1
|
Pellerine LP, Miller K, Frayne RJ, O'Brien MW. Characterizing objective and self-report habitual physical activity and sedentary time in outpatients with an acquired brain injury. SPORTS MEDICINE AND HEALTH SCIENCE 2024; 6:338-343. [PMID: 39309460 PMCID: PMC11411321 DOI: 10.1016/j.smhs.2024.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 09/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Outpatients with an acquired brain injury (ABI) experience physical, mental, and social deficits. ABI can be classified into two subgroups based on mechanism of injury: mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI; e.g., concussion) and other ABI (e.g., stroke, brain aneurysm, encephalitis). Our understanding of habitual activity levels within ABI populations is limited because they are often collected using self-report measures. The purpose of this study was to, 1) describe the habitual activity levels of outpatients with ABI using objective and self-report monitoring, and 2) compare the activity levels of outpatients with mTBI vs. other ABI. Sixteen outpatients with other ABI (mean ± standard deviation: [58 ± 13] years, 9 females) and 12 outpatients with mTBI ([48 ± 11] years, 9 females) wore a thigh-worn activPAL 24 h/day (h/day) for 7-days. Outpatients with ABI averaged (6.0 ± 2.3) h/day of upright time, (10.6 ± 2.2) h/day of sedentary time, (5.6 ± 2.7) h/day in prolonged sedentary bouts > 1 h, (5 960 ± 3 037) steps/day, and (11 ± 13) minutes/day (min/day) of moderate-vigorous physical activity (MVPA). There were no differences between activPAL-derived upright, sedentary, prolonged sedentary time, and physical activity between the mTBI and other ABI groups (all, p > 0.31). Outpatients with ABI overestimated their MVPA levels (+138 min/week) and underestimated sedentary time (-4.3 h/day) compared to self-report (all, p < 0.001). Despite self-reporting high activity levels, outpatients with ABI objectively exhibit highly inactive and sedentary lifestyles. The habitual movement behaviours of our sample did not differ by mechanism of injury (i.e., mTBI versus other ABI). Targeting reductions in objectively measured sedentary time are needed to progressively improve the habitual movement behaviours of outpatients with ABI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liam P. Pellerine
- Division of Kinesiology, School of Health and Human Performance, Faculty of Health, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Katerina Miller
- Acquired Brain Injury NeuroCommons, Nova Scotia Health Authority, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Ryan J. Frayne
- Division of Kinesiology, School of Health and Human Performance, Faculty of Health, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Myles W. O'Brien
- School of Physiotherapy (Faculty of Health) & Department of Medicine (Faculty of Medicine), Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Geriatric Medicine Research, Dalhousie University & Nova Scotia Health, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Centre de Formation Médicale Du Nouveau-Brunswick, New Brunswick & Department of Medicine, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
MacDonald E, Morrison EG, Shivgulam ME, Pellerine LP, Kimmerly DS, Bray NW, Mekari S, O'Brien MW. Moderate intensity intermittent lifestyle physical activity is associated with better executive function in older adults. Front Sports Act Living 2024; 6:1393214. [PMID: 38835704 PMCID: PMC11148362 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2024.1393214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Executive functions are among the first cognitive abilities to decline with age and age-related executive function slowing predisposes older adults to cognitive disorders and disease. Intermittent Lifestyle Physical Activity (ILPA) reflects brief, unplanned activity that occurs during routine daily activities and is operationalized as activity bouts <60s. Our understanding of short bouts of habitual physical activity and executive functions is limited. We tested the hypothesis that greater amounts of ILPA in moderate and vigorous intensity domains would be associated with better executive function in older adults. Forty older adults (26 females, 68 ± 6, >55 years; body mass index: 26.6 ± 4.3 kg/m2) completed a Trail-Making-Task and wore an activPAL 24-hr/day for 6.2 ± 1.8-days. For each intensity, total time and time spent in bouts <60 s were determined. Trail A (processing speed) and Trail B (cognitive flexibility) were completed in 25.8 ± 8.2 s and 63.2 ± 26.2 s, respectively. Non-parametric Spearman's rank correlations report that moderate ILPA (3.2 ± 3.2 min/day) and total-moderate physical activity (20.1 ± 16.0 min/day) were associated with faster Trail A (total-moderate physical activity: ρ=-0.48; moderate-ILPA: ρ = -0.50; both, p < 0.003) and Trail B time (total-moderate physical activity: ρ = 0.36; moderate-ILPA: ρ = -0.46; both, p < 0.020). However, the results show no evidence of an association with either vigorous physical activity or light physical activity (total time or ILPA bouts: all, p > 0.180). Moderate physical activity accumulated in longer bouts (>60 s) was not associated with Trail B time (p = 0.201). Therefore, more total moderate physical activity and shorter bouts (<60 s) may result in better executive functions in older adults.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emily MacDonald
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Science, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | | | - Madeline E Shivgulam
- Division of Kinesiology, School of Health and Human Performance, Faculty of Health, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Liam P Pellerine
- Division of Kinesiology, School of Health and Human Performance, Faculty of Health, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Derek S Kimmerly
- Division of Kinesiology, School of Health and Human Performance, Faculty of Health, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Nick W Bray
- Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Said Mekari
- Department of Medicine, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
- Centre de Formation Médicale Du Nouveau-Brunswick, Université de Sherbrooke, Moncton, NB, Canada
| | - Myles W O'Brien
- Department of Medicine, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
