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Yang J, Xu H, Ke Z, Kan N, Zheng E, Qiu Y, Huang M. Absolute quantification of viable Vibrio cholerae in seawater samples using multiplex droplet digital PCR combined with propidium monoazide. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1149981. [PMID: 37362935 PMCID: PMC10288211 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1149981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Toxigenic Vibrio cholerae serogroup O1 and O139 are the pathogens responsible for the global cholera epidemic. V. cholerae can settle in the water and spread via the fecal-oral route. Rapid and accurate monitoring of live V. cholerae in environmental water has become an important strategy to prevent and control cholera transmission. Conventional plate counting is widely used to detect viable bacteria but requires time and effort. Methods This study aims to develop a new assay that combines triplex droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) with propidium monoazide (PMA) treatment for quantitatively detecting live V. cholerae O1/O139 and cholera enterotoxin. Specific primers and probes were designed according to the conserved regions of gene rfb O1, rfb O139, and ctxA. The amplification procedures and PMA treatment conditions were optimized. The specificity, sensitivity, and ability of PMA-ddPCR to detect viable bacteria-derived DNA were evaluated in simulated seawater samples. Results and Discussion The results revealed that the optimal primer concentrations of rfb O1, rfb O139, and ctxA were 1 μM, while the concentrations of the three probes were 0.25, 0.25, and 0.4 μM, respectively. The best annealing temperature was 58°C to obtain the most accurate results. The optimal strategy for distinguishing dead and live bacteria from PMA treatment was incubation at the concentration of 20 μM for 15 min, followed by exposure to a 650-W halogen lamp for 20 min. In pure culture solutions, the limit of detection (LODs) of V. cholerae O1 and O139, and ctxA were 127.91, 120.23 CFU/mL, and 1.5 copies/reaction in PMA-triplex ddPCR, respectively, while the LODs of the three targets were 150.66, 147.57 CFU/mL, and 2 copies/reaction in seawater samples. The PMA-ddPCR sensitivity was about 10 times higher than that of PMA-qPCR. When detecting spiked seawater samples with live bacterial concentrations of 1.53 × 102 and 1.53 × 105 CFU/mL, the assay presented a higher sensitivity (100%, 16/16) than qPCR (50.00%, 8/16) and a perfect specificity (100%, 9/9). These results indicate that the developed PMA-triplex ddPCR is superior to the qPCR regarding sensitivity and specificity and can be used to rapidly detect viable toxigenic V. cholerae O1 and O139 in suspicious seawater samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinsong Yang
- Fujian Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Fuzhou, China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Fuzhou, China
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Haibin Xu
- Fujian Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zili Ke
- Fujian Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Fuzhou, China
| | - Naipeng Kan
- Fujian Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Fuzhou, China
| | - Enhui Zheng
- Fujian Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yufeng Qiu
- Fujian Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Fuzhou, China
| | - Mengying Huang
- Fujian Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Fuzhou, China
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Carbonne C, Labadie K, Cruaud C, Brun E, Barbe V, Monnet C. Metatranscriptomics of cheese microbial communities: Efficiency of RNA extraction from various cheese types and of mRNA enrichment. Int J Food Microbiol 2022; 373:109701. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2022.109701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 05/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Cui L, Li HZ, Yang K, Zhu LJ, Xu F, Zhu YG. Raman biosensor and molecular tools for integrated monitoring of pathogens and antimicrobial resistance in wastewater. Trends Analyt Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2021.116415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Verma R, Kim E, Martínez-Colón GJ, Jagannathan P, Rustagi A, Parsonnet J, Bonilla H, Khosla C, Holubar M, Subramanian A, Singh U, Maldonado Y, Blish CA, Andrews JR. SARS-CoV-2 Subgenomic RNA Kinetics in Longitudinal Clinical Samples. Open Forum Infect Dis 2021; 8:ofab310. [PMID: 34295944 PMCID: PMC8291522 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofab310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Given the persistence of viral RNA in clinically recovered coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients, subgenomic RNAs (sgRNAs) have been reported as potential molecular viability markers for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). However, few data are available on their longitudinal kinetics, compared with genomic RNA (gRNA), in clinical samples. METHODS We analyzed 536 samples from 205 patients with COVID-19 from placebo-controlled, outpatient