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Whitehead IO, Moffatt S, Warwick S, Spiers GF, Kunonga TP, Tang E, Hanratty B. Systematic review of the relationship between burn-out and spiritual health in doctors. BMJ Open 2023; 13:e068402. [PMID: 37553194 PMCID: PMC10414094 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-068402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the relationship between burn-out and spiritual health among medical doctors. DESIGN Systematic literature review and narrative synthesis of cross-sectional studies. SETTING Any setting, worldwide. DATA SOURCES Five databases were searched from inception to March 2022, including Medline, Embase, PsycINFO, Scopus and Web of Science. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA Any study design that involved medical doctors (and other healthcare staff if assessed alongside medical doctors), that measured (in any way) both burn-out (or similar) and spiritual health (or similar) medical doctors. DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS All records were double screened. Data extraction was performed by one reviewer and a proportion (10%) checked by a second reviewer. Quality was assessed using the Appraisal of Cross-sectional Studies tool. Due to the heterogeneity of the included studies, a narrative review was undertaken without a meta-analysis. RESULTS Searches yielded 1049 studies. 40 studies met eligibility criteria and were included in this review. Low reported levels of spirituality were associated with high burn-out scores and vice versa. Religion was not significantly associated with lower levels of burn-out. Few studies reported statistically significant findings, few used validated spiritual scores and most were vulnerable to sampling bias. CONCLUSIONS Published research suggests that burn-out is linked to spiritual health in medical doctors but not to religion. Robust research is needed to confirm these findings and develop effective interventions. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER CRD42020200145.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Suzanne Moffatt
- Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Stephanie Warwick
- Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Gemma F Spiers
- Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | | | - Eugene Tang
- Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Barbara Hanratty
- Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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2
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Serrano H, Andrea SJ, Lopes J, Harms S, Saperson K, Acai A. A Qualitative Investigation of Burnout and Well-being Among Faculty and Residents in a Canadian Psychiatry Department. ACADEMIC PSYCHIATRY : THE JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF DIRECTORS OF PSYCHIATRIC RESIDENCY TRAINING AND THE ASSOCIATION FOR ACADEMIC PSYCHIATRY 2023; 47:159-163. [PMID: 36752998 PMCID: PMC9907865 DOI: 10.1007/s40596-023-01745-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study used semi-structured interviews with faculty and residents in psychiatry to inform a qualitative, process-based understanding of well-being and related concepts, as well as to identify and critically explore strategies for maintaining well-being in psychiatry. METHODS Using interpretive description as a qualitative research methodology, semi-structured phone interviews were conducted with 12 faculty (nine clinical and three non-clinical) and five residents in a Canadian psychiatry department between September and December 2019, prior to the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. Interviews were transcribed, coded, and subsequently analyzed for themes by the research team. RESULTS Fourteen women and three men completed the study, consisting of nine faculty members, five psychiatry residents, and three non-clinical PhD scientists. Four themes were developed from the interview data: (1) The nature of working in academic psychiatry, (2) professional identity as a double-edged sword, (3) feelings of isolation and powerlessness in the system, and (4) strategies to support well-being. CONCLUSION In the absence of many qualitative perspectives on well-being in academic psychiatry, the findings of this study can be used as a first step to inform future interventions and meaningful institutional change around well-being in psychiatry. The findings may help to enable conversations about well-being that embrace humanity and vulnerability as essential components of professional identity in psychiatry and provide opportunities for open discussion and support.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Anita Acai
- McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.
