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Ríos E, Samsó M, Figueroa LC, Manno C, Tammineni ER, Rios Giordano L, Riazi S. Artificial intelligence approaches to the volumetric quantification of glycogen granules in EM images of human tissue. J Gen Physiol 2024; 156:e202413595. [PMID: 38980209 PMCID: PMC11233403 DOI: 10.1085/jgp.202413595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2024] [Revised: 06/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle, the major processor of dietary glucose, stores it in myriad glycogen granules. Their numbers vary with cellular location and physiological and pathophysiological states. AI models were developed to derive granular glycogen content from electron-microscopic images of human muscle. Two UNet-type semantic segmentation models were built: "Locations" classified pixels as belonging to different regions in the cell; "Granules" identified pixels within granules. From their joint output, a pixel fraction pf was calculated for images from patients positive (MHS) or negative (MHN) to a test for malignant hyperthermia susceptibility. pf was used to derive vf, the volume fraction occupied by granules. The relationship vf (pf) was derived from a simulation of volumes ("baskets") containing virtual granules at realistic concentrations. The simulated granules had diameters matching the real ones, which were measured by adapting a utility devised for calcium sparks. Applying this relationship to the pf measured in images, vf was calculated for every region and patient, and from them a glycogen concentration. The intermyofibrillar spaces and the sarcomeric I band had the highest granular content. The measured glycogen concentration was low enough to allow for a substantial presence of non-granular glycogen. The MHS samples had an approximately threefold lower concentration (significant in a hierarchical test), consistent with earlier evidence of diminished glucose processing in MHS. The AI models and the approach to infer three-dimensional magnitudes from two-dimensional images should be adaptable to other tasks on a variety of images from patients and animal models and different disease conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Ríos
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Rush University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Montserrat Samsó
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Lourdes C Figueroa
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Rush University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Carlo Manno
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Rush University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Eshwar R Tammineni
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Rush University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Sheila Riazi
- Department of Anesthesia and Pain Management, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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2
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Feng L, Chen Z, Bian H. Skeletal muscle: molecular structure, myogenesis, biological functions, and diseases. MedComm (Beijing) 2024; 5:e649. [PMID: 38988494 PMCID: PMC11234433 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle is an important motor organ with multinucleated myofibers as its smallest cellular units. Myofibers are formed after undergoing cell differentiation, cell-cell fusion, myonuclei migration, and myofibril crosslinking among other processes and undergo morphological and functional changes or lesions after being stimulated by internal or external factors. The above processes are collectively referred to as myogenesis. After myofibers mature, the function and behavior of skeletal muscle are closely related to the voluntary movement of the body. In this review, we systematically and comprehensively discuss the physiological and pathological processes associated with skeletal muscles from five perspectives: molecule basis, myogenesis, biological function, adaptive changes, and myopathy. In the molecular structure and myogenesis sections, we gave a brief overview, focusing on skeletal muscle-specific fusogens and nuclei-related behaviors including cell-cell fusion and myonuclei localization. Subsequently, we discussed the three biological functions of skeletal muscle (muscle contraction, thermogenesis, and myokines secretion) and its response to stimulation (atrophy, hypertrophy, and regeneration), and finally settled on myopathy. In general, the integration of these contents provides a holistic perspective, which helps to further elucidate the structure, characteristics, and functions of skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan‐Ting Feng
- Department of Cell Biology & National Translational Science Center for Molecular MedicineNational Key Laboratory of New Drug Discovery and Development for Major DiseasesFourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anChina
| | - Zhi‐Nan Chen
- Department of Cell Biology & National Translational Science Center for Molecular MedicineNational Key Laboratory of New Drug Discovery and Development for Major DiseasesFourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anChina
| | - Huijie Bian
- Department of Cell Biology & National Translational Science Center for Molecular MedicineNational Key Laboratory of New Drug Discovery and Development for Major DiseasesFourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anChina
