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Valencia Ayala E, Chevarría Arriaga M, Coelho EB, Sandoval JS, Granara AS. Metabolizer phenotype prediction in different Peruvian ethnic groups through CYP2C9 polymorphisms. Drug Metab Pers Ther 2021; 36:dmdi-2020-0146. [PMID: 33735946 DOI: 10.1515/dmpt-2020-0146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The CYP2C9 gene have three common alleles, CYP2C9*1, CYP2C9*2 and CYP2C9*3, associated with different homozygous (*1/*1, *2/*2 and *3/*3) and heterozygous (*1/*2 and *1/*3) genotypes, which in turn are related to extensive (gEM), intermediate (gIM) and poor (gPM) metabolizers. Likewise, the inter-ethnic variability was intimately associated with different drug metabolism. Therefore, the aim of the present study was predict the metabolizer phenotypes in different Peruvian ethnic groups from lowland (<2,500 m) and highland (>2,500 m). METHODS TaqMan genotyping assays were performed in a group of 174 healthy unrelated Peruvian individuals. RESULTS In this study, the allelic comparison between the three eco-regions showed that the CYP2C9*1 was the most common in Andean (96.32%); the *2 was the most frequent in Coast (7.45%, p<0.05). Regarding the *3 was the most common in Amazonian (6.25%, p<0.05). In a corroborative manner, the gEM was the most common in Andean (94.74%), the gIM in Coast (17.02%) and gPM in Amazonian (6.25%) populations. CONCLUSIONS Our study provides a valuable source of information about to metabolizer phenotype drugs in different Peruvian ethnic groups. In this way, it could be established suitable genetic-dosage medicaments for various common diseases in these heterogenetic populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Valencia Ayala
- Facultad de Medicina Humana, Universidad de San Martin de Porres, Centro de Investigación en Infectología e Inmunología-Instituto de Investigación, La Molina, Lima, Peru
- Facultad de Medicina Humana, Universidad de San Martin de Porres, Centro de Investigación de Medicina Tradicional y Farmacología-Instituto de Investigación, La Molina, Lima, Peru
| | - Mylenka Chevarría Arriaga
- Facultad de Medicina Humana, Universidad de San Martin de Porres, Centro de Investigación de Medicina Tradicional y Farmacología-Instituto de Investigación, La Molina, Lima, Peru
| | - Eduardo Barbosa Coelho
- Departamento de Clínica Médica, Disciplina de Nefrologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
| | - José Sandoval Sandoval
- Facultad de Medicina Humana, Universidad de San Martin de Porres, Centro de Investigación en Genética y Biología Molecular-Instituto de Investigación, La Molina, Lima, Peru
| | - Alberto Salazar Granara
- Facultad de Medicina Humana, Universidad de San Martin de Porres, Centro de Investigación de Medicina Tradicional y Farmacología-Instituto de Investigación, La Molina, Lima, Peru
- Facultad de Medicina Humana, Universidad de San Martin de Porres, Centro de Investigación de Medicina de Altura-Instituto de Investigación, La Molina, Lima, Peru
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Representation of CYP3A4, CYP3A5 and UGT1A4 Polymorphisms within Croatian Breast Cancer Patients' Population. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17103692. [PMID: 32456253 PMCID: PMC7277422 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17103692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in genes encoding drug-metabolizing enzymes (DME) could have a critical role in individual responses to anastrozole. Frequency of CYP3A4*1B, CYP3A5*3 and UGT1A4*2 SNPs in 126 Croatian breast cancer (BC) patients and possible association with anastrozole-induced undesirable side effects were analyzed. Eighty-two postmenopausal patients with estrogen receptor (ER)-positive BC treated with anastrozole and 44 postmenopausal ER-positive BC patients before hormonal adjuvant therapy were included in the study. Genomic DNA was genotyped by TaqMan Real-Time PCR. Bone mineral density (BMD) was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. The homozygotes for the variant G allele of CYP3A5*3 were predominant (88%), and the homozygotes for the reference A allele were not detected. While homozygotes for the variant G allele of CYP3A4*1B were not detected, predominantly wild type homozygotes for A allele (94%) were present. CYP3A4*1B and CYP3A5*3 SNPs were in 84.3% linkage disequilibrium (D’ = 0.843) and 95.1% (D’ = 0.951) in group treated with anastrozole and w/o treatment, respectively. Homozygotes for the A allele of UGT1A4*2 were not detected in our study groups. Although the variant CYP3A5*3 allele, which might result in poor metabolizer phenotype and more pronounced side effects, was predominant, significant association with BMD changes induced by anastrozole were not confirmed.
