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Ma Y, Zheng Y, Zhou Y, Weng N, Zhu Q. Mitophagy involved the biological processes of hormones. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 167:115468. [PMID: 37703662 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 09/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria fulfill vital functions in energy production, maintaining ion balance, and facilitating material metabolism. Mitochondria are sacrificed to protect cells or induce apoptosis when the body is under stress. The regulatory pathways of mitophagy include both ubiquitin-dependent and non-dependent pathways. The involvement of mitophagy has been demonstrated in the onset and progression of numerous diseases, highlighting its significant role. Endocrine hormones are chemical substances secreted by endocrine organs or endocrine cells, which participate in the regulation of physiological functions and internal environmental homeostasis of the body. Imbalances in endocrine hormones contribute to the development of various diseases. However, the precise impact of mitophagy on the physiological and pathological processes involving endocrine hormones remains unclear. This article aims to comprehensively overview recent advancements in understanding the mechanisms through which mitophagy regulates endocrine hormones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifei Ma
- Division of Abdominal Tumor Multimodality Treatment, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No.37 Guoxue Alley, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Ying Zheng
- Division of Abdominal Tumor Multimodality Treatment, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No.37 Guoxue Alley, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Ying Zhou
- Division of Abdominal Tumor Multimodality Treatment, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No.37 Guoxue Alley, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Ningna Weng
- Department of Medical Oncology, Clinical Oncology School of Fujian Medical University, Fujian Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian 350011, PR China.
| | - Qing Zhu
- Division of Abdominal Tumor Multimodality Treatment, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No.37 Guoxue Alley, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, PR China.
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Jameel S, Kaur L, Amin H, Bhat SA, Malik FA, Bhat KA. Design, synthesis and neuroprotective evaluation of nitrogen heterocyclic and triazole derivatives of sarracinic acid. Nat Prod Res 2023:1-10. [PMID: 37850445 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2023.2269464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
Novel sarracinic acid derivatives bearing triazole or N-heterocyclic moiety were prepared via two separate reaction schemes. The triazoles and the N-heterocyclic derivatives were synthesised using standard click chemistry approach and amination of 2-bromoethyl ester of sarracinic acid respectively. All the synthesised derivatives were screened for in vitro neuroprotective activity against corticosterone induced impairment in neuroblastoma cell line SH-SY5Y. Two analogs SA-2 and SA-12 exhibited strong neuroprotective activity. The cell viability, after high dose corticosterone induced cell death, increased remarkably with the pre treatment of SA-2 and SA-12. The in vitro biological activity of SA-2 and SA-12 was verified through docking studies. The docking studies were in good agreement with the biological results. SA-2 and SA-12 showed strong binding affinities with the target protein having ΔGb = -8.88 and -7.52; inhibition constant (ki) = 3.08 nM and 30.9 nM respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salman Jameel
- Bio-organic Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Srinagar, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Loveleena Kaur
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
- Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Srinagar, India
| | - Henna Amin
- Bio-organic Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Srinagar, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Showkat Ahmad Bhat
- Bio-organic Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Srinagar, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Fayaz A Malik
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
- Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Srinagar, India
| | - Khursheed Ahmad Bhat
- Bio-organic Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Srinagar, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
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Nakamura R, Bing R, Gartling GJ, Garabedian MJ, Branski RC. Glucocorticoid Dose Dependency on Gene Expression in Vocal Fold Fibroblasts and Macrophages. Laryngoscope 2023; 133:1169-1175. [PMID: 36779842 PMCID: PMC9925845 DOI: 10.1002/lary.30330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Glucocorticoids (GCs) modulate multiple cellular activities including inflammatory and fibrotic responses. Outcomes of GC treatment for laryngeal disease vary, affording opportunity to optimize treatment. In the current study, three clinically employed GCs were evaluated to identify optimal in vitro concentrations at which GCs mediate favorable anti-inflammatory and fibrotic effects in multiple cell types. We hypothesize a therapeutic window will emerge as a foundation for optimized therapeutic strategies for patients with laryngeal disease. STUDY DESIGN In vitro. METHODS Human vocal fold fibroblasts and human macrophages derived from THP-1 monocytes were treated with 0.03-1000 nM dexamethasone, 0.3-10,000 nM methylprednisolone, and 0.3-10,000 nM triamcinolone in combination with interferon-γ, tumor necrosis factor-α, or interleukin-4. Real-time polymerase chain reaction was performed to analyze inflammatory (CXCL10, CXCl11, PTGS2, TNF, IL1B) and fibrotic (CCN2, LOX, TGM2) genes, and TSC22D3, a target gene of GC signaling. EC50 and IC50 to alter inflammatory and fibrotic gene expression was calculated. RESULTS Interferon-γ and tumor necrosis factor-α increased inflammatory gene expression in both cell types; this response was reduced by GCs. Interleukin-4 increased LOX and TGM2 expression in macrophages; this response was also reduced by GCs. GCs induced TSC22D3 and CCN2 expression independent of cytokine treatment. EC50 for each GC to upregulate CCN2 was higher than the IC50 to downregulate other genes. CONCLUSION Lower concentrations of GCs repressed inflammatory gene expression and only moderately induced genes involved in fibrosis. These data warrant consideration as a foundation for optimized clinical care paradigms to reduce inflammation and mitigate fibrosis. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE NA Laryngoscope, 133:1169-1175, 2023.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryosuke Nakamura
- Rehabilitation Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Renjie Bing
- Rehabilitation Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Gary J. Gartling
- Rehabilitation Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | | | - Ryan C. Branski
- Rehabilitation Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY
- Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY
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Tailoring surface properties of liposomes for dexamethasone intraocular administration. J Control Release 2023; 354:323-336. [PMID: 36641118 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Diseases of the posterior eye segment are often characterized by intraocular inflammation, which causes, in the long term, severe impairment of eye functions and, ultimately, vision loss. Aimed at enhancing the delivery of anti-inflammatory drugs to the posterior eye segment upon intravitreal administration, we developed liposomes with an engineered surface to control their diffusivity in the vitreous and retina association. Hydrogenated soybean phosphatidylcholine (HSPC)/cholesterol liposomes were coated with (agmatinyl)6-maltotriosyl-acetamido-N-(octadec-9-en-1-yl)hexanamide (Agm6-M-Oleate), a synthetic non-peptidic cell penetration enhancer (CPE), and/or 5% of mPEG2kDa-DSPE. The zeta potential of liposomes increased, and the mobility in bovine vitreous and colloidal stability decreased with the Agm6-M-Oleate coating concentration. Oppositely, mPEG2kDa-DSPE decreased the zeta potential of liposomes and restored both the diffusivity and the stability in vitreous. Liposomes with 5 mol% Agm6-M-Oleate coating were well tolerated by ARPE-19 retina cells either with or without mPEG2kDa-DSPE, while 10 mol% Agm6-M-Oleate showed cytotoxicity. Agm6-M-Oleate promoted the association of liposomes to ARPE-19 cells with respect to plain liposomes, while mPEG2kDa-DSPE slightly reduced the cell interaction. Dexamethasone hemisuccinate (DH) was remotely loaded into liposomes with a loading capacity of ∼10 wt/wt%. Interestingly, mPEG2kDa-DSPE coating reduced the rate of DH release and enhanced the disposition of Agm6-M-Oleate coated liposomes in the ARPE-19 cell cytosol resulting in a more efficient anti-inflammatory effect. Finally, mPEG2kDa-DSPE enhanced the association of DH-loaded Agm6-M-Oleate coated liposomes to explanted rat retina, which reflected in higher viability of inner and outer nuclear layer cells.