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3
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Looi JC, Allison S, Bastiampillai T, Brazel M, Kisely SR, Maguire PA. Psychiatrist and trainee burnout: Commentary and recommendations on management. Australas Psychiatry 2022; 30:750-753. [PMID: 36112911 DOI: 10.1177/10398562221124798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To comment upon the evidence-base regarding psychiatrist and trainee burnout and provide recommendations on management. CONCLUSIONS Burnout has been conceptualised as a specific stress-related response, primarily related to work. There is a high prevalence of burnout amongst both trainees and psychiatrists internationally, with substantial consequences for personal and family wellbeing, organisational efficiency and patient care. We summarise the evidence on organisational and individual approaches to addressing burnout.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Cl Looi
- Academic Unit of Psychiatry and Addiction Medicine, Canberra Hospital, 104822The Australian National University Medical School, Canberra, ACT, Australia; and Consortium of Australian-Academic Psychiatrists for Independent Policy and Research Analysis (CAPIPRA), Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Stephen Allison
- Consortium of Australian-Academic Psychiatrists for Independent Policy and Research Analysis (CAPIPRA), Canberra, ACT, Australia; and College of Medicine and Public Health, 1065Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Tarun Bastiampillai
- Consortium of Australian-Academic Psychiatrists for Independent Policy and Research Analysis (CAPIPRA), Canberra, ACT, Australia; College of Medicine and Public Health, 1065Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia; and Department of Psychiatry, 2541Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Matthew Brazel
- Academic Unit of Psychiatry and Addiction Medicine, Canberra Hospital, 104822The Australian National University Medical School, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Stephen R Kisely
- Consortium of Australian-Academic Psychiatrists for Independent Policy and Research Analysis (CAPIPRA), Canberra, ACT, Australia; School of Medicine, Princess Alexandra Hospital, 1974The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; and Departments of Psychiatry, Community Health and Epidemiology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Paul A Maguire
- Academic Unit of Psychiatry and Addiction Medicine, Canberra Hospital, 104822The Australian National University Medical School, Canberra, ACT, Australia; and Consortium of Australian-Academic Psychiatrists for Independent Policy and Research Analysis (CAPIPRA), Canberra, ACT, Australia
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4
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Radwan MZ, Morsy M. Burnout syndrome among pediatric dentists in Egypt. MIDDLE EAST CURRENT PSYCHIATRY 2022. [PMCID: PMC9489264 DOI: 10.1186/s43045-022-00230-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pediatric dentists in Egypt are exposed to chronic stress associated with pediatric dental care. After long years of specialization, training, and practice, they seem to be unsatisfied. An increased prevalence of burnout could be the reason. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of occupational burnout among Egyptian pediatric dentists. This study is a cross-sectional, observational study, which was carried by a self-administered online survey questionnaire that was sent to active members in the Egyptian Pediatric Dentistry Associations. A total number of 100 pediatric dentists participated in this study. All of them were offered to fulfill the questionnaires including that of Maslach Burnout Inventory and the semi-structured questionnaire to complete their sociodemographic and work-related data. Results It was found that the number of kids raised up by the practitioner is significantly associated with the level of depersonalization. It was also found that the number of working hours per week and number of patients treated per day have a significant association with the level of exhaustion, depersonalization, and personal accomplishment. There were no gender differences in the prevalence of burnout or depression. Conclusions Burnout prevalence among pediatric dentist in Egypt is high and higher than its prevalence among other dentists. Marriage and sleeping in home with the family have protective effects against burnout statistically. There is significant association between high number of working hours of the pediatric dentist per week and burnout.
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5
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Stefanatou P, Xenaki LA, Karagiorgas I, Ntigrintaki AA, Giannouli E, Malogiannis IA, Konstantakopoulos G. Fear of COVID-19 Impact on Professional Quality of Life among Mental Health Workers. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:9949. [PMID: 36011583 PMCID: PMC9408175 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19169949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Several studies have examined the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on healthcare workers' mental health, but only a few have investigated its detrimental effect on the mental well-being of mental health workers (MHWs). BACKGROUND The current study aimed to explore the effect of the fear of COVID-19 (FCV-19) on professional quality of life dimensions, namely compassion satisfaction (CS), burnout (BO), and secondary traumatic stress (STS) in MHWs above and beyond sociodemographic and professional factors. METHODS Hierarchical linear regression models were employed to examine the relationship of extreme FCV-19 with CS, BO, and STS in MHWs (n = 224), after considering sociodemographic variables as potential confounding factors. Extreme FCV-19 was operationalized as a binary variable with a cut-off score of ≥16.5 considered as extreme fear. RESULTS We found that extreme FCV-19 in MHWs is linked with increased compassion fatigue (BO and STS), and this relationship is exacerbated by younger age in regard to BO and by female gender concerning STS. CS remains unaffected by severe FCV-19, and it is higher in older participants. CONCLUSION Organizational support is required to protect MHWs' mental well-being and ensure the quality of care they provide during prolonged crises, such as the COVID-19 pandemic. Measures that intensify a sense of safety, protection, and control against COVID-19 infections in mental health services should be included in the recommendations that may reduce BO and STS among MHWs.
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6
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El Hage S, Daou L, Sayde G, Daaboul M, Hallit S, Salameh P. Attitudes Towards Psychiatry in Lebanese Medical Students: What Are the Factors that Could Lead to a More Favorable Outlook? ACADEMIC PSYCHIATRY : THE JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF DIRECTORS OF PSYCHIATRIC RESIDENCY TRAINING AND THE ASSOCIATION FOR ACADEMIC PSYCHIATRY 2021; 45:681-687. [PMID: 33942240 PMCID: PMC8092969 DOI: 10.1007/s40596-021-01466-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The authors aimed to assess the attitudes towards psychiatry of all Lebanese medical students, as well as the factors that could have led to these attitudes, whether favorable or not. METHODS In this cross-sectional study, the authors ran a questionnaire among a sample of Lebanese medical students from all medical faculties, regions in Lebanon, and years of medical school, using the ATP-30 scale and the WHO-5 well-being index. The answers from the 607 participants were statistically analyzed on SPSS version 23.0. RESULTS Among participants, 95.1% had a positive attitude towards psychiatry, reflecting a favorable outlook among Lebanese medical students overall. The average ATP-30 score in our sample was 111.95 out of 150 (SD = 12.55), which is in the range of countries of higher socio-economic level such as Germany and Switzerland. Also, 26.5% of participants reported that they consider psychiatry as a potential career choice. No demographic factor had any influence on the ATP-30 score. In the multivariate analysis, only two factors resulted in favorable attitudes: exposure to a patient with a diagnosed psychiatric illness in the student's surroundings and a lower WHO-5 well-being index. CONCLUSION This study's results do not fit into the traditional "developed vs. developing countries" paradigm. However, Lebanon still has a lot of challenges to face in order to provide quality mental healthcare.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Léa Daou
- Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon.
