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S SP, K KE. Contribution of Glutathione-S-Transferases Polymorphism and Risk of Coronary Artery Diseases: A Meta-Analysis. Curr Aging Sci 2022; 15:282-292. [PMID: 35249517 DOI: 10.2174/1874609815666220304193925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oxidative stress is one of the risk components in the development of coronary artery diseases (CAD) and polymorphism in major antioxidant genes like Glutathione-S-Transferases (GST) has been associated with the increased CAD susceptibility and severity. OBJECTIVE To get a precise evaluation and to update the association, a meta-analysis on GST (GSTM1, GSTT1 and GSTP1) polymorphism with CAD was performed. Moreover, the combined effect of GSTM1/GSTT1 null genotypes on CAD risk which is not yet studied so far but it has the highest risk of developing diseases. MATERIALS AND METHOD PubMed, Embase and Web of Science were systematically searched for eligible studies. Case-control studies with genotypic frequency, provide data to calculate odds ratio (OR) and in English language were selected. OR with 95% C.I was calculated and random effect model was used. NOS scale was used to asses the qulity of the included studies. RESULTS Meta-analysis indicated that the GSTM1 null genotype and GSTP1 (Ile105Val) polymorphism is significantly associated with CAD risk with a pooled OR-1.38, p=0.01 for GSTM1 and OR-1.19, p=0.04 for GSTP1. Dual null genotype of GSTM1-GSTT1 has highest risk for CAD development (OR-1.59, p=0.003) and there is no significant association for GSTT1 null genotype with CAD. In the subgroup analysis, GSTM1 showed the increased risk for Asians (OR-1.68, p=<0.01) and smokers (OR-1.98, p=<0.01). Publication bias was not observed. CONCLUSION The findings suggests that the GSTM1/GSTP1 polymorphism can be a predictive factor for CAD risk and a larger sample size is required further to confirm the association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santhi Priya S
- Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Hospital & Research Institute, Chettinad Academy of Research & Education, Kelambakkam-603 103, Chengalpattu Dt.,TN, India
| | - Kumar Ebenezar K
- Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Hospital & Research Institute, Chettinad Academy of Research & Education, Kelambakkam-603 103, Chengalpattu Dt.,TN, India
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Pharmacogenomic analysis of a genetically distinct Indigenous population. THE PHARMACOGENOMICS JOURNAL 2022; 22:100-108. [PMID: 34824386 DOI: 10.1038/s41397-021-00262-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Indigenous Australians face a disproportionately severe burden of chronic disease relative to other Australians, with elevated rates of morbidity and mortality. While genomics technologies are slowly gaining momentum in personalised treatments for many, a lack of pharmacogenomic research in Indigenous peoples could delay adoption. Appropriately implementing pharmacogenomics in clinical care necessitates an understanding of the frequencies of pharmacologically relevant genetic variants within Indigenous populations. We analysed whole-genome sequence data from 187 individuals from the Tiwi Islands and characterised the pharmacogenomic landscape of this population. Specifically, we compared variant profiles and allelic distributions of previously described pharmacologically significant genes and variants with other population groups. We identified 22 translationally relevant pharmacogenomic variants and 18 clinically actionable guidelines with implications for drug dosing and treatment of conditions including heart disease, diabetes and cancer. We specifically observed increased poor and intermediate metabolizer phenotypes in the CYP2C9 (PM:19%, IM:44%) and CYP2C19 (PM:18%, IM:44%) genes.
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Sobha SP, Ebenezar K. Susceptibility of Glutathione--S-Transferase Polymorphism to CVD Development in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus - A Review. Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets 2021; 22:225-234. [PMID: 34496736 DOI: 10.2174/1871530321666210908115222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metabolic disorder affects normal homeostasis and can lead to the development of diseases. Diabetes mellitus is the most common metabolic disorder, and a cluster of metabolic conditions can lead to cardiovascular disease (CVD) development. Diabetes mellitus and CVD are closely related, with oxidative stress, playing a major role in the pathophysiology. Glutathione-S-Transferases (GST) potentially play an important role by reducing oxidative stress and is found to be the underlying pathophysiology in the development of diabetes, cardiovascular diseases (CVD), etc. Objectives: In this review, the role of GST genetic variant in the development of diabetes mellitus, CVD and diabetic vascular complications has been focused. RESULTS Based on the literature, it is evident that the GST can act as an important biochemical tool providing significant evidence regarding oxidative stress predominant in the development of diseases. Analysis of GST gene status, particularly detection of GSTM1 and GSTT1 null mutations and GSTP1 polymorphism, have clinical importance. CONCLUSION The analysis of GST polymorphism may help identify the people at risk and provide proper medical management. Genotyping of GST gene would be a helpful biomarker for early diagnosis of CVD development in DM and also in CVD cases. More studies focusing on the association of GST polymorphism with CVD development in diabetic patients will help us determine the pathophysiology better.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santhi Priya Sobha
- Natural Medicine and Molecular Physiology Lab, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education, Kelambakkam-603103, Chengalpattu Dt., TN. India
| | - Kumar Ebenezar
- Natural Medicine and Molecular Physiology Lab, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education, Kelambakkam-603103, Chengalpattu Dt., TN. India
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An updated meta-analysis showed smoking modify the association of GSTM1 null genotype on the risk of coronary heart disease. Biosci Rep 2021; 41:227694. [PMID: 33506866 PMCID: PMC7881159 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20200490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Oxidative stress is considered to be involved in the pathogenesis of coronary heart disease (CHD). Glutathione-S-transferase (GST) enzymes play important roles in antioxidant defenses and may influence CHD risk. The present meta-analysis was performed to investigate the link between glutathione S-transferase M1 (GSTM1) null genotype and CHD and to get a precise evaluation of interaction between GSTM1 null genotype and smoking by the case-only design. Methods PubMed and EMBASE databases were searched through 15 December 2020 to retrieve articles. Odds ratios (ORs) were pooled using either fixed-effects or random-effects models. Results Thirty-seven studies showed that GSTM1 null genotype was associated with risk of CHD in total population, Caucasians and Asians (for total population, OR = 1.38, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.15, 1.65; for Caucasians, OR = 1.34, 95% CI: 1.04, 1.72; for Asians, OR = 1.40, 95% CI: 1.11, 1.77). After adjustment for heterogeneity, these relationships were still significant. After adjustment for heterogeneity, case-only analysis of 11 studies showed a positive multiplicative interaction between GSTM1 null genotype and smoking (ever smoking vs. never smoking) (OR = 1.27, 95% CI: 1.08, 1.50; I2 = 0%, P=0.553). Conclusions The overall results indicated that GSTM1 null genotype was associated with a higher risk of CHD, and the association may be affected by smoking status. This is the first meta-analysis to prove a positive effect of the interaction between GSTM1 null genotype and smoking status on the risk of CHD. Well-designed studies are needed to investigate the possible gene–gene or gene–environment interactions.