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Insulin-like Growth Factor II Prevents MPP+ and Glucocorticoid Mitochondrial-Oxidative and Neuronal Damage in Dopaminergic Neurons. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 11:antiox11010041. [PMID: 35052545 PMCID: PMC8773450 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11010041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Stress seems to contribute to Parkinson’s disease (PD) neuropathology, probably by dysregulation of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis. Key factors in this pathophysiology are oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction and neuronal glucocorticoid-induced toxicity. The insulin-like growth factor II (IGF-II), a pleiotropic hormone, has shown antioxidant and neuroprotective effects in some neurodegenerative disorders. Our aim was to examine the protective effect of IGF-II on a dopaminergic cellular combined model of PD and mild to moderate stress measuring oxidative stress parameters, mitochondrial and neuronal markers, and signalling pathways. IGF-II counteracts the mitochondrial-oxidative damage produced by the toxic synergistic effect of corticosterone and 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium, protecting dopaminergic neurons from death and neurodegeneration. IGF-II promotes PKC activation and nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 antioxidant response in a glucocorticoid receptor-dependent pathway, preventing oxidative cell damage and maintaining mitochondrial function. Thus, IGF-II is a potential therapeutic tool for treatment and prevention of disease progression in PD patients suffering mild to moderate emotional stress.
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Jameel S, Kaur L, Bhat SA, Malik FA, Bhat KA. Neuroprotective activity of natural products isolated from Senecio graciliflorus DC against corticosterone-induced impairment in SH-SY5Y cells. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2021; 394:2389-2399. [PMID: 34554266 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-021-02136-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Senecio graciliflorus DC root extract was studied for secondary metabolite composition following the bioactivity-guided isolation technique. The ethyl acetate extract of Senecio graciliflorus root yielded nine chemical constituents: 3,4-di-tert-butyl toluene, stigmasterol, β-sitosterol, 2β-(angeloyloxy)furanoeremophilane, gallic acid, 2β-{[(Z)-2-hydroxymethylbut-2-enoyl]oxy}furanoeremophilane, 1-hydroxypentan-2-yl-4-methylbenzoate, sarcinic acid, and sitosterol 3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside. The structures of the chemical constituents were elucidated on the basis of spectral data analysis in the light of literature. All the compounds are being reported for the first time from this plant. The isolated constituents were screened for neuroprotective effects against corticosterone-induced impairment in neuroblastoma cell lines (SH-SY5S cells). The viability of SH-SY5S cells was determined using MTT assay. Among various isolated compounds, three natural products (sarcinic acid, gallic acid, and β-sitosterol) displayed robust neurotropic activity. The compounds increased neuronal cell survival in differentiated neuroblastoma cells (SH-SY5Y) from high-dose corticosterone (400 µM)-induced cell death. All the three constituents showed maximum AKT/ERK pathway activation at 20 µM concentration. The studies are aimed to explore small molecules for treating neurodegeneration underlying various neurological disorders to restore neuronal cell plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salman Jameel
- Bioorganicl Chemistry Division, Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu and Kashmir, 190005, Srinagar, India.,Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research, Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, 190005, Sringar, India
| | - Loveleena Kaur
- Pharmacology Division, Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu and Kashmir, Srinagar, 190005, India.,Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research, Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, 190005, Sringar, India
| | - Showkat Ahmad Bhat
- Bioorganicl Chemistry Division, Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu and Kashmir, 190005, Srinagar, India.,Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research, Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, 190005, Sringar, India
| | - Fayaz A Malik
- Pharmacology Division, Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu and Kashmir, Srinagar, 190005, India.,Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research, Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, 190005, Sringar, India
| | - Khursheed Ahmad Bhat
- Bioorganicl Chemistry Division, Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu and Kashmir, 190005, Srinagar, India.
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Lara-Espinosa JV, Arce-Aceves MF, Mata-Espinosa D, Barrios-Payán J, Marquina-Castillo B, Hernández-Pando R. The Therapeutic Effect of Intranasal Administration of Dexamethasone in Neuroinflammation Induced by Experimental Pulmonary Tuberculosis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22115997. [PMID: 34206086 PMCID: PMC8199538 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is an important infectious disease and a public health problem. The organs most frequently affected by TB are the lungs; despite this, it has been reported that TB patients suffer from depression and anxiety, which have been attributed to social factors. In previous experimental work, we observed that the extensive pulmonary inflammation characteristic of TB with high cytokine production induces neuroinflammation, neuronal death and behavioral abnormalities in the absence of brain infection. The objective of the present work was to reduce this neuroinflammation and avoid the psycho-affective disorders showed during pulmonary TB. Glucocorticoids (GCs) are the first-line treatment for neuroinflammation; however, their systemic administration generates various side effects, mostly aggravating pulmonary TB due to immunosuppression of cellular immunity. Intranasal administration is a route that allows drugs to be released directly in the brain through the olfactory nerve, reducing their doses and side effects. In the present work, dexamethasone’s (DEX) intranasal administration was evaluated in TB BALB /c mice comparing three different doses (0.05, 0.25 and 2.5 mg/kg BW) on lung disease evolution, neuroinflammation and behavioral alterations. Low doses of dexamethasone significantly decreased neuroinflammation, improving behavioral status without aggravating lung disease.
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Protective Effects of p-Coumaric Acid Isolated from Vaccinium bracteatum Thunb. Leaf Extract on Corticosterone-Induced Neurotoxicity in SH-SY5Y Cells and Primary Rat Cortical Neurons. Processes (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/pr9050869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Corticosterone (CORT)-induced oxidative stress and neurotoxicity can cause neuronal dysfunction and mental disorders. In the present study, we investigated the effects and mechanism of the HP-20 resin fraction of the water extract of Vaccinium bracteatum leaves (NET-D1602) and its bioactive compound p-coumaric acid on neuronal cell damage in SH-SY5Y cells and primary culture of rat cortical cells. NET-D1602 and p-coumaric acid significantly improved cell viability in CORT-induced neurotoxicity in SH-SY5Y cells and primary cultures of rat cortical cells, and increased the activities of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase and catalase) against CORT-induced neurotoxicity in SH-SY5Y cells. NET-D1602 and p-coumaric acid increased the phosphorylation levels of ERK1/2 and cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) in cortical neurons. In addition, CREB phosphorylation by NET-D1602 and p-coumaric acid was dramatically reversed by PKA, c-Raf/ERK, PI3K, and mTOR inhibitors. Lastly, we demonstrated the neuroprotective effects of NET-D1602 (3 and 10 μg/mL) and p-coumaric acid (3 and 10 μM) via increased CREB phosphorylation in CORT-induced neurotoxicity mediated via the ERK1/2, Akt, and mTOR pathways. These results suggest that p-coumaric acid is a potential neuroprotective component of NET-D1602, with the ability to protect against CORT-induced neurotoxicity by regulating ERK1/2, Akt, and mTOR-mediated CREB phosphorylation.