trials of peginterferon Lambda-1a (Lambda; n = 177) and favipiravir (n = 359). Nasal swabs were collected at 3 time points in the Lambda (days 1, 4, and 6) and favipiravir (days 1, 5, and 10) trials. N-gene gRNA and sgRNA were quantified by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. To investigate the decay kinetics in vitro, we measured gRNA and sgRNA in A549ACE2+ cells infected with SARS-CoV-2, following treatment with remdesivir or dimethylsulfoxide control. RESULTS At 6 days in the Lambda trial and 10 days in the favipiravir trial, sgRNA remained detectable in 51.6% (32/62) and 49.5% (51/106) of the samples, respectively. Cycle threshold (Ct) values for gRNA and sgRNA were highly linearly correlated (marginal R 2 = 0.83), and the rate of increase did not differ significantly in the Lambda trial (1.36 cycles/d vs 1.36 cycles/d; P = .97) or the favipiravir trial (1.03 cycles/d vs 0.94 cycles/d; P = .26). From samples collected 15-21 days after symptom onset, sgRNA was detectable in 48.1% (40/83) of participants. In SARS-CoV-2-infected A549ACE2+ cells treated with remdesivir, the rate of Ct increase did not differ between gRNA and sgRNA. CONCLUSIONS In clinical samples and in vitro, sgRNA was highly correlated with gRNA and did not demonstrate different decay patterns to support its application as a viability marker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renu Verma
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Eugene Kim
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Giovanny Joel Martínez-Colón
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Prasanna Jagannathan
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Arjun Rustagi
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Julie Parsonnet
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Hector Bonilla
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Chaitan Khosla
- Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Marisa Holubar
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Aruna Subramanian
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Upinder Singh
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Yvonne Maldonado
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Catherine A Blish
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Jason R Andrews
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
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Cheng Q, Parvin B. Rapid identification of a subset of foodborne bacteria in live-cell assays. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:10571-10584. [PMID: 33185701 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-10970-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 09/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The detection and identification of microbial pathogens in meat and fresh produce play an essential role in food safety for reducing foodborne illnesses every year. A new approach based on targeting a specific sequence of the 16S rRNA region for each bacterium is proposed and validated. The probe complex consists of a C60, a conjugated RNA detector which targets a specific 16S rRNA sequence, and a complementary fluorescent reporter. The RNA detectors were designed by integrating NIH nucleotide and Vienna RNA Webservice databases, and their specificities were validated by the RDP database. Probe complexes were synthesized for identifying E. coli K12, E. coli O157: H7, S. enterica, Y. enterocolitica, C. perfringens, and L. monocytogenes. First, under controlled conditions of known bacterial mixtures, the efficiency and crosstalk for identifying the foodborne bacteria were quantified to be above 94% and below 5%, respectively. Second, experiments were designed by inoculating meat products by known numbers of bacteria and measuring the limit of detection. In one experiment, 225 g of autoclaved ground chicken was inoculated with 9 E. coli O157:H7, where 6.8 ± 1.2 bacteria with 95% confidence interval were recovered. Third, by positionally printing probe complexes in microwells, specific microorganisms were identified with only one fluorophore. The proposed protocol is a cell-based system, can identify live bacteria in 15 min, requires no amplification, and has the potential to open new surveillance opportunities.Key points• The identification of foodborne bacteria is enabled in live-cell assays.• The limit of detection for 100 g of fresh chicken breast inoculated with 4 bacteria is 2.7 ± 1.4 with 95% confidence interval.• The identification of five bacteria in a coded microwell chip is enabled with only one fluorophore.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingsu Cheng
- Department of Electrical and Biomedical Engineering, University of Nevada, Reno, 1664 N. Virginia St., NV, 89557, Reno, USA.,Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, 1664 N. Virginia St., Reno, NV, 89557, USA
| | - Bahram Parvin
- Department of Electrical and Biomedical Engineering, University of Nevada, Reno, 1664 N. Virginia St., NV, 89557, Reno, USA. .,Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, 1664 N. Virginia St., Reno, NV, 89557, USA.