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7
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Puangsri P, Jinanarong V, Wattanapisit A. Impacts on and Care of Psychiatric Patients during the Outbreak of COVID-19. Clin Pract Epidemiol Ment Health 2021; 17:52-60. [PMID: 34497660 PMCID: PMC8386085 DOI: 10.2174/1745017902117010052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The outbreak of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) in December 2019 has led to massive lifestyle, economic, and health changes. The COVID-19 pandemic has had broad impacts on psychiatric patients, exacerbating symptoms such as psychosis, depression, and suicidal ideation. Therefore, we aimed to review the psychological impacts of COVID-19 on psychiatric patients and mental healthcare staff and provide practical guidance for medical staff and authorities. The main findings of this review included the impacts of COVID-19 on psychiatric patients and mental health professionals as well as the transformation of mental health care. Greater consideration should be given to the care of patients with psychosis and depression because of their lack of self-care ability, neurocognitive impairment, and impaired immune function. Depressive symptoms can be exacerbated due to several factors, such as economic crises, social isolation, and limited physical activity. Unemployment and financial problems can lead to an increased suicide rate. Consequently, mental healthcare workers’ workload can increase, which could lead to burnout and psychological symptoms such as insomnia, depression, and anxiety. A transformation of psychiatric care is needed during the time of the pandemic. While emergency care should be maintained, outpatient care should be limited to decrease viral spread. Shifting care to telemedicine and community-based psychiatry can be helpful. Inpatient services should be adapted by tightening admission criteria, shortening the length of hospital stays, suspending some group activities, limiting visitors, and preparing for quarantine if necessary. Mental healthcare workers can be supported with telecommunication, appropriate work shifts, alternative accommodations, and good communication between the team leader and staff.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavarud Puangsri
- School of Medicine, Walailak University, Thasala, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand
| | - Vinn Jinanarong
- Walailak University Hospital, Thasala, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand
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8
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Schmid F, Huyghebaert T, Bertrand A, Cartier M, Deleau K, Henry A, Stefaniak N. Le burn-out est-il une entité nosographique distincte ? PSYCHOLOGIE FRANCAISE 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.psfr.2020.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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9
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Pappa S, Sakkas N, Sakka E. A year in review: sleep dysfunction and psychological distress in healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic. Sleep Med 2021; 91:237-245. [PMID: 34334303 PMCID: PMC8277954 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2021.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The Covid-19 outbreak has taken a substantial toll on the mental and physical wellbeing of healthcare workers (HCWs), impacting healthcare systems at a global scale. One year into the pandemic, the need to establish the prevalence of sleep dysfunction and psychological distress in the face of COVID-19, identify risk and protective factors and explore effective countermeasures remains of critical importance. Despite implicit limitations relating to the quality of available studies, a plethora of evidence to-date suggests that a considerable proportion of HCWs experience significant sleep disturbances (estimated to afflict every two in five HCWs) as well as mood symptoms (with more than one in five reporting high levels of depression or anxiety). Younger age, female gender, frontline status, fear or risk of infection, occupation, current or past mental health concerns, and a lower level of social support were all associated with a greater risk of disturbed sleep and adverse psychological outcomes. Furthermore, we discuss the link between sleep deprivation, susceptibility to viral infections and psychosocial wellbeing, in relevance to COVID-19 and summarize the existing evidence regarding the presence and predictors of traumatic stress/PTSD and burnout in HCWs. Finally, we highlight the role of resilience and tailored interventions in order to mitigate vulnerability and prevent long-term physical and psychological implications. Indeed, promoting psychological resilience through an enhanced social support network has proven crucial for HCWs in coping under these strenuous circumstances. Future research should aim to provide high quality information on the long-term consequences and the effectiveness of applied interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Pappa
- Division of Psychiatry, Imperial College London, W12 0NN, London, United Kingdom; West London NHS Trust, UB2 4SD, London, United Kingdom.