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Zhu K, Meng Q, Zhang Z, Yi T, He Y, Zheng J, Lei W. Aryl hydrocarbon receptor pathway: Role, regulation and intervention in atherosclerosis therapy (Review). Mol Med Rep 2019; 20:4763-4773. [PMID: 31638212 PMCID: PMC6854528 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2019.10748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is a ligand‑activated transcription factor originally isolated and characterized as the dioxin or xenobiotic receptor. With the discovery of endogenous ligands and studies of AhR knockout mice, AhR has been found to serve an important role in several biological processes, including immune responses and developmental and pathological regulation. In particular, it has been considered as a new major player in cardiovascular diseases. Recent studies have revealed that the development of atherosclerosis is closely associated with AhR function. However, the roles of the AhR in the pathological development of atherosclerosis and atherosclerosis‑associated diseases remain unclear. The current review presents the molecular mechanisms involved in the regulation of AhR expression during inflammation, oxidative stress and lipid deposition. Additionally, the role of the AhR in atherosclerosis and atherosclerosis‑associated diseases is reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaixi Zhu
- Cardiovascular Medicine Center, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524001, P.R. China
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524001, P.R. China
| | - Qingqi Meng
- Department of Orthopedics, Guangzhou Red Cross Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510000, P.R. China
| | - Zhi Zhang
- Department of Vascular, Thyroid and Breast Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical College, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524001, P.R. China
| | - Tao Yi
- Cardiovascular Medicine Center, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524001, P.R. China
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524001, P.R. China
| | - Yuan He
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524001, P.R. China
| | - Jing Zheng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53715, USA
| | - Wei Lei
- Cardiovascular Medicine Center, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524001, P.R. China
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524001, P.R. China
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Azarova I, Bushueva O, Konoplya A, Polonikov A. Glutathione S-transferase genes and the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus: Role of sexual dimorphism, gene-gene and gene-smoking interactions in disease susceptibility. J Diabetes 2018; 10:398-407. [PMID: 29111615 DOI: 10.1111/1753-0407.12623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Revised: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Compromised defense against reactive oxygen species (ROS) is considered important in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM); therefore, genes encoding antioxidant defense enzymes may contribute to disease susceptibility. This study investigated whether polymorphisms in genes encoding glutathione S-transferase M1 (GSTM1), T1 (GSTT1), and P1 (GSTP1) jointly contribute to the risk of T2DM. METHODS In all, 1120 unrelated Russian subjects (600 T2DM patients, 520 age- and sex-matched healthy subjects), were recruited to the study. Genotyping was performed by multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR; del/del polymorphisms of GSTM1 and GSTT1) and TaqMan-based PCR (polymorphisms I105V and A114V of GSTP1). Plasma ROS and glutathione levels in study subjects were analyzed by fluorometric and colorimetric assays, respectively. RESULTS Genotype del/del GSTT1 was significantly associated with the risk of T2DM (odds ratio [OR] 1.60, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.17-2.21, P = 0.003). Gender-stratified analysis showed that the deletion genotypes of GSTM1 (OR 1.99, 95% CI 1.30-3.05; P = 0.0002, Q = 0.016) and GSTT1 (OR 2.23, 95% CI 1.22-4.09; P = 0.008, Q = 0.0216), as well as genotype 114A/V of GSTP1 (OR 2.85, 95% CI 1.44-5.62; P = 0.005, Q = 0.02) were associated with an increased risk of T2DM exclusively in males. Three genotype combinations (i.e. GSTM1+ × GSTT1+, GSTM1+ × GSTP1 114A/A and GSTT1+ × GSTP1 114A/A) showed significant associations with a decreased risk of T2DM in males. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates, for the first time, that genes encoding glutathione S-transferases jointly contribute to the risk of T2DM, and that their effects on disease susceptibility are gender specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iuliia Azarova
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Kursk State Medical University, Kursk, Russian Federation
- Laboratory of Biochemical Genetics and Metabolomics, Research Institute for Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology, Kursk State Medical University, Kursk, Russian Federation
| | - Olga Bushueva
- Department of Biology, Medical Genetics and Ecology, Kursk State Medical University, Kursk, Russian Federation
- Laboratory of Genomic Research, Research Institute for Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology, Kursk State Medical University, Kursk, Russian Federation
| | - Alexander Konoplya
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Kursk State Medical University, Kursk, Russian Federation
| | - Alexey Polonikov
- Department of Biology, Medical Genetics and Ecology, Kursk State Medical University, Kursk, Russian Federation
- Laboratory of Statistical Genetics and Bioinformatics, Research Institute for Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology, Kursk State Medical University, Kursk, Russian Federation
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Barseem N, Elsamalehy M. Gene Polymorphisms of Glutathione S-Transferase T1/M1 in Egyptian Children and Adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus. J Clin Res Pediatr Endocrinol 2017; 9:138-143. [PMID: 27908841 PMCID: PMC5463286 DOI: 10.4274/jcrpe.3690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Oxidative stress plays an important role in the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). To evaluate the association of glutathione S-transferase mu 1 (GST M1) and glutathione S-transferase theta 1 (GST T1) polymorphisms with development of T1DM and disease-related risk factors. METHODS Measurement of fasting glucose, serum creatinine, lipid profile, and glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), as well as evaluation of GST T1 and M1 genetic polymorphisms using polymerase chain reaction were done in 64 diabetic children and 41 controls. RESULTS The diabetic group had significantly higher fasting glucose, HbA1c, and cholesterol levels. GST T1 null genotype was more frequent in the diabetic than the control group with 4.2-fold increased risk of T1DM (odds ratio=4.2; 95% confidence interval=1.6-11.5; p=0.03). Significant positive associations were found with lipid profile, HbA1c, and duration of illness but not with age, age at onset, and body mass index. CONCLUSION Gene polymorphisms of the enzyme GST are associated with development of T1DM and disease-related risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naglaa Barseem
- Menoufia University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Shibin Elkom, Egypt, E-mail:
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Stea F, Faita F, Borghini A, Faita F, Bianchi F, Bustaffa E, Minichilli F, Andreassi MG, Sicari R. Arsenic and subclinical vascular damage in a sample of Italian young adults: a cross-sectional analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:20307-20314. [PMID: 27448814 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-7260-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to arsenic (As) increases cardiovascular risk. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationship between As and intima-media thickness (IMT) in the common carotid artery and common genetic variants in genes implicated in As metabolism (ASIIIMT Met287Thr, GSTT1+/-, and GSTM1+/-) and DNA repair (hOGG1 Ser326Cys and XRCC1 Arg399Ser). Two hundred and fourteen healthy volunteers, age 20-46, were recruited in four zones polluted by As. Urine samples were tested for total As, inorganic As (iAs), monomethylarsinic (MMA), and dimethylarsinic acid (DMA). Primary and secondary methylation index (PMI, SMI) were computed as MMA/iAs and DMA/MMA. Common carotid artery scans were obtained by high-resolution ultrasound. There was no correlation between IMT and total As, iAs, iAs + MMA + DMA, PMI, or SMI. However, the increase of IMT with age was higher than that observed in the healthy population, both in males (6.25 vs. 5.20 μm/year) and, to a lesser extent, in females (5.05 vs. 4.97 μm/year). After correction for age and gender, subjects with a high urinary As level (≥3.86 μg/L) and carriers of the GSTT1-positive (+) genotype also had higher IMT than those with a low urinary level and the GSTT1-null (-) genotype (0.56 [0.48-0.64] vs. 0.53 [0.44-0.62] mm, p = 0.010). The analysis hints at faster vascular aging as compared to the healthy population. Our findings also suggested that GSTT1 and hOGG1 gene polymorphisms might play an important role in the individual risk of As-induced carotid atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Stea
- CNR Institute of Clinical Physiology, Via G. Moruzzi 1, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Francesco Faita
- CNR Institute of Clinical Physiology, Via G. Moruzzi 1, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Andrea Borghini
- CNR Institute of Clinical Physiology, Via G. Moruzzi 1, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Francesca Faita
- CNR Institute of Clinical Physiology, Via G. Moruzzi 1, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Bianchi
- CNR Institute of Clinical Physiology, Via G. Moruzzi 1, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Elisa Bustaffa
- CNR Institute of Clinical Physiology, Via G. Moruzzi 1, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | | | | | - Rosa Sicari
- CNR Institute of Clinical Physiology, Via G. Moruzzi 1, 56124, Pisa, Italy.
