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Floryanzia S, Lee S, Nance E. Isolation methods and characterization of primary rat neurovascular cells. J Biol Eng 2024; 18:39. [PMID: 38992711 PMCID: PMC11241874 DOI: 10.1186/s13036-024-00434-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is significant interest in isolating cells of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) for use in in vitro screening of therapeutics and analyzing cell specific roles in neurovascular pathology. Primary brain cells play an advantageous role in BBB models; however, isolation procedures often do not produce cells at high enough yields for experiments. In addition, although numerous reports provide primary cell isolation methods, the field is lacking in documentation and detail of expected morphological changes that occur throughout culturing and there are minimal troubleshooting resources. Here, we present simplified, robust, and reproducible methodology for isolating astrocytes, pericytes, and endothelial cells, and demonstrate several morphological benchmarks for each cell type throughout the process and culture timeframe. We also analyze common considerations for developing neurovascular cell isolation procedures and recommend solutions for troubleshooting. RESULTS The presented methodology isolated astrocytes, pericytes, and endothelial cells and enabled cell attachment, maturation, and cell viability. We characterized milestones in cell maturation over 12 days in culture, a common timeline for applications of these cell types in BBB models. Phase contrast microscopy was used to show initial cell plating, attachment, and daily growth of isolated cells. Confocal microscopy images were analyzed to determine the identity of cell types and changes to cell morphology. Nuclear staining was also used to show the viability and proliferation of glial cells at four time points. Astrocyte branches became numerous and complex with increased culture time. Microglia, oligodendrocytes, and neurons were present in mixed glial cultures for 12 days, though the percentage of microglia and neurons expectedly decreased after passaging, with microglia demonstrating a less branched morphology. CONCLUSIONS Neurovascular cells can be isolated through our optimized protocols that minimize cell loss and encourage the adhesion and proliferation of isolated cells. By identifying timepoints of viable glia and neurons within an astrocyte-dominant mixed culture, these cells can be used to evaluate drug targeting, uptake studies, and response to pathological stimulus in the neurovascular unit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sydney Floryanzia
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Seoyoung Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Elizabeth Nance
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.
- Department of Molecular Engineering and Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.
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2
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Rhein S, Costalunga R, Inderhees J, Gürtzgen T, Faupel TC, Shaheryar Z, Arrulo Pereira A, Othman A, Begemann K, Binder S, Stölting I, Dorta V, Nawroth PP, Fleming T, Oexle K, Prevot V, Nogueiras R, Meyhöfer S, Meyhöfer SM, Schwaninger M. The reactive pyruvate metabolite dimethylglyoxal mediates neurological consequences of diabetes. Nat Commun 2024; 15:5745. [PMID: 38987239 PMCID: PMC11237006 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-50089-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Complications of diabetes are often attributed to glucose and reactive dicarbonyl metabolites derived from glycolysis or gluconeogenesis, such as methylglyoxal. However, in the CNS, neurons and endothelial cells use lactate as energy source in addition to glucose, which does not lead to the formation of methylglyoxal and has previously been considered a safer route of energy consumption than glycolysis. Nevertheless, neurons and endothelial cells are hotspots for the cellular pathology underlying neurological complications in diabetes, suggesting a cause that is distinct from other diabetes complications and independent of methylglyoxal. Here, we show that in clinical and experimental diabetes plasma concentrations of dimethylglyoxal are increased. In a mouse model of diabetes, ilvb acetolactate-synthase-like (ILVBL, HACL2) is the enzyme involved in formation of increased amounts of dimethylglyoxal from lactate-derived pyruvate. Dimethylglyoxal reacts with lysine residues, forms Nε-3-hydroxy-2-butanonelysine (HBL) as an adduct, induces oxidative stress more strongly than other dicarbonyls, causes blood-brain barrier disruption, and can mimic mild cognitive impairment in experimental diabetes. These data suggest dimethylglyoxal formation as a pathway leading to neurological complications in diabetes that is distinct from other complications. Importantly, dimethylglyoxal formation can be reduced using genetic, pharmacological and dietary interventions, offering new strategies for preventing CNS dysfunction in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sina Rhein
- Institute for Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- German Research Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Hamburg/Lübeck/Kiel, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Riccardo Costalunga
- Institute for Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- German Research Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Hamburg/Lübeck/Kiel, Lübeck, Germany
- Bioanalytic Core Facility, Center for Brain Behavior and Metabolism, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Julica Inderhees
- Institute for Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- German Research Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Hamburg/Lübeck/Kiel, Lübeck, Germany
- Bioanalytic Core Facility, Center for Brain Behavior and Metabolism, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Tammo Gürtzgen
- Institute for Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Teresa Christina Faupel
- Institute for Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Zaib Shaheryar
- Institute for Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Adriana Arrulo Pereira
- Institute for Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Alaa Othman
- Bioanalytic Core Facility, Center for Brain Behavior and Metabolism, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- Functional Genomics Center Zurich, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Kimberly Begemann
- Institute for Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Sonja Binder
- Institute for Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Ines Stölting
- Institute for Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Valentina Dorta
- Department of Physiology, CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de, Compostela, Spain
| | - Peter P Nawroth
- Department of Medicine I and Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Fleming
- Department of Medicine I and Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Konrad Oexle
- Neurogenetic Systems Analysis Group, Institute of Neurogenomics, Helmholtz, Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Human Genetics, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Vincent Prevot
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Laboratory of Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine Brain, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, UMR-S 1172, DISTALZ, EGID, Lille, France
| | - Ruben Nogueiras
- Department of Physiology, CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de, Compostela, Spain
| | - Svenja Meyhöfer
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute for Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- Department of Medicine I, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein Campus Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Sebastian M Meyhöfer
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute for Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Markus Schwaninger
- Institute for Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.
- German Research Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Hamburg/Lübeck/Kiel, Lübeck, Germany.
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3
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Zong P, Feng J, Li CX, Jellison ER, Yue Z, Miller B, Yue L. Activation of endothelial TRPM2 exacerbates blood-brain barrier degradation in ischemic stroke. Cardiovasc Res 2024; 120:188-202. [PMID: 37595268 PMCID: PMC10936752 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvad126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Damage of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a hallmark of brain injury during the early stages of ischemic stroke. The subsequent endothelial hyperpermeability drives the initial pathological changes and aggravates neuronal death. Transient receptor potential melastatin 2 (TRPM2) is a Ca2+-permeable nonselective cation channel activated by oxidative stress. However, whether TRPM2 is involved in BBB degradation during ischemic stroke remains unknown. We aimed to investigate the role of TRPM2 in BBB degradation during ischemic stroke and the underlying molecular mechanisms. METHODS AND RESULTS Specific deletion of Trpm2 in endothelial cells using Cdh5 Cre produces a potent protective effect against brain injury in mice subjected to middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO), which is characterized by reduced infarction size, mitigated plasma extravasation, suppressed immune cell invasion, and inhibited oxidative stress. In vitro experiments using cultured cerebral endothelial cells (CECs) demonstrated that either Trpm2 deletion or inhibition of TRPM2 activation attenuates oxidative stress, Ca2+ overload, and endothelial hyperpermeability induced by oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) and CD36 ligand thrombospondin-1 (TSP1). In transfected HEK293T cells, OGD and TSP1 activate TRPM2 in a CD36-dependent manner. Noticeably, in cultured CECs, deleting Trpm2 or inhibiting TRPM2 activation also suppresses the activation of CD36 and cellular dysfunction induced by OGD or TSP1. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, our data reveal a novel molecular mechanism in which TRPM2 and CD36 promote the activation of each other, which exacerbates endothelial dysfunction during ischemic stroke. Our study suggests that TRPM2 in endothelial cells is a promising target for developing more effective and safer therapies for ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengyu Zong
- Department of Cell Biology, Calhoun Cardiology Center, University of Connecticut School of Medicine (UConn Health), 263 Farmington Ave, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut School of Medicine (UConn Health), 263 Farmington Ave, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Jianlin Feng
- Department of Cell Biology, Calhoun Cardiology Center, University of Connecticut School of Medicine (UConn Health), 263 Farmington Ave, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Cindy X Li
- Department of Cell Biology, Calhoun Cardiology Center, University of Connecticut School of Medicine (UConn Health), 263 Farmington Ave, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Evan R Jellison
- Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut School of Medicine (UConn Health), 263 Farmington Ave, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Zhichao Yue
- Department of Cell Biology, Calhoun Cardiology Center, University of Connecticut School of Medicine (UConn Health), 263 Farmington Ave, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Barbara Miller
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Lixia Yue
- Department of Cell Biology, Calhoun Cardiology Center, University of Connecticut School of Medicine (UConn Health), 263 Farmington Ave, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut School of Medicine (UConn Health), 263 Farmington Ave, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
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4
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Celentano C, Carotenuto L, Miceli F, Carleo G, Corrado B, Baroli G, Iervolino S, Vecchione R, Taglialatela M, Barrese V. Kv7 channel activation reduces brain endothelial cell permeability and prevents kainic acid-induced blood-brain barrier damage. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2024; 326:C893-C904. [PMID: 38284124 PMCID: PMC11193483 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00709.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Ion channels in the blood-brain barrier (BBB) play a main role in controlling the interstitial fluid composition and cerebral blood flow, and their dysfunction contributes to the disruption of the BBB occurring in many neurological diseases such as epilepsy. In this study, using morphological and functional approaches, we evaluated the expression and role in the BBB of Kv7 channels, a family of voltage-gated potassium channels including five members (Kv7.1-5) that play a major role in the regulation of cell excitability and transmembrane flux of potassium ions. Immunofluorescence experiments showed that Kv7.1, Kv7.4, and Kv7.5 were expressed in rat brain microvessels (BMVs), as well as brain primary- and clonal (BEND-3) endothelial cells (ECs). Kv7.5 localized at the cell-to-cell junction sites, whereas Kv7.4 was also found in pericytes. The Kv7 activator retigabine increased transendothelial electrical resistance (TEER) in both primary ECs and BEND-3 cells; moreover, retigabine reduced paracellular dextran flux in BEND-3 cells. These effects were prevented by the selective Kv7 blocker XE-991. Exposure to retigabine also hyperpolarized cell membrane and increased tight junctions (TJs) integrity in BEND-3 cells. BMVs from rats treated with kainic acid (KA) showed a disruption of TJs and a selective reduction of Kv7.5 expression. In BEND-3 cells, retigabine prevented the increase of cell permeability and the reduction of TJs integrity induced by KA. Overall, these findings demonstrate that Kv7 channels are expressed in the BBB, where they modulate barrier properties both in physiological and pathological conditions.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study describes for the first time the expression and the functional role of Kv7 potassium channels in the blood-brain barrier. We show that the opening of Kv7 channels reduces endothelial cell permeability both in physiological and pathological conditions via the hyperpolarization of cell membrane and the sealing of tight junctions. Therefore, activation of endothelial Kv7 channels might be a useful strategy to treat epilepsy and other neurological disorders characterized by blood-brain barrier dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Celentano
- Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Sciences and Dentistry, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Lidia Carotenuto
- Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Sciences and Dentistry, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Francesco Miceli
- Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Sciences and Dentistry, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Giusy Carleo
- Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Sciences and Dentistry, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Brunella Corrado
- Interdisciplinary Research Centre on Biomaterials, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- Center for Advanced Biomaterials for Health Care, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Naples, Italy
| | - Giulia Baroli
- Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Sciences and Dentistry, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Stefania Iervolino
- Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Sciences and Dentistry, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Raffaele Vecchione
- Center for Advanced Biomaterials for Health Care, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Naples, Italy
| | - Maurizio Taglialatela
- Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Sciences and Dentistry, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Barrese
- Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Sciences and Dentistry, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
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5
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Lee J, Lee H, Shin M, Park S. Cerebral Cavernous Malformation (CCM)-like Vessel Lesion in the Aged ANKS1A-deficient Brain. Exp Neurobiol 2023; 32:441-452. [PMID: 38196138 PMCID: PMC10789174 DOI: 10.5607/en23032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024] Open
Abstract
In this study, we show that ANKS1A is specifically expressed in the brain endothelial cells of adult mice. ANKS1A deficiency in adult mice does not affect the differentiation, growth, or patterning of the cerebrovascular system; however, its absence significantly impacts the cerebrovascular system of the aged brain. In aged ANKS1A knock-out (KO) brains, vessel lesions exhibiting cerebral cavernous malformations (CCMs) are observed. In addition, CCM-like lesions show localized peripheral blood leakage into the brain. The CCM-like lesions reveal immune cells infiltrating the parenchyma. The CCM-like lesions also contain significantly fewer astrocyte endfeets and tight junctions, indicating that the integrity of the BBB has been partially compromised. CCM-like lesions display increased fibronectin expression in blood vessels, which is also confirmed in cultured endothelial cells deficient for ANKS1A. Therefore, we hypothesize that ANKS1A may play a role in maintaining or stabilizing healthy blood vessels in the brain during aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyeon Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sookmyung Women’s University, Seoul 04310, Korea
| | - Haeryung Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sookmyung Women’s University, Seoul 04310, Korea
| | - Miram Shin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sookmyung Women’s University, Seoul 04310, Korea
| | - Soochul Park
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sookmyung Women’s University, Seoul 04310, Korea
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6
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Lee J, Lee H, Lee H, Shin M, Shin MG, Seo J, Lee EJ, Park SA, Park S. ANKS1A regulates LDL receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1)-mediated cerebrovascular clearance in brain endothelial cells. Nat Commun 2023; 14:8463. [PMID: 38123547 PMCID: PMC10733300 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-44319-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain endothelial LDL receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1) is involved in the clearance of Aβ peptides across the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Here we show that endothelial deficiency of ankyrin repeat and SAM domain containing 1 A (ANKS1A) reduces both the cell surface levels of LRP1 and the Aβ clearance across the BBB. Association of ANKS1A with the NPXY motifs of LRP1 facilitates the transport of LRP1 from the endoplasmic reticulum toward the cell surface. ANKS1A deficiency in an Alzheimer's disease mouse model results in exacerbated Aβ pathology followed by cognitive impairments. These deficits are reversible by gene therapy with brain endothelial-specific ANKS1A. In addition, human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived BBBs (iBBBs) were generated from endothelial cells lacking ANKS1A or carrying the rs6930932 variant. Those iBBBs exhibit both reduced cell surface LRP1 and impaired Aβ clearance. Thus, our findings demonstrate that ANKS1A regulates LRP1-mediated Aβ clearance across the BBB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyeon Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, 04310, Korea
| | - Haeryung Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, 04310, Korea
| | - Hyein Lee
- Department of Brain Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science & Technology (DGIST), Daegu, 42988, Korea
| | - Miram Shin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, 04310, Korea
| | - Min-Gi Shin
- Department of Brain Science, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, 16499, Korea
| | - Jinsoo Seo
- Department of Brain Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science & Technology (DGIST), Daegu, 42988, Korea
| | - Eun Jeong Lee
- Department of Brain Science, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, 16499, Korea
| | - Sun Ah Park
- Lab for Neurodegenerative Dementia, Department of Anatomy, and Department of Neurology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, 16499, Korea
| | - Soochul Park
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, 04310, Korea.
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7
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Shaheryar ZA, Khan MA, Hameed H, Mushtaq MN, Muhammad S, Shazly GA, Irfan A, Jardan YAB. Natural Fatty Acid Guards against Brain Endothelial Cell Death and Microvascular Pathology following Ischemic Insult in the Presence of Acute Hyperglycemia. Biomedicines 2023; 11:3342. [PMID: 38137563 PMCID: PMC10742291 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11123342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is worsened by the presence of sudden high blood sugar levels, even in individuals without pre-existing diabetes. This elevated glucose concentration hampers the ability of energy-starved brain cells to efficiently use it as a source of energy. Consequently, this leads to the production of abundant amounts of toxic glucose metabolites, which trigger oxidative stress in the brain milieu, particularly in the microvasculature of the brain. A prominent feature of this oxidative stress is the demise of endothelial cells, causing detrimental changes in blood vessels, including a reduction in their vascular diameter, a decreased efficiency of vessel proliferation, and the impaired integrity of tight junctions. These vascular pathologies contributed to an increase in the volume of damaged tissues (infarct), an exacerbation of brain swelling (edema), and a decline in cognitive and motor functions. In a mouse model of ischemic stroke with induced acute hyperglycemia, a naturally occurring saturated fatty acid provides protective cover to the microvasculature by preventing damage related to oxidative stress. Our current research revealed that lauric acid (LA) attenuated infarct volume and reduced brain edema by reducing endothelial cell death, enhancing vessels' diameter, promoting vascular angiogenesis, and stabilizing barrier functions. Animals administered with this natural compound showed a significant reduction in 4-HNE-positive vessels. In conclusion, natural saturated fatty acids help to preserve brain microvascular functions following ischemic insults in the presence of acute hyperglycemia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mahtab Ahmad Khan
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Central Punjab (UCP), Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Huma Hameed
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Central Punjab (UCP), Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | | | - Sajjad Muhammad
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, FI-00029 Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Moorenstrasse-5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Gamal A. Shazly
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali Irfan
- Department of Chemistry, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan;
| | - Yousef A. Bin Jardan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
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8
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Hammond SM, Abendroth F, Goli L, Stoodley J, Burrell M, Thom G, Gurrell I, Ahlskog N, Gait MJ, Wood MJ, Webster CI. Antibody-oligonucleotide conjugate achieves CNS delivery in animal models for spinal muscular atrophy. JCI Insight 2022; 7:154142. [PMID: 36346674 PMCID: PMC7614086 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.154142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) have emerged as one of the most innovative new genetic drug modalities. However, their high molecular weight limits their bioavailability for otherwise-treatable neurological disorders. We investigated conjugation of ASOs to an antibody against the murine transferrin receptor, 8D3130, and evaluated it via systemic administration in mouse models of the neurodegenerative disease spinal muscular atrophy (SMA). SMA, like several other neurological and neuromuscular diseases, is treatable with single-stranded ASOs that modulate splicing of the survival motor neuron 2 (SMN2) gene. Administration of 8D3130-ASO conjugate resulted in elevated levels of bioavailability to the brain. Additionally, 8D3130-ASO yielded therapeutic levels of SMN2 splicing in the central nervous system of adult human SMN2-transgenic (hSMN2-transgenic) mice, which resulted in extended survival of a severely affected SMA mouse model. Systemic delivery of nucleic acid therapies with brain-targeting antibodies offers powerful translational potential for future treatments of neuromuscular and neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzan M Hammond
- Department of Paediatrics, John Radcliffe Hospital, and.,MDUK Oxford Neuromuscular Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Frank Abendroth
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Department of Chemistry, Philipps Universität-Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Larissa Goli
- Department of Paediatrics, John Radcliffe Hospital, and.,Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jessica Stoodley
- Department of Paediatrics, John Radcliffe Hospital, and.,MDUK Oxford Neuromuscular Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Ian Gurrell
- Neuroscience, Biopharmaceuticals, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Nina Ahlskog
- Department of Paediatrics, John Radcliffe Hospital, and.,MDUK Oxford Neuromuscular Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Michael J Gait
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew Ja Wood
- Department of Paediatrics, John Radcliffe Hospital, and.,MDUK Oxford Neuromuscular Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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9
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Pelgrim CE, van Ark I, van Berkum RE, Schuitemaker-Borneman AM, Flier I, Leusink-Muis T, Janbazacyabar H, Diks MAP, Gosker HR, Kelders MCJM, Langen RCJ, Schols AMWJ, Hageman RJJ, Braber S, Garssen J, Folkerts G, van Helvoort A, Kraneveld AD. Effects of a nutritional intervention on impaired behavior and cognitive function in an emphysematous murine model of COPD with endotoxin-induced lung inflammation. Front Nutr 2022; 9:1010989. [PMID: 36466426 PMCID: PMC9714332 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.1010989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
One cluster of the extrapulmonary manifestations in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is related to the brain, which includes anxiety, depression and cognitive impairment. Brain-related comorbidities are related to worsening of symptoms and increased mortality in COPD patients. In this study, a murine model of COPD was used to examine the effects of emphysema and repetitive pulmonary inflammatory events on systemic inflammatory outcomes and brain function. In addition, the effect of a dietary intervention on brain-related parameters was assessed. Adult male C57Bl/6J mice were exposed to elastase or vehicle intratracheally (i.t.) once a week on three consecutive weeks. Two weeks after the final administration, mice were i.t. exposed to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or vehicle for three times with a 10 day interval. A dietary intervention enriched with omega-3 PUFAs, prebiotic fibers, tryptophan and vitamin D was administered from the first LPS exposure onward. Behavior and cognitive function, the degree of emphysema and both pulmonary and systemic inflammation as well as blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity and neuroinflammation in the brain were assessed. A lower score in the cognitive test was observed in elastase-exposed mice. Mice exposed to elastase plus LPS showed less locomotion in the behavior test. The enriched diet seemed to reduce anxiety-like behavior over time and cognitive impairments associated with the presented COPD model, without affecting locomotion. In addition, the enriched diet restored the disbalance in splenic T-helper 1 (Th1) and Th2 cells. There was a trend toward recovering elastase plus LPS-induced decreased expression of occludin in brain microvessels, a measure of BBB integrity, as well as improving expression levels of kynurenine pathway markers in the brain by the enriched diet. The findings of this study demonstrate brain-associated comorbidities - including cognitive and behavioral impairments - in this murine model for COPD. Although no changes in lung parameters were observed, exposure to the specific enriched diet in this model appeared to improve systemic immune disbalance, BBB integrity and derailed kynurenine pathway which may lead to reduction of anxiety-like behavior and improved cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte E. Pelgrim