| | | | - Elpitha Sakka
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Brighton, BN2 4AT, Brighton, United Kingdom
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10
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Tired, Worried and Burned Out, but Still Resilient: A Cross-Sectional Study of Mental Health Workers in the UK during the COVID-19 Pandemic. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18094457. [PMID: 33922281 PMCID: PMC8122760 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18094457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The burden of the COVID-19 pandemic on health systems and the physical and mental health of healthcare workers (HCWs) has been substantial. This cross-sectional study aims to assess the effects of COVID-19 on the psychological wellbeing of mental health workers who provide care to a vulnerable patient population that have been particularly affected during this crisis. A total of 387 HCWs from across a large urban mental health service completed a self-administered questionnaire consisting of socio-demographic, lifestyle and work-based information and validated psychometric scales. Depression and anxiety were measured using the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) and the Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale (GAD-7), respectively; sleep problems with the Athens Insomnia Scale (AIS); burnout with the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI); and resilience with the Resilience Scale-14 (RS-14). Multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed to determine potential mediating factors. Prevalence of burnout was notable, with 52% recording moderate/severe in Emotional Exhaustion, 19.5% moderate/severe in Depersonalisation, and 55.5% low/moderate Personal Accomplishment. Over half of all respondents (52%) experienced sleep problems; the presence of depressive symptoms was a significant predictor of insomnia. An increase in potentially harmful lifestyle changes, such as smoking, alcohol consumption and overeating was also observed. However, high Resilience was reported by 70% of the samples and the importance of this is highlighted. Female gender was associated with increased levels of depression and emotional exhaustion while those with a history of mental health conditions were most at risk of affective symptoms, insomnia, and burnout. Overall, our study revealed considerable levels of psychological distress and maladaptive coping strategies but also resilience and satisfaction with organizational support provided. Findings can inform tailored interventions in order to mitigate vulnerability and prevent long-term psychological sequelae.
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11
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Alkhamees AA, Assiri H, Alharbi HY, Nasser A, Alkhamees MA. Burnout and depression among psychiatry residents during COVID-19 pandemic. HUMAN RESOURCES FOR HEALTH 2021; 19:46. [PMID: 33823857 PMCID: PMC8022305 DOI: 10.1186/s12960-021-00584-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Very few studies have been concerned with assessing the prevalence of burnout and depressive symptoms, especially during an infectious outbreak on non-frontline health care workers, such as a psychiatrist. In such instances, the role of psychiatrists and other mental health providers as a source of psychological support to the public and frontline workers is indispensable and valuable. This study aims to assess the prevalence of burnout and depressive symptoms, and their correlation, during the COVID-19 pandemic among psychiatry residents in Saudi Arabia. A total of 121 out of 150 psychiatry residents in Saudi Arabia completed the Maslach Burnout Inventory and Patient's Health Questionnaire for the assessment of burnout and depressive symptoms. Burnout symptoms were found in 27.3%, and another 27.3% reported having depression symptoms. In addition, 16.5% reported having both burnout and depressive symptoms, with a significant relationship between them. Participants in the first 2 years of training and having a history of receiving mental health treatment in the past 2 years were at higher risk. The need is urgent to increase investment in mental health services and to construct a plan to reduce this risk of burnout and depression among psychiatrists by developing preventative strategies to prevent burnout and promote wellness is more important than ever.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulmajeed A. Alkhamees
- Department of Medicine, Unaizah College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah, Al Qassim Saudi Arabia
| | - Hatem Assiri
- Adult Mental Health Department At King Abdelaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard, Health Affairs-Riyadh, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hatim Yousef Alharbi
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah Nasser
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad A. Alkhamees
- Department of Urology, College of Medicine, Majmaah University, Al Majma’ah, Saudi Arabia
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12
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Gvion Y, Rozett H, Stern T. Will you agree to treat a suicidal adolescent? A comparative study among mental health professionals. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2021; 30:671-680. [PMID: 32661613 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-020-01581-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The effect of a therapist's personal and professional variables on their decision to treat or refer a suicidal adolescent was studied. 242 mental health professionals were randomly exposed to one of four case descriptions of an adolescent in crisis. The cases shared a common background story, however differed in suicidal condition (high vs. low) and gender. The questionnaires employed aimed to reflect the subject's evaluation of the patient's suicidal severity, countertransference, suicidal ideation, depression, professional competence, and seniority. Subjects were asked about their willingness to treat or likeliness to refer the case. Results indicate a lower willingness to treat and higher tendency to refer highly suicidal adolescents regardless of gender. Professional factors, countertransference, and trait-like suicide ideations positively contributed to willingness to accept the patient. Mental health professionals are unwilling to accept adolescents at risk for suicide for treatment. Nevertheless, professional factors contribute to the willingness to treat such adolescents, thereby underlining the importance of improving skills and tools with regard to the treatment of suicidal behavior. Acquaintance with a similar adolescent is a positive contributor for accepting a potentially suicidal adolescent patient to therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Gvion
- Department of Psychology, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel.