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Borghini A, Faita F, Mercuri A, Minichilli F, Bustaffa E, Bianchi F, Andreassi MG. Arsenic exposure, genetic susceptibility and leukocyte telomere length in an Italian young adult population. Mutagenesis 2016; 31:539-46. [PMID: 27084675 DOI: 10.1093/mutage/gew017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Arsenic-induced health effects may be associated with critically shortened telomeres. However, few data are available on the effects of arsenic exposure on telomere length. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of chronic arsenic exposure on leukocyte telomere length (LTL) as well as the contribution of common polymorphisms in genes implicated in arsenic metabolism (GSTT1 and GSTM1) and DNA repair (hOGG1 and XRCC1). A group of 241 healthy subjects was enrolled from four areas of Italy known to be affected by natural or anthropogenic arsenic pollution. Urine samples were tested for inorganic As (iAs), monomethylarsinic (MMA) and dimethylarsinic acid (DMA). LTL was evaluated by quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Genotyping was carried out by PCR-RFLP on leukocyte DNA. In multiple linear regression analysis, LTL was significantly and inversely correlated with age (β = -0.231, P = 0.006) and showed a certain trend toward significance with iAs urinary concentration (log10 iAs, β = -0.106, P = 0.08). The genotype distribution showed significant associations between GSTT1 and the As concentration (log10 iAs, P = 0.01) and metabolite patterns (log10 DMA, P = 0.05) in the urine. However, GST genes did not interact with arsenic exposure in the modulation of LTL. Conversely, the combined presence of a higher level of iAs + MMA + DMA ≥ 19.3 μg/l (F = 6.0, P interaction = 0.01), Asi ≥ 3.86 (F = 3.9, P interaction = 0.04) μg/l, iAs + MMA + DMA ≥ 15 μg/l (F = 4.2, P interaction = 0.04) and hOGG1 Cys allele was associated with a significantly lower LTL. An interaction between XRCC1 Arg399Gln and arsenic exposure was also observed (all P interaction = 0.04). These findings suggest that telomere shortening may represent a mechanism that contributes to arsenic-related disease. The interaction of hOGG1 and XRCC1 DNA repair polymorphisms and exposure enhances telomeric DNA damage. Future studies are warranted to understand better the epidemiologic impact of arsenic on telomere function as well as to identify the subgroups of exposed subjects who need better health surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Borghini
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, Via G. Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Francesca Faita
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, Via G. Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Antonella Mercuri
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, Via G. Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Minichilli
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, Via G. Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Elisa Bustaffa
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, Via G. Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Bianchi
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, Via G. Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Andreassi
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, Via G. Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy
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Han JH, Lee HJ, Kim TS, Kang MH. The effect of glutathione S-transferase M1 and T1 polymorphisms on blood pressure, blood glucose, and lipid profiles following the supplementation of kale (Brassica oleracea acephala) juice in South Korean subclinical hypertensive patients. Nutr Res Pract 2015; 9:49-56. [PMID: 25671068 PMCID: PMC4317480 DOI: 10.4162/nrp.2015.9.1.49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Revised: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Glutathione S-transferase (GST) forms a multigene family of phase II detoxification enzymes which are involved in the detoxification of reactive oxygen species. This study examines whether daily supplementation of kale juice can modulate blood pressure (BP), levels of lipid profiles, and blood glucose, and whether this modulation could be affected by the GSTM1 and GSTT1 polymorphisms. SUBJECTS/METHODS 84 subclinical hypertensive patients showing systolic BP over 130 mmHg or diastolic BP over 85 mmHg received 300 ml/day of kale juice for 6 weeks, and blood samples were collected on 0-week and 6-week in order to evaluate plasma lipid profiles (total cholesterol, triglyceride, HDL-cholesterol, and LDL-cholesterol) and blood glucose. RESULTS Systolic and diastolic blood pressure was significantly decreased in all patients regardless of their GSTM1 or GSTT1 polymorphisms after kale juice supplementation. Blood glucose level was decreased only in the GSTM1-present genotype, and plasma lipid profiles showed no difference in both the GSTM1-null and GSTM1-present genotypes. In the case of GSTT1, on the other hand, plasma HDL-C was increased and LDL-C was decreased only in the GSTT1-present type, while blood glucose was decreased only in the GSTT1-null genotype. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that the supplementation of kale juice affected blood pressure, lipid profiles, and blood glucose in subclinical hypertensive patients depending on their GST genetic polymorphisms, and the improvement of lipid profiles was mainly greater in the GSTT1-present genotype and the decrease of blood glucose was greater in the GSTM1-present or GSTT1-null genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong-Hwa Han
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Life Science and Nano-technology, Hannam University, 461-6 Jeonmin-dong, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-811, Korea
| | - Hye-Jin Lee
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Life Science and Nano-technology, Hannam University, 461-6 Jeonmin-dong, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-811, Korea
| | - Tae-Seok Kim
- R&D Center, Pulmuone Co., Ltd., Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-600, Korea
| | - Myung-Hee Kang
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Life Science and Nano-technology, Hannam University, 461-6 Jeonmin-dong, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-811, Korea
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Al-Khalili L, de Castro Barbosa T, Östling J, Massart J, Katayama M, Nyström AC, Oscarsson J, Zierath JR. Profiling of human myotubes reveals an intrinsic proteomic signature associated with type 2 diabetes. TRANSLATIONAL PROTEOMICS 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trprot.2013.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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Zhou D, Hu W, Wang Q, Jin Y. Glutathione S-transferase M1 polymorphism and coronary heart disease susceptibility: a meta-analysis involving 47,596 subjects. Heart Lung Circ 2014; 23:578-85. [PMID: 24525147 DOI: 10.1016/j.hlc.2014.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2013] [Revised: 12/26/2013] [Accepted: 01/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many studies have investigated the association between glutathione S-transferase M1 (GSTM1) null genotype and the risk of coronary heart disease (CHD). However, the effect of the GSTM1 null genotype on CHD is still unclear because of apparent inconsistencies among those studies. A meta-analysis was performed to characterise the relationship more accurately. METHODS Pubmed, Embase, and Web of Science were searched. We estimated the summary odds ratio (OR) with a 95% confidence interval (95% CI) to assess the association. RESULTS Up to 26 case-control studies with 13,929 CHD cases and 33,667 control cases were included into this meta-analysis. Meta-analysis of the 26 studies showed that GSTM1 null genotype was associated with the risk of CHD (random effects OR=1.35, 95% CI 1.00 to 1.83). After adjustment for heterogeneity, meta-analysis showed that GSTM1 null genotype was not associated with increased risk of CHD in the total population (fixed effects OR=1.01, 95% CI 0.95 to 1.07). In the subgroup analysis by ethnicity, increased risks were not found for either Caucasians (OR=1.36, 95% CI=0.96-1.92) or Asians (OR=1.28, 95% CI=0.91-1.80). When stratified by smoking status, in the subgroup of smokers, GSTM1 null genotype was significantly associated with increased CHD risk (random effects OR=1.64, 95% CI 1.02 to 2.64). No evidence of publication bias was observed. CONCLUSION In conclusion, this meta-analysis suggested that there is overall lack of association between GSTM1 genotypes and CHD risk, however, GSTM1 null genotype when combining with smoking history may contribute to CHD susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghui Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110032, China
| | - Weina Hu
- Department of Cardiology, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110032, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Department of Cardiology, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110032, China
| | - Yuanzhe Jin
- Department of Cardiology, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110032, China.