- Division of Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Ingrid van Ark
- Division of Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Ronja E. van Berkum
- Division of Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Anne M. Schuitemaker-Borneman
- Division of Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Inge Flier
- Division of Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Thea Leusink-Muis
- Division of Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Hamed Janbazacyabar
- Division of Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Mara A. P. Diks
- Division of Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Harry R. Gosker
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Marco C. J. M. Kelders
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Ramon C. J. Langen
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Annemie M. W. J. Schols
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | | | - Saskia Braber
- Division of Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Johan Garssen
- Division of Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Danone Nutricia Research, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Gert Folkerts
- Division of Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Ardy van Helvoort
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, Netherlands
- Danone Nutricia Research, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Aletta D. Kraneveld
- Division of Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
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10
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Perez-Ternero C, Pallier PN, Tremoleda JL, Delogu A, Fernandes C, Michael-Titus AT, Hobbs AJ. C-type natriuretic peptide preserves central neurological function by maintaining blood-brain barrier integrity. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:991112. [PMID: 36267701 PMCID: PMC9577671 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.991112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP) is highly expressed in the central nervous system (CNS) and key to neuronal development; however, a broader role for CNP in the CNS remains unclear. To address this deficit, we investigated behavioral, sensory and motor abnormalities and blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity in a unique mouse model with inducible, global deletion of CNP (gbCNP-/-). gbCNP-/- mice and wild-type littermates at 12 (young adult) and 65 (aged) weeks of age were investigated for changes in gait and motor coordination (CatWalk™ and rotarod tests), anxiety-like behavior (open field and elevated zero maze tests), and motor and sensory function (modified neurological severity score [mNSS] and primary SHIRPA screen). Vascular permeability was assessed in vivo (Miles assay) with complementary in vitro studies conducted in primary murine brain endothelial cells. Young adult gbCNP-/- mice had normal gait but reduced motor coordination, increased locomotor activity in the open field and elevated zero maze, and had a higher mNSS score. Aged gbCNP-/- animals developed recurrent spontaneous seizures and had impaired gait and wide-ranging motor and sensory dysfunction. Young adult and aged gbCNP-/- mice exhibited increased BBB permeability, which was partially restored in vitro by CNP administration. Cultured brain endothelial cells from gbCNP-/- mice had an abnormal ZO-1 protein distribution. These data suggest that lack of CNP in the CNS impairs tight junction protein arrangement and increases BBB permeability, which is associated with changes in locomotor activity, motor coordination and late-onset seizures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Perez-Ternero
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts & The London School of Medicine & Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick N. Pallier
- Centre for Neuroscience, Surgery and Trauma, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jordi L. Tremoleda
- Centre for Neuroscience, Surgery and Trauma, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alessio Delogu
- Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Cathy Fernandes
- Social, Genetic & Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
- MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Adina T. Michael-Titus
- Centre for Neuroscience, Surgery and Trauma, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, United Kingdom
| | - Adrian J. Hobbs
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts & The London School of Medicine & Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
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11
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Pelgrim CE, Wang L, Peralta Marzal LN, Korver S, van Ark I, Leusink-Muis T, Braber S, Folkerts G, Garssen J, van Helvoort A, Kraneveld AD. Increased exploration and hyperlocomotion in a cigarette smoke and LPS-induced murine model of COPD: linking pulmonary and systemic inflammation with the brain. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2022; 323:L251-L265. [PMID: 35699308 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00485.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain-related comorbidities are frequently observed in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and are related to increased disease progression and mortality. To date, it is unclear which mechanisms are involved in the development of brain-related problems in COPD. In this study, a cigarette smoke and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) exposure murine model was used to induce COPD-like features and assess the impact on brain and behavior. Mice were daily exposed to cigarette smoke for 72 days, except for days 42, 52, and 62, on which mice were intratracheally exposed to the bacterial trigger LPS. Emphysema and pulmonary inflammation as well as behavior and brain pathology were assessed. Cigarette smoke-exposed mice showed increased alveolar enlargement and numbers of macrophages and neutrophils in bronchoalveolar lavage. Cigarette smoke exposure resulted in lower body weight, which was accompanied by lower serum leptin levels, more time spent in the inner zone of the open field, and decreased claudin-5 and occludin protein expression levels in brain microvessels. Combined cigarette smoke and LPS exposure resulted in increased locomotion and elevated microglial activation in the hippocampus of the brain. These novel findings show that systemic inflammation observed after combined cigarette smoke and LPS exposure in this COPD model is associated with increased exploratory behavior. Findings suggest that neuroinflammation is present in the brain area involved in cognitive functioning and that blood-brain barrier integrity is compromised. These findings can contribute to our knowledge about possible processes involved in brain-related comorbidities in COPD, which is valuable for optimizing and developing therapy strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte E Pelgrim
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Lei Wang
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Lucía N Peralta Marzal
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Stephanie Korver
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ingrid van Ark
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Thea Leusink-Muis
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Saskia Braber
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Gert Folkerts
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Johan Garssen
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Platform Immunology, Danone Nutricia Research, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ardy van Helvoort
- Danone Nutricia Research, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Aletta D Kraneveld
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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12
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A mechanism of self-lipid endocytosis mediated by the receptor Mincle. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2120489119. [PMID: 35867828 PMCID: PMC9335232 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2120489119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysregulation of lipid endocytosis, a normal physiological process of cellular lipid uptake, often underlies the pathogenesis of some widespread diseases such as atherosclerosis, obesity, and diabetes. However, the mechanisms of lipid endocytosis are incompletely understood, and only a few such mechanisms have been discovered, limiting the available therapeutic strategies and targets in these diseases. Here we found that the receptor Mincle, previously known as a pattern recognition receptor of the innate immune system, plays a significant role in endocytosis. The results have revealed a fundamental pathway of lipid endocytosis, which we call Mincle-mediated endocytosis. Cellular lipid uptake (through endocytosis) is a basic physiological process. Dysregulation of this process underlies the pathogenesis of diseases such as atherosclerosis, obesity, diabetes, and cancer. However, to date, only some mechanisms of lipid endocytosis have been discovered. Here, we show a previously unknown mechanism of lipid cargo uptake into cells mediated by the receptor Mincle. We found that the receptor Mincle, previously shown to be a pattern recognition receptor of the innate immune system, tightly binds a range of self-lipids. Moreover, we revealed the minimal molecular motif in lipids that is sufficient for Mincle recognition. Superresolution microscopy showed that Mincle forms vesicles in cytoplasm and colocalizes with added fluorescent lipids in endothelial cells but does not colocalize with either clathrin or caveolin-1, and the added lipids were predominantly incorporated in vesicles that expressed Mincle. Using a model of ganglioside GM3 uptake in brain vessel endothelial cells, we show that the knockout of Mincle led to a dramatic decrease in lipid endocytosis. Taken together, our results have revealed a fundamental lipid endocytosis pathway, which we call Mincle-mediated endocytosis (MiME), and indicate a prospective target for the treatment of disorders of lipid metabolism, which are rapidly increasing in prevalence.
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13
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Taylor HA, Simmons KJ, Clavane EM, Trevelyan CJ, Brown JM, Przemyłska L, Watt NT, Matthews LC, Meakin PJ. PTPRD and DCC Are Novel BACE1 Substrates Differentially Expressed in Alzheimer's Disease: A Data Mining and Bioinformatics Study. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23094568. [PMID: 35562959 PMCID: PMC9103286 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The β-site Amyloid precursor protein Cleaving Enzyme 1 (BACE1) is an extensively studied therapeutic target for Alzheimer's disease (AD), owing to its role in the production of neurotoxic amyloid beta (Aβ) peptides. However, despite numerous BACE1 inhibitors entering clinical trials, none have successfully improved AD pathogenesis, despite effectively lowering Aβ concentrations. This can, in part, be attributed to an incomplete understanding of BACE1, including its physiological functions and substrate specificity. We propose that BACE1 has additional important physiological functions, mediated through substrates still to be identified. Thus, to address this, we computationally analysed a list of 533 BACE1 dependent proteins, identified from the literature, for potential BACE1 substrates, and compared them against proteins differentially expressed in AD. We identified 15 novel BACE1 substrates that were specifically altered in AD. To confirm our analysis, we validated Protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor type D (PTPRD) and Netrin receptor DCC (DCC) using Western blotting. These findings shed light on the BACE1 inhibitor failings and could enable the design of substrate-specific inhibitors to target alternative BACE1 substrates. Furthermore, it gives us a greater understanding of the roles of BACE1 and its dysfunction in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah A. Taylor
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK; (H.A.T.); (K.J.S.); (E.M.C.); (C.J.T.); (J.M.B.); (L.P.); (N.T.W.)
| | - Katie J. Simmons
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK; (H.A.T.); (K.J.S.); (E.M.C.); (C.J.T.); (J.M.B.); (L.P.); (N.T.W.)
| | - Eva M. Clavane
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK; (H.A.T.); (K.J.S.); (E.M.C.); (C.J.T.); (J.M.B.); (L.P.); (N.T.W.)
| | - Christopher J. Trevelyan
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK; (H.A.T.); (K.J.S.); (E.M.C.); (C.J.T.); (J.M.B.); (L.P.); (N.T.W.)
| | - Jane M. Brown
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK; (H.A.T.); (K.J.S.); (E.M.C.); (C.J.T.); (J.M.B.); (L.P.); (N.T.W.)
| | - Lena Przemyłska
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK; (H.A.T.); (K.J.S.); (E.M.C.); (C.J.T.); (J.M.B.); (L.P.); (N.T.W.)
| | - Nicole T. Watt
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK; (H.A.T.); (K.J.S.); (E.M.C.); (C.J.T.); (J.M.B.); (L.P.); (N.T.W.)
| | - Laura C. Matthews
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK;
| | - Paul J. Meakin
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK; (H.A.T.); (K.J.S.); (E.M.C.); (C.J.T.); (J.M.B.); (L.P.); (N.T.W.)
