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Laval T, Demangel C. Click-chemistry-based protocol to quantitatively assess fatty acid uptake by Mycobacterium tuberculosis in axenic culture and inside mouse macrophages. STAR Protoc 2023; 4:102062. [PMID: 36853675 PMCID: PMC9881404 DOI: 10.1016/j.xpro.2023.102062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) hijacks host-derived fatty acids (FAs) to sustain its intracellular growth inside host cells. Here, we present a click-chemistry-based protocol to assess FA import by Mtb in axenic culture or inside mouse macrophages. We describe the use of alkyne analogs of natural FAs as an alternative to structurally altered fluorescent derivatives or hazardous radiolabeled FAs. We also detail quantitative analyses of FA uptake at single bacterial or host cell level by flow cytometry and confocal fluorescence microscopy. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Laval et al. (2021).1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Laval
- Immunobiology and Therapy Unit, Institut Pasteur, INSERM U1224, Paris, France; Université Paris Cité, Paris, France.
| | - Caroline Demangel
- Immunobiology and Therapy Unit, Institut Pasteur, INSERM U1224, Paris, France.
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2
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Fieweger RA, Wilburn KM, Montague CR, Roszkowski EK, Kelly CM, Southard TL, Sondermann H, Nazarova EV, VanderVen BC. MceG stabilizes the Mce1 and Mce4 transporters in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:102910. [PMID: 36642182 PMCID: PMC9947336 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.102910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipids are important nutrients for Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) to support bacterial survival in mammalian tissues and host cells. Fatty acids and cholesterol are imported across the Mtb cell wall via the dedicated Mce1 and Mce4 transporters, respectively. It is thought that the Mce1 and Mce4 transporters are comprised of subunits that confer substrate specificity and proteins that couple lipid transport to ATP hydrolysis, similar to other bacterial ABC transporters. However, unlike canonical bacterial ABC transporters, Mce1 and Mce4 appear to share a single ATPase, MceG. Previously, it was established that Mce1 and Mce4 are destabilized when key transporter subunits are rendered nonfunctional; therefore, we investigated here the role of MceG in Mce1 and Mce4 protein stability. We determined that key residues in the Walker B domain of MceG are required for the Mce1- and Mce4-mediated transport of fatty acids and cholesterol. Previously, it has been established that Mce1 and Mce4 are destabilized and/or degraded when key transporter subunits are rendered nonfunctional, thus we investigated a role for MceG in stabilizing Mce1 and Mce4. Using an unbiased quantitative proteomic approach, we demonstrate that Mce1 and Mce4 proteins are specifically degraded in mutants lacking MceG. Furthermore, bacteria expressing Walker B mutant variants of MceG failed to stabilize Mce1 and Mce4, and we show that deleting MceG impacts the fitness of Mtb in the lungs of mice. Thus, we conclude that MceG represents an enzymatic weakness that can be potentially leveraged to disable and destabilize both the Mce1 and Mce4 transporters in Mtb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachael A Fieweger
- Microbiology & Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca New York, USA
| | - Kaley M Wilburn
- Microbiology & Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca New York, USA
| | - Christine R Montague
- Microbiology & Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca New York, USA
| | - Emma K Roszkowski
- Microbiology & Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca New York, USA
| | - Carolyn M Kelly
- Molecular Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca New York, USA
| | - Teresa L Southard
- Biomedical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca New York, USA
| | - Holger Sondermann
- Molecular Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca New York, USA
| | - Evgeniya V Nazarova
- Microbiology & Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca New York, USA
| | - Brian C VanderVen
- Microbiology & Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca New York, USA.