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Salminen LE, Paul RH. Oxidative stress and genetic markers of suboptimal antioxidant defense in the aging brain: a theoretical review. Rev Neurosci 2014; 25:805-19. [PMID: 25153586 PMCID: PMC6378111 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2014-0046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Accepted: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Normal aging involves a gradual breakdown of physiological processes that leads to a decline in cognitive functions and brain integrity, yet the onset and progression of decline are variable among older individuals. While many biological changes may contribute to this degree of variability, oxidative stress is a key mechanism of the aging process that can cause direct damage to cellular architecture within the brain. Oligodendrocytes are at a high risk for oxidative damage due to their role in myelin maintenance and production and limited repair mechanisms, suggesting that white matter may be particularly vulnerable to oxidative activity. Antioxidant defense enzymes within the brain, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and glutathione-S-transferase (GST), are crucial for breaking down the harmful end products of oxidative phosphorylation. Previous studies have revealed that allele variations of polymorphisms that encode these antioxidants are associated with abnormalities in SOD, CAT, GPx, and GST activity in the central nervous system. This review will focus on the role of oxidative stress in the aging brain and the impact of decreased antioxidant defense on brain integrity and cognitive function. Directions for future research investigations of antioxidant defense genes will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren E Salminen
- Department of Psychology, University of Missouri-Saint Louis, 1 University Boulevard, Stadler Hall 442 A, St. Louis, MO 63121, USA
| | - Robert H Paul
- Department of Psychology, University of Missouri-Saint Louis, 1 University Boulevard, Stadler Hall 442 A, St. Louis, MO 63121, USA
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14
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Marinković N, Pasalić D, Potocki S. Polymorphisms of genes involved in polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons' biotransformation and atherosclerosis. Biochem Med (Zagreb) 2013; 23:255-65. [PMID: 24266295 PMCID: PMC3900076 DOI: 10.11613/bm.2013.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are among the most prevalent environmental pollutants and result from the incomplete combustion of hydrocarbons (coal and gasoline, fossil fuel combustion, byproducts of industrial processing, natural emission, cigarette smoking, etc.). The first phase of xenobiotic biotransformation in the PAH metabolism includes activities of cytochrome P450 from the CYP1 family and microsomal epoxide hydrolase. The products of this biotransformation are reactive oxygen species that are transformed in the second phase through the formation of conjugates with glutathione, glucuronate or sulphates. PAH exposure may lead to PAH-DNA adduct formation or induce an inflammatory atherosclerotic plaque phenotype. Several genetic polymorphisms of genes encoded for enzymes involved in PAH biotransformation have been proven to lead to the development of diseases. Enzyme CYP P450 1A1, which is encoded by the CYP1A1 gene, is vital in the monooxygenation of lipofilic substrates, while GSTM1 and GSTT1 are the most abundant isophorms that conjugate and neutralize oxygen products. Some single nucleotide polymorphisms of the CYP1A1 gene as well as the deletion polymorphisms of GSTT1 and GSTM1 may alter the final specific cellular inflammatory respond. Occupational exposure or conditions from the living environment can contribute to the production of PAH metabolites with adverse effects on human health. The aim of this study was to obtain data on biotransformation and atherosclerosis, as well as data on the gene polymorphisms involved in biotransformation, in order to better study gene expression and further elucidate the interaction between genes and the environment.
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15
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Vojtková J, Durdík P, Ciljaková M, Michnová Z, Turcan T, Babusíková E. The association between gene polymorphisms of glutathione S-transferase T1/M1 and type 1 diabetes in Slovak children and adolescents. Cent Eur J Public Health 2013; 21:88-91. [PMID: 24053064 DOI: 10.21101/cejph.a3807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Considering a dramatic increase in the incidence of type 1 diabetes (T1D) worldwide, current research focuses on complex etiology of T1D where immune system, environmental and genetic factors play a significant role. Glutathione S-transferase family of enzymes protects tissue from oxidative damage which is discussed in the context of T1D. The aim of the study was to investigate an association of glutathione S-transferase mu 1 (GST M1) and glutathione S-transferase theta 1 (GST T1) polymorphisms with type 1 diabetes. METHODS 163 children, 116 with type 1 diabetes and 47 healthy controls, at the age 6-19 years were enrolled to the study. Basic anthropometric, biochemical parameters and GST T1 diabetes and M1 polymorphisms were established in each subject. RESULTS Subjects with T1D had significantly lower concentration of uric acid compared to the healthy subjects (212.85 +/- 57.10 micromol/l vs. 269.57 +/- 72.53; p < 0.001). GST T1 null genotype was more frequent in patients with diabetes compared to the healthy controls (36.2% vs. 21.3%) and represented 2.1-fold increased risk of T1D of borderline statistical significance (OR = 2.1; 95% Cl = 0.949-4.648; p = 0.06). GST T1 null/M1 wild genotype combination was more frequent in patients with diabetes (25.9% vs. 10.6%) and represented 2.9-fold increased risk for T1D development (OR = 2.93; 95% CI = 1.061-8.095; p = 0.032). CONCLUSION The study indicates that GST T1 null genotype and GST T1 null/M1 wild combination could be considered a risk factor for type 1 diabetes development in Slovak children and adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarmila Vojtková
- Department of Pediatrics, Comenius University in Bratislava, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Martin, Slovakia.