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Afilal D, Basselam MA, Brakez Z, Chouham S, Brehm A, Izaabel EH. Genetic Polymorphism of Drug-Metabolizing Enzymes CYP2C9 and CYP2C19 in Moroccan Population. Genet Test Mol Biomarkers 2017; 21:298-304. [PMID: 28282224 DOI: 10.1089/gtmb.2016.0304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Driss Afilal
- Cellular Biology and Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences, University Ibn-Zohr, Agadir, Morocco
| | - Mohamed Amine Basselam
- Cellular Biology and Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences, University Ibn-Zohr, Agadir, Morocco
| | - Zahra Brakez
- Cellular Biology and Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences, University Ibn-Zohr, Agadir, Morocco
| | - Said Chouham
- Cellular Biology and Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences, University Ibn-Zohr, Agadir, Morocco
| | - António Brehm
- Human Genetics Laboratory, Life Sciences Faculty, University of Madeira, Funchal, Portugal
| | - El Hassan Izaabel
- Cellular Biology and Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences, University Ibn-Zohr, Agadir, Morocco
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Saldaña-Cruz AM, León-Moreno LC, Sánchez-Corona J, Santiago DAMD, Mendoza-Carrera F, Castro-Martínez XH, García-Zapién AG, Morán-Moguel MC, Flores-Martínez SE. CYP2C9 and CYP2C19 Allele and Haplotype Distributions in Four Mestizo Populations from Western Mexico: An Interethnic Comparative Study. Genet Test Mol Biomarkers 2016; 20:702-709. [DOI: 10.1089/gtmb.2016.0115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Miriam Saldaña-Cruz
- División de Medicina Molecular, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Guadalajara, México
| | - Lilia Carolina León-Moreno
- División de Medicina Molecular, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Guadalajara, México
| | - José Sánchez-Corona
- División de Medicina Molecular, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Guadalajara, México
| | | | - Francisco Mendoza-Carrera
- División de Medicina Molecular, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Guadalajara, México
| | - Xochitl Helga Castro-Martínez
- División de Medicina Molecular, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Guadalajara, México
| | - Alejandra Guadalupe García-Zapién
- Departamento de Farmacobiología, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Exactas e Ingenierías, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, México
| | - María Cristina Morán-Moguel
- División de Medicina Molecular, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Guadalajara, México
| | - Silvia Esperanza Flores-Martínez
- División de Medicina Molecular, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Guadalajara, México
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Marsh S, King CR, Van Booven DJ, Revollo JY, Gilman RH, McLeod HL. Pharmacogenomic assessment of Mexican and Peruvian populations. Pharmacogenomics 2016; 16:441-8. [PMID: 25916516 DOI: 10.2217/pgs.15.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clinically relevant polymorphisms often demonstrate population-specific allele frequencies. Central and South America remain largely uncategorized in the context of pharmacogenomics. MATERIALS & METHODS We assessed 15 polymorphisms from 12 genes (ABCB1 3435C>T, ABCG2 Q141K, CYP1B1*3, CYP2C19*2, CYP3A4*1B, CYP3A5*3C, ERCC1 N118N, ERCC2 K751Q, GSTP1 I105V, TPMT 238G>C, TPMT 460G>A, TPMT 719A>G, TYMS TSER, UGT1A1*28 and UGT1A1 -3156G>A) in 81 Peruvian and 95 Mexican individuals. RESULTS Six polymorphism frequencies differed significantly between the two populations: ABCB1 3435C>T, CYP1B1*3, GSTP1 I105V, TPMT 460G>A, UGT1A1*28 and UGT1A1 -3156G>A. The pattern of observed allele frequencies for all polymorphisms could not be accurately estimated from any single previously studied population. CONCLUSION This highlights the need to expand the scope of geographic data for use in pharmacogenomics studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Marsh
- Faculty of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, 3142F Katz Centre for Pharmacy & Health Research, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada
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Céspedes-Garro C, Fricke-Galindo I, Naranjo MEG, Rodrigues-Soares F, Fariñas H, de Andrés F, López-López M, Peñas-Lledó EM, LLerena A. Worldwide interethnic variability and geographical distribution of CYP2C9 genotypes and phenotypes. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2015; 11:1893-905. [DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2015.1111871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Gbandi E, Goulas A, Sevastianos V, Hadziyannis S, Panderi A, Koskinas J, Papatheodoridis G, Vasiliadis T, Agapakis D, Protopapas A, Ioannidou P, Zacharakis G, Sinakos E, Koutsounas S, Germanidis G. Common ABCB1 polymorphisms in Greek patients with chronic hepatitis C infection: A comparison with hyperlipidemic patients and the general population. Pharmacol Rep 2015; 68:476-82. [PMID: 26922556 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharep.2015.