- Centre de Formation Médicale Du Nouveau-Brunswick, Université de Sherbrooke, Moncton, NB, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Rayner SE, Pellerine LP, Wu Y, Shivgulam ME, Petterson JL, Kimmerly DS, O'Brien MW. Faster stepping cadence partially explains the higher metabolic cost of walking among females versus males. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2024; 136:1238-1244. [PMID: 38545662 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00904.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/15/2024] Open
Abstract
The metabolic cost of walking (MCOW), or oxygen uptake normalized to distance, provides information on the energy expended during movement. There are conflicting reports as to whether sex differences in MCOW exist, with scarce evidence investigating factors that explain potential sex differences. This study 1) tested the hypothesis that females exhibit a higher MCOW than males, 2) determined whether normalizing to stepping cadence ameliorates the hypothesized sex difference, and 3) explored whether more habitual step counts and time in intensity-related physical activity, and less sedentary time were associated with a decreased MCOW. Seventy-six participants (42 females, 24 ± 5 yr) completed a five-stage, graded treadmill protocol with speeds increasing from 0.89 to 1.79 m/s (6-min walking stage followed by 4-min passive rest). Steady-state oxygen uptake (via indirect calorimetry) and stepping cadence (via manual counts) were determined. Gross and net MCOW, normalized to distance traveled (km) and step-cadence (1,000 steps) were calculated for each stage. Thirty-nine participants (23 females) wore an activPAL on their thigh for 6.9 ± 0.4 days. Normalized to distance, females had greater gross MCOW (J/kg/km) at all speeds (P < 0.014). Normalized to stepping frequency, females exhibited greater gross and net MCOW at 1.12 and 1.79 m/s (J/kg/1,000 steps; P < 0.01) but not at any other speeds (P < 0.075). Stature was negatively associated with free-living cadence (r = -0.347, P = 0.030). Females expend more energy/kilometer traveled than males, but normalizing to stepping cadence attenuated these differences. Such observations provide an explanation for prior work documenting higher MCOW among females and highlight the importance of stepping cadence when assessing the MCOW.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Whether there are sex differences in the metabolic cost of walking (MCOW) and the factors that may contribute to these are unclear. We demonstrate that females exhibit a larger net MCOW than males. These differences were largely attenuated when normalized to stepping cadence. Free-living activity was not associated with MCOW. We demonstrate that stepping cadence, but not free-living activity, partially explains the higher MCOW in females than males.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sophie E Rayner
- Division of Kinesiology, School of Health and Human Performance, Faculty of Health, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Liam P Pellerine
- Division of Kinesiology, School of Health and Human Performance, Faculty of Health, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Yanlin Wu
- Division of Kinesiology, School of Health and Human Performance, Faculty of Health, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Madeline E Shivgulam
- Division of Kinesiology, School of Health and Human Performance, Faculty of Health, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Jennifer L Petterson
- Division of Kinesiology, School of Health and Human Performance, Faculty of Health, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Derek S Kimmerly
- Division of Kinesiology, School of Health and Human Performance, Faculty of Health, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Myles W O'Brien
- Department of Medicine, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
- Centre de formation médicale du Nouveau-Brunswick, Université de Sherbrooke, Moncton, New Brunswick, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Keating CJ, Hester RJ, Thorsen TA. High cadence cycling not high work rate, increases gait velocity post-exercise. Sports Biomech 2024:1-15. [PMID: 38374655 DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2024.2315245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
Gait velocity, or walking speed, has been referred to as the sixth vital sign, and research suggests that it is highly sensitive to change. Previous research has demonstrated the utility of cycling to improve gait parameters and in particular gait velocity in a variety of populations. However, it is unclear if the benefits from cycling to gait velocity stem from increased cadence, increased work rate, or the interaction between them. Therefore, the objective of the current research was to explicitly test the relationship between cycling work rate, cycling cadence, and gait velocity. 45 recreationally active young adults were randomly assigned to cycle at a normalised cadence and work rate, a higher cadence, or a higher work rate (CONTROL, FAST, HARD). All participants completed two ten-metre walk tests (10 MWT) pre- and post-cycling intervention. There was a significant interaction between group and time and post hoc comparisons showed that the FAST group walked significantly faster than the HARD group post-cycling. These results support the hypothesis that cycling at a cadence greater than the comfortable walking cadence, and not cycling at an increased work rate, increased gait velocity post-exercise for all members of our sample of healthy young adults.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Rials J Hester
- School of Kinesiology & Nutrition, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, USA
| | - Tanner A Thorsen
- School of Kinesiology & Nutrition, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