- Correspondence:
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14
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Hudák A, Letoha A, Vizler C, Letoha T. Syndecan-3 as a Novel Biomarker in Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:3407. [PMID: 35328830 PMCID: PMC8955174 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23063407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Early diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is of paramount importance in preserving the patient's mental and physical health in a fairly manageable condition for a longer period. Reliable AD detection requires novel biomarkers indicating central nervous system (CNS) degeneration in the periphery. Members of the syndecan family of transmembrane proteoglycans are emerging new targets in inflammatory and neurodegenerative disorders. Reviewing the growing scientific evidence on the involvement of syndecans in the pathomechanism of AD, we analyzed the expression of the neuronal syndecan, syndecan-3 (SDC3), in experimental models of neurodegeneration. Initial in vitro studies showed that prolonged treatment of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) increases SDC3 expression in model neuronal and brain microvascular endothelial cell lines. In vivo studies revealed elevated concentrations of TNF-α in the blood and brain of APPSWE-Tau transgenic mice, along with increased SDC3 concentration in the brain and the liver. Primary brain endothelial cells and peripheral blood monocytes isolated from APPSWE-Tau mice exhibited increased SDC3 expression than wild-type controls. SDC3 expression of blood-derived monocytes showed a positive correlation with amyloid plaque load in the brain, demonstrating that SDC3 on monocytes is a good indicator of amyloid pathology in the brain. Given the well-established role of blood tests, the SDC3 expression of monocytes could serve as a novel biomarker for early AD detection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Annamária Letoha
- Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Center, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary;
| | - Csaba Vizler
- Biological Research Centre, Institute of Biochemistry, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary;
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15
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Graßhoff H, Müller-Fielitz H, Dogbevia GK, Körbelin J, Bannach J, Vahldieck CM, Kusche-Vihrog K, Jöhren O, Müller OJ, Nogueiras R, Prevot V, Schwaninger M. Short regulatory DNA sequences to target brain endothelial cells for gene therapy. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2022; 42:104-120. [PMID: 34427142 PMCID: PMC8721777 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x211039617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Gene vectors targeting CNS endothelial cells allow to manipulate the blood-brain barrier and to correct genetic defects in the CNS. Because vectors based on the adeno-associated virus (AAV) have a limited capacity, it is essential that the DNA sequence controlling gene expression is short. In addition, it must be specific for endothelial cells to avoid off-target effects. To develop improved regulatory sequences with selectivity for brain endothelial cells, we tested the transcriptional activity of truncated promoters of eleven (brain) endothelial-specific genes in combination with short regulatory elements, i.e., the woodchuck post-transcriptional regulatory element (W), the CMV enhancer element (C), and a fragment of the first intron of the Tie2 gene (S), by transfecting brain endothelial cells of three species. Four combinations of regulatory elements and short promoters (Cdh5, Ocln, Slc2a1, and Slco1c1) progressed through this in-vitro pipeline displaying suitable activity. When tested in mice, the regulatory sequences C-Ocln-W and C-Slc2a1-S-W enabled a stronger and more specific gene expression in brain endothelial cells than the frequently used CAG promoter. In summary, the new regulatory elements efficiently control gene expression in brain endothelial cells and may help to specifically target the blood-brain barrier with gene therapy vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Graßhoff
- Institute for Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Helge Müller-Fielitz
- Institute for Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Godwin K Dogbevia
- Institute for Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Jakob Körbelin
- Institute for Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.,Department of Oncology, Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jacqueline Bannach
- Institute for Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | | | | | - Olaf Jöhren
- Institute for Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Oliver J Müller
- Department of Internal Medicine III (Cardiology, Angiology and Internal Intensive Care Medicine), University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany.,DZHK (German Research Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Hamburg/Lübeck/Kiel, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Ruben Nogueiras
- Department of Physiology, CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Vincent Prevot
- Inserm, CHU Lille, Laboratory of Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine Brain, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, UMR-S 1172, DISTALZ, European Genomic Institute for Diabetes, University of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Markus Schwaninger
- Institute for Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.,DZHK (German Research Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Hamburg/Lübeck/Kiel, Lübeck, Germany
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16
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Conchinha NV, Sokol L, Teuwen LA, Veys K, Dumas SJ, Meta E, García-Caballero M, Geldhof V, Chen R, Treps L, Borri M, de Zeeuw P, Falkenberg KD, Dubois C, Parys M, de Rooij LPMH, Rohlenova K, Goveia J, Schoonjans L, Dewerchin M, Eelen G, Li X, Kalucka J, Carmeliet P. Protocols for endothelial cell isolation from mouse tissues: brain, choroid, lung, and muscle. STAR Protoc 2021; 2:100508. [PMID: 34585146 PMCID: PMC8450255 DOI: 10.1016/j.xpro.2021.100508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial cells (ECs) harbor distinct phenotypical and functional characteristics depending on their tissue localization and contribute to brain, eye, lung, and muscle diseases such as dementia, macular degeneration, pulmonary hypertension, and sarcopenia. To study their function, isolation of pure ECs in high quantities is crucial. Here, we describe protocols for rapid and reproducible blood vessel EC purification established for scRNA sequencing from murine tissues using mechanical and enzymatic digestion followed by magnetic and fluorescence-activated cell sorting. For complete details on the use and execution of these protocol, please refer to Kalucka et al. (2020), Rohlenova et al. (2020), and Goveia et al. (2020).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine V Conchinha
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, & Department of Oncology and Leuven Cancer Institute (LKI), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Liliana Sokol
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, & Department of Oncology and Leuven Cancer Institute (LKI), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Laure-Anne Teuwen
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, & Department of Oncology and Leuven Cancer Institute (LKI), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Translational Cancer Research Unit, GZA Hospitals Sint-Augustinus, Antwerp 2610, Belgium and Center for Oncological Research, University of Antwerp, Antwerp 2000, Belgium
| | - Koen Veys
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, & Department of Oncology and Leuven Cancer Institute (LKI), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sébastien J Dumas
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, & Department of Oncology and Leuven Cancer Institute (LKI), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Elda Meta
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, & Department of Oncology and Leuven Cancer Institute (LKI), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Melissa García-Caballero
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, & Department of Oncology and Leuven Cancer Institute (LKI), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Vincent Geldhof
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, & Department of Oncology and Leuven Cancer Institute (LKI), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Rongyuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510060, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Lucas Treps
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, & Department of Oncology and Leuven Cancer Institute (LKI), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mila Borri
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, & Department of Oncology and Leuven Cancer Institute (LKI), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Pauline de Zeeuw
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, & Department of Oncology and Leuven Cancer Institute (LKI), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kim D Falkenberg
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, & Department of Oncology and Leuven Cancer Institute (LKI), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Charlotte Dubois
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, & Department of Oncology and Leuven Cancer Institute (LKI), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Magdalena Parys
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, & Department of Oncology and Leuven Cancer Institute (LKI), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Laura P M H de Rooij
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, & Department of Oncology and Leuven Cancer Institute (LKI), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Katerina Rohlenova
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, & Department of Oncology and Leuven Cancer Institute (LKI), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jermaine Goveia
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, & Department of Oncology and Leuven Cancer Institute (LKI), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Luc Schoonjans
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, & Department of Oncology and Leuven Cancer Institute (LKI), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510060, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Mieke Dewerchin
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, & Department of Oncology and Leuven Cancer Institute (LKI), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Guy Eelen
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, & Department of Oncology and Leuven Cancer Institute (LKI), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Xuri Li
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510060, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Joanna Kalucka
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, & Department of Oncology and Leuven Cancer Institute (LKI), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus 8000, Denmark
| | - Peter Carmeliet
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, & Department of Oncology and Leuven Cancer Institute (LKI), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510060, Guangdong, P.R. China.,Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus 8000, Denmark
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17
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Janssen L, Ai X, Zheng X, Wei W, Caglayan AB, Kilic E, Wang YC, Hermann DM, Venkataramani V, Bähr M, Doeppner TR. Inhibition of Fatty Acid Synthesis Aggravates Brain Injury, Reduces Blood-Brain Barrier Integrity and Impairs Neurological Recovery in a Murine Stroke Model. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:733973. [PMID: 34483846 PMCID: PMC8415573 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.733973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Inhibition of fatty acid synthesis (FAS) stimulates tumor cell death and reduces angiogenesis. When SH-SY5Y cells or primary neurons are exposed to hypoxia only, inhibition of FAS yields significantly enhanced cell injury. The pathophysiology of stroke, however, is not only restricted to hypoxia but also includes reoxygenation injury. Hence, an oxygen-glucose-deprivation (OGD) model with subsequent reoxygenation in both SH-SY5Y cells and primary neurons as well as a murine stroke model were used herein in order to study the role of FAS inhibition and its underlying mechanisms. SH-SY5Y cells and cortical neurons exposed to 10 h of OGD and 24 h of reoxygenation displayed prominent cell death when treated with the Acetyl-CoA carboxylase inhibitor TOFA or the fatty acid synthase inhibitor cerulenin. Such FAS inhibition reduced the reduction potential of these cells, as indicated by increased NADH2 +/NAD+ ratios under both in vitro and in vivo stroke conditions. As observed in the OGD model, FAS inhibition also resulted in increased cell death in the stroke model. Stroke mice treated with cerulenin did not only display increased brain injury but also showed reduced neurological recovery during the observation period of 4 weeks. Interestingly, cerulenin treatment enhanced endothelial cell leakage, reduced transcellular electrical resistance (TER) of the endothelium and contributed to poststroke blood-brain barrier (BBB) breakdown. The latter was a consequence of the activated NF-κB pathway, stimulating MMP-9 and ABCB1 transporter activity on the luminal side of the endothelium. In conclusion, FAS inhibition aggravated poststroke brain injury as consequence of BBB breakdown and NF-κB-dependent inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Janssen
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Xiaoyu Ai
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Xuan Zheng
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Wei Wei
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ahmet B Caglayan
- Regenerative and Restorative Medical Research Center, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ertugrul Kilic
- Regenerative and Restorative Medical Research Center, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ya-Chao Wang
- The Institute of Translational Medicine, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Dirk M Hermann
- Department of Neurology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Vivek Venkataramani
- Department of Medicine II, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany.,Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Mathias Bähr
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Thorsten R Doeppner
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.,Regenerative and Restorative Medical Research Center, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey
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18
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Increased brain penetration of diphenhydramine and memantine in rats with adjuvant-induced arthritis. Brain Res 2021; 1768:147581. [PMID: 34280372 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2021.147581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Brain penetration of cationic drugs is an important determinant of their efficacy and side effects. However, the effects of alterations in the activity of uptake transporters in the brain under inflammatory conditions on the brain penetration of cationic drugs are not fully understood. The aim of this study was to examine changes in brain penetration of cationic drugs, including diphenhydramine (DPHM), memantine (MMT), and cimetidine (CMD), and changes in the expression of uptake transporters such as organic cation transporter (Oct) in brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMECs) under inflammatory conditions. To clarify the effects of inflammation on the brain penetration of DPHM, MMT, and CMD, we performed brain microdialysis studies in a rat model of adjuvant-induced arthritis (AA). Further, differences in transporter mRNA expression levels between BMECs from control and AA rats were evaluated. Brain microdialysis showed that the unbound brain-to-plasma partition coefficient (Kp,uu,brain) for DPHM and MMT was significantly lower in AA rats compared with control rats. OCT mRNA levels were increased and proton-coupled organic cation (H+/OC) antiporter mRNA levels were decreased in AA rats compared with control rats. Taken together, our findings suggest that inflammation decreases the brain penetration of H+/OC antiporter substrates such as DPHM and MMT.
