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Throesch BT, Bin Imtiaz MK, Muñoz-Castañeda R, Sakurai M, Hartzell AL, James KN, Rodriguez AR, Martin G, Lippi G, Kupriyanov S, Wu Z, Osten P, Izpisua Belmonte JC, Wu J, Baldwin KK. Functional sensory circuits built from neurons of two species. Cell 2024; 187:2143-2157.e15. [PMID: 38670072 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2024.03.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
A central question for regenerative neuroscience is whether synthetic neural circuits, such as those built from two species, can function in an intact brain. Here, we apply blastocyst complementation to selectively build and test interspecies neural circuits. Despite approximately 10-20 million years of evolution, and prominent species differences in brain size, rat pluripotent stem cells injected into mouse blastocysts develop and persist throughout the mouse brain. Unexpectedly, the mouse niche reprograms the birth dates of rat neurons in the cortex and hippocampus, supporting rat-mouse synaptic activity. When mouse olfactory neurons are genetically silenced or killed, rat neurons restore information flow to odor processing circuits. Moreover, they rescue the primal behavior of food seeking, although less well than mouse neurons. By revealing that a mouse can sense the world using neurons from another species, we establish neural blastocyst complementation as a powerful tool to identify conserved mechanisms of brain development, plasticity, and repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin T Throesch
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Muhammad Khadeesh Bin Imtiaz
- Cecil H. and Ida Green Center for Reproductive Biology Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | | | - Masahiro Sakurai
- Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, USA; Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Andrea L Hartzell
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Kiely N James
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Alberto R Rodriguez
- Mouse Genetics Core, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Greg Martin
- Mouse Genetics Core, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Giordano Lippi
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Sergey Kupriyanov
- Mouse Genetics Core, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Zhuhao Wu
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Pavel Osten
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA
| | - Juan Carlos Izpisua Belmonte
- Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, USA; Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, USA; Altos Labs, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Jun Wu
- Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, USA; Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA; Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA; Cecil H. and Ida Green Center for Reproductive Biology Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
| | - Kristin K Baldwin
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, USA; Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia Stem Cell Initiative, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
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2
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McLaren AMR, Kawaja MD. Olfactory Dysfunction and Alzheimer's Disease: A Review. J Alzheimers Dis 2024; 99:811-827. [PMID: 38728185 DOI: 10.3233/jad-231377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is the most common cause of dementia, and it is one of the leading causes of death globally. Identification and validation of biomarkers that herald the onset and progression of Alzheimer's disease is of paramount importance for early reliable diagnosis and effective pharmacological therapy commencement. A substantial body of evidence has emerged demonstrating that olfactory dysfunction is a preclinical symptom of neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's disease. While a correlation between olfactory dysfunction and Alzheimer's disease onset and progression in humans exists, the mechanism underlying this relationship remains unknown. The aim of this article is to review the current state of knowledge regarding the range of potential factors that may contribute to the development of Alzheimer's disease-related olfactory dysfunction. This review predominantly focuses on genetic mutations associated with Alzheimer's disease including amyloid-β protein precursor, presenilin 1 and 2, and apolipoprotein E mutations, that may (in varying ways) drive the cellular events that lead to and sustain olfactory dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael D Kawaja
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, ON, Canada
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, ON, Canada
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3
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Panda SR, Panja P, Soni U, Naidu VGM. Neurobehavioral Analysis to Assess Olfactory and Motor Dysfunction in Parkinson's Disease. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2761:511-528. [PMID: 38427259 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3662-6_35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative condition, primarily affecting dopaminergic neurons. It is defined by motor impairments, such as bradykinesia, stiffness, resting tremor, and postural instability. The striatum, a structure essential for motor control, is impaired in function due to the significant loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra and the development of Lewy bodies in the surviving nigral dopaminergic neurons. Olfactory impairment is one of the earliest indications of neurodegenerative disorders like PD that appear years before motor symptoms and cognitive decline development. Olfactory dysfunction is the most common nonmotor PD sign in at least 90% of cases, frequently occurring 5-10 years before motor disturbances. Surprisingly, even though olfactory impairment is intimately linked to PD and is thought to be a potential biomarker, little is known about the brain process underlying this failure. Exposure to environmental toxins has been linked to olfactory dysfunction, leading to nigral neurodegeneration and loss of motor functions. Behavioral neuroscience plays a significant role in identifying and characterizing these olfactory and motor symptoms. In preclinical research, novel treatment approaches are being evaluated in rodent models by behavioral phenotyping to ensure their efficacy. This chapter describes neurobehavioral analysis to assess olfactory and motor dysfunction in rodent models of Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samir Ranjan Panda
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Pallabi Panja
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Ujjawal Soni
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - V G M Naidu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Guwahati, Assam, India.