| | - H Rozett
- Faculty of Behavioral Sciences, Tel-Aviv Jaffa Academic Center, Tel-Aviv Jaffa, Israel
| | - T Stern
- Faculty of Behavioral Sciences, Tel-Aviv Jaffa Academic Center, Tel-Aviv Jaffa, Israel
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13
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Scheepstra KWF, van Lent EM, Lok A, Olff M, van Pampus MG. Exploring the impact of work-related potential traumatic events among Dutch psychiatrists. Psychiatry Res 2020; 288:112981. [PMID: 32371313 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Psychiatrists are frequently exposed to work-related potential traumatic events (PTEs). A survey was sent to the members of the Dutch Society of Psychiatrists of which 250 questionnaires were eligible for analysis. At least one work-related PTE was reported by 196 (78.4%) of the respondents, of which 177 described the PTE. Witnessing or experiencing verbal aggression (29.2%), physical violence (29.2%) or completed suicide (26.8%) were the most common PTEs. This survey implies that psychiatrists frequently experience work-related PTEs, often with a significant emotional impact. The majority of respondents considered current support as insufficient.
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Affiliation(s)
- K W F Scheepstra
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Psychiatry, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - E M van Lent
- Arkin Institute for Mental Health, Klaprozenweg 111, 1033 NN, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - A Lok
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Psychiatry, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M Olff
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Psychiatry, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Arq Psychotrauma Expert Group, Nienoord 5, 1112 XE, Diemen, The Netherlands
| | - M G van Pampus
- OLVG, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Oosterpark 9, 1090 HM, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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14
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Nuss P, Tessier C, Masson M, Fossati P, Gaillard R, Lapidus N, Gourion D. Factors Associated With a Higher Score of Burnout in a Population of 860 French Psychiatrists. Front Psychiatry 2020; 11:371. [PMID: 32457663 PMCID: PMC7224256 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Burnout rates are estimated to be twice as high among healthcare professionals as in the general working population, and studies indicate rising incidence. The present study aimed to identify the contextual factors associated with self-reported burnout rates among French psychiatrists. A total of 860 French or French-speaking psychiatrists completed an online questionnaire when they registered for a major psychiatric conference. The Copenhagen Burnout Inventory, a validated scale that independently appraises personal, work- and patient-related dimensions, was used to assess the degree of perceived burnout. Respondents were divided into lower risk and higher risk groups. The latter contained the 25% of individuals who scored the highest on each of the three dimensions of the CBI scale. Univariate analysis showed that private practice was associated with lower levels of risk on the personal and work-related dimensions. Working for the public sector and long hours were both associated with a higher score on the work-related dimension. Interestingly, none of the variables we investigated, except from poor atmosphere at work, correlated with the patient-related dimension. Among public-sector psychiatrists, female gender, longer hours, and more consultations per week were associated with a higher score on the work-related dimension. Working four or more night shifts per month was significantly associated with a higher score of burnout risk on all three dimensions. Private- and public-sector practitioners who mainly treated patients with schizophrenia had a higher score of burnout risk. Multivariate analysis showed that a poor atmosphere at work, longer hours, and working four or more night shifts were significantly associated with higher score of burnout risk. A nonreassuring working environment and more stressors while treating patients each had a possibly negative impact. Although this study only examined the factors that distinguish between clinicians with the lowest versus highest CBI burnout risk scores, it opens up important avenues for research and development of programs to reduce burnout risk within the French healthcare system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Nuss
- AP-HP, Service de Psychiatrie et de Psychologie Médicale, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, CRSA, UMRS 938, Paris, France
| | - Cedric Tessier
- AP-HP, Service de Psychiatrie et de Psychologie Médicale, Paris, France
| | - Marc Masson
- Nightingale Hospitals, Château de Garches Clinic, Garches, France.,Department of Psychiatry, Sainte-Anne Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Philippe Fossati
- Institut du cerveau et de la moelle epiniere, INSERM U 1127, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR 7225, Paris, France.,AP-HP, Department of Adult Psychiatry, Pitie Salpetriere Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Raphaël Gaillard
- Centre Hospitalier Sainte Anne, Service Hospitalo-universitaire de Psychiatrie, Paris, France
| | - Nathanaël Lapidus
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Institut Pierre Louis d'Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique IPLESP, AP-HP.Sorbonne Université, Public Health Department, Saint-Antoine Hospital, Paris, France
| | - David Gourion
- Department of Psychiatry, Sainte-Anne Hospital, Paris, France.,Hautes etudes de commerce (HEC) Paris Business School, Jouy-en-Josas, France
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15