McAvoy CR, Miller TA, Aguiar EJ, Ducharme SW, Moore CC, Schuna JM, Barreira TV, Chase CJ, Gould ZR, Amalbert-Birriel MA, Chipkin SR, Staudenmayer J, Tudor-Locke C, Bucko A, Mora-Gonzalez J. Cadence (steps/min) and relative intensity in 61 to 85-year-olds: the CADENCE-Adults study. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2023; 20:141. [PMID: 38031156 PMCID: PMC10688086 DOI: 10.1186/s12966-023-01543-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We previously demonstrated that a heuristic (i.e., evidence-based, rounded yet practical) cadence threshold of ≥ 100 steps/min was associated with absolutely-defined moderate intensity physical activity (i.e., ≥ 3 metabolic equivalents [METs]) in older adults 61-85 years of age. Although it was difficult to ascertain achievement of absolutely-defined vigorous (6 METs) intensity, ≥ 130 steps/min was identified as a defensible threshold for this population. However, little evidence exists regarding cadence thresholds and relatively-defined moderate intensity indicators, including ≥ 64% heart rate [HR] maximum [HRmax = 220-age], ≥ 40% HR reserve [HRR = HRmax-HRresting], and ≥ 12 Borg Scale Rating of Perceived Exertion [RPE]; or vigorous intensity indicators including ≥ 77%HRmax, ≥ 60%HRR, and ≥ 14 RPE. PURPOSE To analyze the relationship between cadence and relatively-defined physical activity intensity and identify relatively-defined moderate and vigorous heuristic cadence thresholds for older adults 61-85 years of age. METHODS Ninety-seven ostensibly healthy adults (72.7 ± 6.9 years; 49.5% women) completed up to nine 5-min treadmill walking bouts beginning at 0.5 mph (0.8 km/h) and progressing by 0.5 mph speed increments (with 2-min rest between bouts). Directly-observed (and video-recorded) steps were hand-counted, HR was measured using a chest-strapped monitor, and in the final minute of each bout, participants self-reported RPE. Segmented mixed model regression and Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve analyses identified optimal cadence thresholds associated with relatively-defined moderate (≥ 64%HRmax, ≥ 40%HRR, and ≥ 12 RPE) and vigorous (≥ 77%HRmax, ≥ 60%HRR, and ≥ 14 RPE) intensities. A compromise between the two analytical methods, including Youden's Index (a sum of sensitivity and specificity), positive and negative predictive values, and overall accuracy, yielded final heuristic cadences. RESULTS Across all relatively-defined moderate intensity indicators, segmented regression models and ROC curve analyses identified optimal cadence thresholds ranging from 105.9 to 112.8 steps/min and 102.0-104.3 steps/min, respectively. Comparable values for vigorous intensity indicators ranged between126.1-132.1 steps/min and 106.7-116.0 steps/min, respectively. Regardless of the relatively-defined intensity indicator, the overall best heuristic cadence threshold aligned with moderate intensity was ≥ 105 steps/min. Vigorous intensity varied between ≥ 115 (greater sensitivity) or ≥ 120 (greater specificity) steps/min. CONCLUSIONS Heuristic cadence thresholds align with relatively-defined intensity indicators and can be useful for studying and prescribing older adults' physiological response to, and/or perceived experience of, ambulatory physical activity. TRIAL REGISTRATION Clinicaltrials.gov NCT02650258. Registered 24 December 2015.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cayla R McAvoy
- College of Health and Human Services, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, 9201 University City Blvd, Charlotte, NC, 28223, USA
| | - Taavy A Miller
- College of Health and Human Services, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, 9201 University City Blvd, Charlotte, NC, 28223, USA
| | - Elroy J Aguiar
- Department of Kinesiology, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA
| | - Scott W Ducharme
- Department of Kinesiology, California State University, Long Beach, Long Beach, CA, USA
| | - Christopher C Moore
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - John M Schuna
- School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Tiago V Barreira
- Exercise Science Department, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Colleen J Chase
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Zachary R Gould
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA
| | | | - Stuart R Chipkin
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - John Staudenmayer
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Catrine Tudor-Locke
- College of Health and Human Services, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, 9201 University City Blvd, Charlotte, NC, 28223, USA.
| | - Agnes Bucko
- College of Health and Human Services, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, 9201 University City Blvd, Charlotte, NC, 28223, USA
| | - Jose Mora-Gonzalez
- College of Health and Human Services, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, 9201 University City Blvd, Charlotte, NC, 28223, USA
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
O'Brien MW, Shivgulam ME, Petterson JL, Wu Y, Frayne RJ, Mekari S, Kimmerly DS. Habitual sedentary time and stationary time are inversely related to aerobic fitness. SPORTS MEDICINE AND HEALTH SCIENCE 2022; 4:260-266. [PMID: 36600973 PMCID: PMC9806710 DOI: 10.1016/j.smhs.2022.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A one metabolic-equivalent-of-task increase in peak aerobic fitness (peak MET) is associated with a clinically relevant improvement in survival risk and all-cause mortality. The co-dependent impact of free-living physical behaviours on aerobic fitness are poorly understood. The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of theoretically re-allocating time spent in physical behaviours on aerobic fitness. We hypothesized that substituting sedentary time with any physical activity (at any intensity) would be associated with a predicted improvement in aerobic fitness. Peak volume rate of oxygen uptake ( V ˙ O2peak) was assessed via indirect calorimetry during a progressive, maximal cycle ergometer protocol in 103 adults (52 females; [38 ± 21] years; [25.0 ± 3.8] kg/m2; V ˙ O2peak: [35.4 ± 11.5] ml·kg-1·min-1). Habitual sedentary time, standing time, light- (LPA), moderate- (MPA), and vigorous-physical activity (VPA) were assessed 24-h/day via thigh-worn inclinometry for up to one week (average: [6.3 ± 0.9] days). Isotemporal substitution modelling examined the impact of replacing one physical behaviour with another. Sedentary time (β = -0.8, 95% CI: [-1.3, -0.2]) and standing time (β = -0.9, 95%CI: [-1.6, -0.2]) were negatively associated with V ˙ O2peak, whereas VPA was positively associated with relative V ˙ O2peak (β = 9.2, 95%CI: [0.9, 17.6]). Substituting 30-min/day of VPA with any other behaviour was associated with a 2.4-3.4 higher peak MET. Higher standing time was associated with a lower aerobic fitness. As little as 10-min/day of VPA predicted a clinically relevant 0.8-1.1 peak MET increase. Theoretically, replacing any time with relatively small amounts of VPA is associated with improvements in aerobic fitness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Myles W. O'Brien
- Division of Kinesiology, School of Health and Human Performance, Faculty of Health, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Corresponding author. School of Health and Human Performance, Division of Kinesiology, Dalhousie University, 6230 South Street, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 4R2, Canada.