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16
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Cisplatin-induced ototoxicity in pediatric solid tumors: the role of glutathione S-transferases and megalin genetic polymorphisms. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2013; 35:e138-43. [PMID: 23274376 DOI: 10.1097/mph.0b013e3182707fc5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Cisplatin-induced ototoxicity, an important dose-limiting side effect, has proven high interindividual variability. Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) are isoenzymes involved in cellular detoxification processes. Megalin has been demonstrated to bind aminoglycosides, known to be similar to cisplatin for their ototoxicity. The GSTs and megalin expression is genetically polymorphic, which might be responsible for the variability in cisplatin-induced ototoxicity. The genotyping of GSTM1, GSTT1 polymorphisms, and 2 nonsynonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) at megalin genes, rs2075252 and rs2228171, were performed in 68 children diagnosed with solid tumors who received cisplatin-based chemotherapy. After the end of treatment, audiometry demonstrated hearing loss in 79.4% of patients according to Brock classification. The cumulative cisplatin dose >400 mg/m is associated with increased risk of cisplatin-induced ototoxicity [odds ratio (OR), 17.5; 95% confidence interval (CI), 3.09-98.62]. GSTT1 wild genotype and C-allele of rs2228171 SNPs of megalin gene occurred with higher frequency in patients with ototoxicity (P=0.023; OR, 10; 95% CI, 1.80-56.00 and P=0.034; OR, 2.67; 95% CI, 1.22-5.82, respectively). In conclusion, our results suggested that GSTT1 wild genotype and C-allele of rs2228171 SNPs might be risk factors for ototoxicity. The cumulative cisplatin dose <400 mg/m should be beneficial in order to ameliorate ototoxicity.
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17
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18
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Kariž S, Nikolajević Starčević J, Petrovič D. Association of manganese superoxide dismutase and glutathione S-transferases genotypes with myocardial infarction in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2012; 98:144-50. [PMID: 22858312 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2012.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2012] [Revised: 07/14/2012] [Accepted: 07/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
AIM In the present study we investigated the association between genetic polymorphisms with functional effects on redox regulation: Val16Ala of manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD), polymorphic deletions of glutathione S-transferases M1 (GSTM1) and T1 (GSTT1) and Ile105Val of glutathione S-transferase P1 (GSTP1) and myocardial infarction (MI) in a group of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. METHODS The study population consisted of 463 Caucasian subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus of more than 10 years' duration: 206 patients with MI and 257 patients with no history of coronary artery disease (CAD). Genotypes were determined by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and with multiplex PCR. RESULTS The genotype distributions of tested single nucleotide polymorphisms did not show significant difference between cases and controls. After adjustment for age, gender, smoking, BMI, duration of diabetes and lipid parameters carriers of GSTM1/GSTT1-null haplotype showed an increased risk for MI (OR=3.22, 95% CI 1.37-5.04, p=0.03). CONCLUSIONS The GSTM1/GSTT1 haplotype might be a genetic risk factor for MI in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stojan Kariž
- Internal Department, General Hospital Izola, Polje 35, 6310 Izola, Slovenia.
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19
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GSTT1 null genotype contributes to coronary heart disease risk: a meta-analysis. Mol Biol Rep 2012; 39:8571-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-012-1691-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2012] [Accepted: 06/06/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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20
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Tsai JP, Yang SF, Wu SW, Hung TW, Tsai HC, Lian JD, Chang HR. Glutathione S-transferase gene polymorphisms are not major risks for susceptibility to posttransplantation diabetes mellitus in Taiwan renal transplant recipients. J Clin Lab Anal 2012; 25:432-5. [PMID: 22086798 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.20498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutathione S-transferase (GST) M1 null genotype has been reported playing a significant role in the diabetes mellitus (DM) susceptibility in Turkish population. We investigated whether the GSTM1, GSTA1, and GSTP1 gene polymorphisms are associated with posttransplantation diabetes mellitus (PTDM) in Taiwan. There were 283 renal transplant recipients (RTRs) enrolled. Polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism was used for the measurement of GSTA1, M1, and P1 genetic polymorphisms. PTDM was diagnosed according to the American Diabetes Association guidelines. Eight-five patients (30%) were diagnosed with PTDM. The averaged posttransplant follow-up period was 77.9 ± 27.2 months. Duration from transplantat to diagnosis of PTDM ranged from 0.2 to 103.1 months (19.2 ± 26.3 months). There were significantly differences between non-DM and PTDM groups in age (50.6 ± 11.0 vs. 54.6 ± 9.36 years, P = 0.005), BMI (22.4 ± 3.6 vs. 24.3 ± 3.8, P<0.001). The distributions of GSTA1, GSTP1, and GSTM1 genotypes alleles were not significantly different between PTDM and non-DM group. Patients carrying the different GSTA1, GSTP1, and GSTM1 genetic and allelic polymorphisms had no differences for the development of PTDM. These overall results suggested a lack of strong association with GSTA1, GSTP1, and GSTM1 genetic polymorphisms to the susceptibility of PTDM in Taiwanese RTRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jen-Pi Tsai
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Nephrology, Buddhist Dalin Tzu Chi General Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan
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21
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Are glutathione S transferases involved in DNA damage signalling? Interactions with DNA damage and repair revealed from molecular epidemiology studies. Mutat Res 2012; 736:130-7. [PMID: 22450146 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2012.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2012] [Accepted: 03/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) are members of a multigene family of isoenzymes that are important in the control of oxidative stress and in phase II metabolism. Acting non-enzymically, GSTs can modulate signalling pathways of cell proliferation, cell differentiation and apoptosis. Using a molecular epidemiology approach, we have investigated a potential involvement of GSTs in DNA damage processing, specifically the modulation of DNA repair in a group of 388 healthy adult volunteers; 239 with at least 5 years of occupational exposure to asbestos, stone wool or glass fibre, and 149 reference subjects. We measured DNA damage in lymphocytes using the comet assay (alkaline single cell gel electrophoresis): strand breaks (SBs) and alkali-labile sites, oxidised pyrimidines with endonuclease III, and oxidised purines with formamidopyrimidine DNA glycosylase. We also measured GST activity in erythrocytes, and the capacity for base excision repair (BER) in a lymphocyte extract. Polymorphisms in genes encoding three GST isoenzymes were determined, namely deletion of GSTM1 and GSTT1 and single nucleotide polymorphism Ile105Val in GSTP1. Consumption of vegetables and wine correlated negatively with DNA damage and modulated BER. GST activity correlated with oxidised bases and with BER capacity, and differed depending on polymorphisms in GSTP1, GSTT1 and GSTM1. A significantly lower BER rate was associated with the homozygous GSTT1 deletion in all asbestos site subjects and in the corresponding reference group. Multifactorial analysis revealed effects of sex and exposure in GSTP1 Ile/Val heterozygotes but not in Ile/Ile homozygotes. These variants affected also SBs levels, mainly by interactions of GSTP1 genotype with exposure, with sex, and with smoking habit; and by an interaction between sex and smoking. Our results show that GST polymorphisms and GST activity can apparently influence DNA stability and repair of oxidised bases, suggesting a potential new role for these proteins in DNA damage processing via DNA damage signalling.