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4
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Shi Z, Xi L, Wang Y, Zhao X. Chronic Exposure to Environmental Pollutant Ammonia Causes Damage to the Olfactory System and Behavioral Abnormalities in Mice. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:15412-15421. [PMID: 37787400 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c04875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
Ammonia (NH3) is a major air pollutant. However, few studies have been extended beyond the histopathological changes in the olfactory mucosa to the impact of NH3 exposure on other parts of the olfactory system and olfactory functioning. Therefore, we assessed the effects of exogenous NH3 (either 20 ppm for the low exposure group or 200 ppm for the high exposure group) on the various parts of the olfactory system by histological observation, gene expression, immunochemistry, and chemical analyses. A total of 140 Institute of Cancer Research mice (4 weeks old), 70 females and 70 males (average body weight at the start: 21.5 ± 1.9 g), were used. The exposure lasted for 4 weeks, and the mice were exposed to the NH3 for 4 h per day. Our results showed that chronic exposure to NH3 damaged the olfactory system, with consequences for changing the foraging behavior and anxiety behavior. Our results also suggest that it is plausible that NH3 recruited T cells and activated microglia cells and astrocytes, leading to inflammation in the olfactory system. Increased release of proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and interferon-γ) and reduced release of anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-4 and IFN-beta) led to tissue damage and compromised the functions of the olfactory system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhifang Shi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou, Henan 450046, China
- School of Ecology and Environment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Department of Animal Science, McGill University, 21,111 Lakeshore, Ste. Anne de Bellevue, Quebec H9X 3V9, Canada
| | - Lei Xi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou, Henan 450046, China
| | - Yan Wang
- School of Ecology and Environment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Xin Zhao
- Department of Animal Science, McGill University, 21,111 Lakeshore, Ste. Anne de Bellevue, Quebec H9X 3V9, Canada
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Martin-Lopez E, Vidyadhara DJ, Liberia T, Meller SJ, Harmon LE, Hsu RM, Spence N, Brennan B, Han K, Yücel B, Chandra SS, Greer CA. α-Synuclein Pathology and Reduced Neurogenesis in the Olfactory System Affect Olfaction in a Mouse Model of Parkinson's Disease. J Neurosci 2023; 43:1051-1071. [PMID: 36596700 PMCID: PMC9908323 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1526-22.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by multiple symptoms including olfactory dysfunction, whose underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Here, we explored pathologic changes in the olfactory pathway of transgenic (Tg) mice of both sexes expressing the human A30P mutant α-synuclein (α-syn; α-syn-Tg mice) at 6-7 and 12-14 months of age, representing early and late-stages of motor progression, respectively. α-Syn-Tg mice at late stages exhibited olfactory behavioral deficits, which correlated with severe α-syn pathology in projection neurons (PNs) of the olfactory pathway. In parallel, olfactory bulb (OB) neurogenesis in α-syn-Tg mice was reduced in the OB granule cells at six to seven months and OB periglomerular cells at 12-14 months, respectively, both of which could contribute to olfactory dysfunction. Proteomic analyses showed a disruption in endocytic and exocytic pathways in the OB during the early stages which appeared exacerbated at the synaptic terminals when the mice developed olfactory deficits at 12-14 months. Our data suggest that (1) the α-syn-Tg mice recapitulate the olfactory functional deficits seen in PD; (2) olfactory structures exhibit spatiotemporal disparities for vulnerability to α-syn pathology; (3) α-syn pathology is restricted to projection neurons in the olfactory pathway; (4) neurogenesis in adult α-syn-Tg mice is reduced in the OB; and (5) synaptic endocytosis and exocytosis defects in the OB may further explain olfactory deficits.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Olfactory dysfunction is a characteristic symptom of Parkinson's disease (PD). Using the human A30P mutant α-synuclein (α-syn)-expressing mouse model, we demonstrated the appearance of olfactory deficits at late stages of the disease, which was accompanied by the accumulation of α-syn pathology in projection neurons (PNs) of the olfactory system. This dysfunction included a reduction in olfactory bulb (OB) neurogenesis as well as changes in synaptic vesicular transport affecting synaptic function, both of which are likely contributing to olfactory behavioral deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Martin-Lopez