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Revised: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatitis C virus infectivity and replication efficiency appears to be dependent on the lipid content and organization of the plasma membrane of the host cell, as well as of the intracellular membranous web. As there is increasing awareness of a role played by the efflux pump ABCB1 (p-glycoprotein, P-gp) in lipid homeostasis, its function could be a determinant of chronic HCV infection. The aim of the present study was to examine and compare the distribution of common ABCB1 genotypes in patients with chronic HCV infection (n=168), hyperlipidemic patients (n=168) and a control group (n=173), all from Greece. METHODS Participants were genotyped for the ABCB12677G>T/A and 3435C>T polymorphisms with previously reported PCR-RFLP methods. Genotype and allele frequency distributions were compared between the three groups with the χ(2) test of independence. RESULTS The ABCB1 2677GG (ancestral) genotypes were significantly over-represented in patients with chronic hepatitis C compared to controls (39.3% vs. 26.6%, p=0.015 according to the dominant model). A similar result was obtained when hyperlipidemic patients were compared to controls (45.2% vs. 26.6%, p<0.001 according to the dominant model). Comparison of ABCB1 3435C>T genotype and allele distributions provided similar but not as significant differences. Genotype and allele distributions for both ABCB12677G>T/A and 3435C>T were very similar between HCV patients and hyperlipidemic patients. CONCLUSION Our findings imply an influence of ABCB1 polymorphisms on HCV infectivity, possibly through an effect on lipid homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Gbandi
- 1st Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Antonis Goulas
- 1st Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | | | | | - Athanasia Panderi
- 1st Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - John Koskinas
- 2nd Academic Department of Internal Medicine, Hippokration Hospital of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - George Papatheodoridis
- Department of Gastroenterology, Athens University Medical School, Laikon General Hospital of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Themistoklis Vasiliadis
- 3rd Department of Internal Medicine, Papageorgiou Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Agapakis
- 1st Propedeutic Department of Internal Medicine, AHEPA Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Andreas Protopapas
- 1st Propedeutic Department of Internal Medicine, AHEPA Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Panagiota Ioannidou
- Department of Gastroenterology, Athens University Medical School, Laikon General Hospital of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - George Zacharakis
- 2nd Department of Gastroenterology, Evangelismos General Hospital of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Emmanuil Sinakos
- 4th Department of Internal Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki Medical School, Hippokration General Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | | | - Georgios Germanidis
- 1st Department of Internal Medicine, AHEPA Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, School of Medicine, Thessaloniki, Greece
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Interethnic variation of CYP2C19 alleles, 'predicted' phenotypes and 'measured' metabolic phenotypes across world populations. THE PHARMACOGENOMICS JOURNAL 2015; 16:113-23. [PMID: 26503820 DOI: 10.1038/tpj.2015.70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Revised: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The present study evaluates the worldwide frequency distribution of CYP2C19 alleles and CYP2C19 metabolic phenotypes ('predicted' from genotypes and 'measured' with a probe drug) among healthy volunteers from different ethnic groups and geographic regions, as well as the relationship between the 'predicted' and 'measured' CYP2C19 metabolic phenotypes. A total of 52 181 healthy volunteers were studied within 138 selected original research papers. CYP2C19*17 was 42- and 24-fold more frequent in Mediterranean-South Europeans and Middle Easterns than in East Asians (P<0.001, in both cases). Contrarily, CYP2C19*2 and CYP2C19*3 alleles were more frequent in East Asians (30.26% and 6.89%, respectively), and even a twofold higher frequency of these alleles was found in Native populations from Oceania (61.30% and 14.42%, respectively; P<0.001, in all cases), which may be a consequence of genetic drift process in the Pacific Islands. Regarding CYP2C19 metabolic phenotype, poor metabolizers (PMs) were more frequent among Asians than in Europeans, contrarily to the phenomenon reported for CYP2D6. A correlation has been found between the frequencies of CYP2C19 poor metabolism 'predicted' from CYP2C19 genotypes (gPMs) and the poor metabolic phenotype 'measured' with a probe drug (mPMs) when subjects are either classified by ethnicity (r=0.94, P<0.001) or geographic region (r=0.99, P=0.002). Nevertheless, further research is needed in African and Asian populations, which are under-represented, and additional CYP2C19 variants and the 'measured' phenotype should be studied.