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Kreth J, Merritt J, Pfeifer C, Khajotia S, Ferracane J. Interaction between the Oral Microbiome and Dental Composite Biomaterials: Where We Are and Where We Should Go. J Dent Res 2020; 99:1140-1149. [PMID: 32479134 PMCID: PMC7443996 DOI: 10.1177/0022034520927690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Dental composites are routinely placed as part of tooth restoration procedures. The integrity of the restoration is constantly challenged by the metabolic activities of the oral microbiome. This activity directly contributes to a less-than-desirable half-life for the dental composite formulations currently in use. Therefore, many new antimicrobial dental composites are being developed to counteract the microbial challenge. To ensure that these materials will resist microbiome-derived degradation, the model systems used for testing antimicrobial activities should be relevant to the in vivo environment. Here, we summarize the key steps in oral microbial colonization that should be considered in clinically relevant model systems. Oral microbial colonization is a clearly defined developmental process that starts with the formation of the acquired salivary pellicle on the tooth surface, a conditioned film that provides the critical attachment sites for the initial colonizers. Further development includes the integration of additional species and the formation of a diverse, polymicrobial mature biofilm. Biofilm development is discussed in the context of dental composites, and recent research is highlighted regarding the effect of antimicrobial composites on the composition of the oral microbiome. Future challenges are addressed, including the potential of antimicrobial resistance development and how this could be counteracted by detailed studies of microbiome composition and gene expression on dental composites. Ultimately, progress in this area will require interdisciplinary approaches to effectively mitigate the inevitable challenges that arise as new experimental bioactive composites are evaluated for potential clinical efficacy. Success in this area could have the added benefit of inspiring other fields in medically relevant materials research, since microbial colonization of medical implants and devices is a ubiquitous problem in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Kreth
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - J. Merritt
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - C.S. Pfeifer
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - S. Khajotia
- Department of Restorative Sciences, College of Dentistry, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - J.L. Ferracane
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
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Farhan MG, Abd El-Hamid MI, Hassan MN. Propidium monoazide conventional PCR and DNA sequencing: detection of negative culture bacterial pathogens causing subclinical mastitis. J Appl Microbiol 2020; 128:1595-1605. [PMID: 31965693 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2019] [Revised: 12/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS This study was conducted to early detect the negative culture bacterial pathogens causing subclinical mastitis for the fast diagnosis of the disease and the reduction of some milk-transmitted pathogenic bacteria to human consumers. METHODS AND RESULTS A total of 171 positive California mastitis test (CMT) milk samples collected from asymptomatic dairy cows in Sharkia Governorate, Egypt were examined by conventional bacteriological methods. The obtained results revealed that Streptococcus species (77·2%), followed by Staphylococcus species (48·6%) and Escherichia coli (25·7%) were the most predominant bacterial pathogens isolated from positive culture milk samples, whereas Enterobacter and Pseudomonas species were the lowest ones (1·2%, for each). Herein, 13 (7.6%) negative culture milk samples were subjected to propidium monoazide (PMA) conventional PCR assay, followed by DNA sequencing of purified PCR amplicons. Sequence analysis identified seven different types of negative culture bacterial pathogens comprising as following; 4 Enterococcus hirae, 2 Bacillus cereus, 2 Staphylococcus aureus, 1 Bacillus mycoides, 1 Bacillus subtilis, 1 Enterococcus faecium and 1 Escherichia coli. CONCLUSIONS All the detected negative culture bacterial pathogens by PMA-PCR assay, followed by DNA sequencing were incriminated in causing subclinical mastitis disease and had serious implications on human public health through consumption of milk contaminated with those recovered bacterial pathogens. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The used methods could be useful in the routine detection of negative culture bacterial pathogens present in milk and consequently, it will help in the rapid diagnosis of subclinical mastitis disease and the reduction of many milk-transmitted diseases to human.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Farhan