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19
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Sandin ES, Folberth J, Müller-Fielitz H, Pietrzik CU, Herold E, Willnow TE, Pfluger PT, Nogueiras R, Prevot V, Krey T, Schwaninger M. Is LRP2 Involved in Leptin Transport over the Blood-Brain Barrier and Development of Obesity? Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094998. [PMID: 34066779 PMCID: PMC8125945 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms underlying the transport of leptin into the brain are still largely unclear. While the leptin receptor has been implicated in the transport process, recent evidence has suggested an additional role of LRP2 (megalin). To evaluate the function of LRP2 for leptin transport across the blood-brain barrier (BBB), we developed a novel leptin-luciferase fusion protein (pLG), which stimulated leptin signaling and was transported in an in vitro BBB model based on porcine endothelial cells. The LRP inhibitor RAP did not affect leptin transport, arguing against a role of LRP2. In line with this, the selective deletion of LRP2 in brain endothelial cells and epithelial cells of the choroid plexus did not influence bodyweight, body composition, food intake, or energy expenditure of mice. These findings suggest that LRP2 at the BBB is not involved in the transport of leptin into the brain, nor in the development of obesity as has previously been described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elvira S. Sandin
- Institute for Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism, University of Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany; (E.S.S.); (J.F.); (H.M.-F.)
| | - Julica Folberth
- Institute for Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism, University of Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany; (E.S.S.); (J.F.); (H.M.-F.)
| | - Helge Müller-Fielitz
- Institute for Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism, University of Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany; (E.S.S.); (J.F.); (H.M.-F.)
| | - Claus U. Pietrzik
- Institute for Pathobiochemistry, University Medical Center of Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55099 Mainz, Germany;
| | - Elisabeth Herold
- Institute of Biochemistry, Center of Structural and Cell Biology in Medicine, University of Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany; (E.H.); (T.K.)
| | - Thomas E. Willnow
- Molecular Cardiovascular Research, Max-Delbrueck-Center for Molecular Medicine, 13092 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Paul T. Pfluger
- Research Unit Neurobiology of Diabetes, Helmholtz Zentrum München and Technical University Munich, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany;
| | - Ruben Nogueiras
- CIMUS, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain;
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Vincent Prevot
- Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Laboratory of Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine Brain, Inserm, CHU Lille, University Lille, UMR-S1172, EGID, DISTALZ, F-59000 Lille, France;
| | - Thomas Krey
- Institute of Biochemistry, Center of Structural and Cell Biology in Medicine, University of Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany; (E.H.); (T.K.)
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
- Excellence Cluster 2155 RESIST, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
- Centre for Structural Systems Biology (CSSB), 22607 Hamburg, Germany
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Markus Schwaninger
- Institute for Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism, University of Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany; (E.S.S.); (J.F.); (H.M.-F.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-451-3101-7200
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20
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Nitzsche A, Poittevin M, Benarab A, Bonnin P, Faraco G, Uchida H, Favre J, Garcia-Bonilla L, Garcia MCL, Léger PL, Thérond P, Mathivet T, Autret G, Baudrie V, Couty L, Kono M, Chevallier A, Niazi H, Tharaux PL, Chun J, Schwab SR, Eichmann A, Tavitian B, Proia RL, Charriaut-Marlangue C, Sanchez T, Kubis N, Henrion D, Iadecola C, Hla T, Camerer E. Endothelial S1P 1 Signaling Counteracts Infarct Expansion in Ischemic Stroke. Circ Res 2021; 128:363-382. [PMID: 33301355 PMCID: PMC7874503 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.120.316711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Cerebrovascular function is critical for brain health, and endogenous vascular protective pathways may provide therapeutic targets for neurological disorders. S1P (Sphingosine 1-phosphate) signaling coordinates vascular functions in other organs, and S1P1 (S1P receptor-1) modulators including fingolimod show promise for the treatment of ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke. However, S1P1 also coordinates lymphocyte trafficking, and lymphocytes are currently viewed as the principal therapeutic target for S1P1 modulation in stroke. OBJECTIVE To address roles and mechanisms of engagement of endothelial cell S1P1 in the naive and ischemic brain and its potential as a target for cerebrovascular therapy. METHODS AND RESULTS Using spatial modulation of S1P provision and signaling, we demonstrate a critical vascular protective role for endothelial S1P1 in the mouse brain. With an S1P1 signaling reporter, we reveal that abluminal polarization shields S1P1 from circulating endogenous and synthetic ligands after maturation of the blood-neural barrier, restricting homeostatic signaling to a subset of arteriolar endothelial cells. S1P1 signaling sustains hallmark endothelial functions in the naive brain and expands during ischemia by engagement of cell-autonomous S1P provision. Disrupting this pathway by endothelial cell-selective deficiency in S1P production, export, or the S1P1 receptor substantially exacerbates brain injury in permanent and transient models of ischemic stroke. By contrast, profound lymphopenia induced by loss of lymphocyte S1P1 provides modest protection only in the context of reperfusion. In the ischemic brain, endothelial cell S1P1 supports blood-brain barrier function, microvascular patency, and the rerouting of blood to hypoperfused brain tissue through collateral anastomoses. Boosting these functions by supplemental pharmacological engagement of the endothelial receptor pool with a blood-brain barrier penetrating S1P1-selective agonist can further reduce cortical infarct expansion in a therapeutically relevant time frame and independent of reperfusion. CONCLUSIONS This study provides genetic evidence to support a pivotal role for the endothelium in maintaining perfusion and microvascular patency in the ischemic penumbra that is coordinated by S1P signaling and can be harnessed for neuroprotection with blood-brain barrier-penetrating S1P1 agonists.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Blood-Brain Barrier/drug effects
- Blood-Brain Barrier/metabolism
- Blood-Brain Barrier/pathology
- Blood-Brain Barrier/physiopathology
- Cerebral Arteries/drug effects
- Cerebral Arteries/metabolism
- Cerebral Arteries/pathology
- Cerebral Arteries/physiopathology
- Cerebrovascular Circulation
- Disease Models, Animal
- Endothelial Cells/metabolism
- Endothelial Cells/pathology
- Female
- Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery/metabolism
- Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery/pathology
- Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery/physiopathology
- Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery/prevention & control
- Ischemic Attack, Transient/metabolism
- Ischemic Attack, Transient/pathology
- Ischemic Attack, Transient/physiopathology
- Ischemic Attack, Transient/prevention & control
- Ischemic Stroke/metabolism
- Ischemic Stroke/pathology
- Ischemic Stroke/physiopathology
- Ischemic Stroke/prevention & control
- Lysophospholipids/metabolism
- Male
- Mice, 129 Strain
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Microcirculation
- Neuroprotective Agents/pharmacology
- Signal Transduction
- Sphingosine/analogs & derivatives
- Sphingosine/metabolism
- Sphingosine-1-Phosphate Receptors/agonists
- Sphingosine-1-Phosphate Receptors/genetics
- Sphingosine-1-Phosphate Receptors/metabolism
- Vascular Patency
- Mice
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Nitzsche
- Université de Paris, Paris Cardiovascular Research Centre, INSERM
| | - Marine Poittevin
- Université de Paris, Paris Cardiovascular Research Centre, INSERM
- Institut des Vaisseaux et du Sang, Hôpital Lariboisière
| | - Ammar Benarab
- Université de Paris, Paris Cardiovascular Research Centre, INSERM
| | - Philippe Bonnin
- Université de Paris, INSERM U965 and Physiologie Clinique - Explorations-Fonctionnelles, AP-HP, Hôpital Lariboisière
| | - Giuseppe Faraco
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York
| | - Hiroki Uchida
- Center for Vascular Biology, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York
| | - Julie Favre
- MITOVASC Institute, CARFI Facility, CNRS UMR 6015, INSERM U1083, Angers University
| | - Lidia Garcia-Bonilla
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York
| | - Manuela C. L. Garcia
- MITOVASC Institute, CARFI Facility, CNRS UMR 6015, INSERM U1083, Angers University
| | - Pierre-Louis Léger
- Institut des Vaisseaux et du Sang, Hôpital Lariboisière
- INSERM U1141, Hôpital Robert Debré
| | - Patrice Thérond
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Service de Biochimie, Hôpital de Bicêtre, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France; Université Paris-Sud
- UFR de Pharmacie, EA 4529, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Thomas Mathivet
- Université de Paris, Paris Cardiovascular Research Centre, INSERM
| | - Gwennhael Autret
- Université de Paris, Paris Cardiovascular Research Centre, INSERM
| | | | - Ludovic Couty
- Université de Paris, Paris Cardiovascular Research Centre, INSERM
| | - Mari Kono
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Aline Chevallier
- Université de Paris, Paris Cardiovascular Research Centre, INSERM
| | - Hira Niazi
- Université de Paris, Paris Cardiovascular Research Centre, INSERM
| | | | - Jerold Chun
- Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla
| | - Susan R. Schwab
- Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York
| | - Anne Eichmann
- Université de Paris, Paris Cardiovascular Research Centre, INSERM
| | | | - Richard L. Proia
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Teresa Sanchez
- Center for Vascular Biology, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York
| | - Nathalie Kubis
- Université de Paris, INSERM U965 and Physiologie Clinique - Explorations-Fonctionnelles, AP-HP, Hôpital Lariboisière
- Université de Paris, INSERM U1148, Hôpital Bichat, Paris, France
| | - Daniel Henrion
- MITOVASC Institute, CARFI Facility, CNRS UMR 6015, INSERM U1083, Angers University
| | - Costantino Iadecola
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York
| | - Timothy Hla
- Vascular Biology Program, Boston Children's Hospital
| | - Eric Camerer
- Université de Paris, Paris Cardiovascular Research Centre, INSERM
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21
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Zhang L, Graf I, Kuang Y, Zheng X, Haupt M, Majid A, Kilic E, Hermann DM, Psychogios MN, Weber MS, Ochs J, Bähr M, Doeppner TR. Neural Progenitor Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles Enhance Blood-Brain Barrier Integrity by NF-κB (Nuclear Factor-κB)-Dependent Regulation of ABCB1 (ATP-Binding Cassette Transporter B1) in Stroke Mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2020; 41:1127-1145. [PMID: 33327747 PMCID: PMC7901534 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.120.315031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text. Objective: Extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from neural progenitor cells enhance poststroke neurological recovery, albeit the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. Since previous research described an enhanced poststroke integrity of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) upon systemic transplantation of neural progenitor cells, we examined if neural progenitor cell-derived EVs affect BBB integrity and which cellular mechanisms are involved in the process. Approach and Results: Using in vitro models of primary brain endothelial cell (EC) cultures as well as co-cultures of brain ECs (ECs) and astrocytes exposed to oxygen glucose deprivation, we examined the effects of EVs or vehicle on microvascular integrity. In vitro data were confirmed using a mouse transient middle cerebral artery occlusion model. Cultured ECs displayed increased ABCB1 (ATP-binding cassette transporter B1) levels when exposed to oxygen glucose deprivation, which was reversed by treatment with EVs. The latter was due to an EV-induced inhibition of the NF-κB (nuclear factor-κB) pathway. Using a BBB co-culture model of ECs and astrocytes exposed to oxygen glucose deprivation, EVs stabilized the BBB and ABCB1 levels without affecting the transcellular electrical resistance of ECs. Likewise, EVs yielded reduced Evans blue extravasation, decreased ABCB1 expression as well as an inhibition of the NF-κB pathway, and downstream matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) activity in stroke mice. The EV-induced inhibition of the NF-κB pathway resulted in a poststroke modulation of immune responses. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that EVs enhance poststroke BBB integrity via ABCB1 and MMP-9 regulation, attenuating inflammatory cell recruitment by inhibition of the NF-κB pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Zhang
- Department of Neurology (L.Z., I.G., Y.K., X.Z., M.H., M.S.W., M.B., T.R.D.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany
| | - Irina Graf
- Department of Neurology (L.Z., I.G., Y.K., X.Z., M.H., M.S.W., M.B., T.R.D.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany
| | - Yaoyun Kuang
- Department of Neurology (L.Z., I.G., Y.K., X.Z., M.H., M.S.W., M.B., T.R.D.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany
| | - Xuan Zheng
- Department of Neurology (L.Z., I.G., Y.K., X.Z., M.H., M.S.W., M.B., T.R.D.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany
| | - Matteo Haupt
- Department of Neurology (L.Z., I.G., Y.K., X.Z., M.H., M.S.W., M.B., T.R.D.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany
| | - Arshad Majid
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, United Kingdom (A.M.)