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22
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Taspinar M, Aydos S, Sakiragaoglu O, Duzen IV, Yalcinkaya A, Oztuna D, Bardakci H, Tutar E, Sunguroglu A. Impact of Genetic Variations of theCYP1A1, GSTT1, andGSTM1Genes on the Risk of Coronary Artery Disease. DNA Cell Biol 2012; 31:211-8. [DOI: 10.1089/dna.2011.1252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Taspinar
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Sena Aydos
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Onur Sakiragaoglu
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Irfan Veysel Duzen
- Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Adnan Yalcinkaya
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Turkiye Yuksek Ihtisas Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Derya Oztuna
- Department of Biostatistics, Faculty of Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Hasmet Bardakci
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Turkiye Yuksek Ihtisas Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Eralp Tutar
- Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Asuman Sunguroglu
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
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23
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Drobná Z, Del Razo LM, Garcia-Vargas G, Sánchez-Ramírez B, González-Horta C, Ballinas-Casarrubias L, Loomis D, Stýblo M. Identification of the GST-T1 and GST-M1 null genotypes using high resolution melting analysis. Chem Res Toxicol 2011; 25:216-24. [PMID: 22136492 DOI: 10.1021/tx200457u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Glutathione S-transferases, including GST-T1 and GST-M1, are known to be involved in the phase II detoxification pathways for xenobiotics as well as in the metabolism of endogenous compounds. Polymorphisms in these genes have been linked to an increased susceptibility to carcinogenesis and associated with risk factors that predispose to certain inflammatory diseases. In addition, GST-T1 and GST-M1 null genotypes have been shown to be responsible for interindividual variations in the metabolism of arsenic, a known human carcinogen. To assess the specific GST genotypes in the Mexican population chronically exposed to arsenic, we have developed a multiplex High Resolution Melting PCR (HRM-PCR) analysis using a LightCycler480 instrument. This method is based on analysis of the PCR product melting curve that discriminates PCR products according to their lengths and base sequences. Three pairs of primers that specifically recognize GST-T1, GST-M1, and β-globin, an internal control, to produce amplicons of different length were designed and combined with LightCycler480 High Resolution Melting Master Mix containing ResoLight, a completely saturating DNA dye. Data collected from melting curve analysis were evaluated using LightCycler480 software to determine specific melting temperatures of individual melting curves representing target genes. Using this newly developed multiplex HRM-PCR analysis, we evaluated GST-T1 and GST-M1 genotypes in 504 DNA samples isolated from the blood of individuals residing in Zimapan, Lagunera, and Chihuahua regions in Mexico. We found that the Zimapan and Lagunera populations have similar GST-T1 and GST-M1 genotype frequencies which differ from those of the Chihuahua population. In addition, 14 individuals have been identified as carriers of the double null genotype, i.e., null genotypes in both GST-T1 and GST-M1 genes. Although this procedure does not distinguish between biallelic (+/+) and monoallelic (+/-) genotypes, it can be used in an automated workflow as a simple, sensitive, and time and money saving procedure for rapid identification of the GST-T1 and GST-M1 positive or null genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzana Drobná
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7461, United States.
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Cresci M, Foffa I, Ait-Ali L, Pulignani S, Gianicolo EAL, Botto N, Picano E, Andreassi MG. Maternal and paternal environmental risk factors, metabolizing GSTM1 and GSTT1 polymorphisms, and congenital heart disease. Am J Cardiol 2011; 108:1625-31. [PMID: 21890078 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2011.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2011] [Revised: 07/10/2011] [Accepted: 07/10/2011] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Congenital heart defects (CHDs) are the most prevalent of all birth malformations arising from the complex interplay of environmental exposures and genes. Modifiable environmental risk factors are still largely unknown, especially for paternal exposure. The aim of the present study was to examine the association between the environmental exposures of both parents and CHD risk and to explore the modification effect of metabolizing gene polymorphisms in children who lack the genetic capacity to produce the glutathione S-transferase (GST) GSTM1 and GSTT1 enzymes. A total of 330 parents of a child with CHD and 330 parents of a child without any congenital malformations were compared in terms of lifestyle habits and toxicant exposure. GST gene polymorphisms were investigated in 180 patients with CHD (104 males, age 4.9 ± 5.8 years). Paternal smoking (≥15 cigarettes/day) was significantly associated with CHD risk (odds ratio [OR] 2.1, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.3 to 3.5, p = 0.002). Both maternal (OR 2.6, 95% CI 1.6 to 4.2, p <0.0001) and paternal (OR 2.5, 95% CI 1.6 to 3.8, p <0.0001) occupational/environmental exposures increased the risk of CHD. Also, a significant additive risk (OR 4.5, 95% CI 2.5 to 8.3, p <0.0001) was found when both parents were exposed to toxicants. Both maternal (OR 3.6, 95% CI 1.1 to 11.2, p = 0.03) and paternal (OR 3.3, 95% CI 1.0 to 10.8, p = 0.03) exposure to toxicants increased the CHD risk in children who carried the combined null GST genotypes. The effect for the combined null GST genotypes was also stronger (OR 6.5, 95% CI 1.5 to 28.0) when both parents were exposed. In conclusion, paternal smoking and exposure to toxicants for both parents affect the risk of children with CHD. Polymorphisms in GST genes can modify a person's risk of toxicant exposure-induced disease.
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25
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Block G, Shaikh N, Jensen CD, Volberg V, Holland N. Serum vitamin C and other biomarkers differ by genotype of phase 2 enzyme genes GSTM1 and GSTT1. Am J Clin Nutr 2011; 94:929-37. [PMID: 21813807 PMCID: PMC3155929 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.111.011460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) detoxify environmental chemicals and are involved in oxidative stress pathways. Deletion polymorphisms affect enzyme activities and have been associated with risk of disease. OBJECTIVE The objective was to clarify whether biomarkers of oxidation, antioxidation, inflammation, and nutritional factors differ by GST genotype in healthy adults. DESIGN Subjects (n = 383) consisted of nonsmokers and nonusers of antiinflammatory drugs and antioxidant vitamin supplements. Deletion polymorphisms of GSTM1 and GSTT1 were genotyped. F(2)-isoprostanes, malondialdehyde, C-reactive protein, serum vitamin C, carotenoids, tocopherols, and other nutritional factors were assessed. RESULTS The concentration of serum vitamin C was higher in persons with the inactive GSTM1-0 genotype (P = 0.006). This relation was unchanged after adjustment for age, sex, BMI, or dietary vitamin C. F(2)-isoprostanes and malondialdehyde were lower in the GSTM1-0 and GSTT1-0 groups, respectively, but significance was lost after control for serum vitamin C. The dual deletion, GSTM1-0/GSTT1-0 (n = 37), was associated with higher serum iron and total and LDL-cholesterol concentrations (all P < 0.01) and lower malondialdehyde concentrations, which persisted after adjustment for age, sex, BMI, and serum vitamin C. Carotenoids and α- and γ-tocopherols were not associated with either genotype. CONCLUSIONS Oxidative stress and inflammation biomarkers differ by GST genotype, but serum vitamin C appears to be the most consistent factor. Examination of other relevant genes may be needed to understand the concentration and function of ascorbic acid in the GST enzyme system. This trial is registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00079963.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gladys Block
- School of Public Health, University of California at Berkeley, 94720-7360, USA.