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Rotstein S, Hudaib AR, Facey A, Kulkarni J. Psychiatrist burnout: a meta-analysis of Maslach Burnout Inventory means. Australas Psychiatry 2019; 27:249-254. [PMID: 30907115 DOI: 10.1177/1039856219833800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Doctors are known to have poor mental health compared with the general population. Psychiatrists are exposed to a number of unique stressors that may increase the risk of poor mental health. The aim of this study was to undertake a meta-analysis of burnout rates in psychiatrists. METHODS Electronic databases (including MEDLINE, PsycINFO and Embase) were searched. Only studies published since 1999 and using the 22-item Maslach Burnout Inventory were included in the analysis. A meta-analysis was conducted using the Comprehensive Meta-Analysis software. RESULTS A total of 11 studies, across nine publications, were included in the final analysis. Studies were significantly heterogenous but there was no indication of publication bias. The pooled mean for emotional exhaustion was 22.03 (95% confidence interval (CI): 19.71-24.34, tau = 3.74). For depersonalisation, the pooled mean was 7.41 (95% CI: 5.91-8.90, tau = 2.45). The pooled mean for personal accomplishment was 30.00 (95% CI: 24.75-35.27, tau = 8.87). CONCLUSIONS The high level of psychiatrist emotional exhaustion is a significant concern. Further research is needed to consider the role of modifiable risk factors in the aetiology of psychiatrist burnout.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Rotstein
- Psychiatry Registrar, Monash Alfred Psychiatry Research Centre, Melbourne, VIC, and; Monash University Central Clinical School, Melbourne, VIC, and; Alfred Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Abdul-Rahman Hudaib
- Research Medical Officer, Monash Alfred Psychiatry Research Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Adam Facey
- Junior Medical Staff, The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Jayashri Kulkarni
- Director, Monash Alfred Psychiatry Research Centre, Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Weller JM, Henning M. Impact of Assessments on Learning and Quality of Life during Anaesthesia Training in Australia and New Zealand. Anaesth Intensive Care 2019; 39:35-9. [DOI: 10.1177/0310057x1103900105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. M. Weller
- Centre for Medical and Health Sciences Education, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Head of Centre for Medical and Health Sciences Education; Specialist Anaesthetist, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland and Auckland City Hospital and Chair of Assessments Committee, Australian and New Zealand College of Anaesthetists
| | - M. Henning
- Centre for Medical and Health Sciences Education, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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17
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Abstract
Although the physical health of doctors is largely better than that of the general population, they continue to have high levels of stress, depression and substance misuse. These aspects of mental ill health are particularly elevated in psychiatrists, and in a number of studies psychiatrists have also been found to be those doctors most likely to face disciplinary proceedings. This article explores the individual and organisational causes of these problems and the ways they may interact within the psychiatrist's work role, and suggests a variety of possible interventions to improve the mental health of doctors in psychiatry.
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18
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Dai Y, Zhang B, Sun H, Li Z, Shen L, Liu Y. Prevalence and Correlates of Psychological Symptoms in Chinese Doctors as Measured with the SCL-90-R: A Meta-Analysis. Res Nurs Health 2015; 38:369-83. [PMID: 26291179 DOI: 10.1002/nur.21673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yue Dai
- Department of Social Medicine and Healthcare Management, School of Public Health; Central South University; Changsha Hunan China
| | - Baoquan Zhang
- Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Union Medicine; Fujian Medical University; Fuzhou Fujian China
| | - Hong Sun
- Professor, Department of Social Medicine and Healthcare Management, School of Public Health; Central South University President, Xiangya Hospital Central South University; No.87 Xiangya Road, Kaifu District Changsha Hunan Province 410078 China
| | - Zhanzhan Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health; Central South University; Changsha Hunan China
| | - Liangfang Shen
- Department of Human Resource, Xiangya Hospital; Central South University; Changsha Hunan China
| | - Yuanyuan Liu
- Department of Human Resource, Xiangya Hospital; Central South University; Changsha Hunan China
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19
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Koreki A, Nakagawa A, Abe A, Ikeuchi H, Okubo J, Oguri A, Orimo K, Katayama N, Sato H, Shikimoto R, Nishiyama G, Nogami W, Haki K, Hayashi T, Fukagawa Y, Funaki K, Matsuzawa M, Matsumoto A, Mimura M. Mental health of Japanese psychiatrists: the relationship among level of occupational stress, satisfaction and depressive symptoms. BMC Res Notes 2015; 8:96. [PMID: 25885051 PMCID: PMC4409783 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-015-1054-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 08/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Psychiatrists in clinical practice face a number of stressors related to patient care, such as overwork. On the other hand, they gain satisfaction from their work. We quantified and assessed the potential relationship between levels of occupational stress, satisfaction, and depressive symptoms among Japanese clinical psychiatrists. We surveyed 206 psychiatrists with up to 15 years of clinical experience who primarily worked in patient care. Levels of occupational stress and occupational satisfaction were measured using the Visual Analogue Scale and the level of depressive symptoms was measured by the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale. Workplace stressors and satisfiers were also evaluated. Results Out of 206 psychiatrists, 154 (74.8%) responded to the survey. The respondents’ mean (SD) age was 34.3 (5.2) years. The estimated prevalence of significant depressive symptoms was 34.4% (n = 53), and the experienced frequent violence was 14.9% (n = 23). The level of depressive symptoms was inversely correlated with the level of occupational satisfaction. In respondents who reported a moderate level of occupational stress, having fewer depressive symptoms was associated with higher occupational satisfaction, but this association was not significant in those who reported a high level of stress. In addition, high occupational satisfaction was associated with interest towards work content, ability to work at one’s discretion, opportunities for growth and career development, and ease of communication with supervisors and colleagues. Conclusions Nearly one-third of the psychiatrists screened positive for significant depressive symptoms. Having fewer depressive symptoms was associated with higher occupational satisfaction in those who reported a moderate level of stress. Implications from the present findings may be to enhance occupational satisfaction by discussing work interests with a supervisor, as well as increased opportunities for career development, which may prevent depression among psychiatrists. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13104-015-1054-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiro Koreki