| | - Ertugrul Kilic
- Istanbul Medipol University, Regenerative and Restorative Medical Research Center, Turkey (E.K., T.R.D.)
| | - Dirk M Hermann
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany (D.M.H.)
| | | | - Martin S Weber
- Department of Neurology (L.Z., I.G., Y.K., X.Z., M.H., M.S.W., M.B., T.R.D.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany.,Department of Neuropathology (M.S.W., J.O.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jasmin Ochs
- Department of Neuropathology (M.S.W., J.O.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany
| | - Mathias Bähr
- Department of Neurology (L.Z., I.G., Y.K., X.Z., M.H., M.S.W., M.B., T.R.D.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany
| | - Thorsten R Doeppner
- Department of Neurology (L.Z., I.G., Y.K., X.Z., M.H., M.S.W., M.B., T.R.D.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany.,Istanbul Medipol University, Regenerative and Restorative Medical Research Center, Turkey (E.K., T.R.D.)
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22
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Kawase A, Chuma T, Irie K, Kazaoka A, Kakuno A, Matsuda N, Shimada H, Iwaki M. Increased penetration of diphenhydramine in brain via proton-coupled organic cation antiporter in rats with lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation. Brain Behav Immun Health 2020; 10:100188. [PMID: 34589723 PMCID: PMC8474606 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbih.2020.100188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Uptake transporters in brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMECs) are involved in the penetration of basic (cationic) drugs such as diphenhydramine (DPHM) into the brain. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation alters the expression levels and activities of uptake transporters, which change the penetration of DPHM into the brain. A brain microdialysis study showed that the unbound brain-to-plasma partition coefficient (Kp,uu,brain) for DPHM in LPS rats was approximately two times higher than that in control rats. The transcellular transport of DPHM to BMECs was increased when BMECs were cultured with serum from LPS rats. Compared with control rats or BMECs, the brain uptake of DPHM in LPS rats was increased and the intracellular accumulation of DPHM was increased under a high intracellular pH in BMECs from LPS rats, respectively. Treatment of BMECs with transporter inhibitors or inflammatory cytokines had little impact on the intracellular accumulation of DPHM in BMECs. This study suggests that LPS-induced inflammation promotes unidentified proton-coupled organic cation (H+/OC) antiporters that improve the penetration of DPHM into rat brain via the blood-brain barrier. The unbound brain-to-plasma partition coefficient for diphenhydramine (DPHM) was increased in lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation in rats. The uptake of DPHM to brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMECs) was promoted by treatments of serum from rats with inflammation. Treatment of BMECs with transporter inhibitors or inflammatory cytokines had little impact on the intracellular accumulation of DPHM in BMECs. LPS-induced inflammation promotes unidentified proton-coupled organic cation antiporters that improve the brain penetration of DPHM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Kawase
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, Osaka, Japan
- Corresponding author. 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-Osaka, Osaka, 577-8502, Japan.
| | - Taihei Chuma
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kota Irie
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Akira Kazaoka
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Asuka Kakuno
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Naoya Matsuda
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Shimada
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masahiro Iwaki
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, Osaka, Japan
- Pharmaceutical Research and Technology Institute, Kindai University, Osaka, Japan
- Antiaging Center, Kindai University, Osaka, Japan
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23
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Wenzel J, Spyropoulos D, Assmann JC, Khan MA, Stölting I, Lembrich B, Kreißig S, Ridder DA, Isermann B, Schwaninger M. Endogenous THBD (Thrombomodulin) Mediates Angiogenesis in the Ischemic Brain—Brief Report. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2020; 40:2837-2844. [DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.120.315061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Objective:
THBD (thrombomodulin) is part of the anticoagulant protein C-system that acts at the endothelium and is involved in anti-inflammatory and barrier-stabilizing processes. A recombinant soluble form of THBD was shown to have protective effects in different organs, but how the endogenous THBD is regulated during ischemia, particularly in the brain is not known to date. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of THBD, especially in brain endothelial cells, during ischemic stroke.
Approach and Results:
To induce ischemic brain damage, we occluded the middle cerebral artery of mice. We found an increased endothelial expression of
Thbd
in the peri-infarct area, whereas in the core of the ischemic tissue
Thbd
expression was decreased compared with the contralateral side. We generated a novel Cre/loxP-based mouse line that allows for the inducible deletion of
Thbd
specifically in brain endothelial cells, which worsened stroke outcome 48 hours after middle cerebral artery occlusion. Unexpectedly, we found no signs of increased coagulation, thrombosis, or inflammation in the brain but decreased vessel diameters and impaired angiogenesis in the peri-infarct area that led to a reduced overall vessel length 1 week after stroke induction.
Conclusions:
Endogenous THBD acts as a protective factor in the brain during ischemic stroke and enhances vessel diameter and proliferation. These previously unknown properties of THBD could offer new opportunities to affect vessel function after ischemia and thereby improve stroke outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Wenzel
- Institute for Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism (CBBM), University of Lübeck, Germany (J.W., D.S., J.C.A., M.A.K., I.S., B.L., S.K., M.S.)
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Germany (J.W., D.S., M.S.)
| | - Dimitrios Spyropoulos
- Institute for Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism (CBBM), University of Lübeck, Germany (J.W., D.S., J.C.A., M.A.K., I.S., B.L., S.K., M.S.)
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Germany (J.W., D.S., M.S.)
| | - Julian Christopher Assmann
- Institute for Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism (CBBM), University of Lübeck, Germany (J.W., D.S., J.C.A., M.A.K., I.S., B.L., S.K., M.S.)
| | - Mahtab Ahmad Khan
- Institute for Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism (CBBM), University of Lübeck, Germany (J.W., D.S., J.C.A., M.A.K., I.S., B.L., S.K., M.S.)
| | - Ines Stölting
- Institute for Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism (CBBM), University of Lübeck, Germany (J.W., D.S., J.C.A., M.A.K., I.S., B.L., S.K., M.S.)
| | - Beate Lembrich
- Institute for Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism (CBBM), University of Lübeck, Germany (J.W., D.S., J.C.A., M.A.K., I.S., B.L., S.K., M.S.)
| | - Sara Kreißig
- Institute for Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism (CBBM), University of Lübeck, Germany (J.W., D.S., J.C.A., M.A.K., I.S., B.L., S.K., M.S.)
| | | | - Berend Isermann
- Institute for Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, University of Leipzig, Germany (B.I.)
| | - Markus Schwaninger
- Institute for Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism (CBBM), University of Lübeck, Germany (J.W., D.S., J.C.A., M.A.K., I.S., B.L., S.K., M.S.)
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Germany (J.W., D.S., M.S.)