- Department of Animal Management and Treatment, Fakous Veterinary Administration, Sharkia Governorate, Fakous, Egypt
| | - M I Abd El-Hamid
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - M N Hassan
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
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Assessment of predatory bacteria and prey interactions using culture-based methods and EMA-qPCR. Microbiol Res 2019; 228:126305. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2019.126305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/20/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Kiely CJ, Pavli P, O'Brien CL. The microbiome of translocated bacterial populations in patients with and without inflammatory bowel disease. Intern Med J 2018; 48:1346-1354. [DOI: 10.1111/imj.13998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Revised: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J. Kiely
- IBD Research Laboratory, Medical School, College of Medicine, Biology and EnvironmentAustralian National University Canberra Capital of Australia Australia
| | - Paul Pavli
- IBD Research Laboratory, Medical School, College of Medicine, Biology and EnvironmentAustralian National University Canberra Capital of Australia Australia
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology UnitCanberra Hospital Canberra Australian Capital Territory Australia
| | - Claire L. O'Brien
- IBD Research Laboratory, Medical School, College of Medicine, Biology and EnvironmentAustralian National University Canberra Capital of Australia Australia
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology UnitCanberra Hospital Canberra Australian Capital Territory Australia
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Ritschard JS, Amato L, Kumar Y, Müller B, Meile L, Schuppler M. The role of the surface smear microbiome in the development of defective smear on surface-ripened red-smear cheese. AIMS Microbiol 2018; 4:622-641. [PMID: 31294238 PMCID: PMC6613336 DOI: 10.3934/microbiol.2018.4.622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The complex smear microbiota colonizing the surface of red-smear cheese fundamentally impacts the ripening process, appearance and shelf life of cheese. To decipher the prokaryotic composition of the cheese smear microbiome, the surface of a semi-hard surface ripened cheese was studied post-ripening by culture-based and culture-independent molecular approaches. The aim was to detect potential bacterial alterations in the composition of the cheese smear microbiota resulting from cheese storage in vacuum film-prepackaging, which is often accompanied by the development of a surface smear defect. Next-generation sequencing of amplified 16S rRNA gene fragments revealed an unexpected high diversity of a total of 132 different genera from the domains Bacteria and Archaea on the cheese surface. Beside typical smear organisms, our study revealed the presence of several microorganisms so far not associated with cheese, but related to milk, farm and cheese dairy environments. A 16S ribosomal RNA based analysis from total RNA identified the major metabolically active populations in the cheese surface smear as Actinobacteria of the genera Corynebacterium, Brevibacterium, Brachybacterium and Agrococcus. Comparison of data on a higher phylogenetic level revealed distinct differences in the composition of the cheese smear microbiome from the different samples. While the proportions of Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes were increased in the smear of prepacked samples and in particular in defective smear, staphylococci showed an opposite trend and turned out to be strongly decreased in defective smear. In conclusion, next-generation sequencing of amplified 16S rRNA genes and 16S rRNA from total RNA extracts provided a much deeper insight into the bacterial composition of the cheese smear microbiota. The observed shifts in the microbial composition of samples from defect surface smear suggest that certain members of the Proteobacteria contribute to the observed negative organoleptic properties of the surface smear of cheese after prepacking in plastic foil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmine S Ritschard
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zurich, Schmelzbergstrasse 7, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Lea Amato
- Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zurich, Schmelzbergstrasse 7, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Yadhu Kumar
- Eurofins GATC Biotech AG, Jakob-Stadler-Platz 7, 78467 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Britta Müller
- Eurofins GATC Biotech AG, Jakob-Stadler-Platz 7, 78467 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Leo Meile
- Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zurich, Schmelzbergstrasse 7, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Markus Schuppler
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zurich, Schmelzbergstrasse 7, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
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Fernandes K, van der Heyde M, Bunce M, Dixon K, Harris RJ, Wardell-Johnson G, Nevill PG. DNA metabarcoding-a new approach to fauna monitoring in mine site restoration. Restor Ecol 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.12868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kristen Fernandes
- ARC Centre for Mine Site Restoration, School of Molecular and Life Sciences; Curtin University; GPO Box U1987, Perth WA 6102 Australia
- Trace and Environmental DNA Laboratory, School of Molecular and Life Sciences; Curtin University; GPO Box U1987, Perth WA 6102 Australia
| | - Mieke van der Heyde
- ARC Centre for Mine Site Restoration, School of Molecular and Life Sciences; Curtin University; GPO Box U1987, Perth WA 6102 Australia
- Trace and Environmental DNA Laboratory, School of Molecular and Life Sciences; Curtin University; GPO Box U1987, Perth WA 6102 Australia
| | - Michael Bunce
- Trace and Environmental DNA Laboratory, School of Molecular and Life Sciences; Curtin University; GPO Box U1987, Perth WA 6102 Australia
| | - Kingsley Dixon
- ARC Centre for Mine Site Restoration, School of Molecular and Life Sciences; Curtin University; GPO Box U1987, Perth WA 6102 Australia
| | - Richard J. Harris
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences; Curtin University; GPO Box U1987, Perth WA 6102 Australia
| | - Grant Wardell-Johnson
- ARC Centre for Mine Site Restoration, School of Molecular and Life Sciences; Curtin University; GPO Box U1987, Perth WA 6102 Australia
| | - Paul G. Nevill
- ARC Centre for Mine Site Restoration, School of Molecular and Life Sciences; Curtin University; GPO Box U1987, Perth WA 6102 Australia
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Zainuddin NH, Chee HY, Ahmad MZ, Mahdi MA, Abu Bakar MH, Yaacob MH. Sensitive Leptospira DNA detection using tapered optical fiber sensor. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2018; 11:e201700363. [PMID: 29570957 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201700363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2017] [Revised: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents the development of tapered optical fiber sensor to detect a specific Leptospira bacteria DNA. The bacteria causes Leptospirosis, a deadly disease but with common early flu-like symptoms. Optical single mode fiber (SMF) of 125 μm diameter is tapered to produce 12 μm waist diameter and 15 cm length. The novel DNA-based optical fiber sensor is functionalized by incubating the tapered region with sodium hydroxide (NaOH), (3-Aminopropyl) triethoxysilane and glutaraldehyde. Probe DNA is immobilized onto the tapered region and subsequently hybridized by its complementary DNA (cDNA). The transmission spectra of the DNA-based optical fiber sensor are measured in the 1500 to 1600 nm wavelength range. It is discovered that the shift of the wavelength in the SMF sensor is linearly proportional with the increase in the cDNA concentrations from 0.1 to 1.0 nM. The sensitivity of the sensor toward DNA is measured to be 1.2862 nm/nM and able to detect as low as 0.1 fM. The sensor indicates high specificity when only minimal shift is detected for non-cDNA testing. The developed sensor is able to distinguish between actual DNA of Leptospira serovars (Canicola and Copenhageni) against Clostridium difficile (control sample) at very low (femtomolar) target concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurul H Zainuddin
- Department of Computer and Communication Systems, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Wireless and Photonic Networks Research Centre (WiPNET), Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Hui Y Chee
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Z Ahmad
- Biotechnology and Nanotechnology Research Center, Malaysian Agricultural Research and Development Institute (MARDI), Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohd A Mahdi
- Department of Computer and Communication Systems, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Wireless and Photonic Networks Research Centre (WiPNET), Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Muhammad H Abu Bakar
- Department of Computer and Communication Systems, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Wireless and Photonic Networks Research Centre (WiPNET), Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohd H Yaacob