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510
| | - D J Vidyadhara
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510
| | - Teresa Liberia
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510
| | - Sarah J Meller
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510
| | - Leah E Harmon
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510
| | - Ryan M Hsu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510
| | - Natalie Spence
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510
| | - Bowen Brennan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510
| | - Kimberly Han
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510
| | - Betül Yücel
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510
| | - Sreeganga S Chandra
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510
| | - Charles A Greer
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510
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Salehi MS, Jurek B, Karimi-Haghighi S, Nezhad NJ, Mousavi SM, Hooshmandi E, Safari A, Dianatpour M, Haerteis S, Miyan JA, Pandamooz S, Borhani-Haghighi A. Intranasal application of stem cells and their derivatives as a new hope in the treatment of cerebral hypoxia/ischemia: a review. Rev Neurosci 2022; 33:583-606. [DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2021-0163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Intranasal delivery of stem cells and conditioned medium to target the brain has attracted major interest in the field of regenerative medicine. In pre-clinical investigations during the last ten years, several research groups focused on this strategy to treat cerebral hypoxia/ischemia in neonates as well as adults. In this review, we discuss the curative potential of stem cells, stem cell derivatives, and their delivery route via intranasal application to the hypoxic/ischemic brain. After intranasal application, stem cells migrate from the nasal cavity to the injured area and exert therapeutic effects by reducing brain tissue loss, enhancing endogenous neurogenesis, and modulating cerebral inflammation that leads to functional improvements. However, application of this administration route for delivering stem cells and/or therapeutic substances to the damaged sites requires further optimization to translate the findings of animal experiments to clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Saied Salehi
- Clinical Neurology Research Center , Shiraz University of Medical Sciences , Shiraz 71936-35899 , Iran
| | - Benjamin Jurek
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Anatomy , University of Regensburg , Regensburg 93053 , Germany
| | - Saeideh Karimi-Haghighi
- Clinical Neurology Research Center , Shiraz University of Medical Sciences , Shiraz 71936-35899 , Iran
| | - Nahid Jashire Nezhad
- Clinical Neurology Research Center , Shiraz University of Medical Sciences , Shiraz 71936-35899 , Iran
| | - Seyedeh Maryam Mousavi
- Clinical Neurology Research Center , Shiraz University of Medical Sciences , Shiraz 71936-35899 , Iran
| | - Etrat Hooshmandi
- Clinical Neurology Research Center , Shiraz University of Medical Sciences , Shiraz 71936-35899 , Iran
| | - Anahid Safari
- Stem Cells Technology Research Center , Shiraz University of Medical Sciences , Shiraz 71936-35899 , Iran
| | - Mehdi Dianatpour
- Stem Cells Technology Research Center , Shiraz University of Medical Sciences , Shiraz 71936-35899 , Iran
| | - Silke Haerteis
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Anatomy , University of Regensburg , Regensburg 93053 , Germany
| | - Jaleel A. Miyan
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health, Division of Neuroscience & Experimental Psychology , The University of Manchester , Manchester M13 9PL , UK
| | - Sareh Pandamooz
- Stem Cells Technology Research Center , Shiraz University of Medical Sciences , Shiraz 71936-35899 , Iran
| | - Afshin Borhani-Haghighi
- Clinical Neurology Research Center , Shiraz University of Medical Sciences , Shiraz 71936-35899 , Iran