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Genetic polymorphism analysis of the drug-metabolizing enzyme CYP2C9 in a Chinese Tibetan population. Gene 2015; 567:196-200. [PMID: 25958051 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2015.04.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2015] [Revised: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The enzymatic activity of CYP2C9 results in broad inter-individual variability in response to certain pharmacotherapies. The present study aimed to screen Tibetan volunteers for CYP2C9 genetic polymorphisms. Previous research has focused on Han Chinese patients, while little is known about the genetic variation of CYP2C9 in Tibetan populations. METHODS We used DNA sequencing to investigate the promoter, exons and surrounding introns, and 3'-untranslated region of the CYP2C9 gene in 96 unrelated healthy Tibetan individuals. RESULTS We identified 26 different CYP2C9 polymorphisms in the Tibetan population, including two novel variants detected in exon 9 (50193G>A and 50197G>C). In addition, we determined the allele frequencies of CYP2C9*1 and *3 were 93.75% and 5.73%, respectively. The rare CYP2C9*55 allele was also found in 0.52% of the study population. CONCLUSIONS Our results provide information on CYP2C9 polymorphisms in Tibetan individuals, which may help to optimize pharmacotherapy effectiveness by providing personalized medicine to this ethnic group.
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Gaio V, Picanço I, Nunes B, Fernandes A, Mendonça F, Horta Correia F, Beleza Á, Gil AP, Bourbon M, Vicente A, Matias Dias C, Barreto da Silva M. Pharmacogenetic Profile of a South Portuguese Population: Results from the Pilot Study of the European Health Examination Survey in Portugal. Public Health Genomics 2015; 18:139-50. [DOI: 10.1159/000373920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
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Fernández-Santander A, Gaibar M, Novillo A, Romero-Lorca A, Rubio M, Chicharro LM, Tejerina A, Bandrés F. Relationship between genotypes Sult1a2 and Cyp2d6 and tamoxifen metabolism in breast cancer patients. PLoS One 2013; 8:e70183. [PMID: 23922954 PMCID: PMC3726442 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0070183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2013] [Accepted: 06/16/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Tamoxifen is a pro-drug widely used in breast cancer patients to prevent tumor recurrence. Prior work has revealed a role of cytochrome and sulfotransferase enzymes in tamoxifen metabolism. In this descriptive study, correlations were examined between concentrations of tamoxifen metabolites and genotypes for CYP2D6, CYP3A4, CYP3A5, SULT1A1, SULT1A2 and SULT1E1 in 135 patients with estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer. Patients were genotyped using the Roche-AmpliChip® CYP450 Test, and Real-Time and conventional PCR-RFLP. Plasma tamoxifen, 4-hydroxy-tamoxifen, N-desmethyl-tamoxifen, endoxifen and tamoxifen-N-oxide were isolated and quantified using a high-pressure liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry system. Significantly higher endoxifen levels were detected in patients with the wt/wt CYP2D6 compared to the v/v CYP2D6 genotype (p<0.001). No differences were detected in the remaining tamoxifen metabolites among CYP2D6 genotypes. Patients featuring the SULT1A2*2 and SULT1A2*3 alleles showed significantly higher plasma levels of 4-hydroxy-tamoxifen and endoxifen (p = 0.025 and p = 0.006, respectively), as likely substrates of the SULT1A2 enzyme. Our observations indicate that besides the CYP2D6 genotype leading to tamoxifen conversion to potent hydroxylated metabolites in a manner consistent with a gene-dose effect, SULT1A2 also seems to play a role in maintaining optimal levels of both 4-hydroxy-tamoxifen and endoxifen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Fernández-Santander
- Department of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Cátedra Florencio Tejerina-Universidad Europea de Madrid, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
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Similarity in recombination rate and linkage disequilibrium at CYP2C and CYP2D cytochrome P450 gene regions among Europeans indicates signs of selection and no advantage of using tagSNPs in population isolates. Pharmacogenet Genomics 2013; 22:846-57. [PMID: 23089684 DOI: 10.1097/fpc.0b013e32835a3a6d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Linkage disequilibrium (LD) and recombination rate variations are known to vary considerably between human genome regions and populations mostly because of the combined effects of mutation, recombination, and demographic history. Thus, the pattern of LD is a key issue to disentangle variants associated with complex traits. Here, we aim to describe the haplotype structure and LD variation at the pharmacogenetically relevant cytochrome P450 CYP2C and CYP2D gene regions among European populations. METHODS To assess the haplotype structure, LD pattern, and recombination rate variations in the clinically significant CYP2C and CYP2D regions, we genotyped 143 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) across these two genome regions in a diverse set of 11 European population samples and one sub-Saharan African sample. RESULTS Our results showed extended patterns of LD and in general a low rate of recombination at these loci, and a low degree of allele differentiation for the two cytochrome P450 regions among Europeans, with the exception of the Sami and the Finns as European outliers. The Sami sample showed reduced haplotype diversity and higher LD for the two cytochrome P450 regions than the other Europeans, a feature that is proposed to enhance the LD