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Tammineni ER, Kraeva N, Figueroa L, Manno C, Ibarra CA, Klip A, Riazi S, Rios E. Intracellular calcium leak lowers glucose storage in human muscle, promoting hyperglycemia and diabetes. eLife 2020; 9:e53999. [PMID: 32364497 PMCID: PMC7282812 DOI: 10.7554/elife.53999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Most glucose is processed in muscle, for energy or glycogen stores. Malignant Hyperthermia Susceptibility (MHS) exemplifies muscle conditions that increase [Ca2+]cytosol. 42% of MHS patients have hyperglycemia. We show that phosphorylated glycogen phosphorylase (GPa), glycogen synthase (GSa) - respectively activated and inactivated by phosphorylation - and their Ca2+-dependent kinase (PhK), are elevated in microsomal extracts from MHS patients' muscle. Glycogen and glucose transporter GLUT4 are decreased. [Ca2+]cytosol, increased to MHS levels, promoted GP phosphorylation. Imaging at ~100 nm resolution located GPa at sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) junctional cisternae, and apo-GP at Z disk. MHS muscle therefore has a wide-ranging alteration in glucose metabolism: high [Ca2+]cytosol activates PhK, which inhibits GS, activates GP and moves it toward the SR, favoring glycogenolysis. The alterations probably cause these patients' hyperglycemia. For basic studies, MHS emerges as a variable stressor, which forces glucose pathways from the normal to the diseased range, thereby exposing novel metabolic links.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eshwar R Tammineni
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Rush University Medical CenterChicagoUnited States
| | - Natalia Kraeva
- Malignant Hyperthermia Investigation Unit (MHIU) of the University Health Network (Canada)TorontoCanada
- Department of Anaesthesia & Pain Management, Toronto General Hospital, UHN, University of TorontoTorontoCanada
| | - Lourdes Figueroa
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Rush University Medical CenterChicagoUnited States
| | - Carlo Manno
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Rush University Medical CenterChicagoUnited States
| | - Carlos A Ibarra
- Malignant Hyperthermia Investigation Unit (MHIU) of the University Health Network (Canada)TorontoCanada
- Department of Anaesthesia & Pain Management, Toronto General Hospital, UHN, University of TorontoTorontoCanada
| | - Amira Klip
- Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick ChildrenTorontoCanada
| | - Sheila Riazi
- Malignant Hyperthermia Investigation Unit (MHIU) of the University Health Network (Canada)TorontoCanada
- Department of Anaesthesia & Pain Management, Toronto General Hospital, UHN, University of TorontoTorontoCanada
| | - Eduardo Rios
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Rush University Medical CenterChicagoUnited States
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Chebotareva NA, Eronina TB, Roman SG, Mikhaylova VV, Kleymenov SY, Kurganov BI. Kinetic regime of Ca 2+ and Mg 2+-induced aggregation of phosphorylase kinase at 40 °C. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 138:181-187. [PMID: 31279057 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.06.240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/29/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Many functions of phosphorylase kinase (PhK) are regulated by Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions. Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions stimulate activity of PhK, induce the changes in the tertiary and quaternary structure of the hexadecameric enzyme molecule, provoke association/aggregation of PhK molecules, enhance PhK binding to glycogen. To establish the kinetic regime of Ca2+ and Mg2+-induced aggregation of PhK from rabbit skeletal muscles at 40 °C, in the present work the kinetics of aggregation was studied at various protein concentrations using the dynamic light scattering. The proposed mechanism of aggregation involves the stage of unfolding of the protein molecule with retention of the integrity of its oligomeric structure, the nucleation stage and stages of the growth of protein aggregates. The initial rate of the aggregation process at the stage of aggregate growth depends linearly on the protein concentration. This means that the order of aggregation with respect to the protein is equal to unity and the aggregation rate is limited by the rate of protein unfolding. The rate constant of the first order characterizing the stage of protein unfolding was found to be equal to 0.071 min-1 (40 mM Hepes, pH 6.8, 100 mM NaCl, 0.1 mM Ca2+, 10 mM Mg2+).
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia A Chebotareva
- Laboratory of Structural Biochemistry of Proteins, Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Federal Research Centre "Fundamentals of Biotechnology" of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky pr. 33, Moscow 119071, Russia
| | - Tatiana B Eronina
- Laboratory of Structural Biochemistry of Proteins, Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Federal Research Centre "Fundamentals of Biotechnology" of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky pr. 33, Moscow 119071, Russia
| | - Svetlana G Roman
- Laboratory of Structural Biochemistry of Proteins, Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Federal Research Centre "Fundamentals of Biotechnology" of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky pr. 33, Moscow 119071, Russia
| | - Valeriya V Mikhaylova
- Laboratory of Structural Biochemistry of Proteins, Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Federal Research Centre "Fundamentals of Biotechnology" of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky pr. 33, Moscow 119071, Russia
| | - Sergey Yu Kleymenov
- Laboratory of Structural Biochemistry of Proteins, Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Federal Research Centre "Fundamentals of Biotechnology" of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky pr. 33, Moscow 119071, Russia; Koltsov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Boris I Kurganov
- Laboratory of Structural Biochemistry of Proteins, Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Federal Research Centre "Fundamentals of Biotechnology" of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky pr. 33, Moscow 119071, Russia.