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Intranasal Exposure to Low-Dose Rotenone Induced Alpha-Synuclein Accumulation and Parkinson's Like Symptoms Without Loss of Dopaminergic Neurons. Neurotox Res 2021; 40:215-229. [PMID: 34817799 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-021-00436-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiologically Parkinson's disease (PD) is associated with chronic ingestion or inhalation of environmental toxins leading to the development of motor symptoms. Though neurotoxin-based animal models played a major role in understanding diverse pathogenesis, they failed to identify the risk assessment due to uncommon route of toxin exposure. Towards this, the available neurotoxin-based intranasal (i.n.) PD models targeting olfactory bulb (OB) have demonstrated the dopaminergic (DAergic) neurodegeneration in both OB and substantia nigra (SN). Despite that, the studies detecting the alpha-synuclein (α-syn) accumulation in OB and its progression to other brain regions due to inhalation of environmental toxins are still lacking. Herein, we developed oil in water microemulsion of rotenone administered intranasally to the mice at a dose which is not detectable in blood, brain, and olfactory bulb by LCMS method. Our data reveals that 9 weeks of rotenone exposure did not induce olfactory and motor dysfunction. Conversely, after 16 weeks of washout period, rotenone treated mice showed both olfactory and motor impairment, along with α-syn accumulation in the OB and striatum without glial cell activation and loss of dopaminergic neurons. The results depict the progressive nature of the developed model and highlight the role of α-syn in PD like pathology or symptoms. Together, our findings suggest the adverse consequences of early exposure to the environmental toxins on the olfactory system for a shorter period with relevance to the development of synucleinopathy or Parkinson's disease in its later stage.
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8
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Dan X, Wechter N, Gray S, Mohanty JG, Croteau DL, Bohr VA. Olfactory dysfunction in aging and neurodegenerative diseases. Ageing Res Rev 2021; 70:101416. [PMID: 34325072 PMCID: PMC8373788 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2021.101416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Alterations in olfactory functions are proposed to be early biomarkers for neurodegeneration. Many neurodegenerative diseases are age-related, including two of the most common, Parkinson's disease (PD) and Alzheimer's disease (AD). The establishment of biomarkers that promote early risk identification is critical for the implementation of early treatment to postpone or avert pathological development. Olfactory dysfunction (OD) is seen in 90% of early-stage PD patients and 85% of patients with early-stage AD, which makes it an attractive biomarker for early diagnosis of these diseases. Here, we systematically review widely applied smelling tests available for humans as well as olfaction assessments performed in some animal models and the relationships between OD and normal aging, PD, AD, and other conditions. The utility of OD as a biomarker for neurodegenerative disease diagnosis and future research directions are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuli Dan
- Section on DNA Repair, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Noah Wechter
- Section on DNA Repair, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Samuel Gray
- Section on DNA Repair, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Joy G Mohanty
- Section on DNA Repair, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Deborah L Croteau
- Section on DNA Repair, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Vilhelm A Bohr
- Section on DNA Repair, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA; Danish Center for Healthy Aging, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Deng I, Corrigan F, Garg S, Zhou XF, Bobrovskaya L. Further Characterization of Intrastriatal Lipopolysaccharide Model of Parkinson's Disease in C57BL/6 Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:7380. [PMID: 34299000 PMCID: PMC8304722 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the most common movement disorder, characterized by progressive degeneration of the nigrostriatal pathway, which consists of dopaminergic cell bodies in substantia nigra and their neuronal projections to the striatum. Moreover, PD is associated with an array of non-motor symptoms such as olfactory dysfunction, gastrointestinal dysfunction, impaired regulation of the sleep-wake cycle, anxiety, depression, and cognitive impairment. Inflammation and concomitant oxidative stress are crucial in the pathogenesis of PD. Thus, this study aimed to model PD via intrastriatal injection of the inflammagen lipopolysaccharide (LPS)to investigate if the lesion causes olfactory and motor impairments, inflammation, oxidative stress, and alteration in synaptic proteins in the olfactory bulb, striatum, and colon. Ten µg of LPS was injected unilaterally into the striatum of 27 male C57BL/6 mice, and behavioural assessment