| | - Madeline E. Shivgulam
- Division of Kinesiology, School of Health and Human Performance, Faculty of Health, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Jennifer L. Petterson
- Division of Kinesiology, School of Health and Human Performance, Faculty of Health, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Yanlin Wu
- Division of Kinesiology, School of Health and Human Performance, Faculty of Health, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Ryan J. Frayne
- Division of Kinesiology, School of Health and Human Performance, Faculty of Health, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Said Mekari
- Department of Family Medicine, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Derek S. Kimmerly
- Division of Kinesiology, School of Health and Human Performance, Faculty of Health, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
O'Brien MW, Petterson JL, Johns JA, Mekary S, Kimmerly DS. The impact of different step rate threshold methods on physical activity intensity in older adults. Gait Posture 2022; 94:51-57. [PMID: 35247825 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2022.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Older adults benefit most from engaging in higher-intensity physical activity, which is often determined using step rate thresholds. Fixed step rate thresholds that correspond to moderate (MPA) and vigorous-intensity physical activity (VPA) have been developed for heuristic activity promotion. The activPAL monitor uses step rate thresholds to determine activity intensity. Stepping thresholds may also vary based on body mass index (BMI) or aerobic fitness level in older adults. Despite the various thresholds used in the literature, it is unclear whether they produce similar outcomes. RESEARCH QUESTION How does time spent in physical activity intensities compare between different step rate thresholds in older adults? METHODS Thirty-eight participants (24♀; 67 ± 4 years; BMI: 26.6 ± 4.4 kg/m2) wore an activPAL monitor 24-hr/day for up to 7-d (total: 205-d). Aerobic fitness (V̇O2max: 23 ± 8 ml/kg/min) was determined via indirect calorimetry during a maximal, graded cycling test. Time spent in each intensity category (light-physical-activity [LPA], MPA, VPA) was determined using the fixed (MPA/VPA) 100/130, 110/130, and activPAL step rate thresholds (74/212), as well as BMI-adjusted absolute (108.5 ± 2.5/134.0 ± 4.8) and BMI-adjusted relative (40%/60% V̇O2max; 111.4 ± 14.7/132.0 ± 19.0) cut-offs. Times spent in each intensity category were compared between methods. RESULTS The activPAL and 100/130 thresholds yielded less LPA and more MPA than all other methods. The activPAL had no time spent in VPA at all. The BMI-adjusted absolute and relative thresholds produced statistically equivalent time in LPA and MPA (via equivalence testing), but not VPA. No two methods yielded similar time spent in LPA, MPA, or VPA. SIGNIFICANCE The choice of step rate threshold has a major impact on physical activity intensity outcomes in older adults. Inherently, strategies that adjust for older adults' body size and/or aerobic fitness level provide a more individualized data processing strategy than fixed thresholds that assume the same threshold for all older adults.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Myles W O'Brien
- Division of Kinesiology, School of Health and Human Performance, Faculty of Health, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.
| | - Jennifer L Petterson
- Division of Kinesiology, School of Health and Human Performance, Faculty of Health, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Jarrett A Johns
- Division of Kinesiology, School of Health and Human Performance, Faculty of Health, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Said Mekary
- Department of Family Medicine, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Derek S Kimmerly
- Division of Kinesiology, School of Health and Human Performance, Faculty of Health, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Shivgulam ME, O'Brien MW, Johns JA, Petterson JL, Wu Y, Frayne RJ, Kimmerly DS. Impact of habitual sedentary patterns on popliteal artery endothelial-dependent vasodilation in healthy adults. Vasc Med 2022; 27:120-126. [PMID: 35234103 PMCID: PMC9003777 DOI: 10.1177/1358863x211065494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Acute, laboratory-based bouts of prolonged sitting attenuate lower-limb arterial endothelial-dependent vasodilation. However, the impact of habitual sedentary patterns on popliteal artery endothelial health is unclear. We tested the hypothesis that greater habitual total sedentary time, more time spent in prolonged sedentary bouts, and fewer sedentary breaks would be associated with worse popliteal flow-mediated dilation (FMD) responses. Methods: This cross-sectional study used 98 healthy participants (19–77 years, 53 females) that wore an activPAL monitor on the thigh for 6.4 ± 0.8 days to objectively measure sedentary activity and completed a popliteal ultrasound assessment to determine FMD. Both relative (%baseline diameter) and absolute (mm) FMD were calculated. Using bivariate correlation and multiple regression analyses, we examined if there were relationships between sedentary outcomes and FMD while statistically controlling for any potential confounders. Results: In the multiple regression model, age (p = 0.006, β = −0.030, 95% CI = −0.051, −0.009) and total time in sedentary bouts > 1 hour (p = 0.031, β = −0.005, 95% CI = −0.009, −0.001) were independent predictors of relative FMD. Age (β = −0.002, 95% CI = −0.003, −0.001), mean blood flow (β = 0.013, 95% CI = 0.002, 0.024), moderate-intensity physical activity (β = 155.9E−5, 95% CI = 22.4E−5, 289.4E−5), sedentary breaks (β = 0.036, 95% CI = 0.007, 0.066), and total time spent in sedentary bouts > 1 hour (β = −25.02E−5, 95% CI = −47.67E−5, −2.378E−5) were predictors of absolute FMD (all, p < 0.047). All independent outcomes remained significant after partially controlling for all other predictor variables (all, p < 0.031). Conclusions: Habitual prolonged sedentary bouts and sedentary breaks, but not total sedentary time, were predictors of popliteal endothelial-dependent vasodilatory function. The patterns by which sedentary time is accumulated may be more important than the total sedentary time on lower-limb arterial health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Madeline E Shivgulam
- Division of Kinesiology, School of Health and Human Performance, Faculty of Health, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Myles W O'Brien
- Division of Kinesiology, School of Health and Human Performance, Faculty of Health, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Jarrett A Johns
- Division of Kinesiology, School of Health and Human Performance, Faculty of Health, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Jennifer L Petterson
- Division of Kinesiology, School of Health and Human Performance, Faculty of Health, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Yanlin Wu
- Division of Kinesiology, School of Health and Human Performance, Faculty of Health, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Ryan J Frayne
- Division of Kinesiology, School of Health and Human Performance, Faculty of Health, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Derek S Kimmerly
- Division of Kinesiology, School of Health and Human Performance, Faculty of Health, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
O'Brien MW, Johns JA, Frayne RJ, Kimmerly DS. Comparison of habitual stepping cadence analysis methods: Relationship with step counts. Gait Posture 2022; 92:328-332. [PMID: 34915404 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2021.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Different approaches have been implemented to calculate stepping cadence (steps/min) that vary in the time demominator used. Given the differences in how stepping intensity are calculated, it is unclear if they are more so associated with total step counts. RESEARCH OBJECTIVE This study compared three methods of calculating stepping cadence and determined their relationship with total step counts. METHODS 132 participants (74♀; 35 ± 20 years; body mass index: 24.9 ± 4.0 kg•m-2) wore an activPAL monitor 24-hr/day for up to 8-d (total: 869-d). The total steps/day, time spent stepping (0.1 s resolution; to calculate bout stepping rate), time spent stepping in 60 s epochs (step accumulation), and awake time (awake cadence) were determined. Each cadence method (in steps/min) were compared via Spearman's rank correlation. The relationships versus total step count were determined, and the strength of these relationships compared between cadence measures (95% confidence interval of correlation differences). RESULTS Bout stepping rate (85 ± 14 steps/min) was larger than step accumulation (34 ± 12 steps/min) and awake cadence (10 ± 5 steps/min, both: P < 0.001). Step accumulation was positively strongly related to bout stepping rate (ρ = 0.813; P < 0.001) whereas awake cadence was weakly related to bout stepping rate (ρ = 0.496; P < 0.001). Step accumulation (ρ = 0.634; P < 0.001) and awake cadence (ρ = 0.964; P < 0.001) were more related to step counts than bout stepping rate (ρ = 0.497; P < 0.001; 95% confidence intervals of correlation differences: step accumulation=0.10-0.17, awake cadence: 0.42-0.52). SIGNIFICANCE Without a precise measure of time spent stepping, stepping cadence is lower using the step accumulation and awake cadence methods. Step accumulation and awake cadence are more related to total step counts than bout stepping rate. Bout stepping rate outcomes reflect continuous stepping rate, does not rely on a preset epoch, and may have less overlap with step counts, which may have implications for determining the unique contributions of step count versus stepping cadence on health outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Myles W O'Brien
- Division of Kinesiology, Faculty of Health, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.