mapping of underlying common complex traits. However, recombination hotspots and LD blocks at these two regions showed highly consistent structures across Europeans including Finns and Sami. Moreover, we showed that the CEPH sample has significantly higher tag transferability among Europeans and a more efficient tagging of both the rare CYP2C9 and the common CYP2C19 functional variants than the Sami. Our data set included CYP2C9*3 (rs1057910) and CYP2C19*2 (rs4244285) enzyme activity-altering variants associated in a recent genome-wide study with acenocoumarol-induced and warfarin-induced anticoagulation or to the antiplatelet effect of clopidogrel, respectively. Including these known activity-altering variants, we showed the haplotype variation and high derived allele frequencies of novel recently identified acenocoumarol genome-wide associated SNPs at CYP2C9 (rs4086116) and CYP2C18 (rs12772169, rs1998591, rs2104543, rs1042194) loci in a comprehensive set of 11 European populations. Furthermore, a significant frequency difference of a CYP2C19*2 gene mutation causing variable drug reactions was observed among Europeans. CONCLUSION The CEPH sample representing the general European population as such in the HapMap project seems to be the optimal population sample for the LD mapping of common complex traits among Europeans. Nevertheless, it is still argued that the unique pattern of LD in the Sami may offer an advantage for further association mapping, especially if multiple rare variants play a role in disease etiology. However, besides the activity-altering CYP2C9*3 (rs1057910) and CYP2C19*2 (rs4244285) variants, the high derived allele frequencies of novel recently identified acenocoumarol genome-wide associated SNPs at CYP2C9 (rs4086116) and CYP2C18 (rs12772169, rs1998591, rs2104543, rs1042194) loci variants indicated that the CYP2C region may have been influenced by selection. Thus, this fine-scale haplotype map of the CYP2C and CYP2D regions may help to choose markers for further association mapping of complex pharmacogenetic traits at these loci.
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Rodríguez-Arcas MJ, García-Jiménez E, Montesinos-Hernández A, Martínez-Martínez F, Conesa-Zamora P. Pharmacotherapeutic Follow-up and Pharmacogenetics of CYP2C9 and CYP3A4 in Antihypertensive Therapy: A Pilot Study in a Community Pharmacy. Ther Innov Regul Sci 2013; 47:489-494. [PMID: 30235515 DOI: 10.1177/2168479013492736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
No pharmacogenetic studies have yet been conducted in community pharmacies, despite pharmacogenetics being an emerging discipline. Pharmacotherapeutic follow-up (PFU) was performed for 6 months in 37 patients receiving antihypertensive treatment, and they were genotyped for variant alleles *2 and *3 in the CYP2C9 gene and *1B in CYP3A4. Systolic blood pressure, cardiovascular risk, and adherence improved with PFU. Most of the interactions between drugs were represented by concurrent administration of statins and calcium channel blockers, which both use CYP3A4 for their metabolism. Heterozygotic patients for the CYP2C9*2 allele showed higher mean heart rate values after PFU than homozygous patients (73.4 ± 10.0 pulse/min vs 66.2 ± 10.6 pulse/min, respectively; P = .048). Carriers of CYP2C9*2 showed a tendency to less frequent negative outcomes associated with medication due to inefficacy than homozygous patients (50% vs 78.9%, respectively; P = .072). Pharmacogenetics and PFU can be used in community pharmacies to carry out a more exhaustive study of medication in hypertensive outpatients.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Jesús Rodríguez-Arcas
- 1 Department of Physics and Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Care Research Group, Granada University, Granada, Spain
| | - Emilio García-Jiménez
- 1 Department of Physics and Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Care Research Group, Granada University, Granada, Spain
| | - Aurora Montesinos-Hernández
- 1 Department of Physics and Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Care Research Group, Granada University, Granada, Spain
| | - Fernando Martínez-Martínez
- 1 Department of Physics and Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Care Research Group, Granada University, Granada, Spain
| | - Pablo Conesa-Zamora
- 2 Department of Pathology, Molecular Pathology and Pharmacogenetics Group, Santa Lucia University General Hospital, Cartagena, Spain
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Saeed LH, Mayet AY. Genotype-phenotype analysis of CYP2C19 in healthy saudi individuals and its potential clinical implication in drug therapy. Int J Med Sci 2013; 10:1497-502. [PMID: 24046523 PMCID: PMC3775106 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.6795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2013] [Accepted: 07/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED CYP2C19 is a cytochrome P450 enzyme, which is involved in the metabolism of some clinically important medications and is encoded by a highly polymorphic gene. There is no available data on the distribution of the CYP2C19 *4 and *17 mutant alleles in the Saudi Arabian population. The aim of the study was to determine different CYP2C19 mutant allele (*2, *4 and *17) frequencies in healthy Saudi subjects and to determine genotype frequencies for these mutations. The CYP2C19 genotypes were then classified into phenotypes. RESULT In 201 adults of Saudi ethnicity, the allele frequencies were CYP2C19*1 (62.9%), *17 (25.7%), *2 (11.2%) and *4 (0.2%). The most prevalent genotype combinations were CYP2C19 *1/*1 (40.3%) and *1/*17 (30.4%). The distribution of CYP2C19 phenotypes was divided into extensive metabolizers (EM) 77.6%, intermediate metabolizers (IM) 14.9%, ultra-rapid metabolizers (UM) 7% and poor metabolizers (PM) 0.4%. This finding has important clinical implications for the use of CYP2C19 metabolized medications in the Saudi population and further studies are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leena H Saeed