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Xu J, Zhang Y, Guo X, Sun T. Glycogenolysis in Acquired Glioma Resistance to Temozolomide: A Role for the [Ca 2+] i-dependent Activation of Na,K-ATPase/ERK 1/2 Signaling. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:873. [PMID: 30131700 PMCID: PMC6090282 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the mechanistic basis for temozolomide (TMZ)-induced glioma resistance is an important obstacle in developing an effective form of chemotherapy for this type of tumor. Glycogenolysis is known to play an essential role in cellular proliferation and potassium homeostasis and involves the glycogen phosphorylase isoenzyme BB (GPBB). In this investigation, plasma GPBB was correlated with TMZ-resistance. Elevated plasma GPBB concentrations were found to be more frequent in a TMZ-resistant cohort of patients with poor survival rates. TMZ inhibits cell proliferation and induces TMZ resistance by upregulating the expression of O(6)-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT). This process requires glycogenolysis, which was confirmed herein by treatment with 1,4-dideoxy-1,4-imino-D-arabinitol hydrochloride, a glycogenolysis inhibitor and a special GPBB inhibitor. Acute TMZ treatment leads to upregulation of [Ca2+]i, extracellular-regulated kinase (ERK)1/2 phosphorylation, and chronic TMZ treatment leads to upregulation of the expression of Na,K-ATPase, ERK1/2, and MGMT protein. Upregulation was abolished for each of these by inhibitors of transient receptor potential channel 1 and the inositol trisphosphate receptor. L-channel [Ca2+]i inhibitors and RyR antagonists had no such effect. These results demonstrate that [Ca2+]i-dependent glycogenolysis participates in acquired glioma TMZ-resistance by upregulating MGMT via a Na,K-ATPase/ERK1/2 signaling pathway. GPBB and glycogenolysis may therefore represent novel therapeutic targets for overcoming TMZ-resistant gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junnan Xu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital & Institute, Shenyang, China.,Department of Medical Oncology, Key Laboratory of Liaoning Breast Cancer Research, Shenyang, China
| | - Ye Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital & Institute, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiangyu Guo
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital & Institute, Shenyang, China
| | - Tao Sun
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital & Institute, Shenyang, China
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6
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Lim W, Ham J, Bazer FW, Song G. Carvacrol induces mitochondria-mediated apoptosis via disruption of calcium homeostasis in human choriocarcinoma cells. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:1803-1815. [PMID: 30070691 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Carvacrol is a monoterpenoid phenol present in the oils of various plants including Origanum vulgare (oregano) or Origanum majorana (marjoram). For a long time, it has been used as spice in foods because of its antimicrobial properties. Additionally, it appears to have anticancer effects against some cancer but this has not been well studied. Therefore, we conducted various assays to confirm the effects of carvacrol on choriocarcinoma cell lines (JAR and JEG3). Our results indicate that carvacrol has antiproliferative properties and induces apoptosis, resulting in increased expression of proapoptotic proteins. Additionally, carvacrol disrupted the mitochondrial membrane potential and induced calcium ion overload in the mitochondrial matrix in both JAR and JEG3 cells. Furthermore, carvacrol generated oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation in both JAR and JEG3 cells. Moreover, carvacrol-suppressed phosphoinositide 3-kinase-protein kinase B and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signal transduction whereas expression of phosphor-P38 and c-Jun N-terminal kinase MAPK was increased. Together, our results indicate that carvacrol may be a possible new therapeutic agent or supplement for the control of human choriocarcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Whasun Lim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Catholic Kwandong University, Gangneung, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiyeon Ham
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Animal Molecular Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Fuller W Bazer
- Department of Animal Science, Center for Animal Biotechnology and Genomics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Gwonhwa Song
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Animal Molecular Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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7