was conducted at 4 and 8 weeks post-treatment, followed by tissue collection. Intrastriatal LPS induced motor impairment in C57BL/6 mice at 8 weeks post-treatment evidenced by reduced latency time in the rotarod test. LPS also induced inflammation in the striatum characterized by increased expression of microglial marker Iba-1 and astrocytic marker GFAP, with degeneration of dopaminergic neuronal fibres (reduced tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity), and reduction of synaptic proteins and DJ-1 protein. Additionally, intrastriatal LPS induced inflammation, oxidative stress and alterations in synaptic proteins within the olfactory bulb, although this did not induce a significant impairment in olfactory function. Intrastriatal LPS induced mild inflammatory changes in the distal colon, accompanied by increased protein expression of 3-nitrotyrosine-modified proteins. This model recapitulated the major features of PD such as motor impairment and degeneration of dopaminergic neuronal fibres in the striatum, as well as some pathological changes in the olfactory bulb and colon; thus, this model could be suitable for understanding clinical PD and testing neuroprotective strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac Deng
- Health and Biomedical Innovation, Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide 5000, Australia; (I.D.); (S.G.); (X.-F.Z.)
| | - Frances Corrigan
- Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5000, Australia;
| | - Sanjay Garg
- Health and Biomedical Innovation, Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide 5000, Australia; (I.D.); (S.G.); (X.-F.Z.)
| | - Xin-Fu Zhou
- Health and Biomedical Innovation, Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide 5000, Australia; (I.D.); (S.G.); (X.-F.Z.)
| | - Larisa Bobrovskaya
- Health and Biomedical Innovation, Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide 5000, Australia; (I.D.); (S.G.); (X.-F.Z.)
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10
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Jiménez A, Organista-Juárez D, Torres-Castro A, Guzmán-Ruíz MA, Estudillo E, Guevara-Guzmán R. Olfactory Dysfunction in Diabetic Rats is Associated with miR-146a Overexpression and Inflammation. Neurochem Res 2020; 45:1781-1790. [PMID: 32405762 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-020-03041-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is associated with cognitive decline and dementia. Both neurodegenerative conditions are characterized by olfactory dysfunction (OD) which is also observed in diabetic patients. Diabetes and neurodegeneration display altered miRNAs expression; therefore, the study of miRNAs in the diabetic olfactory system is important in order to know the mechanisms involved in neurodegeneration induced by T2D. In this work we evaluated the expression of miRs206, 451, 146a and 34a in the olfactory bulb (OB) of T2D rats and its association with OD. T2D induction was performed by administering streptozotocin to neonatal rats. The olfactory function was evaluated after reaching the adulthood by employing the buried pellet and social recognition tests. After 18 weeks, animals were sacrificed to determinate miRNAs and protein expression in the OB. T2D animals showed a significant increase in the latency to find the odor stimulus in the buried pellet test and a significant reduction in the interest to investigate the novel juvenile subjects in the social recognition test, indicating OD. In miRNAs analysis we observed a significant increase of miR-146a expression in the OB of T2D rats when compared to controls. This increase in miR-146a correlated with the overexpression of IL-1β in the OB of T2D rats. The present results showed that OD in T2D rats is associated with IL-1β mediated-inflammation and miR-146a overexpression, suggesting that high levels of IL-1β could trigger miR-146a upregulation as a negative feedback of the inflammatory response in the OB of T2D rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Jiménez
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Diana Organista-Juárez
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Areli Torres-Castro
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México.,, IMSS Hospital General Regional 1 Dr. Carlos Mac Gregor Sánchez Navarro, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Mara A Guzmán-Ruíz
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Enrique Estudillo
- Laboratorio de Reprogramación Celular IFC/UNAM, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía "Manuel Velasco Suárez,", Ciudad de México, México
| | - Rosalinda Guevara-Guzmán
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México.
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