| | - Jarrett A Johns
- Division of Kinesiology, Faculty of Health, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Ryan J Frayne
- Division of Kinesiology, Faculty of Health, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Derek S Kimmerly
- Division of Kinesiology, Faculty of Health, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Lees MA, Edwards J, McCain JE, Bouchard DR. Potential value of home square-stepping exercises for inactive older adults: an exploratory case study. BMC Geriatr 2022; 22:14. [PMID: 34979952 PMCID: PMC8722225 DOI: 10.1186/s12877-021-02712-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Most older adults do not engage in regular physical activity. However, more research on options to partake in regular exercise in this population by reducing barriers and enhancing enablers while still reaching benefits is needed. Methods Using embedded mixed methods, 10 inactive older adults over the age of 65 completed a 3-week square-stepping exercise intervention to help overcome the initial barriers and activate initial enablers to perform regular exercise. Physical activity level was tracked at home with a pedometer using median steps/day over seven days for pre-post measure. Aerobic intensity while doing square-stepping exercises was quantified via a heart rate monitor in a supervised session. Each participant had an interview asking about barriers and enablers to regular exercise and if the intervention could modify any. Based on initial physical activity a framework matrix was used to pull potential barriers to compare, contrast, and search for patterns between participants with lower and higher initial physical activity levels. Results The 3-week square-stepping exercise intervention helped participants overcome barriers such as being uncomfortable in a fitness facility and body image and activate enablers such as the use of home equipment and convenience. The median total steps/day increased by 12% (p = 0.02), and a moderate-intensity level was reached by 80% of the sample participants when performing the square stepping exercise during a supervised session. Common barriers such as having a suitable program, hard to keep the intensity were reported by participants regardless of the initial physical activity level. Conclusion Regardless of initial physical activity level, inactive older adults can increase physical activity level at the recommended intensity and overcome common barriers to exercise when performing square-stepping exercises, especially for those intimidated by a fitness facility setting and those concerned with their body image. A longer intervention including more participants using the square-stepping exercises is required to understand if square-stepping exercises can increase the proportion of older adults exercising regularly. Supplementary information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12877-021-02712-x.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcus A Lees
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of New Brunswick, 90 MacKay Dr, Fredericton, NB, E3B 5A3, Canada.,Cardiometabolic Exercise & Lifestyle Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of New Brunswick, 90 Mackay Drive, Room 105, Fredericton, NB, E3B 5A3, Canada
| | - Jonathon Edwards
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of New Brunswick, 90 MacKay Dr, Fredericton, NB, E3B 5A3, Canada
| | - Jamie E McCain
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of New Brunswick, 90 MacKay Dr, Fredericton, NB, E3B 5A3, Canada.,Cardiometabolic Exercise & Lifestyle Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of New Brunswick, 90 Mackay Drive, Room 105, Fredericton, NB, E3B 5A3, Canada
| | - Danielle R Bouchard
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of New Brunswick, 90 MacKay Dr, Fredericton, NB, E3B 5A3, Canada. .,Cardiometabolic Exercise & Lifestyle Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of New Brunswick, 90 Mackay Drive, Room 105, Fredericton, NB, E3B 5A3, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
O’Brien MW, Wu Y, Petterson JL, Frayne RJ, Kimmerly DS. Ecological Validity of Prolonged Sitting Studies: How Well Do They Represent Real-Life Sedentary Patterns? A Pilot Study. TRANSLATIONAL JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN COLLEGE OF SPORTS MEDICINE 2022. [DOI: 10.1249/tjx.0000000000000182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
12
|
Tudor-Locke C, Mora-Gonzalez J, Ducharme SW, Aguiar EJ, Schuna JM, Barreira TV, Moore CC, Chase CJ, Gould ZR, Amalbert-Birriel MA, Chipkin SR, Staudenmayer J. Walking cadence (steps/min) and intensity in 61-85-year-old adults: the CADENCE-Adults study. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2021; 18:129. [PMID: 34556146 PMCID: PMC8461976 DOI: 10.1186/s12966-021-01199-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Heuristic (i.e., evidence-based, rounded) cadences of ≥100 and ≥ 130 steps/min have consistently corresponded with absolutely-defined moderate (3 metabolic equivalents [METs]) and vigorous (6 METs) physical activity intensity, respectively, in adults 21-60 years of age. There is no consensus regarding similar thresholds in older adults. PURPOSE To provide heuristic cadence thresholds for 3, 4, 5, and 6 METs in 61-85-year-old adults. METHODS Ninety-eight community-dwelling ambulatory and ostensibly healthy older adults (age = 72.6 ± 6.9 years; 49% women) walked on a treadmill for a series of 5-min bouts (beginning at 0.5 mph with 0.5 mph increments) in this laboratory-based cross-sectional study until: 1) transitioning to running, 2) reaching ≥75% of their age-predicted maximum heart rate, or 3) reporting a Borg rating of perceived exertion > 13. Cadence was directly observed and hand-tallied. Intensity (oxygen uptake [VO2] mL/kg/min) was assessed with indirect calorimetry and converted to METs (1 MET = 3.5 mL/kg/min). Cadence thresholds were identified via segmented mixed effects model regression and using Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curves. Final heuristic cadence thresholds represented an analytical compromise based on classification accuracy (sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive value, and overall accuracy). RESULTS Cadences of 103.1 (95% Prediction Interval: 70.0-114.2), 116.4 (105.3-127.4), 129.6 (118.6-140.7), and 142.9 steps/min (131.8-148.4) were identified for 3, 4, 5, and 6 METs, respectively, based on the segmented regression. Comparable values based on ROC analysis were 100.3 (95% Confidence Intervals: 95.7-103.1), 111.5 (106.1-112.9), 116.0 (112.4-120.2), and 128.6 steps/min (128.3-136.4). Heuristic cadence thresholds of 100, 110, and 120 were associated with 3, 4, and 5 METs. Data to inform a threshold for ≥6 METs was limited, as only 6/98 (6.0%) participants achieved this intensity. CONCLUSIONS Consistent with previous data collected from 21-40 and 41-60-year-old adults, heuristic cadence thresholds of 100, 110, and 120 steps/min were associated with 3, 4, and 5 METs, respectively, in 61-85-year-old adults. Most older adults tested did not achieve the intensity of ≥6 METs; therefore, our data do not support establishing thresholds corresponding with this intensity level. TRIAL REGISTRATION Clinicaltrials.gov NCT02650258 . Registered 24 December 2015.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Catrine Tudor-Locke
- College of Health and Human Services, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, 9201 University City Blvd., Charlotte, NC, USA.