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Su X, Sun ZH, Ren Q, Liu JR, Yin L, Liang N, Meng L, Sun RX. The effect of spleen tyrosine kinase inhibitor R406 on diabetic retinopathy in experimental diabetic rats. Int Ophthalmol 2020; 40:2371-2383. [PMID: 32462561 DOI: 10.1007/s10792-020-01422-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the effect of spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk) inhibitor R406 on diabetic retinopathy (DR) in diabetic mellitus (DM) rats. METHODS Rats were randomized into Normal, DM, DM + 5 mg/kg R406 and DM + 10 mg/kg R406 groups. DM rats were established via injection of streptozotocin (STZ). One week after model establishment, rats in treatment groups received 5 mg/kg or 10 mg/kg R406 by gavage administration for 12 weeks consecutively, followed by the detection with hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining, Evans blue angiography, retinal trypsin digestion assay, Western blotting, immunohistochemistry, TUNEL assay, immunofluorescence assay and quantitative reverse transcriptase real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). RESULTS The retina of DM rats presented different degree of edema, disordered and loose structure, swollen cells with enlarged intercellular space, and dilated and congested capillaries. Besides, the retinal vessels of DM rats showed high fluorescence leakage. However, R406 alleviated the above-mentioned conditions, which was much better with high concentration of R406 (10 mg/kg). R406 also reversed the down-regulations of occludin, claudin-5, ZO-1 and the up-regulation of and VEGF in retinal tissues of DM rats; inhibited retinal cell apoptosis; strengthened retinal cell proliferation; and reduced expressions of IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α and nuclear p65 NF-κB in retinal tissues. The improvement in all these indexes was much more significant in rats of DM + 10 mg/kg R406 group than in rats of DM + 5 mg/kg R406 group. CONCLUSION Syk inhibitor R406 could attenuate retinal inflammation in DR rats via the repression of NF-κB activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian Su
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Hospital of Shijiazhuang City, No. 12, Pingan North Street, Shijiazhuang, 050000, Hebei Province, China
| | - Zhao-Hui Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Hospital of Shijiazhuang City, No. 12, Pingan North Street, Shijiazhuang, 050000, Hebei Province, China
| | - Qian Ren
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Hospital of Shijiazhuang City, No. 12, Pingan North Street, Shijiazhuang, 050000, Hebei Province, China
| | - Jun-Ru Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Third Hospital of Shijiazhuang City, Shijiazhuang, 050011, Hebei Province, China
| | - Li Yin
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Hospital of Shijiazhuang City, No. 12, Pingan North Street, Shijiazhuang, 050000, Hebei Province, China
| | - Na Liang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Hospital of Shijiazhuang City, No. 12, Pingan North Street, Shijiazhuang, 050000, Hebei Province, China
| | - Ling Meng
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Hospital of Shijiazhuang City, No. 12, Pingan North Street, Shijiazhuang, 050000, Hebei Province, China
| | - Rui-Xue Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Hospital of Shijiazhuang City, No. 12, Pingan North Street, Shijiazhuang, 050000, Hebei Province, China.
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25
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Aoki H, Yamashita M, Hashita T, Iwao T, Matsunaga T. Laminin 221 fragment is suitable for the differentiation of human induced pluripotent stem cells into brain microvascular endothelial-like cells with robust barrier integrity. Fluids Barriers CNS 2020; 17:25. [PMID: 32228708 PMCID: PMC7106710 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-020-00186-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In vitro blood-brain barrier (BBB) models using human induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cell-derived brain microvascular endothelial-like cells (iBMELCs) have been developed to predict the BBB permeability of drug candidates. For the differentiation of iBMELCs, Matrigel, which is a gelatinous protein mixture, is often used as a coating substrate. However, the components of Matrigel can vary among lots, as it is obtained from mouse sarcoma cells with the use of special technics and also contains various basement membranes. Therefore, fully defined substrates as substitutes for Matrigel are needed for a stable supply of iBMELCs with less variation among lots. METHODS iBMELCs were differentiated from human iPS cells on several matrices. The barrier integrity of iBMELCs was evaluated based on transendothelial electrical resistance (TEER) values and permeability of fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran 4 kDa (FD4) and Lucifer yellow (LY). Characterization of iBMELCs was conducted by RT-qPCR and immunofluorescence analysis. Functions of efflux transporters were defined by intracellular accumulation of the substrates in the wells of multiwell plates. RESULTS iBMELCs differentiated on laminin 221 fragment (LN221F-iBMELCs) had higher TEER values and lower permeability of LY and FD4 as compared with iBMELCs differentiated on Matrigel (Matrigel-iBMELCs). Besides, the gene and protein expression levels of brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMEC)-related markers were similar between LN221F-iBMELCs and Matrigel-iBMELCs. Moreover, both Matrigel- and LN221F-iBMELCs had functions of P-glycoprotein and breast cancer resistance protein, which are essential efflux transporters for barrier functions of the BBB. CONCLUSION The fully defined substrate LN221F presents as an optimal coating matrix for differentiation of iBMELCs. The LN221F-iBMELCs had more robust barrier function for a longer period than Matrigel-iBMELCs with characteristics of BMECs. This finding will contribute the establishment of an iBMELC supply system for pharmacokinetic and pathological models of the BBB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromasa Aoki
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 3-1 Tanabe-dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, 467-8603, Japan
| | - Misaki Yamashita
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 3-1 Tanabe-dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, 467-8603, Japan
| | - Tadahiro Hashita
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 3-1 Tanabe-dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, 467-8603, Japan
| | - Takahiro Iwao
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 3-1 Tanabe-dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, 467-8603, Japan
| | - Tamihide Matsunaga
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 3-1 Tanabe-dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, 467-8603, Japan.
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26
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Sabbagh MF, Nathans J. A genome-wide view of the de-differentiation of central nervous system endothelial cells in culture. eLife 2020; 9:e51276. [PMID: 31913116 PMCID: PMC6948952 DOI: 10.7554/elife.51276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular endothelial cells (ECs) derived from the central nervous system (CNS) variably lose their unique barrier properties during in vitro culture, hindering the development of robust assays for blood-brain barrier (BBB) function, including drug permeability and extrusion assays. In previous work (Sabbagh et al., 2018) we characterized transcriptional and accessible chromatin landscapes of acutely isolated mouse CNS ECs. In this report, we compare transcriptional and accessible chromatin landscapes of acutely isolated mouse CNS ECs versus mouse CNS ECs in short-term in vitro culture. We observe that standard culture conditions are associated with a rapid and selective loss of BBB transcripts and chromatin features, as well as a greatly reduced level of beta-catenin signaling. Interestingly, forced expression of a stabilized derivative of beta-catenin, which in vivo leads to a partial conversion of non-BBB CNS ECs to a BBB-like state, has little or no effect on gene expression or chromatin accessibility in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark F Sabbagh
- Department of Molecular Biology and GeneticsJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreUnited States
- Department of NeuroscienceJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreUnited States
| | - Jeremy Nathans
- Department of Molecular Biology and GeneticsJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreUnited States
- Department of NeuroscienceJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreUnited States
- Department of OphthalmologyJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreUnited States
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreUnited States
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27
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Impaired endothelium-mediated cerebrovascular reactivity promotes anxiety and respiration disorders in mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:1753-1761. [PMID: 31896584 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1907467117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbon dioxide (CO2), the major product of metabolism, has a strong impact on cerebral blood vessels, a phenomenon known as cerebrovascular reactivity. Several vascular risk factors such as hypertension or diabetes dampen this response, making cerebrovascular reactivity a useful diagnostic marker for incipient vascular pathology, but its functional relevance, if any, is still unclear. Here, we found that GPR4, an endothelial H+ receptor, and endothelial Gαq/11 proteins mediate the CO2/H+ effect on cerebrovascular reactivity in mice. CO2/H+ leads to constriction of vessels in the brainstem area that controls respiration. The consequential washout of CO2, if cerebrovascular reactivity is impaired, reduces respiration. In contrast, CO2 dilates vessels in other brain areas such as the amygdala. Hence, an impaired cerebrovascular reactivity amplifies the CO2 effect on anxiety. Even at atmospheric CO2 concentrations, impaired cerebrovascular reactivity caused longer apneic episodes and more anxiety, indicating that cerebrovascular reactivity is essential for normal brain function. The site-specific reactivity of vessels to CO2 is reflected by regional differences in their gene expression and the release of vasoactive factors from endothelial cells. Our data suggest the central nervous system (CNS) endothelium as a target to treat respiratory and affective disorders associated with vascular diseases.
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28
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Haruwaka K, Ikegami A, Tachibana Y, Ohno N, Konishi H, Hashimoto A, Matsumoto M, Kato D, Ono R, Kiyama H, Moorhouse AJ, Nabekura J, Wake H. Dual microglia effects on blood brain barrier permeability induced by systemic inflammation. Nat Commun 2019; 10:5816. [PMID: 31862977 PMCID: PMC6925219 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-13812-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 477] [Impact Index Per Article: 95.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia survey brain parenchyma, responding to injury and infections. Microglia also respond to systemic disease, but the role of blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity in this process remains unclear. Using simultaneous in vivo imaging, we demonstrated that systemic inflammation induces CCR5-dependent migration of brain resident microglia to the cerebral vasculature. Vessel-associated microglia initially maintain BBB integrity via expression of the tight-junction protein Claudin-5 and make physical contact with endothelial cells. During sustained inflammation, microglia phagocytose astrocytic end-feet and impair BBB function. Our results show microglia play a dual role in maintaining BBB integrity with implications for elucidating how systemic immune-activation impacts neural functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichiro Haruwaka
- Division of System Neuroscience, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan.,Division of Homeostatic Development, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Japan.,Department of Physiological Sciences, The Graduate School for Advanced Study, Hayama, Japan
| | - Ako Ikegami
- Division of System Neuroscience, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Tachibana
- Division of System Neuroscience, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Nobuhiko Ohno
- Department of Anatomy, Division of Histology and Cell Biology, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan.,Division of Ultrastructural Research, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Konishi
- Department of Functional Anatomy and Neuroscience, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Akari Hashimoto
- Division of System Neuroscience, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Mami Matsumoto
- Section of Electron Microscopy, Supportive Center for Brain Research, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Japan.,Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Daisuke Kato
- Division of System Neuroscience, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan.,Department of Anatomy and Molecular Cell Biology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Riho Ono
- Division of System Neuroscience, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kiyama
- Department of Functional Anatomy and Neuroscience, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Andrew J Moorhouse
- School of Medical Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Junichi Nabekura
- Division of Homeostatic Development, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Japan.,Department of Physiological Sciences, The Graduate School for Advanced Study, Hayama, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Wake
- Division of System Neuroscience, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan. .,Department of Anatomy and Molecular Cell Biology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan. .,Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama, Japan. .,Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama, Japan.