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Choi GE, Han HJ. Glucocorticoid impairs mitochondrial quality control in neurons. Neurobiol Dis 2021; 152:105301. [PMID: 33609641 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2021.105301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurons are particularly vulnerable to mitochondrial dysfunction due to high energy demand and an inability to proliferate. Therefore, dysfunctional mitochondria cause various neuropathologies. Mitochondrial damage induces maintenance pathways to repair or eliminate damaged organelles. This mitochondrial quality control (MQC) system maintains appropriate morphology, localization, and removal/replacement of mitochondria to sustain brain homeostasis and counter progression of neurological disorders. Glucocorticoid release is an essential response to stressors for adaptation; however, it often culminates in maladaptation if neurons are exposed to chronic and severe stress. Long-term exposure to high levels of glucocorticoids induces mitochondrial dysfunction via genomic and nongenomic mechanisms. Glucocorticoids induce abnormal mitochondrial morphology and dysregulate fusion and fission. Moreover, mitochondrial trafficking is arrested by glucocorticoids and dysfunctional mitochondria are subsequently accumulated around the soma. These alterations lead to energy deficiency, particularly for synaptic transmission that requires large amounts of energy. Glucocorticoids also impair mitochondrial clearance by preventing mitophagy of damaged organelle and suppress mitochondrial biogenesis, resulting in the reduced number of healthy mitochondria. Failure to maintain MQC degrades brain function and contributes to neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and Huntington's disease. However, mechanisms of glucocorticoid action on the regulation of MQC during chronic stress conditions are not well understood. The present review discusses pathways involved in the impairment of MQC and the clinical significance of high glucocorticoid blood levels for neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gee Euhn Choi
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute for Veterinary Science, BK21 Four Future Veterinary Medicine Leading Education & Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho Jae Han
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute for Veterinary Science, BK21 Four Future Veterinary Medicine Leading Education & Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
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Sharma VK, Singh TG. Navigating Alzheimer's Disease via Chronic Stress: The Role of Glucocorticoids. Curr Drug Targets 2021; 21:433-444. [PMID: 31625472 DOI: 10.2174/1389450120666191017114735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a chronic intensifying incurable progressive disease leading to neurological deterioration manifested as impairment of memory and executive brain functioning affecting the physical ability like intellectual brilliance, common sense in patients. The recent therapeutic approach in Alzheimer's disease is only the symptomatic relief further emerging the need for therapeutic strategies to be targeted in managing the underlying silent killing progression of dreaded pathology. Therefore, the current research direction is focused on identifying the molecular mechanisms leading to the evolution of the understanding of the neuropathology of Alzheimer's disease. The resultant saturation in the area of current targets (amyloid β, τ Protein, oxidative stress etc.) has led the scientific community to rethink of the mechanistic neurodegenerative pathways and reprogram the current research directions. Although, the role of stress has been recognized for many years and contributing to the development of cognitive impairment, the area of stress has got the much-needed impetus recently and is being recognized as a modifiable menace for AD. Stress is an unavoidable human experience that can be resolved and normalized but chronic activation of stress pathways unsettle the physiological status. Chronic stress mediated activation of neuroendocrine stimulation is generally linked to a high risk of developing AD. Chronic stress-driven physiological dysregulation and hypercortisolemia intermingle at the neuronal level and leads to functional (hypometabolism, excitotoxicity, inflammation) and anatomical remodeling of the brain architecture (senile plaques, τ tangles, hippocampal atrophy, retraction of spines) ending with severe cognitive deterioration. The present review is an effort to collect the most pertinent evidence that support chronic stress as a realistic and modifiable therapeutic earmark for AD and to advocate glucocorticoid receptors as therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Kumar Sharma
- Government College of Pharmacy, Rohru, District Shimla, Himachal Pradesh-171207, India.,Department of Pharmacology, Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Punjab-140401, India
| | - Thakur Gurjeet Singh
- Department of Pharmacology, Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Punjab-140401, India
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BNIP3L/NIX-mediated mitophagy protects against glucocorticoid-induced synapse defects. Nat Commun 2021; 12:487. [PMID: 33473105 PMCID: PMC7817668 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-20679-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Stress-induced glucocorticoids disturb mitochondrial bioenergetics and dynamics; however, instead of being removed via mitophagy, the damaged mitochondria accumulate. Therefore, we investigate the role of glucocorticoids in mitophagy inhibition and subsequent synaptic defects in hippocampal neurons, SH-SY5Y cells, and ICR mice. First, we observe that glucocorticoids decrease both synaptic density and vesicle recycling due to suppressed mitophagy. Screening data reveal that glucocorticoids downregulate BNIP3-like (BNIP3L)/NIX, resulting in the reduced mitochondrial respiration function and synaptic density. Notably, we find that glucocorticoids direct the glucocorticoid receptor to bind directly to the PGC1α promoter, downregulating its expression and nuclear translocation. PGC1α downregulation selectively decreases NIX-dependent mitophagy. Consistent with these results, NIX enhancer pre-treatment of a corticosterone-exposed mouse elevates mitophagy and synaptic density in hippocampus, improving the outcome of a spatial memory task. In conclusion, glucocorticoids inhibit mitophagy via downregulating NIX and that NIX activation represents a potential target for restoring synapse function. Stress-induced glucocorticoids cause mitochondrial damage in neurons, but they are not cleared by mitophagy. Here, the authors show that glucocorticoids inhibit NIX-dependent basal mitophagy, contributing to neurodegeneration in a mouse model that can be reversed by pretreatment with a NIX enhancer.
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Espinosa A, Meneses G, Chavarría A, Mancilla R, Pedraza-Chaverri J, Fleury A, Bárcena B, Pérez-Osorio IN, Besedovsky H, Arauz A, Fragoso G, Sciutto E. Intranasal Dexamethasone Reduces Mortality and Brain Damage in a Mouse Experimental Ischemic Stroke Model. Neurotherapeutics 2020; 17:1907-1918. [PMID: 32632775 PMCID: PMC7851226 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-020-00884-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation triggered by the expression of damaged-associated molecular patterns released from dying cells plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of ischemic stroke. However, the benefits from the control of neuroinflammation in the clinical outcome have not been established. In this study, the effectiveness of intranasal, a highly efficient route to reach the central nervous system, and intraperitoneal dexamethasone administration in the treatment of neuroinflammation was evaluated in a 60-min middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model in C57BL/6 male mice. We performed a side-by-side comparison using intranasal versus intraperitoneal dexamethasone, a timecourse including immediate (0 h) or 4 or 12 h poststroke intranasal administration, as well as 4 intranasal doses of dexamethasone beginning 12 h after the MCAO versus a single dose at 12 h to identify the most effective conditions to treat neuroinflammation in MCAO mice. The best results were obtained 12 h after MCAO and when mice received a single dose of dexamethasone (0.25 mg/kg) intranasally. This treatment significantly reduced mortality, neurological deficits, infarct volume size, blood-brain barrier permeability in the somatosensory cortex, inflammatory cell infiltration, and glial activation. Our results demonstrate that a single low dose of intranasal dexamethasone has neuroprotective therapeutic effects in the MCAO model, showing a better clinical outcome than the intraperitoneal administration. Based on these results, we propose a new therapeutic approach for the treatment of the damage process that accompanies ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Espinosa
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, 04510, Mexico
| | - Gabriela Meneses
- Departamento de Parasitología, Instituto Nacional de Diagnóstico y Referencia Epidemiológicos, Mexico City, 01480, Mexico
| | - Anahí Chavarría
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, 06726, Mexico
| | - Raúl Mancilla
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, 04510, Mexico
| | - José Pedraza-Chaverri
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, 04510, Mexico
| | - Agnes Fleury
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, 04510, Mexico
- Unidad Periférica del Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en el Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Mexico City, 14269, Mexico
| | - Brandon Bárcena
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, 04510, Mexico
| | - Ivan N Pérez-Osorio
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, 04510, Mexico
| | - Hugo Besedovsky
- The Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Medical Faculty, Philipps University, Marburg, D-35037, Germany
| | - Antonio Arauz
- Stroke Clinic, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Mexico City, 14269, Mexico
| | - Gladis Fragoso
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, 04510, Mexico
| | - Edda Sciutto
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, 04510, Mexico.