| | - Jose Mora-Gonzalez
- College of Health and Human Services, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, 9201 University City Blvd., Charlotte, NC, USA
| | - Scott W Ducharme
- Department of Kinesiology, California State University, Long Beach, Long Beach, CA, USA
| | - Elroy J Aguiar
- Department of Kinesiology, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA
| | - John M Schuna
- School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Tiago V Barreira
- Exercise Science Department, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Christopher C Moore
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Colleen J Chase
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Zachary R Gould
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA
| | | | - Stuart R Chipkin
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - John Staudenmayer
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
O'Brien MW, Wu Y, Johns JA, Poitras J, Kimmerly DS. Development and validation of an activPAL accelerometry count-based model of physical activity intensity in adults. Med Eng Phys 2021; 95:45-50. [PMID: 34479692 DOI: 10.1016/j.medengphy.2021.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The activPAL linear cadence-metabolic equivalents (METs) equation poorly estimates activity intensity. The magnitude of acceleration in three directional planes may be a superior predictor of activity intensity than stepping cadence, with accelerometry count thresholds developed in children/adolescent populations. We extracted the proprietary accelerometer-derived information to develop a counts-METs model and cross-validates it in laboratory and free-living conditions. Forty adults (25±6 years) wore an activPAL during a 7-stage progressive treadmill protocol (criterion: indirect calorimetry). Tri-axial accelerometry-derived activity counts (vector magnitude) and METs data from a subset of participants (n = 20) were modelled (R2=0.76) and the regression equation evaluated in the remaining participants (n = 20). Thirty-two of these participants wore the activPAL during free-living conditions (n = 192-d; criterion: PiezoRxD monitor). The absolute percent error of the counts-METs model in the laboratory cross-validation was 18±13%, with equivalence testing determinining equivalent MET values to indirect calorimetry during the slowest (1.5 mph) and fastest (4.0-4.5 mph) stages. In free-living conditions, the model accurately quantified light- and moderate-intensity physical activity but underestimated vigorous-intensity activity (6.5±11.3 vs. 5.5±20.8 mins/day; p < 0.001). We developed and present a data analysis method using the activPAL tri-axial accelerometry counts to improve estimations of physical activity intensity in controlled laboratory settings and uncontrolled free-living settings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Myles W O'Brien
- Division of Kinesiology, School of Health and Human Performance, Faculty of Health, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.
| | - Yanlin Wu
- Division of Kinesiology, School of Health and Human Performance, Faculty of Health, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Jarrett A Johns
- Division of Kinesiology, School of Health and Human Performance, Faculty of Health, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Justine Poitras
- Division of Kinesiology, School of Health and Human Performance, Faculty of Health, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Derek S Kimmerly
- Division of Kinesiology, School of Health and Human Performance, Faculty of Health, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Physical activity, dietary intake and quality of life during COVID-19 lockdown in patients awaiting transcatheter aortic valve implantation. Neth Heart J 2021; 29:460-467. [PMID: 34373999 PMCID: PMC8351765 DOI: 10.1007/s12471-021-01609-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The COVID-19 pandemic has led to a national lockdown in the Netherlands, which also affected transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) patients. The objective of the study was to describe physical activity, dietary intake and quality of life (QoL) in patients on the waiting list for TAVI pre-lockdown and during lockdown. Methods Consecutive patients awaiting TAVI at the Amsterdam University Medical Centers, the Netherlands were included. Measurements were self-reported effect of lockdown, physical activity, dietary intake and QoL. Results In total, 58 patients (median age 80, interquartile range (IQR) 76–84, 45% female) were observed pre-lockdown and 16 patients (median age 78, IQR 76–82, 25% female) during lockdown. Ten of the 16 patients during lockdown reported a decline in physical activity. However, we observed a median number of 5861 steps a day (IQR 4579–7074) pre-lockdown and 8404 steps a day (IQR 7653–10,829) during lockdown. Median daily protein intake was 69 g (IQR 59–82) pre-lockdown and 90 g (IQR 68–107) during lockdown. Self-rated health on a visual analogue scale was 63 points (IQR 51–74) pre-lockdown and 73 points (IQR 65–86) during lockdown. Conclusions More than half of the patients during lockdown reported less physical activity, while we observed a higher number of steps a day, a similar dietary intake and a higher QoL. Therefore, patients on the TAVI waiting list appeared to be able to cope with the lockdown measures.