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Nguyen TMD, Combarnous Y, Praud C, Duittoz A, Blesbois E. Ca2+/Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase Kinases (CaMKKs) Effects on AMP-Activated Protein Kinase (AMPK) Regulation of Chicken Sperm Functions. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0147559. [PMID: 26808520 PMCID: PMC4726612 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0147559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Sperm require high levels of energy to ensure motility and acrosome reaction (AR) accomplishment. The AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) has been demonstrated to be strongly involved in the control of these properties. We address here the question of the potential role of calcium mobilization on AMPK activation and function in chicken sperm through the Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinases (CaMKKs) mediated pathway. The presence of CaMKKs and their substrates CaMKI and CaMKIV was evaluated by western-blotting and indirect immunofluorescence. Sperm were incubated in presence or absence of extracellular Ca2+, or of CaMKKs inhibitor (STO-609). Phosphorylations of AMPK, CaMKI, and CaMKIV, as well as sperm functions were evaluated. We demonstrate the presence of both CaMKKs (α and β), CaMKI and CaMKIV in chicken sperm. CaMKKα and CaMKI were localized in the acrosome, the midpiece, and at much lower fluorescence in the flagellum, whereas CaMKKβ was mostly localized in the flagellum and much less in the midpiece and the acrosome. CaMKIV was only present in the flagellum. The presence of extracellular calcium induced an increase in kinases phosphorylation and sperm activity. STO-609 reduced AMPK phosphorylation in the presence of extracellular Ca2+ but not in its absence. STO-609 did not affect CaMKIV phosphorylation but decreased CaMKI phosphorylation and this inhibition was quicker in the presence of extracellular Ca2+ than in its absence. STO-609 efficiently inhibited sperm motility and AR, both in the presence and absence of extracellular Ca2+. Our results show for the first time the presence of CaMKKs (α and β) and one of its substrate, CaMKI in different subcellular compartments in germ cells, as well as the changes in the AMPK regulation pathway, sperm motility and AR related to Ca2+ entry in sperm through the Ca2+/CaM/CaMKKs/CaMKI pathway. The Ca2+/CaMKKs/AMPK pathway is activated only under conditions of extracellular Ca2+ entry in the cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thi Mong Diep Nguyen
- INRA, UMR85 Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, F-37380 Nouzilly, France
- CNRS, UMR7247, F-37380 Nouzilly, France
- Université François Rabelais de Tours, F-37000 Tours, France
- IFCE, F-37380 Nouzilly, France
| | - Yves Combarnous
- INRA, UMR85 Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, F-37380 Nouzilly, France
- CNRS, UMR7247, F-37380 Nouzilly, France
- Université François Rabelais de Tours, F-37000 Tours, France
- IFCE, F-37380 Nouzilly, France
| | | | - Anne Duittoz
- INRA, UMR85 Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, F-37380 Nouzilly, France
- CNRS, UMR7247, F-37380 Nouzilly, France
- Université François Rabelais de Tours, F-37000 Tours, France
- IFCE, F-37380 Nouzilly, France
| | - Elisabeth Blesbois
- INRA, UMR85 Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, F-37380 Nouzilly, France
- CNRS, UMR7247, F-37380 Nouzilly, France
- Université François Rabelais de Tours, F-37000 Tours, France
- IFCE, F-37380 Nouzilly, France
- * E-mail:
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Chen Y, Du T, Peng L, Gibbs ME, Hertz L. Sequential Astrocytic 5-HT2B Receptor Stimulation, [Ca(2+)]i Regulation, Glycogenolysis, Glutamate Synthesis, and K(+) Homeostasis are Similar but Not Identical in Learning and Mood Regulation. Front Integr Neurosci 2016; 9:67. [PMID: 26778984 PMCID: PMC4705236 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2015.00067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ye Chen
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ting Du
- Laboratory of Metabolic Brain Diseases, Institute of Metabolic Disease Research and Drug Development, China Medical University Shenyang, China
| | - Liang Peng
- Laboratory of Metabolic Brain Diseases, Institute of Metabolic Disease Research and Drug Development, China Medical University Shenyang, China
| | - Marie E Gibbs
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Leif Hertz
- Laboratory of Metabolic Brain Diseases, Institute of Metabolic Disease Research and Drug Development, China Medical University Shenyang, China
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Hertz L, Xu J, Song D, Du T, Li B, Yan E, Peng L. Astrocytic glycogenolysis: mechanisms and functions. Metab Brain Dis 2015; 30:317-33. [PMID: 24744118 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-014-9536-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2013] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Until the demonstration little more than 20 years ago that glycogenolysis occurs during normal whisker stimulation glycogenolysis was regarded as a relatively uninteresting emergency procedure. Since then, a series of important astrocytic functions has been shown to be critically dependent on glycogenolytic activity to support the signaling mechanisms necessary for these functions to operate. This applies to glutamate formation and uptake and to release of ATP as a transmitter, stimulated by other transmitters or elevated K(+) concentrations and affecting not only other astrocytes but also most other brain cells. It is also relevant for astrocytic K(+) uptake both during the period when the extracellular K(+) concentration is still elevated after neuronal excitation, and capable of stimulating glycogenolytic activity, and during the subsequent undershoot after intense neuronal activity, when glycogenolysis may be stimulated by noradrenaline. Both elevated K(+) concentrations and several transmitters, including the β-adrenergic agonist isoproterenol and vasopressin increase free cytosolic Ca(2+) concentration in astrocytes, which stimulates phosphorylase kinase so that it activates the transformation of the inactive glycogen phosphorylase a to the active phosphorylase b. Contrary to common belief cyclic AMP plays at most a facilitatory role, and only when free cytosolic Ca(2+) concentration is also increased. Cyclic AMP is not increased during activation of glycogenolysis by either elevated K(+) concentrations or the stimulation of the serotonergic 5-HT(2B) receptor. Not all agents that stimulate glycogenolysis do so by directly activating phophorylase kinase--some do so by activating processes requiring glycogenolysis, e.g. for synthesis of glutamate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leif Hertz