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Gregrowicz J, Rogalska J. Glucocorticoid receptors function in the pathophysiology of brain hypoxia. POSTEP HIG MED DOSW 2019. [DOI: 10.5604/01.3001.0013.7193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoid receptors are ligand-activated transcription factors, which play an important role in the brain, mainly in stress response regulation. There are two types of receptors for glucocorticosteroids: mineralocorticoid receptors (MR) with high-affinity for the ligands and glucocorticoid receptors (GR) with a tenfold lower affinity. Selective activation of the receptors during hypoxia may decide neuronal fate, especially in the hippocampus. Depending on the severity of hypoxia-induced damage, neurons undergo necrosis or apoptosis. In the penumbral region, where neurons die mainly through the process of apoptosis, selective GR activation increases excitotoxicity, interferes with apoptotic signalling pathways and causes energy deficit in the cells, all of which promote cell death. On the other hand, selective MR activation seems to be neuroprotective. It is suggested that the main role of MR in neuroprotection is to regulate the balance between anti- and proapoptotic proteins from bcl-2 family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Gregrowicz
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, USA
| | - Justyna Rogalska
- Department of Animal Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland
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14
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Abstract
The human stress response has evolved to maintain homeostasis under conditions of real or perceived stress. This objective is achieved through autoregulatory neural and hormonal systems in close association with central and peripheral clocks. The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis is a key regulatory pathway in the maintenance of these homeostatic processes. The end product of this pathway - cortisol - is secreted in a pulsatile pattern, with changes in pulse amplitude creating a circadian pattern. During acute stress, cortisol levels rise and pulsatility is maintained. Although the initial rise in cortisol follows a large surge in adrenocorticotropic hormone levels, if long-term inflammatory stress occurs, adrenocorticotropic hormone levels return to near basal levels while cortisol levels remain raised as a result of increased adrenal sensitivity. In chronic stress, hypothalamic activation of the pituitary changes from corticotropin-releasing hormone-dominant to arginine vasopressin-dominant, and cortisol levels remain raised due at least in part to decreased cortisol metabolism. Acute elevations in cortisol levels are beneficial to promoting survival of the fittest as part of the fight-or-flight response. However, chronic exposure to stress results in reversal of the beneficial effects, with long-term cortisol exposure becoming maladaptive, which can lead to a broad range of problems including the metabolic syndrome, obesity, cancer, mental health disorders, cardiovascular disease and increased susceptibility to infections. Neuroimmunoendocrine modulation in disease states and glucocorticoid-based therapeutics are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgina Russell
- Translational Health Sciences, Dorothy Hodgkin Building, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
| | - Stafford Lightman
- Translational Health Sciences, Dorothy Hodgkin Building, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
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15
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Witek E, Hickman D, Lahiri DK, Srinivasan M. Glucocorticoid Induced Leucine Zipper in Lipopolysaccharide Induced Neuroinflammation. Front Aging Neurosci 2019; 10:432. [PMID: 30740047 PMCID: PMC6355683 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2018.00432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs) are steroid hormones secreted as the end-product of the neuroendocrine stress cascade. Both absence and elevated GC mediate neurotoxic responses, suggesting that a narrow window ranging from physiological to slightly high GC mediate protective responses. The beneficial effects of GC are attributed to the transactivation of regulatory proteins and inhibition mediated by glucocorticoid receptor (GR) interactions with other co-factors. The glucocorticoid induced leucine zipper (GILZ) is a gene strongly upregulated by GC and mediates many of the anti-inflammatory and anti-proliferative effects of GC. Although GILZ is constitutively expressed in many tissues including the brain, the expression has been shown to occur with varying dynamics suggesting that the local milieu modulates its expression with consequent effects on cellular responses. Here we investigated the expression profile of GILZ in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) mediated neuroinflammation model of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Our data suggest that the GILZ expression is downregulated in neuroinflammation correlating inversely with the pro-inflammatory cytokines and innate immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Witek
- Laboratory Animal Resources and Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Debra Hickman
- Laboratory Animal Resources and Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Debomoy K Lahiri
- Department of Psychiatry, Stark Neuroscience Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Mythily Srinivasan
- Department of Oral Pathology, Medicine and Radiology, Indiana University School of Dentistry and Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
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16
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Naß J, Efferth T. Pharmacogenetics and Pharmacotherapy of Military Personnel Suffering from Post-traumatic Stress Disorder. Curr Neuropharmacol 2018; 15:831-860. [PMID: 27834145 PMCID: PMC5652029 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x15666161111113514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Revised: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a severe problem among soldiers with combating experience difficult to treat. The pathogenesis is still not fully understood at the psychological level. Therefore, genetic research became a focus of interest. The identification of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) may help to predict, which persons are at high risk to develop PTSD as a starting point to develop novel targeted drugs for treatment. Methods: We conducted a systematic review on SNPs in genes related to PTSD pathology and development of targeted pharmacological treatment options based on PubMed database searches. We focused on clinical trials with military personnel. Results: SNPs in 22 human genes have been linked to PTSD. These genes encode proteins acting as neurotransmitters and receptors, downstream signal transducers and metabolizing enzymes. Pharmacological inhibitors may serve as drug candidates for PTSD treatment, e.g. β2 adrenoreceptor antagonists, dopamine antagonists, partial dopamine D2 receptor agonists, dopamine β hydroxylase inhibitors, fatty acid amid hydrolase antagonists, glucocorticoid receptor agonists, tropomyosin receptor kinase B agonists, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, catechol-O-methyltransferase inhibitors, gamma-amino butyric acid receptor agonists, glutamate receptor inhibitors, monoaminoxidase B inhibitors, N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor antagonists. Conclusion: The combination of genetic and pharmacological research may lead to novel target-based drug developments with improved specificity and efficacy to treat PTSD. Specific SNPs may be identified as reliable biomarkers to assess individual disease risk. Focusing on soldiers suffering from PTSD will not only help to improve treatment options for this specific group, but for all PTSD patients and the general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine Naß
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Staudinger Weg 5, 55128 Mainz. Germany
| | - Thomas Efferth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Staudinger Weg 5, 55128 Mainz. Germany
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17
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Zhang B, Zhang Y, Wu W, Xu T, Yin Y, Zhang J, Huang D, Li W. Chronic glucocorticoid exposure activates BK-NLRP1 signal involving in hippocampal neuron damage. J Neuroinflammation 2017; 14:139. [PMID: 28732502 PMCID: PMC5521122 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-017-0911-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuroinflammation mediated by NLRP1 (nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptor protein 1) inflammasome plays an important role in many neurological diseases such as Parkinson's disease (PD) and Alzheimer's disease (AD). Our previous studies showed that chronic glucocorticoid (GC) exposure increased brain inflammation via NLRP1 inflammasome and induce neurodegeneration. However, little is known about the mechanism of chronic GC exposure on NLRP1 inflammasome activation in hippocampal neurons. METHODS Hippocampal neurons damage was assessed by LDH kit and Hoechst 33258 staining. The expression of microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP2), inflammasome complex protein (NLRP1, ASC and caspase-1), inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β), and large-conductance Ca2+ and voltage-activated K+ channel (BK channels) protein was detected by Western blot. The inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β and IL-18) were examined by ELISA kit. The mRNA levels of NLRP1, IL-1β, and BK were detected by real-time PCR. BK channel currents were recorded by whole-cell patch-clamp technology. Measurement of [K+]i was performed by ion-selective electrode (ISE) technology. RESULTS Chronic dexamethasone (DEX) treatment significantly increased LDH release and neuronal apoptosis and decreased expression of MAP2. The mechanistic studies revealed that chronic DEX exposure significantly increased the expression of NLRP1, ASC, caspase-1, IL-1β, L-18, and BK protein and NLRP1, IL-1β and BK mRNA levels in hippocampal neurons. Further studies showed that DEX exposure results in the increase of BK channel currents, with the subsequent K+ efflux and a low concentration of intracellular K+, which involved in activation of NLRP1 inflammasome. Moreover, these effects of chronic DEX exposure could be blocked by specific BK channel inhibitor iberiotoxin (IbTx). CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that chronic GC exposure may increase neuroinflammation via activation of BK-NLRP1 signal pathway and promote hippocampal neurons damage, which may be involved in the development and progression of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biqiong Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immunopharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Yaodong Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immunopharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Wenning Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immunopharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Tanzhen Xu
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immunopharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Yanyan Yin
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immunopharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Junyan Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immunopharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Dake Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immunopharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Weizu Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immunopharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China.