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3
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Laval T, Pedró-Cos L, Malaga W, Guenin-Macé L, Pawlik A, Mayau V, Yahia-Cherbal H, Delos O, Frigui W, Bertrand-Michel J, Guilhot C, Demangel C. De novo synthesized polyunsaturated fatty acids operate as both host immunomodulators and nutrients for Mycobacterium tuberculosis. eLife 2021; 10:71946. [PMID: 34951591 PMCID: PMC8752091 DOI: 10.7554/elife.71946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Successful control of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection by macrophages relies on immunometabolic reprogramming, where the role of fatty acids (FAs) remains poorly understood. Recent studies unraveled Mtb’s capacity to acquire saturated and monounsaturated FAs via the Mce1 importer. However, upon activation, macrophages produce polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), mammal-specific FAs mediating the generation of immunomodulatory eicosanoids. Here, we asked how Mtb modulates de novo synthesis of PUFAs in primary mouse macrophages and whether this benefits host or pathogen. Quantitative lipidomics revealed that Mtb infection selectively activates the biosynthesis of ω6 PUFAs upstream of the eicosanoid precursor arachidonic acid (AA) via transcriptional activation of Fads2. Inhibiting FADS2 in infected macrophages impaired their inflammatory and antimicrobial responses but had no effect on Mtb growth in host cells nor mice. Using a click-chemistry approach, we found that Mtb efficiently imports ω6 PUFAs via Mce1 in axenic culture, including AA. Further, Mtb preferentially internalized AA over all other FAs within infected macrophages by mechanisms partially depending on Mce1 and supporting intracellular persistence. Notably, IFNγ repressed de novo synthesis of AA by infected mouse macrophages and restricted AA import by intracellular Mtb. Together, these findings identify AA as a major FA substrate for intracellular Mtb, whose mobilization by innate immune responses is opportunistically hijacked by the pathogen and downregulated by IFNγ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Laval
- Immunobiology of Infection Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Laura Pedró-Cos
- Immunobiology of Infection Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Wladimir Malaga
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS), CNRS UMR5089, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Alexandre Pawlik
- Integrated Mycobacterial Pathogenomics Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Véronique Mayau
- Immunobiology of Infection Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | | | | | - Wafa Frigui
- Integrated Mycobacterial Pathogenomics Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | | | - Christophe Guilhot
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS), CNRS UMR5089, Toulouse, France
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4
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Fieweger RA, Wilburn KM, VanderVen BC. Comparing the Metabolic Capabilities of Bacteria in the Mycobacterium tuberculosis Complex. Microorganisms 2019; 7:E177. [PMID: 31216777 PMCID: PMC6617402 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7060177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic mycobacteria are known for their ability to maintain persistent infections in various mammals. The canonical pathogen in this genus is Mycobacterium tuberculosis and this bacterium is particularly successful at surviving and replicating within macrophages. Here, we will highlight the metabolic processes that M. tuberculosis employs during infection in macrophages and compare these findings with what is understood for other pathogens in the M. tuberculosis complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachael A Fieweger
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA.
| | - Kaley M Wilburn
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA.
| | - Brian C VanderVen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA.
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Nazarova EV, Montague CR, Huang L, La T, Russell D, VanderVen BC. The genetic requirements of fatty acid import by Mycobacterium tuberculosis within macrophages. eLife 2019; 8:e43621. [PMID: 30735132 PMCID: PMC6368401 DOI: 10.7554/elife.43621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) imports and metabolizes fatty acids to maintain infection within human macrophages. Although this is a well-established paradigm, the bacterial factors required for fatty acid import are poorly understood. Previously, we found that LucA and Mce1 are required for fatty acid import in Mtb (Nazarova et al., 2017). Here, we identified additional Mtb mutants that have a reduced ability to import a fluorescent fatty acid substrate during infection within macrophages. This screen identified the novel genes as rv2799 and rv0966c as be necessary for fatty acid import and confirmed the central role for Rv3723/LucA and putative components of the Mce1 fatty acid transporter (Rv0200/OmamB, Rv0172/Mce1D, and Rv0655/MceG) in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgeniya V Nazarova
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary MedicineCornell UniversityIthacaUnited States
| | - Christine R Montague
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary MedicineCornell UniversityIthacaUnited States
| | - Lu Huang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary MedicineCornell UniversityIthacaUnited States
| | - Thuy La
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary MedicineCornell UniversityIthacaUnited States
| | - David Russell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary MedicineCornell UniversityIthacaUnited States
| | - Brian C VanderVen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary MedicineCornell UniversityIthacaUnited States
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Nazarova EV, Montague CR, La T, Wilburn KM, Sukumar N, Lee W, Caldwell S, Russell DG, VanderVen BC. Rv3723/LucA coordinates fatty acid and cholesterol uptake in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. eLife 2017; 6:e26969. [PMID: 28708968 PMCID: PMC5487216 DOI: 10.7554/elife.26969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic bacteria have evolved highly specialized systems to extract essential nutrients from their hosts. Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) scavenges lipids (cholesterol and fatty acids) to maintain infections in mammals but mechanisms and proteins responsible for the import of fatty acids in Mtb were previously unknown. Here, we identify and determine that the previously uncharacterized protein Rv3723/LucA, functions to integrate cholesterol and fatty acid uptake in Mtb. Rv3723/LucA interacts with subunits of the Mce1 and Mce4 complexes to coordinate the activities of these nutrient transporters by maintaining their stability. We also demonstrate that Mce1 functions as a fatty acid transporter in Mtb and determine that facilitating cholesterol and fatty acid import via Rv3723/LucA is required for full bacterial virulence in vivo. These data establish that fatty acid and cholesterol assimilation are inexorably linked in Mtb and reveals a key function for Rv3723/LucA in in coordinating thetransport of both these substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgeniya V Nazarova
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, United States
| | - Christine R Montague
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, United States
| | - Thuy La
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, United States
| | - Kaley M Wilburn
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, United States
| | - Neelima Sukumar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, United States
| | - Wonsik Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, United States
| | - Shannon Caldwell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, United States
| | - David G Russell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, United States
| | - Brian C VanderVen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, United States
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