Collapse
|
15
|
O'Brien MW, Kimmerly DS, Mekari S. Greater habitual moderate-to-vigorous physical activity is associated with better executive function and higher prefrontal oxygenation in older adults. GeroScience 2021; 43:2707-2718. [PMID: 34081258 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-021-00391-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
International physical activity guidelines recommend that older adults accumulate 150 min/week of moderate-vigorous physical activity (MVPA). It is unclear whether meeting this recommendation is associated with better higher-order cognitive functions and if so, what are the neurophysiological mechanisms responsible for such a relationship. We tested the hypothesis that meeting MVPA guidelines is associated with better executive function in older adults, and explored if greater increases in prefrontal cortex oxygenation are implicated. Older adults who did (active, n = 19; 251 ± 79 min/week) or who did not (inactive, n = 16; 89 ± 33 min/week) achieve activity guidelines were compared. Executive function was determined via a computerized Stroop task while changes in left prefrontal cortex oxygenation (ΔO2Hb) were measured with functional near-infrared spectroscopy. Aerobic fitness ([Formula: see text] 2peak) was determined using a graded, maximal cycle ergometry test. MVPA and sedentary time were objectively assessed over 5 days. Both groups had similar (both, P > 0.11) levels of aerobic fitness (24.9 ± 8.9 vs. 20.9 ± 5.6 ml/kg/min) and sedentary time (529 ± 60 vs. 571 ± 90 min/day). The active group had faster reaction times (1193 ± 230 vs. 1377 ± 239 ms, P < 0.001) and greater increases in prefrontal cortex ΔO2Hb (9.4 ± 5.6 a.u vs. 5.8 ± 3.4 a.u, P = 0.04) during the most executively demanding Stroop condition than the Inactive group. Weekly MVPA was negatively correlated to executive function reaction times (r = - 0.37, P = 0.03) but positively correlated to the ΔO2Hb responses (r = 0.39. P = 0.02) during the executive task. In older adults, meeting MVPA guidelines is associated with better executive function and larger increases in cerebral oxygenation among older adults.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Myles W O'Brien
- Division of Kinesiology, School of Health and Human Performance, Faculty of Health, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Derek S Kimmerly
- Division of Kinesiology, School of Health and Human Performance, Faculty of Health, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Said Mekari
- School of Kinesiology, Acadia University, 550 Main Street, Wolfville, Nova Scotia, B4P 2R6, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
McAvoy CR, Moore CC, Aguiar EJ, Ducharme SW, Schuna JM, Barreira TV, Chase CJ, Gould ZR, Amalbert-Birriel MA, Chipkin SR, Staudenmayer J, Tudor-Locke C, Mora-Gonzalez J. Cadence (steps/min) and relative intensity in 21 to 60-year-olds: the CADENCE-adults study. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2021; 18:27. [PMID: 33568188 PMCID: PMC7877025 DOI: 10.1186/s12966-021-01096-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Heuristic cadence (steps/min) thresholds of ≥100 and ≥ 130 steps/min correspond with absolutely-defined moderate (3 metabolic equivalents [METs]; 1 MET = 3.5 mL O2·kg- 1·min- 1) and vigorous (6 METs) intensity, respectively. Scarce evidence informs cadence thresholds for relatively-defined moderate (≥ 64% heart rate maximum [HRmax = 220-age], ≥ 40%HR reserve [HRR = HRmax -HRresting, and ≥ 12 Rating of Perceived Exertion [RPE]); or vigorous intensity (≥ 77%HRmax, ≥ 60%HRR, and ≥ 14 RPE). PURPOSE To identify heuristic cadence thresholds corresponding with relatively-defined moderate and vigorous intensity in 21-60-year-olds. METHODS In this cross-sectional study, 157 adults (40.4 ± 11.5 years; 50.6% men) completed up to twelve 5-min treadmill bouts, beginning at 0.5 mph and increasing by 0.5 mph. Steps were directly observed, HR was measured with chest-worn monitors, and RPE was queried in the final minute of each bout. Segmented mixed model regression and Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve analyses identified optimal cadence thresholds, stratified by age (21-30, 31-40, 41-50, and 51-60 years). Reconciliation of the two analytical models, including trade-offs between sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values, and overall accuracy, yielded final heuristic cadences. RESULTS Across all moderate intensity indicators, the segmented regression models estimated optimal cadence thresholds ranging from 123.8-127.5 (ages 21-30), 121.3-126.0 (ages 31-40), 117.7-122.7 (ages 41-50), and 113.3-116.1 steps/min (ages 51-60). Corresponding values for vigorous intensity were 140.3-144.1, 140.2-142.6, 139.3-143.6, and 131.6-132.8 steps/min, respectively. ROC analysis estimated chronologically-arranged age groups' cadence thresholds ranging from 114.5-118, 113.5-114.5, 104.6-112.9, and 103.6-106.0 across all moderate intensity indicators, and 127.5, 121.5, 117.2-123.2, and 113.0 steps/min, respectively, for vigorous intensity. CONCLUSIONS Heuristic cadence thresholds corresponding to relatively-defined moderate intensity for the chronologically-arranged age groups were ≥ 120, 120, 115, and 105 steps/min, regardless of the intensity indicator (i.e., % HRmax, %HRR, or RPE). Corresponding heuristic values for vigorous intensity indicators were ≥ 135, 130, 125, and 120 steps/min. These cadences are useful for predicting/programming intensity aligned with age-associated differences in physiological response to, and perceived experiences of, moderate and/or vigorous intensity. TRIAL REGISTRATION Clinicaltrials.gov NCT02650258 . Registered 24 December 2015.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cayla R McAvoy
- College of Health and Human Services, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, 9201 University City Blvd, Charlotte, NC, 28223, USA
| | - Christopher C Moore
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Elroy J Aguiar
- Department of Kinesiology, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA
| | - Scott W Ducharme
- Department of Kinesiology, California State University, Long Beach, Long Beach, CA, USA
| | - John M Schuna
- School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Tiago V Barreira
- Exercise Science Department, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Colleen J Chase
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Zachary R Gould
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA
| | | | - Stuart R Chipkin
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - John Staudenmayer
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Catrine Tudor-Locke
- College of Health and Human Services, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, 9201 University City Blvd, Charlotte, NC, 28223, USA.