- 1. King Fahad Medical City, P.O. Box 59046, Riyadh 11525, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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Kurose K, Sugiyama E, Saito Y. Population differences in major functional polymorphisms of pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics-related genes in Eastern Asians and Europeans: implications in the clinical trials for novel drug development. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2011; 27:9-54. [PMID: 22123129 DOI: 10.2133/dmpk.dmpk-11-rv-111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Drug lag, recently discussed extensively in Japan, can be divided into two phases: clinical development time and application review time. The former factor is still an important problem that might be improved by promoting multi-regional clinical trials and considering the results from other similar populations with Japanese, such as Koreans and Chinese. In this review, we compare the allelic or genotype frequencies of 30 relatively common functional alleles mainly between Eastern Asians and Europeans as well as among 3 major populations in Eastern Asian countries, Japan, Korea, and China, in 12 pharmacokinetics (PK)/pharmacodynamics (PD)-related genes; CYP2C9 (*2 and *3), CYP2C19 (*2, *3 and *17), 13 CYP2D6 haplotypes including *4, *5 and *10, CYP3A5 (*3), UGT1A1 (*28 and *6), NAT2 (*5, *6 and *7), GSTM1 and GSTT1 null genotypes, SLCO1B1 521T>C, ABCG2 421C>A, and HLA-A*31:01 and HLA-B*58:01. In this review, differences in allele frequencies (AFs) or genotype frequencies (GFs) less than 0.1 (in the cases of highest AF (GF) ≥0.1) or less than 0.05 (in the cases of lowest AF (GF) <0.1) were regarded as similar. Between Eastern Asians and Europeans, AFs (or GFs) are regarded as being different for many alleles such as CYP2C9 (*2), CYP2C19 (*2, *3 and *17), CYP2D6 (*4 and *10), CYP3A5 (*3), UGT1A1 (*28 and *6), NAT2 (*5*7), GSTT1 null and ABCG2 421C>A. Among the 3 Eastern Asian populations, however, only AFs of CYP2C19*3, CYP2D6*10, HLA-A*31:01 and HLA-B*58:01 are regarded as dissimilar. For CYP2C19*3, the total functional impact on CYP2C19 could be small if the frequencies of the two null alleles CYP2C19*2 and *3 are combined. Regarding CYP2D6*10, frequency difference over 0.1 is observed only between Japanese and Chinese (0.147). Although environmental factors should be considered for PK/PD differences, we could propose that among Japan, Korea, and China, genetic differences are very small for the analyzed common PK-related gene polymorphisms. On the other hand, AFs of the two HLA alleles important for cutaneous adverse drug reactions are diverse even among Eastern Asians and thus should be taken into account.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kouichi Kurose
- Division of Medicinal Safety Science, National Institute of Health Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
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Rodríguez Arcas M, García-Jiménez E, Martínez-Martínez F, Conesa-Zamora P. Papel del citocromo P450 en la farmacocinética y en la farmacogenética de los fármacos antihipertensivos. FARMACIA HOSPITALARIA 2011; 35:84-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.farma.2010.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2010] [Revised: 05/20/2010] [Accepted: 05/28/2010] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
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17
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Global pharmacogenomics: Impact of population diversity on the distribution of polymorphisms in the CYP2C cluster among Brazilians. THE PHARMACOGENOMICS JOURNAL 2010; 12:267-76. [DOI: 10.1038/tpj.2010.89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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18
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Kim KA, Song WK, Kim KR, Park JY. Assessment of CYP2C19 genetic polymorphisms in a korean population using a simultaneous multiplex pyrosequencing method to simultaneously detect the CYP2C19*2, CYP2C19*3, and CYP2C19*17 alleles. J Clin Pharm Ther 2010; 35:697-703. [PMID: 21054462 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2710.2009.01069.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K-A Kim
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Anam Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Sungbuk-gu, Seoul, Korea
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19
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Piacentini S, Polimanti R, Porreca F, Martínez-Labarga C, De Stefano GF, Fuciarelli M. GSTT1 and GSTM1 gene polymorphisms in European and African populations. Mol Biol Rep 2010; 38:1225-30. [PMID: 20563854 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-010-0221-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2010] [Accepted: 06/11/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) are a superfamily of detoxificant enzymes. Pharmacogenomic studies have revealed interethnic differences in GST allelic frequencies. This study is focused on GSTT1 (gene deletion, rs17850155, rs2234953, and rs11550605) and GSTM1 (gene deletion) gene frequency distributions in two population samples of Europe origin (Italy, n = 120; Spain, n = 94) and two population samples of Africa origin (Cameroon, n = 126; Ethiopia, n = 153). Detection of GSTT1 and GSTM1 null genotypes was performed by multiplex PCR analysis, while the other GSTT1 gene polymorphisms were detected using allele specific PCR and sequencing. GSTT1 and GSTM1 null frequencies in the samples analyzed fit with the variability range observed in European and African populations, respectively. The SNP analysis in GSTT1 gene did not highlight any nucleotide substitution in 493 individuals analyzed. The comparisons among GSTM1 and GSTT1 null phenotype frequencies in worldwide populations show different patterns between Asians, Africans, and Europeans. Important insights into the effects of GSTM1 and GSTT1 gene deletions on the pathogenesis of human diseases have been hypothesized. Detailed studies on the geography of GST variants could therefore increase knowledge about the relationship between ethnicity and the prevalence of certain diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Piacentini