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Atsuo Nakagawa
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan. .,Center for Clinical Research, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Akiko Abe
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Hidetsugu Ikeuchi
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Jo Okubo
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Atsushi Oguri
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Keisuke Orimo
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Nariko Katayama
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Hiroyo Sato
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Ryo Shikimoto
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Go Nishiyama
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Waka Nogami
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Kazuma Haki
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Tetsuro Hayashi
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Yuko Fukagawa
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Kei Funaki
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Mia Matsuzawa
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Ayako Matsumoto
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Masaru Mimura
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
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Abstract
Work-related mental health disorders are a major public health problem. Consequently, psychiatrists encounter many patients whose clinical state is profoundly affected by work conditions. Psychiatrists therefore, need training in occupational/stress medicine. This would help integrate health services for these patients, aimed at preservation of work fitness and mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Čedo Savić
- Čedo Savić, MD, PhD, Specialist Polyclinic Grujić, Banovci Dunav, Serbia; Karen Belkić, MD, PhD, Karolinska Institute, Department of Oncology/Pathology, Stockholm, Sweden, and Claremont Graduate University, School of Community & Global Health, Claremont, California, and Institute for Health Promotion & Disease Prevention Research, University of Southern California School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Karen Belkić
- Čedo Savić, MD, PhD, Specialist Polyclinic Grujić, Banovci Dunav, Serbia; Karen Belkić, MD, PhD, Karolinska Institute, Department of Oncology/Pathology, Stockholm, Sweden, and Claremont Graduate University, School of Community & Global Health, Claremont, California, and Institute for Health Promotion & Disease Prevention Research, University of Southern California School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to assess the usage of mental health counseling services by medical students. Medical students experience high rates of burnout, depression, and suicidal ideation. Our medical school (Baylor) provides free professional counseling services. METHODS The authors administered a survey that included a burnout scale; a depression screen; and questions about demographics, usage of counseling services, and helpful coping mechanisms for 526 first-through third-year students (336 respondents) at one school. RESULTS Approximately 24% of students with high rates of burnout and 24% of students with depressive symptoms took advantage of counseling services at least once. Of the students who had not used counseling services, approximately 49% were found to have high rates of burnout in the domain of emotional exhaustion. Similarly, of the students who had not accessed counseling services, 56% had depressive symptoms. CONCLUSIONS A large percentage of medical students across three classes did not use mental health counseling services provided by the school. Students should be clearly informed about the availability of counseling services and their potential utility. In addition, specific barriers to attendance should be identified and reduced.
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Abstract
Medicine in most parts of the world is becoming a stressful profession. Psychiatrists represent a high-risk group among doctors for experiencing burnout, alcohol and drug use, posing suicide risk and other forms of work-related stress. There are reports that entrants in the profession of psychiatrists are decreasing globally. Conceptual issues related to burnout are explored and factors contributing to burnout in psychiatrists are reviewed. Methodologically sound studies are needed to help us understand positive aspects of psychiatry as a profession and the environment psychiatrists work in. Effective treatment programmes for burnout are also needed not only to reduce suffering but also to retain psychiatrists in the profession.
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Abstract
The organizational leadership in mental health agencies frequently resides in executives who are not psychiatrists and who may or may not have clinical backgrounds. Psychiatrists who are medical directors (MDs) of organizations with this structure are responsible for the success of the clinical programs, but are subordinate to the executive director (ED). The MD/ED relationship therefore is an example of the complexities and challenges of a relationship in which supervisor and supervisee have different types of power, but are mutually dependent on each other for the organization's success. Clarity and differentiation of the types of power of the MD and ED can be helpful in determining appropriate boundaries and facilitating a cooperative relationship that allows the organizational mission to be well served. Raven's model of the bases of social power (French and Raven, Studies in Social Power, 1959; Raven, Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy 8(1):1-22, 2008) provides a useful framework to explore this relationship and the challenges and opportunities inherent in it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stewart Gabel
- Division of Children and Family Services, New York State Office of Mental Health, Albany, NY, USA.