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, China Medical University, No. 92 Beier Road, Heping District, 110001, Shenyang, Peoples' Republic of China
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10
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Dual effect of arginine on aggregation of phosphorylase kinase. Int J Biol Macromol 2014; 68:225-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2014.04.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2014] [Revised: 04/24/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Gibbs ME, Hertz L. Serotonin mediation of early memory formation via 5-HT2B receptor-induced glycogenolysis in the day-old chick. Front Pharmacol 2014; 5:54. [PMID: 24744730 PMCID: PMC3978258 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2014.00054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2014] [Accepted: 03/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Investigation of the effects of serotonin on memory formation in the chick revealed an action on at least two 5-HT receptors. Serotonin injected intracerebrally produced a biphasic effect on memory consolidation with enhancement at low doses and inhibition at higher doses. The non-selective 5-HT receptor antagonist methiothepin and the selective 5-HT2B/C receptor antagonist SB221284 both inhibited memory, suggesting actions of serotonin on at least two different receptor subtypes. The 5-HT2B/C and astrocyte-specific 5-HT receptor agonist, fluoxetine and paroxetine, enhanced memory and the effect was attributed to glycogenolysis. Inhibition of glycogenolysis with a low dose of DAB (1,4-dideoxy-1,4-imino-D-arabinitol) prevented both serotonin and fluoxetine from enhancing memory during short-term memory but not during intermediate memory. The role of serotonin on the 5-HT2B/C receptor appears to involve glycogen breakdown in astrocytes during short-term memory, whereas other published evidence attributes the second period of glycogenolysis to noradrenaline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie E Gibbs
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Leif Hertz
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, China Medical University Shenyang, China
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12
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Basic Mechanism Leading to Stimulation of Glycogenolysis by Isoproterenol, EGF, Elevated Extracellular K+ Concentrations, or GABA. Neurochem Res 2014; 39:661-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-014-1244-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2013] [Revised: 01/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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13
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Role of glycogenolysis in stimulation of ATP release from cultured mouse astrocytes by transmitters and high K+ concentrations. ASN Neuro 2014; 6:e00132. [PMID: 24328680 PMCID: PMC3891497 DOI: 10.1042/an20130040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigates the role of glycogenolysis in stimulated release of ATP as a transmitter from astrocytes. Within the last 20 years our understanding of brain glycogenolysis has changed from it being a relatively uninteresting process to being a driving force for essential brain functions like production of transmitter glutamate and homoeostasis of potassium ions (K+) after their release from excited neurons. Simultaneously, the importance of astrocytic handling of adenosine, its phosphorylation to ATP and release of some astrocytic ATP, located in vesicles, as an important transmitter has also become to be realized. Among the procedures stimulating Ca2+-dependent release of vesicular ATP are exposure to such transmitters as glutamate and adenosine, which raise intra-astrocytic Ca2+ concentration, or increase of extracellular K+ to a depolarizing level that opens astrocytic L-channels for Ca2+ and thereby also increase intra-astrocytic Ca2+ concentration, a prerequisite for glycogenolysis. The present study has confirmed and quantitated stimulated ATP release from well differentiated astrocyte cultures by glutamate, adenosine or elevated extracellular K+ concentrations, measured by a luciferin/luciferase reaction. It has also shown that this release is virtually abolished by an inhibitor of glycogenolysis as well as by inhibitors of transmitter-mediated signaling or of L-channel opening by elevated K+ concentrations. Stimulation of Ca2+-dependent astrocytic ATP release by glutamate, adenosine or high K+ concentration is abolished by inhibition of glycogenolysis, probably due to signaling inhibition. This is consistent with the K+-mediated pathway, but glycogenolysis-sensitive steps in the transmitter pathways are unknown.