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18
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Ayar O, Alpay A, Koban Y, Akdemir MO, Yazgan S, Canturk Ugurbas S, Ugurbas SH. The Effect of Dexamethasone Intravitreal Implant on Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer in Patients Diagnosed with Branch Retinal Vein Occlusion. Curr Eye Res 2017. [PMID: 28632411 DOI: 10.1080/02713683.2017.1313430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the effect of a single dose of intravitreal dexamethasone (DEX) implant on retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness in patients with branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO) in a 6-month period. MATERIALS AND METHODS This retrospective observational study included the patients with BRVO who received intravitreal DEX implant and whose assessment included the baseline RNFL thickness measurements. The data of 26 eyes of 24 patients were retrospectively analyzed. Spectral domain optic coherence tomography was used to measure peripapillary RNFL thickness in six regional subfields. Intraocular pressure (IOP) values at each visit were recorded. The data of single dose DEX implant during 6 months were assessed. RESULTS The mean preoperative and postoperative 6th month nasal RNFL values were 85.4 ± 23.0 μm and 82.1 ± 17.6 μm, respectively, and the difference between the measurements was not statistically significant (p = 0.372). There was a slight decrease in the mean RNFL values postoperatively compared to the baseline values in all quadrants except supero-temporal quadrant; however, none of them reached statistically significant level (p > 0.05). The mean IOP values before and 6 months after implantation were 15.7 ± 2.9 mmHg and 16.5 ± 4.2 mmHg, respectively. The difference between the 6th month IOP values and baseline IOP values was not statistically significant (p = 0.236). CONCLUSION Intravitreal DEX implant seems to have no adverse effect on RNFL thickness in BRVO patients in a 6-month period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orhan Ayar
- a Faculty of Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology , Bulent Ecevit University , Zonguldak , Turkey
| | - Atilla Alpay
- a Faculty of Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology , Bulent Ecevit University , Zonguldak , Turkey
| | - Yaran Koban
- b Faculty of Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology , Kafkas University , Kars , Turkey
| | - Mehmet Orcun Akdemir
- a Faculty of Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology , Bulent Ecevit University , Zonguldak , Turkey
| | - Serpil Yazgan
- a Faculty of Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology , Bulent Ecevit University , Zonguldak , Turkey
| | - Sılay Canturk Ugurbas
- a Faculty of Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology , Bulent Ecevit University , Zonguldak , Turkey
| | - Suat Hayri Ugurbas
- a Faculty of Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology , Bulent Ecevit University , Zonguldak , Turkey
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19
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Glucocorticoid-Induced Leucine Zipper in Central Nervous System Health and Disease. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:8063-8070. [PMID: 27889894 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-0277-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 10/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The central nervous system (CNS) is a large network of intercommunicating cells that function to maintain tissue health and homeostasis. Considerable evidence suggests that glucocorticoids exert both neuroprotective and neurodegenerative effects on the CNS. Glucocorticoids act by binding two related receptors in the cytoplasm, the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) and the glucocorticoid receptor (GR). The glucocorticoid receptor complex mediates cellular responses by transactivating target genes and by protein: protein interactions. The paradoxical effects of glucocorticoids on neuronal survival and death have been attributed to the concentration and the ratio of mineralocorticoid to glucocorticoid receptor activation. Glucocorticoid-induced leucine zipper (GILZ) is a recently identified protein transcriptionally upregulated by glucocorticoids. Constitutively, expressed in many tissues including brain, GILZ mediates many of the actions of glucocorticoids. It mimics the anti-inflammatory and anti-proliferative effects of glucocorticoids but exerts differential effects on stem cell differentiation and lineage development. Recent experimental data on the effects of GILZ following induced stress or trauma suggest potential roles in CNS diseases. Here, we provide a short overview of the role of GILZ in CNS health and discuss three potential rationales for the role of GILZ in Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis.
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20
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Simko V, Takacova M, Debreova M, Laposova K, Ondriskova-Panisova E, Pastorekova S, Csaderova L, Pastorek J. Dexamethasone downregulates expression of carbonic anhydrase IX via HIF-1α and NF-κB-dependent mechanisms. Int J Oncol 2016; 49:1277-88. [PMID: 27431580 PMCID: PMC5021256 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2016.3621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Dexamethasone is a synthetic glucocorticoid frequently used to suppress side-effects of anticancer chemotherapy. In the present study, we showed that dexamethasone treatment leads to concentration-dependent downregulation of cancer-associated marker, carbonic anhydrase IX (CA IX), at the level of promoter activity, mRNA and protein expression in 2D and 3D cancer cell models. The effect of dexamethasone on CA IX expression under hypoxic conditions is predominantly mediated by impaired transcriptional activity and decreased protein level of the main hypoxic transcription factor HIF-1α. In addition, CA9 downregulation can be caused by protein-protein interactions between activated glucocorticoid receptors, major effectors of glucocorticoid action, and transcription factors that trigger CA9 transcription (e.g. AP-1). Moreover, we identified a potential NF-κB binding site in the CA9 promoter and propose the involvement of NF-κB in the dexamethasone-mediated inhibition of CA9 transcription. As high level of CA IX is often linked to aggressive tumor behavior, poor prognosis and chemo- and radiotherapy resistance, uncovering its reduction after dexa-methasone treatment and implication of additional regulatory mechanisms can be relevant for the CA IX-related clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Simko
- Institute of Virology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Martina Takacova
- Institute of Virology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Michaela Debreova
- Institute of Virology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Katarina Laposova
- Institute of Virology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Elena Ondriskova-Panisova
- Institute of Virology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Silvia Pastorekova
- Institute of Virology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Lucia Csaderova
- Institute of Virology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Jaromir Pastorek
- Institute of Virology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
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21
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Lanshakov DA, Sukhareva EV, Kalinina TS, Dygalo NN. Dexamethasone-induced acute excitotoxic cell death in the developing brain. Neurobiol Dis 2016; 91:1-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2016.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Revised: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
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22
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Pro-apoptotic Action of Corticosterone in Hippocampal Organotypic Cultures. Neurotox Res 2016; 30:225-38. [PMID: 27189478 PMCID: PMC4947107 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-016-9630-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Revised: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Elevated levels of glucocorticoids exert neurotoxic effects, and the hippocampus is particularly sensitive to the effects of glucocorticoids. Because some data have indicated that an increased action of glucocorticoids in the perinatal period enhances the susceptibility of brain tissue to adverse substances later in life, the main purpose of the present study was to compare necrotic/apoptotic corticosterone action in hippocampal organotypic cultures obtained from control animals with the effect of this steroid in tissue from prenatally stressed rats. Because the adverse effects of glucocorticoid action on nerve cell viability appear to result mainly from an increase in the intensity of the effects of glutamate and changes in growth factor and pro-inflammatory cytokine synthesis, the involvement of these factors in corticosterone action were also determined. In stress-like concentration (1 μM), corticosterone, when added to hippocampal cultures for 1 and 3 days, alone or jointly with glutamate, did not induce necrosis. In contrast, in 3-day cultures, corticosterone (1 μM) increased caspase-3 activity and the mRNA expression of the pro-apoptotic Bax. Moreover, corticosterone’s effect on caspase-3 activity was stronger in hippocampal cultures from prenatally stressed compared to control rats. Additionally, 24 h of exposure to corticosterone and glutamate, when applied separately and together, increased Bdnf, Ngf, and Tnf-α expression. In contrast, after 72 h, a strong decrease in the expression of both growth factors was observed, while the expression of TNF-α remained high. The present study showed that in stress-like concentrations, corticosterone exerted pro-apoptotic but not necrotic effects in hippocampal organotypic cultures. Prenatal stress increased the pro-apoptotic effects of corticosterone. Increased synthesis of the pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-α may be connected with the adverse effects of corticosterone on brain cell viability.