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Kumar S, Hatcher S, Dutu G, Fischer J, Ma'u E. Stresses experienced by psychiatrists and their role in burnout: a national follow-up study. Int J Soc Psychiatry 2011; 57:166-79. [PMID: 20068020 DOI: 10.1177/0020764009341211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many studies have looked at sources of stress in psychiatrists, yet the role played by different factors in the causation of burnout in psychiatrists remains unclear. We had two aims, first, to develop a predictive model for the onset of burnout. Second, we aimed to study the differences in the perception of what caused stress between psychiatrists who rated themselves high on Emotional Exhaustion compared to those who rated themselves as low on Emotional Exhaustion. METHODS A previously described questionnaire that identified stressors relevant to consultant psychiatrists was mailed out to 426 psychiatrists, with 240 replies. Scores on the Emotional Exhaustion dimension of the Maslach Burnout Inventory were available for 131 respondents. RESULTS Based on an earlier literature review, the Sources of Stress Questionnaire (SOS-Q) used in the study had 45 factors, categorized into predisposing, precipitating, perpetuating and protective factors for burnout in psychiatrists. Of these, factor analysis identified 11 non-correlated factors which were used in the final analysis of this study. Four factors emerged as associated with burnout in psychiatrists in New Zealand: too much work; working long hours; an aggressive administrative environment; and lacking support from management. Two factors negatively correlated with Emotional Exhaustion were a high level of job satisfaction and/or enjoyment, and low pay compared to other countries. CONCLUSIONS Most factors associated with burnout are preventable and can be managed jointly between psychiatrists and administrators. Service providers need to address burnout seriously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shailesh Kumar
- Health Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand, Waikato Clinical School, University of Auckland, New Zealand
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25
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Abstract
The positional leadership of mental health care organizations commonly is in the hands of an executive director who has had administrative experience, but who may or may not have had clinical experience. The medical director of the mental health organization is a psychiatrist who reports to the executive director despite their different backgrounds and areas of expertise. The relationship between these two leaders is the responsibility of both, and is crucial to the success of the organization. This paper is concerned specifically with approaches that can be taken by the medical director to foster a successful working alignment with the executive director. The situation has some similarities (and significant differences) with that described by Gabarro and Kotter in "Managing Your Boss" (1993). A series of guidelines to enhance the potential success of the medical director in this supervisor/supervisee relationship is presented.
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Muhwezi WW, Okello ES, Neema S, Musisi S. Caregivers' experiences with major depression concealed by physical illness in patients recruited from central Ugandan Primary Health Care Centers. QUALITATIVE HEALTH RESEARCH 2008; 18:1096-1114. [PMID: 18650565 DOI: 10.1177/1049732308320038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
In this article, we present caregivers' grapples with major depression seen among their physically ill patients. A thematic analysis of 29 in-depth caregiver interviews identified four themes: (a) caregivers' perceptions of depression, (b) barriers to caregivers' focus on depression, (c) resources and opportunities for managing depression, and (d) caregivers' perspectives on consequences of depression. Patients' physical illnesses concealed depressive episodes. Caregivers could not apply the label of "depression" but enumerated its indicative features. Stigmatization of depression, common with other mental illnesses and poverty, undermined caregiving. Vital caregiving resources included caregivers' willingness to meet patients' basic needs, facilitating patients' access to health care, informal counseling of patients, and ensuring patients' spiritual nourishment. Caregivers' management of depression in physically ill patients was expensive, but they coped; however, caregiving was burdensome. Ongoing support should be given not only to patients but caregivers, as well. To provide appropriate care, caregivers deserve sensitization about depression in the context of physical illness.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE We aimed to elucidate causative and protective factors associated with burnout in New Zealand psychiatrists, to identify signs and symptoms of the burnout syndrome, and to identify any difference in the perspectives of psychiatrists who scored high versus low on the emotional exhaustion (EE) subscale of the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI). METHOD Twelve participants were randomly selected, six from each group of psychiatrists (high versus low EE). A face-to-face interview based on a semi-structured questionnaire was carried out with each participant. The interviews were recorded and transcribed verbatim. The transcriptions were manually analysed by two independent reviewers using a grounded theory approach for qualitative analysis. RESULTS Major features of burnout were changes in appearance, behaviour and mood. Causes of burnout identified were external, internal and interpersonal factors, and changing work environment. Protective factors associated with burnout included supportive relationships, extracurricular activities, variety in one's work, a positive attitude towards one's work and high job satisfaction. CONCLUSIONS A preliminary profile of the burnout syndrome was established and has a potential role in the prevention of burnout in psychiatrists. Causative factors associated with burnout were identified and supported previous findings. Novel factors protective against burnout were suggested and require further investigation. No differences were apparent between the two subgroups of psychiatrists (high versus low EE).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse Fischer
- Christchurch School of Medicine and Health Science, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
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