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Nørskov MS, Frikke-Schmidt R, Loft S, Sillesen H, Grande P, Nordestgaard BG, Tybjærg-Hansen A. Copy Number Variation in
Glutathione S-Transferases M1
and
T1
and Ischemic Vascular Disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 4:418-28. [DOI: 10.1161/circgenetics.111.959809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background—
Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) M1 and T1 detoxify products of oxidative stress and may protect against atherosclerosis and ischemic vascular disease (IVD). We tested the hypothesis that copy number variation (CNV) in
GSTM1
and
GSTT1
genes, known to be associated with stepwise decreases in catalytic activity, predict risk of IVD.
Methods and Results—
We included 23 059 Danes from 2 general population studies and 2 case-control studies, of whom 4930 had ischemic heart disease (IHD) and 2086 had ischemic cerebrovascular disease. A real-time polymerase chain reaction method genotyped for the exact number of
GSTM1
and
GST
T1
gene copies. We also performed meta-analyses, including our own and former studies, totaling 13 196 IHD cases and 33 228 controls. CNV in
GSTM1
or
GSTT1
or genotype combinations were not associated with an increased risk of IHD, myocardial infarction, ischemic cerebrovascular disease, ischemic stroke, or any ischemic vascular event in studies individually or combined or in the meta-analyses. Furthermore, genotypes did not interact with smoking on risk of disease end points. Finally,
GST
genotypes did not associate with markers of inflammation and oxidation or interact with smoking on markers of inflammation in the general population. In contrast, we observed the well-established association between CNV in
GSTM1
and risk of bladder cancer.
Conclusions—
In studies including 6557 IVD cases and 16 502 controls and in meta-analyses of 13 196 cases and 33 228 controls, CNV in
GSTM1
and
GST
T1
genes did not associate with risk of IVD or with markers of inflammation. These observations were independent of smoking exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne S. Nørskov
- From the Departments of Clinical Biochemistry (M.S.N., R.F.-S., A.T.-H.), Vascular Surgery (H.S.), and Cardiology (P.G.), Rigshospitalet; Department of Environmental Health, Institute of Public Health (S.L.); Department of Clinical Biochemistry (B.G.N.) and The Copenhagen General Population Study (R.F.-S., B.G.N., A.T.-H.), Herlev Hospital; The Copenhagen City Heart Study (B.G.N., A.T.-H.), Bispebjerg Hospital; and Copenhagen University Hospitals and Faculty of Health Sciences (M.S.N., R.F.-S., S.L
| | - Ruth Frikke-Schmidt
- From the Departments of Clinical Biochemistry (M.S.N., R.F.-S., A.T.-H.), Vascular Surgery (H.S.), and Cardiology (P.G.), Rigshospitalet; Department of Environmental Health, Institute of Public Health (S.L.); Department of Clinical Biochemistry (B.G.N.) and The Copenhagen General Population Study (R.F.-S., B.G.N., A.T.-H.), Herlev Hospital; The Copenhagen City Heart Study (B.G.N., A.T.-H.), Bispebjerg Hospital; and Copenhagen University Hospitals and Faculty of Health Sciences (M.S.N., R.F.-S., S.L
| | - Steffen Loft
- From the Departments of Clinical Biochemistry (M.S.N., R.F.-S., A.T.-H.), Vascular Surgery (H.S.), and Cardiology (P.G.), Rigshospitalet; Department of Environmental Health, Institute of Public Health (S.L.); Department of Clinical Biochemistry (B.G.N.) and The Copenhagen General Population Study (R.F.-S., B.G.N., A.T.-H.), Herlev Hospital; The Copenhagen City Heart Study (B.G.N., A.T.-H.), Bispebjerg Hospital; and Copenhagen University Hospitals and Faculty of Health Sciences (M.S.N., R.F.-S., S.L
| | - Henrik Sillesen
- From the Departments of Clinical Biochemistry (M.S.N., R.F.-S., A.T.-H.), Vascular Surgery (H.S.), and Cardiology (P.G.), Rigshospitalet; Department of Environmental Health, Institute of Public Health (S.L.); Department of Clinical Biochemistry (B.G.N.) and The Copenhagen General Population Study (R.F.-S., B.G.N., A.T.-H.), Herlev Hospital; The Copenhagen City Heart Study (B.G.N., A.T.-H.), Bispebjerg Hospital; and Copenhagen University Hospitals and Faculty of Health Sciences (M.S.N., R.F.-S., S.L
| | - Peer Grande
- From the Departments of Clinical Biochemistry (M.S.N., R.F.-S., A.T.-H.), Vascular Surgery (H.S.), and Cardiology (P.G.), Rigshospitalet; Department of Environmental Health, Institute of Public Health (S.L.); Department of Clinical Biochemistry (B.G.N.) and The Copenhagen General Population Study (R.F.-S., B.G.N., A.T.-H.), Herlev Hospital; The Copenhagen City Heart Study (B.G.N., A.T.-H.), Bispebjerg Hospital; and Copenhagen University Hospitals and Faculty of Health Sciences (M.S.N., R.F.-S., S.L
| | - Børge G. Nordestgaard
- From the Departments of Clinical Biochemistry (M.S.N., R.F.-S., A.T.-H.), Vascular Surgery (H.S.), and Cardiology (P.G.), Rigshospitalet; Department of Environmental Health, Institute of Public Health (S.L.); Department of Clinical Biochemistry (B.G.N.) and The Copenhagen General Population Study (R.F.-S., B.G.N., A.T.-H.), Herlev Hospital; The Copenhagen City Heart Study (B.G.N., A.T.-H.), Bispebjerg Hospital; and Copenhagen University Hospitals and Faculty of Health Sciences (M.S.N., R.F.-S., S.L
| | - Anne Tybjærg-Hansen
- From the Departments of Clinical Biochemistry (M.S.N., R.F.-S., A.T.-H.), Vascular Surgery (H.S.), and Cardiology (P.G.), Rigshospitalet; Department of Environmental Health, Institute of Public Health (S.L.); Department of Clinical Biochemistry (B.G.N.) and The Copenhagen General Population Study (R.F.-S., B.G.N., A.T.-H.), Herlev Hospital; The Copenhagen City Heart Study (B.G.N., A.T.-H.), Bispebjerg Hospital; and Copenhagen University Hospitals and Faculty of Health Sciences (M.S.N., R.F.-S., S.L
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Potential risk modifications of GSTT1, GSTM1 and GSTP1 (glutathione-S-transferases) variants and their association to CAD in patients with type-2 diabetes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2011; 407:49-53. [PMID: 21352813 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.02.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2011] [Accepted: 02/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a major risk factor for coronary artery disease (CAD) resulting in high morbidity and mortality. Glutathione S-transferases (GSTM1, GSTT1 and GSTP1) are known for their broad range of detoxification and in the metabolism of xenobiotics. Recent studies revealed the relationship of GSTs variants with T2DM and CAD. In this case-control study we ascertained the association of GSTs variants in association with the development of CAD in patients with T2DM. METHODS From the Southern part of India, we enrolled 222 T2DM patients, 290 T2DM patients with CAD and 270 healthy controls matched for age, sex and origin. Serum lipid profiles were measured and DNA was extracted from the blood samples. Multiplex PCR for GSTM1/T1 (null polymorphism) and PCR-RFLP for GSTP1 (105 A>G), were performed for genotyping of study participants. Gene frequency and lipid profiles were statistically analyzed for disease association. RESULTS Regression analysis showed that, GSTM1-null genotype is associated with a 2-fold increase (OR=2.925; 95% CI=2.078-4.119; P<0.0001) and GSTT1-null genotype is associated with a 3-fold increase (OR=3.114; 95% CI=2.176-4.456; P<0.0001) to T2DM development. Ile/Val and Val/Val genotypes of GSTP1 also showed a significant risk for T2DM (OR=1.423, CI=1.041-1.946; P=0.027 and OR=1.829, CI=1.064-3.142; P=0.029). Increased odds ratio showed that GSTT1-null genotype had a moderately higher occurrence in T2DM-CAD patients (OR=1.918, 95% CI=1.144-3.214; P=0.014) than T2DM patients without CAD. The level of HDL has significantly decreased in GSTT1-present than in GSTT1-null genotype (43.50±4.10 vs. 45.20±3.90; P=0.004) when compared with control and T2DM patients. However, LDL level showed a significant increase in GSTT1-null than GSTT1-present genotype (108.70±16.90 vs. 102.20±12.60; P=0.005). Although the GSTM1-null polymorphism showed no correlation with lipid profiles among T2DM and T2DM with CAD patients, GSTT1-null polymorphism attained a statistical significance for the level of LDL (127±28.20 vs. 134±29.10; P=0.039) and triglycerides in T2DM with CAD patients (182.10±21.10 vs. 191.20±24.10; P=0.018). CONCLUSION Our work concludes that GSTM1, GSTT1 and GSTP1 variants might contribute to the development of T2DM and GSTT1 variant alone is involved in the development of T2DM associated CAD complications in the South Indian population.
