
| | - Sandeep Tiwari
- Laboratório de Genética Celular e Molecular, Departamento de Biologia Geral, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, MG, Brazil
| | - Raner José Santana Silva
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Ilhéus, BA, Brazil
| | | | - Tarcisio Silva Melo
- Laboratório de Bioinformática e Química Computacional, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia (UESB), Jequié, Bahia, 45205-490, Brazil
| | - Andria Santos Freitas
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Ilhéus, BA, Brazil
| | - Patrícia González-Grande
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Ilhéus, BA, Brazil
| | - Lucas Sousa Palmeira
- Laboratório de Bioinformática e Química Computacional, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia (UESB), Jequié, Bahia, 45205-490, Brazil
| | - Luiz Carlos Junior Alcantara
- Laboratório de Genética Celular e Molecular, Departamento de Biologia Geral, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, MG, Brazil
- Laboratório de Flavivírus, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Marta Giovanetti
- Laboratório de Genética Celular e Molecular, Departamento de Biologia Geral, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, MG, Brazil
- Laboratório de Flavivírus, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Aristóteles Góes-Neto
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Computacional de Fungos, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Vasco Ariston de Carvalho Azevedo
- Laboratório de Genética Celular e Molecular, Departamento de Biologia Geral, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, MG, Brazil
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