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133, Rome, Italy
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Gra O, Mityaeva O, Berdichevets I, Kozhekbaeva Z, Fesenko D, Kurbatova O, Goldenkova-Pavlova I, Nasedkina T. Microarray-Based Detection ofCYP1A1,CYP2C9,CYP2C19,CYP2D6,GSTT1,GSTM1,MTHFR,MTRR,NQO1,NAT2,HLA-DQA1, andAB0Allele Frequencies in Native Russians. Genet Test Mol Biomarkers 2010; 14:329-42. [DOI: 10.1089/gtmb.2009.0158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Olga Gra
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
- Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Olga Mityaeva
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Iryna Berdichevets
- Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Zhanna Kozhekbaeva
- Institute for Human Genomics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - Denis Fesenko
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Olga Kurbatova
- Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | | | - Tatyana Nasedkina
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
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Yamamoto K, Okada Y, Nakamura K, Hiromura K, Nojima Y, Nakamura T. Inosine triphosphate pyrophosphatase 94C> A polymorphism: clinical implications for patients with systemic lupus erythematosus treated with azathioprine. Expert Opin Drug Saf 2010; 9:447-57. [DOI: 10.1517/14740330903544474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Koujirou Yamamoto
- Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Department of Clinical Pharmacology, 3-39-22 Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma 371-0034, Japan ;
| | - Yuko Okada
- Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Department of Clinical Pharmacology, 3-39-22 Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma 371-0034, Japan ;
| | - Katsunori Nakamura
- Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Department of Clinical Pharmacology, 3-39-22 Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma 371-0034, Japan ;
| | - Keiju Hiromura
- Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Gunma, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Nojima
- Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Gunma, Japan
| | - Tomonori Nakamura
- Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Department of Clinical Pharmacology, 3-39-22 Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma 371-0034, Japan ;
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Oliveira E, Pereira R, Amorim A, McLeod H, Prata MJ. Patterns of pharmacogenetic diversity in African populations: role of ancient and recent history. Pharmacogenomics 2009; 10:1413-22. [PMID: 19761365 DOI: 10.2217/pgs.09.74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS The knowledge that genetic variation influencing drug response is clearly structured among human populations has prompted many studies aimed at obtaining pharmacogenetic profiles in specific populations. While large amounts of data are being produced for populations from developed countries, the African continent still remains very poorly studied. To help to fill this gap, this work characterized three previously uncharacterized African populations for a set of pharmacogenetically relevant polymorphisms. MATERIALS & METHODS Seven polymorphic variations in four genes that encode enzymes from phase I (CYP2C9, CYP3A4 and CYP3A5) or phase III (ABCB1) of drug metabolism were analyzed in population samples from Cabinda (n = 107), Mozambique (n = 109) and São Tomé e Príncipe (n = 126). All three populations shared strong recent historical links with Portugal. RESULTS The majority of the screened variations displayed large contrasts in allele frequencies between European and African populations, and this study identified a substantial higher European influence in São Tomé e Príncipe than in Cabinda or Mozambique. Admixture analysis demonstrated that the European contribution to the population of São Tomé e Príncipe amounted to 13.3 +/- 3.3%. Furthermore, the proportion of African or European pharmacogenetic ancestry varied widely across each São Tomean individual. DISCUSSION & CONCLUSION This implies that genetic association studies conducted in São Tomé e Príncipe should take into account the confounding factor of admixture to avoid spurious positive or negative results. Our findings also indicate that drug dosage requirements may be different in São Tomé e Príncipe than in other African populations. Thus, the search for pharmacogenetic risk factors should be assessed at an individual level, therefore fulfilling the perspective of personalized medicine. This study further indicates that the common notion of 'African population' might hide a pattern of pharmacogenetic heterogeneity whose real extent still needs to be evaluated by means of a refined sampling of the entire continent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabete Oliveira
- Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto and IPATIMUP, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal.