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Vitamin C levels in blood are influenced by polymorphisms in glutathione S-transferases. Eur J Nutr 2010; 50:437-46. [DOI: 10.1007/s00394-010-0147-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2010] [Accepted: 11/08/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Hardwick RN, Fisher CD, Canet MJ, Lake AD, Cherrington NJ. Diversity in antioxidant response enzymes in progressive stages of human nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Drug Metab Dispos 2010; 38:2293-301. [PMID: 20805291 PMCID: PMC2993454 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.110.035006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2010] [Accepted: 08/30/2010] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), which occurs in approximately 17 to 40% of Americans, encompasses progressive stages of liver damage ranging from steatosis to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Inflammation and oxidative stress are known characteristics of NAFLD; however, the precise mechanisms occurring during disease progression remain unclear. The purpose of the current study was to determine whether the expression or function of enzymes involved in the antioxidant response, NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1), glutathione transferase (GST), and glutamate cysteine ligase, are altered in the progression of human NAFLD. Human livers staged as normal, steatotic, NASH (fatty), and NASH (not fatty) were obtained from the Liver Tissue Cell Distribution System. NQO1 mRNA, protein, and activity tended to increase with disease progression. mRNA levels of the GST isoforms A1, A2, A4, M3, and P1 increased with NAFLD progression. Likewise, GST A and P protein increased with progression; however, GST M protein levels tended to decrease. Of interest, total GST activity toward the substrate 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene decreased with NAFLD progression. GSH synthesis does not seem to be significantly dysregulated in NAFLD progression; however, the GSH/oxidized glutathione redox ratio seemed to be reduced with disease severity, indicating the presence of oxidative stress and depletion of GSH throughout progression of NAFLD. Malondialdehyde concentrations were significantly increased with disease progression, further indicating the presence of oxidative stress. Nuclear immunohistochemical staining of nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), an indicator of activation of the transcription factor, was evident in all stages of NAFLD. The current data suggest that Nrf2 activation occurs in response to disease progression followed by induction of specific Nrf2 targets, whereas functionality of specific antioxidant defense enzymes seems to be impaired as NAFLD progresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhiannon N Hardwick
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
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Wang J, Zou L, Huang S, Lu F, Lang X, Han L, Song Z, Xu Z. Genetic polymorphisms of glutathione S-transferase genes GSTM1, GSTT1 and risk of coronary heart disease. Mutagenesis 2010; 25:365-9. [PMID: 20354063 DOI: 10.1093/mutage/geq014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
To clarify the role of glutathione S-transferases (GSTs; GSTM1 and GSTT1) status in susceptibility to coronary heart disease (CHD), a meta-analysis of published studies was performed. A total of 19 studies including 8020 cases and 11 501 controls were included in this meta-analysis. In a combined analysis, the relative risks for CHD of the GSTM1 null and GSTT1 null polymorphisms were 1.47 [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.08-2.01] and 1.26 (95% CI: 0.90-1.75), respectively. Three potential sources of heterogeneity including ethnicity, source of control and sample size of study were also assessed. However, no significant association was found in stratified analyses. By pooling data from eight studies (2909 cases and 3745 controls) that considered combinations of GSTT1 and GSTM1 genotypes, a statistically significant increased risk for CHD [odds ratio (OR = 2.38, 95% CI: 1.03-5.48)] was detected for individuals with combined deletion mutations in both genes compared with positive genotypes. Results from the meta-analysis of five studies on GSTs stratified according to smoking status showed an increased risk for individuals with null genotype (OR = 2.21, 95% CI: 1.24-3.92 for GSTM1 and OR = 3.29, 95% CI: 1.49-7.26 for GSTT1) versus non-null genotypes. This meta-analysis suggests that the GSTM1 null genotype may slightly increase the risk of CHD and that interaction between unfavourable GSTs genotypes may exist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wang
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
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Vassalle C, Andreassi MG. Genetic Polymorphisms of the Natriuretic Peptide System in the Pathogenesis of Cardiovascular Disease: What Lies on the Horizon? Clin Chem 2009; 55:878-87. [DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2008.120832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
AbstractBackground: The natriuretic peptide hormone family includes various proteins characterized by similar chemical structure and shared biological functions, with important effects on the cardiovascular system. Accordingly, these molecules are widely recognized as key clinical biomarkers in the diagnosis and monitoring of heart failure, hypertension, and coronary heart disease.Content: Several single-nucleotide polymorphisms have been recently identified in genes associated with the natriuretic system. This review provides an overview of new insights into the functional role of these genetic variants, as well as their impact on cardiovascular physiopathology and drug response.Conclusions: Noteworthy relationships between some specific polymorphisms and clinical correlates of cardiovascular disease have emerged. Nevertheless, future confirming studies are needed to substantiate the clinical relevance of such variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Vassalle
- Fondazione G. Monasterio and Institute of Clinical Physiology, Italian National Research Council, Pisa, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Andreassi
- Fondazione G. Monasterio and Institute of Clinical Physiology, Italian National Research Council, Pisa, Italy
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