| | - Jose Mora-Gonzalez
- College of Health and Human Services, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, 9201 University City Blvd, Charlotte, NC, 28223, USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Wu Y, Johns JA, Poitras J, Kimmerly DS, O'Brien MW. Improving the criterion validity of the activPAL in determining physical activity intensity during laboratory and free-living conditions. J Sports Sci 2020; 39:826-834. [PMID: 33203323 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2020.1847503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The activPAL is a valid measure of step counts and posture, but its ability to determine physical activity intensity is unclear. This study tested the criterion validity of the activPAL using its built-in linear cadence-metabolic equivalents (METs) equation (activPAL-linear) versus an individualized height-adjusted curvilinear cadence-METs equation (activPAL-curvilinear) to estimate intensity-related physical activity. Forty adults (25±6 years, 23.3±4.1 kg/m2) wore an activPAL during a 7-stage progressive treadmill walking protocol (criterion: indirect calorimetry). A sub-sample (n=32) wore the device during free-living conditions for 7-days (criterion: PiezoRxD monitor). In the laboratory, the activPAL-linear overestimated METs during slow walking (1.5-3.0 miles•hour-1) but underestimated METs during fast walking (3.5-4.5 miles•hour-1) (all, p<0.001). In the free-living condition, the activPAL-linear overestimated time in light-intensity activity and underestimated moderate-intensity activity (both, p<0.001), but did not register any vigorous-intensity activity. In contrast, the activPAL-curvilinear estimated values statistically equivalent to indirect calorimetry for treadmill stages 1-6 (1.5-4.0 miles•hour-1) and to the PiezoRxD determined light- and moderate-intensity activity during free-living. We present a simple, data processing technique that uses an alternative curvilinear cadence-MET equation that improves the ability of the activPAL to measure intensity-related physical activity in both laboratory and free-living settings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanlin Wu
- Division of Kinesiology, School of Health and Human Performance, Faculty of Health, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Jarrett A Johns
- Division of Kinesiology, School of Health and Human Performance, Faculty of Health, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Justine Poitras
- Division of Kinesiology, School of Health and Human Performance, Faculty of Health, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Derek S Kimmerly
- Division of Kinesiology, School of Health and Human Performance, Faculty of Health, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Myles W O'Brien
- Division of Kinesiology, School of Health and Human Performance, Faculty of Health, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
O'Brien MW, Johns JA, Dorey TW, Frayne RJ, Fowles JR, Mekary S, Kimmerly DS. Meeting international aerobic physical activity guidelines is associated with enhanced cardiovagal baroreflex sensitivity in healthy older adults. Clin Auton Res 2019; 30:139-148. [PMID: 31606797 DOI: 10.1007/s10286-019-00641-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Cardiovagal baroreflex sensitivity (cvBRS) reflects the efficiency of modulating heart rate in response to changes in systolic blood pressure. International guidelines recommend that older adults achieve at least 150 min of moderate-vigorous physical activity per week. We tested the hypothesis that older adults who achieve these guidelines will exhibit greater cardiovagal baroreflex sensitivity versus those who do not. METHODS A cross-sectional comparison of older adults who did (active, 66 ± 5 years, 251 ± 79 min/week; n = 19) and who did not (inactive, 68 ± 7 years, 89 ± 32 min/week; n = 17) meet the activity guidelines. Beat-by-beat R-R intervals (electrocardiography) and systolic blood pressure (finger photoplethysmography) were recorded. Spontaneous cardiovagal baroreflex sensitivity was assessed using the sequence technique from 10 min of resting supine data. Cardiovagal baroreflex function was also measured during early phase II and phase IV of the Valsalva maneuver. Peak oxygen uptake was determined during maximal cycle ergometry. Moderate-vigorous intensity physical activity and time spent sedentary were assessed over 5 days using the PiezoRx and activPAL, respectively. RESULTS Groups had similar peak oxygen uptake (active 25 ± 9 vs. inactive 22 ± 6 ml/kg/min; p = 0.218) and sedentary time (active 529 ± 60 vs. inactive 568 ± 88 min/day; p = 0.130). However, the active group had greater (all, p < 0.019) cvBRS at rest (9.1 ± 2.7 vs. 5.0 ± 1.9 ms/mmHg), during phase II (8.2 ± 3.8 vs. 5.4 ± 2.1 ms/mmHg), and during phase IV (9.9 ± 3.8 vs. 5.6 ± 1.6 ms/mmHg). In the pooled sample, moderate-vigorous physical activity was positively correlated (all, p < 0.015) with spontaneous (R = 0.427), phase II (R = 0.447), and phase IV cvBRS (R = 0.629). CONCLUSIONS Independent of aerobic fitness and sedentary time, meeting activity guidelines was associated with superior cardiovagal baroreflex sensitivity at rest and during the Valsalva maneuver in older adults.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Myles W O'Brien
- Division of Kinesiology, School of Health and Human Performance, Faculty of Health, Dalhousie University, 6230 South Street, Halifax, NS, B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Jarrett A Johns
- Division of Kinesiology, School of Health and Human Performance, Faculty of Health, Dalhousie University, 6230 South Street, Halifax, NS, B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Tristan W Dorey
- Division of Kinesiology, School of Health and Human Performance, Faculty of Health, Dalhousie University, 6230 South Street, Halifax, NS, B3H 4R2, Canada
- Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, Department of Cardiac Science, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Ryan J Frayne
- Division of Kinesiology, School of Health and Human Performance, Faculty of Health, Dalhousie University, 6230 South Street, Halifax, NS, B3H 4R2, Canada
| | | | - Said Mekary
- School of Kinesiology, Acadia University, Wolfville, NS, Canada
| | - Derek S Kimmerly
- Division of Kinesiology, School of Health and Human Performance, Faculty of Health, Dalhousie University, 6230 South Street, Halifax, NS, B3H 4R2, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|