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Zhou SF, Zhou ZW, Huang M. Polymorphisms of human cytochrome P450 2C9 and the functional relevance. Toxicology 2009; 278:165-88. [PMID: 19715737 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2009.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2009] [Revised: 08/18/2009] [Accepted: 08/21/2009] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Human cytochrome P450 2C9 (CYP2C9) accounts for ∼20% of hepatic total CYP content and metabolizes ~15% clinical drugs such as phenytoin, S-warfarin, tolbutamide, losartan, and many nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents (NSAIDs). CYP2C9 is highly polymorphic, with at least 33 variants of CYP2C9 (*1B through *34) being identified so far. CYP2C9*2 is frequent among Caucasians with ~1% of the population being homozygous carriers and 22% are heterozygous. The corresponding figures for the CYP2C9*3 allele are 0.4% and 15%, respectively. There are a number of clinical studies addressing the impact of CYP2C9 polymorphisms on the clearance and/or therapeutic response of therapeutic drugs. These studies have highlighted the importance of the CYP2C9*2 and *3 alleles as a determining factor for drug clearance and drug response. The CYP2C9 polymorphisms are relevant for the efficacy and adverse effects of numerous NSAIDs, sulfonylurea antidiabetic drugs and, most critically, oral anticoagulants belonging to the class of vitamin K epoxide reductase inhibitors. Warfarin has served as a practical example of how pharmacogenetics can be utilized to achieve maximum efficacy and minimum toxicity. For many of these drugs, a clear gene-dose and gene-effect relationship has been observed in patients. In this regard, CYP2C9 alleles can be considered as a useful biomarker in monitoring drug response and adverse effects. Genetic testing of CYP2C9 is expected to play a role in predicting drug clearance and conducting individualized pharmacotherapy. However, prospective clinical studies with large samples are warranted to establish gene-dose and gene-effect relationships for CYP2C9 and its substrate drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Feng Zhou
- School of Health Sciences, RMIT University, Victoria 3083, Australia.
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Correia C, Santos P, Coutinho AM, Vicente AM. Characterization of pharmacogenetically relevantCYP2D6andABCB1gene polymorphisms in a Portuguese population sample. Cell Biochem Funct 2009; 27:251-5. [DOI: 10.1002/cbf.1561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Estrela RCE, Ribeiro FS, Carvalho RS, Gregório SP, Dias-Neto E, Struchiner CJ, Suarez-Kurtz G. Distribution of ABCB1 polymorphisms among Brazilians: impact of population admixture. Pharmacogenomics 2008; 9:267-76. [PMID: 18303963 DOI: 10.2217/14622416.9.3.267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Interethnic admixture is a source of cryptic population structure that may lead to spurious genotype-phenotype associations in pharmacogenomic studies. We studied the impact of population stratification on the distribution of ABCB1 polymorphisms (1236C>T, 2677G>T/A and 3435C>T) among Brazilians, a highly admixed population with Amerindian, European and African ancestral roots. METHODS Individual DNA from 320 healthy adults was genotyped with a panel of ancestry informative markers, and the proportions of African component of ancestry (ACA) were estimated. ABCB1 genotypes were determined by the single base extension/termination method. We describe the association between ABCB1 polymorphisms and ACA by fitting a linear proportional odds logistic regression model to the data. RESULTS The distribution of the ABCB1 2677G>T/A and 3435C>T, but not the 1236C>T, SNPs displayed a significant trend for decreasing frequency of the T alleles and TT genotypes from White to Intermediate to Black individuals. The same trend was observed in the frequency of the T/nonG/T haplotype at the 1236, 2677 and 3435 loci. When the population sample was proportioned in quartiles, according to the individual ACA estimates, the frequency of the T allele and TT genotype at each locus declined progressively from the lowest (< 0.25 ACA) to the highest (> 0.75 ACA) quartile. Linear proportional odds logistic regression analysis confirmed that the odds of having the T allele at each locus decreases in a continuous manner with the increase of the ACA, throughout the ACA range (0.13-0.94) observed in the overall population sample. A significant association was also detected between the individual ACA estimates and the presence of the T/nonG/T haplotype in the overall population. CONCLUSION Self-identification according to the racial/color categories proposed by the Brazilian Census is insufficient to properly control for population stratification in pharmacogenomic studies of ABCB1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita C E Estrela
- Divisão de Farmacologia, Instituto Nacional de Câncer, Rua André Cavalcanti 37, Rio de Janeiro 21230-050, Brazil
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