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Kalafatakis K, Russell GM, Zarros A, Lightman SL. Temporal control of glucocorticoid neurodynamics and its relevance for brain homeostasis, neuropathology and glucocorticoid-based therapeutics. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2015; 61:12-25. [PMID: 26656793 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Revised: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids mediate plethora of actions throughout the human body. Within the brain, they modulate aspects of immune system and neuroinflammatory processes, interfere with cellular metabolism and viability, interact with systems of neurotransmission and regulate neural rhythms. The influence of glucocorticoids on memory and emotional behaviour is well known and there is increasing evidence for their involvement in many neuropsychiatric pathologies. These effects, which at times can be in opposing directions, depend not only on the concentration of glucocorticoids but also the duration of their presence, the temporal relationship between their fluctuations, the co-influence of other stimuli, and the overall state of brain activity. Moreover, they are region- and cell type-specific. The molecular basis of such diversity of effects lies on the orchestration of the spatiotemporal interplay between glucocorticoid- and mineralocorticoid receptors, and is achieved through complex dynamics, mainly mediated via the circadian and ultradian pattern of glucocorticoid secretion. More sophisticated methodologies are therefore required to better approach the study of these hormones and improve the effectiveness of glucocorticoid-based therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos Kalafatakis
- Henry Wellcome Laboratories for Integrative Neuroscience and Endocrinology, School of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS1 3NY, United Kingdom.
| | - Georgina M Russell
- Henry Wellcome Laboratories for Integrative Neuroscience and Endocrinology, School of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS1 3NY, United Kingdom.
| | - Apostolos Zarros
- Research Department of Pharmaceutics, UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London, WC1N 1AX, United Kingdom.
| | - Stafford L Lightman
- Henry Wellcome Laboratories for Integrative Neuroscience and Endocrinology, School of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS1 3NY, United Kingdom.
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24
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Cheng Y, Rodriguiz RM, Murthy SRK, Senatorov V, Thouennon E, Cawley NX, Aryal DK, Ahn S, Lecka-Czernik B, Wetsel WC, Loh YP. Neurotrophic factor-α1 prevents stress-induced depression through enhancement of neurogenesis and is activated by rosiglitazone. Mol Psychiatry 2015; 20:744-54. [PMID: 25330741 PMCID: PMC4405386 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2014.136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Revised: 08/14/2014] [Accepted: 09/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Major depressive disorder is often linked to stress. Although short-term stress is without effect in mice, prolonged stress leads to depressive-like behavior, indicating that an allostatic mechanism exists in this difference. Here we demonstrate that mice after short-term (1 h per day for 7 days) chronic restraint stress (CRS), do not display depressive-like behavior. Analysis of the hippocampus of these mice showed increased levels of neurotrophic factor-α1 (NF-α1; also known as carboxypeptidase E, CPE), concomitant with enhanced fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) expression, and an increase in neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus. In contrast, after prolonged (6 h per day for 21 days) CRS, mice show decreased hippocampal NF-α1 and FGF2 levels and depressive-like responses. In NF-α1-knockout mice, hippocampal FGF2 levels and neurogenesis are reduced. These mice exhibit depressive-like behavior that is reversed by FGF2 administration. Indeed, studies in cultured hippocampal neurons reveal that NF-α1 treatment directly upregulates FGF2 expression through extracellular signal-regulated kinase-Sp1 signaling. Thus, during short-term CRS, hippocampal NF-α1 expression is upregulated and has a key role in preventing the onset of depressive-like behavior through enhanced FGF2-mediated neurogenesis. To evaluate the therapeutic potential of this pathway, we examined, rosiglitazone (Rosi), a PPARγ agonist, which has been shown to have antidepressant activity in rodents and humans. Rosi upregulates FGF2 expression in a NF-α1-dependent manner in hippocampal neurons. Mice fed Rosi show increased hippocampal NF-α1 levels and neurogenesis compared with controls, thereby indicating the antidepressant action of this drug. Development of drugs that activate the NF-α1/FGF2/neurogenesis pathway can offer a new approach to depression therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Cheng
- Section on Cellular Neurobiology, Program on Developmental Neuroscience, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ramona M. Rodriguiz
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Saravana R. K. Murthy
- Section on Cellular Neurobiology, Program on Developmental Neuroscience, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Vladimir Senatorov
- Section on Cellular Neurobiology, Program on Developmental Neuroscience, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Erwan Thouennon
- Section on Cellular Neurobiology, Program on Developmental Neuroscience, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Niamh X. Cawley
- Section on Cellular Neurobiology, Program on Developmental Neuroscience, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Dipendra K. Aryal
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Sohyun Ahn
- Program in Genomics Differentiation, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Beata Lecka-Czernik
- Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery and Physiology and Pharmacology, Center for Diabetes and Endocrine Research, University of Toledo Health Sciences Campus, Toledo, Ohio 43614, USA
| | - William C. Wetsel
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA,Departments of Neurobiology and Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Y. Peng Loh
- Section on Cellular Neurobiology, Program on Developmental Neuroscience, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA,Correspondence should be addressed to: Dr. Y. Peng Loh, 49 Convent Drive, Bldg. 49, Room 6C80, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA. , Tel: 301-496-3239, Fax: 301-496-9938
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25
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Russell GM, Kalafatakis K, Lightman SL. The importance of biological oscillators for hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal activity and tissue glucocorticoid response: coordinating stress and neurobehavioural adaptation. J Neuroendocrinol 2015; 27:378-88. [PMID: 25494867 PMCID: PMC4539599 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2014] [Revised: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 12/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis is critical for life. It has a circadian rhythm that anticipates the metabolic, immunoregulatory and cognitive needs of the active portion of the day, and retains an ability to react rapidly to perceived stressful stimuli. The circadian variation in glucocorticoids is very 'noisy' because it is made up from an underlying approximately hourly ultradian rhythm of glucocorticoid pulses, which increase in amplitude at the peak of circadian secretion. We have shown that these pulses emerge as a consequence of the feedforward-feedback relationship between the actions of corticotrophin hormone (ACTH) on the adrenal cortex and of endogenous glucocorticoids on pituitary corticotrophs. The adrenal gland itself has adapted to respond preferentially to a digital signal of ACTH and has its own feedforward-feedback system that effectively amplifies the pulsatile characteristics of the incoming signal. Glucocorticoid receptor signalling in the body is also adapted to respond in a tissue-specific manner to oscillating signals of glucocorticoids, and gene transcriptional and behavioural responses depend on the pattern (i.e. constant or pulsatile) of glucocorticoid presentation. During major stressful activation of the HPA, there is a marked remodelling of the pituitary-adrenal interaction. The link between ACTH and glucocorticoid pulses is maintained, although there is a massive increase in the adrenal responsiveness to the ACTH signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- G M Russell
- Henry Wellcome Laboratories of Integrative Neuroscience and Endocrinology, School of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - K Kalafatakis
- Henry Wellcome Laboratories of Integrative Neuroscience and Endocrinology, School of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - S L Lightman
- Henry Wellcome Laboratories of Integrative Neuroscience and Endocrinology, School of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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Forkwa TK, Neumann ID, Tamm ER, Ohlmann A, Reber SO. Short-term psychosocial stress protects photoreceptors from damage via corticosterone-mediated activation of the AKT pathway. Exp Neurol 2014; 252:28-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2013.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Revised: 11/09/2013] [Accepted: 11/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Canteros MG. D-Arginine as a neuroprotective amino acid: promising outcomes for neurological diseases. Drug Discov Today 2013; 19:627-36. [PMID: 24252866 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2013.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2013] [Revised: 11/08/2013] [Accepted: 11/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In humans, as in other mammals, endogenous glucocorticoids (GCs) are essential for adapting to physiological life stress. They are also crucial for the healthy development of the fetus. However, when the physiological concentrations of GCs increase over a long period of time, the central nervous system (CNS) is predisposed to the development of psychiatric disorders and neurological diseases. Here, I discuss the strong influence of GCs on the nitric oxide (NO) pathway and the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). I also highlight supporting evidence for the neuroprotective actions of d-arginine (d-Arg) against neurotoxicity induced by high levels of GCs in the CNS. Given that d-Arg does not interfere with the immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory effects of GCs, this might be a novel way of neutralizing the neurotoxic effects of GCs in the CNS without compromising their positive peripheral actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Griselda Canteros
- National University of Northeast, School of Medicine, Department of Biophysics, Corrientes 3400, Argentina.