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14
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Hertz L, Xu J, Peng L. Glycogenolysis and purinergic signaling. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2014; 11:31-54. [PMID: 25236723 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-08894-5_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Both ATP and glutamate are on one hand essential metabolites in brain and on the other serve a signaling function as transmitters. However, there is the major difference that the flux in the pathway producing transmitter glutamate is comparable to the rate of glucose metabolism in brain, whereas that producing transmitter ATP is orders of magnitude smaller than the metabolic turnover between ATP and ADP. Moreover, de novo glutamate production occurs exclusively in astrocytes, whereas transmitter ATP is produced both in neurons and astrocytes. This chapter deals only with ATP and exclusively with its formation and release in astrocytes, and it focuses on potential associations with glycogenolysis, which is known to be indispensable for the synthesis of glutamate. Glycogenolysis is dependent upon an increase in free intracellular Ca(2+) concentration (Ca(2+)]i). It can be further stimulated by cAMP, but in contrast to widespread beliefs, cAMP can on its own not induce glycogenolysis. Astrocytes generate ATP from accumulated adenosine, and this process does not seem to require glycogenolysis. A minor amount of the generated ATP is utilized as a transmitter, and its synthesis requires the presence of the mainly intracellular nucleoside transporter ENT3. Many transmitters as well as extracellular K(+) concentrations high enough to open the voltage-sensitive L-channels for Ca(2+) cause a release of transmitter ATP from astrocytes. Adenosine and ATP induce release of ATP by action at several different purinergic receptors. The release evoked by transmitters or elevated K(+) concentrations is abolished by DAB, an inhibitor of glycogenolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leif Hertz
- Laboratory of Brain Metabolic Diseases, Institute of Metabolic Disease Research and Drug Development, China Medical University, Shenyang, P. R. China,
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DiNuzzo M, Mangia S, Maraviglia B, Giove F. Regulatory mechanisms for glycogenolysis and K+ uptake in brain astrocytes. Neurochem Int 2013; 63:458-64. [PMID: 23968961 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2013.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2013] [Revised: 08/05/2013] [Accepted: 08/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in brain energy metabolism support the notion that glycogen in astrocytes is necessary for the clearance of neuronally-released K(+) from the extracellular space. However, how the multiple metabolic pathways involved in K(+)-induced increase in glycogen turnover are regulated is only partly understood. Here we summarize the current knowledge about the mechanisms that control glycogen metabolism during enhanced K(+) uptake. We also describe the action of the ubiquitous Na(+)/K(+) ATPase for both ion transport and intracellular signaling cascades, and emphasize its importance in understanding the complex relation between glycogenolysis and K(+) uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro DiNuzzo
- MARBILab, Museo storico della fisica e Centro di studi e ricerche "Enrico Fermi", Rome, Italy.
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Xu J, Song D, Xue Z, Gu L, Hertz L, Peng L. Requirement of Glycogenolysis for Uptake of Increased Extracellular K+ in Astrocytes: Potential Implications for K+ Homeostasis and Glycogen Usage in Brain. Neurochem Res 2012; 38:472-85. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-012-0938-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2012] [Revised: 11/09/2012] [Accepted: 11/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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