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29
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Bernard-Patrzynski F, Lécuyer MA, Puscas I, Boukhatem I, Charabati M, Bourbonnière L, Ramassamy C, Leclair G, Prat A, Roullin VG. Isolation of endothelial cells, pericytes and astrocytes from mouse brain. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0226302. [PMID: 31851695 PMCID: PMC6919623 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0226302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary cell isolation from the central nervous system (CNS) has allowed fundamental understanding of blood-brain barrier (BBB) properties. However, poorly described isolation techniques or suboptimal cellular purity has been a weak point of some published scientific articles. Here, we describe in detail how to isolate and enrich, using a common approach, endothelial cells (ECs) from adult mouse brains, as well as pericytes (PCs) and astrocytes (ACs) from newborn mouse brains. Our approach allowed the isolation of these three brain cell types with purities of around 90%. Furthermore, using our protocols, around 3 times more PCs and 2 times more ACs could be grown in culture, as compared to previously published protocols. The cells were identified and characterized using flow cytometry and confocal microscopy. The ability of ECs to form a tight monolayer was assessed for passages 0 to 3. The expression of claudin-5, occludin, zonula occludens-1, P-glycoprotein-1 and breast cancer resistance protein by ECs, as well as the ability of the cells to respond to cytokine stimuli (TNF-α, IFN-γ) was also investigated by q-PCR. The transcellular permeability of ECs was evaluated in the presence of pericytes or astrocytes in a Transwell® model by measuring the transendothelial electrical resistance (TEER), dextran-FITC and sodium fluorescein permeability. Overall, ECs at passages 0 and 1 featured the best properties valued in a BBB model. Furthermore, pericytes did not increase tightness of EC monolayers, whereas astrocytes did regardless of their seeding location. Finally, ECs resuspended in fetal bovine serum (FBS) and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) could be cryopreserved in liquid nitrogen without affecting their phenotype nor their capacity to form a tight monolayer, thus allowing these primary cells to be used for various longitudinal in vitro studies of the blood-brain barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marc-André Lécuyer
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Québec, Canada
- Institute for Multiple Sclerosis Research and Neuroimmunology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ina Puscas
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Imane Boukhatem
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Marc Charabati
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Lyne Bourbonnière
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Charles Ramassamy
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Armand-Frappier Institute, Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Grégoire Leclair
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Alexandre Prat
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - V Gaëlle Roullin
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Québec, Canada
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30
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Batista AR, King OD, Reardon CP, Davis C, Shankaracharya, Philip V, Gray-Edwards H, Aronin N, Lutz C, Landers J, Sena-Esteves M. Ly6a Differential Expression in Blood-Brain Barrier Is Responsible for Strain Specific Central Nervous System Transduction Profile of AAV-PHP.B. Hum Gene Ther 2019; 31:90-102. [PMID: 31696742 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2019.186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Adeno-associated virus (AAV) gene therapy for neurological diseases was revolutionized by the discovery that AAV9 crosses the blood-brain barrier (BBB) after systemic administration. Transformative results have been documented in various inherited diseases, but overall neuronal transduction efficiency is relatively low. The recent development of AAV-PHP.B with ∼60-fold higher efficiency than AAV9 in transducing the adult mouse brain was the major first step toward acquiring the ability to deliver genes to the majority of cells in the central nervous system (CNS). However, little is known about the mechanism utilized by AAV to cross the BBB, and how it may diverge across species. In this study, we show that AAV-PHP.B is ineffective for systemic CNS gene transfer in the inbred strains BALB/cJ, BALB/cByJ, A/J, NOD/ShiLtJ, NZO/HILtJ, C3H/HeJ, and CBA/J mice, but it is highly potent in C57BL/6J, FVB/NJ, DBA/2J, 129S1/SvImJ, and AKR/J mice and also the outbred strain CD-1. We used the power of classical genetics to uncover the molecular mechanisms AAV-PHP.B engages to transduce CNS at high efficiency, and by quantitative trait locus mapping we identify a 6 Mb region in chromosome 15 with an logarithm of the odds (LOD) score ∼20, including single nucleotide polymorphisms in the coding region of 9 different genes. Comparison of the publicly available data on the genome sequence of 16 different mouse strains, combined with RNA-seq data analysis of brain microcapillary endothelia, led us to conclude that the expression level of Ly6a is likely the determining factor for differential efficacy of AAV-PHP.B in transducing the CNS across different mouse strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Rita Batista
- Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts.,Horae Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Oliver D King
- Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Christopher P Reardon
- Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts.,Horae Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Crystal Davis
- Rare and Orphan Disease Center, The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine
| | - Shankaracharya
- Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Vivek Philip
- Rare and Orphan Disease Center, The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine
| | - Heather Gray-Edwards
- Horae Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts.,Department of Radiology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Neil Aronin
- RNA Therapeutics Institute, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Cathleen Lutz
- Rare and Orphan Disease Center, The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine
| | - John Landers
- Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Miguel Sena-Esteves
- Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts.,Horae Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
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31
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McInerney MP, Pan Y, Volitakis I, Bush AI, Short JL, Nicolazzo JA. The Effects of Clioquinol on P-glycoprotein Expression and Biometal Distribution in the Mouse Brain Microvasculature. J Pharm Sci 2019; 108:2247-2255. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2019.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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32
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Ross EC, Olivera GC, Barragan A. Dysregulation of focal adhesion kinase upon
Toxoplasma gondii
infection facilitates parasite translocation across polarised primary brain endothelial cell monolayers. Cell Microbiol 2019; 21:e13048. [DOI: 10.1111/cmi.13048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emily C. Ross
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner‐Gren InstituteStockholm University Stockholm Sweden
| | - Gabriela C. Olivera
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner‐Gren InstituteStockholm University Stockholm Sweden
| | - Antonio Barragan
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner‐Gren InstituteStockholm University Stockholm Sweden
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33
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Dayton JR, Franke MC, Yuan Y, Cruz-Orengo L. Straightforward method for singularized and region-specific CNS microvessels isolation. J Neurosci Methods 2019; 318:17-33. [PMID: 30797797 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2019.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Current methods for murine brain microvasculature isolation requires the pooling of brain cortices while disregarding the rest of the CNS, making the analysis of single individuals non feasible. NEW METHOD Efficient isolation of brain microvessels requires the elimination of meninges, vessels of high caliber vessels and choroid plexus, commonly done by rolling the over filter paper, but can't be done on other CNS regions. We overcome this hurdle by using a double-pronged pick, as well as elution and filtration through cell strainers after centrifugation. RESULTS We were able to develop a region-specific murine CNS microvessels isolation, that allows for the comparison of the neurovascular unit from these regions both within the same individual and between multiple individuals and/or treatment groups without pooling. Additionally, we were able to adapt this method to macaque CNS tissue. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHOD(S) Although similar to a previously published method that requires no enzymatic dissociation and no ultracentrifugation, it does differ in its ability to isolate from a single experimental animal and from non-cortical tissues. However, it relies heavily on the researcher dissecting skills and careful elution and filtration of re-suspended samples. CONCLUSIONS CNS region-specific microvessels comparison can inform of molecular and/or cellular differences that would otherwise be obscured by excluding non-cortical tissue. Additionally, it allows for the unmasking of variations between individuals that remained hidden when pooling of multiple samples is the norm. Lastly, isolation of region-specific microvessels for non-human primate CNS allows for more translationally relevant studies of the BBB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacquelyn Rose Dayton
- University of California, Davis. Anatomy, Physiology & Cell Biology, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Drive, Davis, CA, 95616, United States.
| | - Marissa Cindy Franke
- University of California, Davis. Anatomy, Physiology & Cell Biology, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Drive, Davis, CA, 95616, United States.
| | - Yinyu Yuan
- University of California, Davis. Anatomy, Physiology & Cell Biology, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Drive, Davis, CA, 95616, United States.
| | - Lillian Cruz-Orengo
- University of California, Davis. Anatomy, Physiology & Cell Biology, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Drive, Davis, CA, 95616, United States.
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34
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Telmisartan prevents diet-induced obesity and preserves leptin transport across the blood-brain barrier in high-fat diet-fed mice. Pflugers Arch 2018; 470:1673-1689. [PMID: 29978352 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-018-2178-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Revised: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is a global health problem and treatment options are still insufficient. When chronically treated with the angiotensin II receptor blocker telmisartan (TEL), rodents do not develop diet-induced obesity (DIO). However, the underlying mechanism for this is still unclear. Here we investigated whether TEL prevents leptin resistance by enhancing leptin uptake across the blood-brain barrier (BBB). To address this question, we fed C57BL/6 mice a high-fat diet (HFD) and treated them daily with TEL by oral gavage. In addition to broadly characterizing the metabolism of leptin, we determined leptin uptake into the brain by measuring BBB transport of radioactively labeled leptin after long-term and short-term TEL treatment. Additionally, we assessed BBB integrity in response to angiotensin II in vitro and in vivo. We found that HFD markedly increased body weight, energy intake, and leptin concentration but that this effect was abolished under TEL treatment. Furthermore, glucose control and, most importantly, leptin uptake across the BBB were impaired in mice on HFD, but, again, both were preserved under TEL treatment. BBB integrity was not impaired due to angiotensin II or blocking of angiotensin II receptors. However, TEL did not exhibit an acute effect on leptin uptake across the BBB. Our results confirm that TEL prevents DIO and show that TEL preserves leptin transport and thereby prevents leptin resistance. We conclude that the preservation of leptin sensitivity is, however, more a consequence than the cause of TEL preventing body weight gain.
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Di Spiezio A, Sandin ES, Dore R, Müller-Fielitz H, Storck SE, Bernau M, Mier W, Oster H, Jöhren O, Pietrzik CU, Lehnert H, Schwaninger M. The LepR-mediated leptin transport across brain barriers controls food reward. Mol Metab 2018; 8:13-22. [PMID: 29254602 PMCID: PMC5985039 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2017.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Revised: 11/26/2017] [Accepted: 12/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Leptin is a key hormone in the control of appetite and body weight. Predominantly produced by white adipose tissue, it acts on the brain to inhibit homeostatic feeding and food reward. Leptin has free access to circumventricular organs, such as the median eminence, but entry into other brain centers is restricted by the blood-brain and blood-CSF barriers. So far, it is unknown for which of its central effects leptin has to penetrate brain barriers. In addition, the mechanisms mediating the transport across barriers are unclear although high expression in brain barriers suggests an important role of the leptin receptor (LepR). METHODS We selectively deleted LepR in brain endothelial and epithelial cells of mice (LepRbeKO). The expression of LepR in fenestrated vessels of the periphery and the median eminence as well as in tanycytes was not affected. RESULTS Perfusion studies showed that leptin uptake by the brain depended on LepR in brain barriers. When being fed with a rewarding high-fat diet LepRbeKO mice gained more body weight than controls. The aggravated obesity of LepRbeKO mice was due to hyperphagia and a higher sensitivity to food reward. CONCLUSIONS The LepR-mediated transport of leptin across brain barriers in endothelial cells lining microvessels and in epithelial cells of the choroid plexus controls food reward but is apparently not involved in homeostatic control of feeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Di Spiezio
- Institute for Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Elvira Sonia Sandin
- Institute for Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Riccardo Dore
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Helge Müller-Fielitz
- Institute for Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Steffen E Storck
- Institute for Pathobiochemistry, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Duesbergweg 6, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - Mareike Bernau
- Institute for Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Walter Mier
- Department of Radiochemistry, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Henrik Oster
- Institute of Neurobiology, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Olaf Jöhren
- Center of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Claus U Pietrzik
- Institute for Pathobiochemistry, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Duesbergweg 6, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - Hendrik Lehnert
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23562 Lübeck, Germany; Deutsches Zentrum für Diabetesforschung, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Markus Schwaninger
- Institute for Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23562 Lübeck, Germany.
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