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28
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Murthy SRK, Thouennon E, Li WS, Cheng Y, Bhupatkar J, Cawley NX, Lane M, Merchenthaler I, Loh YP. Carboxypeptidase E protects hippocampal neurons during stress in male mice by up-regulating prosurvival BCL2 protein expression. Endocrinology 2013; 154:3284-93. [PMID: 23825125 PMCID: PMC3749481 DOI: 10.1210/en.2013-1118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Prolonged chronic stress causing elevated plasma glucocorticoids leads to neurodegeneration. Adaptation to stress (allostasis) through neuroprotective mechanisms can delay this process. Studies on hippocampal neurons have identified carboxypeptidase E (CPE) as a novel neuroprotective protein that acts extracellularly, independent of its enzymatic activity, although the mechanism of action is unclear. Here, we aim to determine if CPE plays a neuroprotective role in allostasis in mouse hippocampus during chronic restraint stress (CRS), and the molecular mechanisms involved. Quantitative RT-PCR/in situ hybridization and Western blots were used to assay for mRNA and protein. After mild CRS (1 h/d for 7 d), CPE protein and mRNA were significantly elevated in the hippocampal CA3 region, compared to naïve littermates. In addition, luciferase reporter assays identified a functional glucocorticoid regulatory element within the cpe promoter that mediated the up-regulation of CPE expression in primary hippocampal neurons following dexamethasone treatment, suggesting that circulating plasma glucocorticoids could evoke a similar effect on CPE in the hippocampus in vivo. Overexpression of CPE in hippocampal neurons, or CRS in mice, resulted in elevated prosurvival BCL2 protein/mRNA and p-AKT levels in the hippocampus; however, CPE(-/-) mice showed a decrease. Thus, during mild CRS, CPE expression is up-regulated, possibly contributed by glucocorticoids, to mediate neuroprotection of the hippocampus by enhancing BCL2 expression through AKT signaling, and thereby maintaining allostasis.
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MESH Headings
- Allostasis
- Animals
- CA3 Region, Hippocampal/metabolism
- CA3 Region, Hippocampal/pathology
- Carboxypeptidase H/biosynthesis
- Carboxypeptidase H/genetics
- Carboxypeptidase H/metabolism
- Cells, Cultured
- Embryo, Mammalian/cytology
- Genes, Reporter/drug effects
- Glucocorticoids/metabolism
- Glucocorticoids/pharmacology
- Hippocampus/cytology
- Hippocampus/drug effects
- Hippocampus/metabolism
- Hippocampus/pathology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/biosynthesis
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/genetics
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/metabolism
- Neurons/cytology
- Neurons/drug effects
- Neurons/metabolism
- Neurons/pathology
- Promoter Regions, Genetic/drug effects
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2/biosynthesis
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2/metabolism
- Recombinant Proteins/biosynthesis
- Recombinant Proteins/metabolism
- Restraint, Physical
- Severity of Illness Index
- Stress, Physiological
- Stress, Psychological/metabolism
- Stress, Psychological/physiopathology
- Up-Regulation/drug effects
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Affiliation(s)
- S R K Murthy
- Section on Cellular Neurobiology, Program on Developmental Neuroscience, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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Cheng Y, Cawley NX, Loh YP. Carboxypeptidase E/NFα1: a new neurotrophic factor against oxidative stress-induced apoptotic cell death mediated by ERK and PI3-K/AKT pathways. PLoS One 2013; 8:e71578. [PMID: 23977080 PMCID: PMC3744492 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0071578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2013] [Accepted: 07/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Mice lacking Carboxypeptidase E (CPE) exhibit degeneration of hippocampal neurons caused by stress at weaning while over-expression of CPE in hippocampal neurons protect them against hydrogen peroxide-induced cell death. Here we demonstrate that CPE acts as an extracellular trophic factor to protect neurons. Rat hippocampal neurons pretreated with purified CPE protected the cells against hydrogen peroxide-, staurosporine- and glutamate-induced cell death. This protection was observed even when hippocampal neurons were treated with an enzymatically inactive mutant CPE or with CPE in the presence of its inhibitor, GEMSA. Purified CPE added to the culture medium rescued CPE knock-out hippocampal neurons from cell death. Both ERK and AKT were phosphorylated within 15 min after CPE treatment of hippocampal neurons and, using specific inhibitors, both signaling pathways were shown to be required for the neuroprotective effect. The expression of the anti-apoptotic protein, B-cell lymphoma 2 (BCL-2), was up-regulated after hippocampal neurons were treated with CPE. Furthermore, hydrogen peroxide induced down-regulation of BCL-2 protein and subsequent activation of caspase-3 were inhibited by CPE treatment. Thus, this study has identified CPE as a new neurotrophic factor that can protect neurons against degeneration through the activation of ERK and AKT signaling pathways to up-regulate expression of BCL-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Cheng
- Section on Cellular Neurobiology, Program on Developmental Neuroscience, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Niamh X. Cawley
- Section on Cellular Neurobiology, Program on Developmental Neuroscience, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Y. Peng Loh
- Section on Cellular Neurobiology, Program on Developmental Neuroscience, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Qui G, Spangler E, Wan R, Miller M, Mattson M, So KF, de Cabo R, Zou S, Ingram D. Neuroprotection provided by dietary restriction in rats is further enhanced by reducing glucocortocoids. Neurobiol Aging 2012; 33:2398-410. [PMID: 22226488 PMCID: PMC3374050 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2011.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2011] [Revised: 10/21/2011] [Accepted: 11/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GC)--corticosterone (CORT) in rodents and cortisol in primates--are stress-induced hormones secreted by adrenal glands that interact with the hypothalamic pituitary axis. High levels of cortisol in humans are observed in neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD), as well as in diabetes, post-traumatic stress syndrome, and major depression. Experimental models of diabetes in rats and mice have demonstrated that reduction of CORT reduces learning and memory deficits and attenuates loss of neuronal viability and plasticity. In contrast to the negative associations of elevated GC levels, CORT is moderately elevated in dietary restriction (DR) paradigms which are associated with many healthy anti-aging effects including neuroprotection. We demonstrate here in rats that ablating CORT by adrenalectomy (ADX) with replenishment to relatively low levels (30% below that of controls) prior to the onset of a DR regimen (ADX-DR) followed by central administration of the neurotoxin, kainic acid (KA), significantly attenuates learning deficits in a 14-unit T-maze task. The performance of the ADX-DR KA group did not differ from a control group (CON) that did not receive KA and was fed ad libitum (AL). By contrast, the sham-operated DR (SHAM-DR KA) group, SHAM-AL KA group, and ADX-AL KA group demonstrated poorer learning behavior in this task compared to the CON group. Stereological analysis revealed equivalent DR-induced neuroprotection in the SH-DR KA and ADX-DR KA groups, as measured by cell loss in the CA2/CA3 region of the hippocampus, while substantial cell loss was observed in SH-AL and ADX-AL rats. A separate set of experiments was conducted with similar dietary and surgical treatment conditions but without KA administration to examine markers of neurotrophic activity, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), transcriptions factors (pCREB), and chaperone proteins (HSP-70). Under these conditions, we noted elevations in both BDNF and pCREB in ADX DR rats compared to the other groups; whereas, HSP-70, was equivalently elevated in ADX-DR and SH-DR groups and was higher than observed in both SH-AL and ADX-AL groups. These results support findings that DR protects hippocampal neurons against KA-induced cellular insult. However, this neuroprotective effect was further enhanced in rats with a lower-than control level of CORT resulting from ADX and maintained by exogenous CORT supplementation. Our results then suggest that DR-induced physiological elevation of GC may have negative functional consequences to DR-induced beneficial effects. These negative effects, however, can be compensated by other DR-produced cellular and molecular protective mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Edward Spangler
- Laboratory of Experimental Gerontology, Gerontology Research Center, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD 21043
| | - Ruiqian Wan
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, Gerontology Research Center, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD 210434
| | | | - Mark Mattson
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, Gerontology Research Center, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD 210434
| | - Kwi-fok So
- Department of Anatomy, Li Ka Shing Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 21 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
| | - Rafael de Cabo
- Laboratory of Experimental Gerontology, Gerontology Research Center, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD 21043
| | - Sige Zou
- Laboratory of Experimental Gerontology, Gerontology Research Center, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD 21043
| | - Donald Ingram
- Correspondence should be sent to Donald K. Ingram at the Nutritional Neuroscience and Aging Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, 6400 Perkins Road, Baton Rouge, LA 70808.
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Glucocorticoids and preterm hypoxic-ischemic brain injury: the good and the bad. J Pregnancy 2012; 2012:751694. [PMID: 22970371 PMCID: PMC3431094 DOI: 10.1155/2012/751694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2012] [Accepted: 07/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Fetuses at risk of premature delivery are now routinely exposed to maternal treatment with synthetic glucocorticoids. In randomized clinical trials, these substantially reduce acute neonatal systemic morbidity, and mortality, after premature birth and reduce intraventricular hemorrhage. However, the overall neurodevelopmental impact is surprisingly unclear; worryingly, postnatal glucocorticoids are consistently associated with impaired brain development. We review the clinical and experimental evidence on how glucocorticoids may affect the developing brain and highlight the need for systematic research.
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32
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Li WZ, Wu WY, Huang DK, Yin YY, Kan HW, Wang X, Yao YY, Li WP. Protective effects of astragalosides on dexamethasone and Aβ25-35 induced learning and memory impairments due to decrease amyloid precursor protein expression in 12-month male rats. Food Chem Toxicol 2012; 50:1883-90. [PMID: 22484447 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2012.03.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2011] [Revised: 02/18/2012] [Accepted: 03/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a chronic neurodegenerative disorder of the elderly characterized by learning and memory impairment. Stress level glucocorticoids (GCs) and β-amyloid (Aβ) peptide deposition are found to be correlated with dementia progression in patients with AD. The astragalosides (AST) was extracted from traditional Chinese herb Astragalus membranaceous. In this study, 12 months male rats were treated with Aβ(25-35) (10 μg/rat, hippocampal CA1 injection) and dexamethasone (DEX, 1.5mg/kg, ig) and AST (8, 16 and 32 mg/kg, ig) or ginsenoside Rg1 (Rg1, 5 mg/kg, ig) for 14 days. We investigated the protective effect of AST against DEX+Aβ(25-35) injury in rats and its mechanisms of action. Our results indicate that DEX+Aβ(25-35) can induce learning and memory impairments and increase APP and Aβ(1-40) expression. AST (16, 32 mg/kg) or Rg1 (5mg/kg) treatment significantly improve learning and memory, down-regulate the mRNA levels of APP and β-secretase, decrease expression of APP and Aβ(1-40) in hippocampus. The results indicated that DEX might increase hippocampal vulnerability to Aβ(25-35) and highlight the potential neuronal protection of AST.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Zu Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immunopharmacology, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, PR China
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33
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Li WZ, Li WP, Huang DK, Kan HW, Wang X, Wu WY, Yin YY, Yao YY. Dexamethasone and Aβ₂₅-₃₅ accelerate learning and memory impairments due to elevate amyloid precursor protein expression and neuronal apoptosis in 12-month male rats. Behav Brain Res 2011; 227:142-9. [PMID: 22061800 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2011.10.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2011] [Revised: 10/18/2011] [Accepted: 10/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an irreversible, progressive brain disorder of the elderly characterized by learning and memory impairment. Stress level glucocorticoids (GCs) and β-amyloid (Aβ) peptides deposition are found to be correlated with dementia progression in patients with AD. However, little is known about the simultaneous effects of glucocorticoids and Aβ on learning and memory impairment and its mechanism. In this study, 12-month-old male rats were chronically treated with Aβ(25-35) (10 μg/rat, hippocampal CA1 injection) and dexamethasone (DEX, 1.5mg/kg) for 14 days to investigate the effects of DEX and Aβ(25-35) treatment on learning and memory impairments, pathological changes, neuronal ultrastructure, amyloid precursor protein (APP) processing and neuronal cell apoptosis. Our results showed that DEX or Aβ(25-35) treatment alone for 14 days had caused slight damage on learning and memory impairments and hippocampal neurons, but damages were significantly increased with DEX+Aβ(25-35) treatment. And the mRNA levels of the APP, β-secretase and caspase 3 were significantly increased after DEX+Aβ(25-35) treatment. The immunohistochemistry demonstrated that APP, Aβ(1-40), caspase 3 and cytochrome c in hippocampus CA1 were significantly increased. Furthermore, Hoechst 33258 staining and Aβ(1-40) ELISA results showed that DEX+Aβ(25-35) treatment induced hippocampus CA1 neuron apoptosis and increased the level of Aβ(1-40). The results suggest that the simultaneous effects of GCs and Aβ may have important roles in the etiopathogenesis of AD, and demonstrate that stressful life events and GC therapy may increase the toxicity of Aβ and have cumulative impacts on the course of AD development and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Zu Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immunopharmacology, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Research and Development, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, PR China
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Yamate S, Nishigori H, Kishimoto S, Tezuka Y, Fukushima A, Sugiyama T, Nishigori H. Effects of glucocorticoid on brain acetylcholinesterase of developing chick embryos. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2010; 36:11-8. [PMID: 20178522 DOI: 10.1111/j.1447-0756.2009.01091.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
AIM Fetal exposure to excessive or deficient glucocorticoids may alter the programming in differentiation and maturation of various tissues including the brain and nervous system, leading to dysfunctions later in life. For further exploration of this possibility, we established an animal model using developing chick embryos. METHODS (i) Reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction was used to determine the expression of glucocorticoid receptor mRNA in the brain of chick embryos. (ii) Embryos on day 15 were administered betamethasone or mifepristone and their cerebrum, cerebellum and optic lobe were investigated to determine the activity of acetylcholinesterase. RESULTS (i) Glucocorticoid receptor mRNA was shown to be present in the cerebrum, cerebellum and optic lobe. (ii) After the administration of betamethasone, acetylcholinesterase activities in the cerebrum, cerebellum and optic lobe on day 19 were 1.5- to 2-fold higher than those of untreated control. Weights of body and brain parts were 0.65-0.75-fold relative to control values. However, these differences were less noticeable on day 22. (iii) Administration of mifepristone before treatment with betamethasone prevented high-dose betamethasone-induced changes in acetylcholinesterase activity and bodyweights on day 19. Administration of mifepristone alone did not induce differences from the control. CONCLUSIONS The cerebrum, cerebellum and optic lobe of chick embryos could be influenced by glucocorticoids because of the presence of glucocorticoid receptor mRNA. Although the effects observed after treatment with excess glucocorticoids (even no effects after mifepristone treatment) were transitory, they may alter the developmental program in ways that could result in lasting change and influence behavioral activities after hatching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumire Yamate
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Iwate Medical University, Iwate, Japan
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