- Department of Computer and Communication Systems, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Wireless and Photonic Networks Research Centre (WiPNET), Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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Janssen KJH, Dirks JAMC, Dukers-Muijrers NHTM, Hoebe CJPA, Wolffs PFG. Review of Chlamydia trachomatis viability methods: assessing the clinical diagnostic impact of NAAT positive results. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2018; 18:739-747. [PMID: 29987959 DOI: 10.1080/14737159.2018.1498785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Chlamydia trachomatis (chlamydia) is the most commonly diagnosed bacterial sexually transmitted infection (STI) worldwide. The advancement of molecular techniques has made chlamydia diagnostics infinitely easier. However, molecular techniques lack the information on chlamydia viability. Where in routine diagnostics the detection of chlamydia DNA or RNA might suffice, in other patient scenarios, information on the viability of chlamydia might be essential. Areas covered: In this review, the authors discuss the specific strengths and limitations of currently available methods to evaluate chlamydia viability: conventional cell culture, messenger RNA (mRNA) detection and viability-PCR (V-PCR). PubMed and Google Scholar were searched with the following terms: Chlamydia trachomatis, Treatment failure, Anal chlamydia, Microbial viability, Culture, Viability-PCR, Messenger RNA, and Molecular diagnostics Expert commentary: Several techniques are currently available to determine chlamydia viability and thus the clinical relevance of a positive test result in clinical samples. Depending on the underlying research question, all three discussed techniques have their merits when testing for viability. However, mRNA methods show the most promise in determining the presence of a true infection, in case the chlamydia reticulate body can be specifically detected. Further research is needed to understand how to best apply viability testing in current chlamydia diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin J H Janssen
- a Department of Medical Microbiology, Care and Public Health Research Institute (CAPHRI) , Maastricht University Medical Center (MUMC+) , Maastricht , The Netherlands
| | - Jeanne A M C Dirks
- a Department of Medical Microbiology, Care and Public Health Research Institute (CAPHRI) , Maastricht University Medical Center (MUMC+) , Maastricht , The Netherlands
| | - Nicole H T M Dukers-Muijrers
- a Department of Medical Microbiology, Care and Public Health Research Institute (CAPHRI) , Maastricht University Medical Center (MUMC+) , Maastricht , The Netherlands.,b Department of Sexual Health, Infectious Diseases and Environmental Health , South Limburg Public Health Service , Heerlen , The Netherlands
| | - Christian J P A Hoebe
- a Department of Medical Microbiology, Care and Public Health Research Institute (CAPHRI) , Maastricht University Medical Center (MUMC+) , Maastricht , The Netherlands.,b Department of Sexual Health, Infectious Diseases and Environmental Health , South Limburg Public Health Service , Heerlen , The Netherlands
| | - Petra F G Wolffs
- a Department of Medical Microbiology, Care and Public Health Research Institute (CAPHRI) , Maastricht University Medical Center (MUMC+) , Maastricht , The Netherlands
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Thiol-Capped Gold Nanoparticle Biosensors for Rapid and Sensitive Visual Colorimetric Detection of Klebsiella pneumoniae. J Fluoresc 2018; 28:987-998. [PMID: 30022376 DOI: 10.1007/s10895-018-2262-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In the last few years, gold nanoparticle biosensors have been developed for rapid, precise, easy and inexpensive with high specificity and sensitivity detection of human, plant and animal pathogens. Klebsiella pneumoniae serotype K2 is one of the common gram-negative pathogens with high prevalence. Therefore, it is essential to provide the effective and exclusive method to detect the bacteria. Klebsiella pneumoniae serotype K2 strain ATCC9997 genomic DNA was applied to establish the detection protocol either with thiol-capped oligonucleotide probes and gold nanoparticles or polymerase chain reaction based on K2A gene sequence. In the presence of the genomic DNA and oligonucleotide probes, a change in the color of gold nanoparticles and maximum changes in wavelength at 550-650 nm was achieved. In addition, the result showed specificity of 15 × 105 CFU/mL and 9 pg/μL by gold nanoparticles probes. The lower limit of detection obtained by PCR method was 1 pg/μL. Moreover, results demonstrated a great specificity of the designed primers and probes for colorimetric detection assay and PCR. Colorimetric detection using gold nanoparticle probe with advantages such as the lower time required for detection and no need for expensive detection instrumentation compared to the biochemical and molecular methods could be introduced for rapid, accurate detection of the bacteria.
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15
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Ma D, Shanks RMQ, Davis CM, Craft DW, Wood TK, Hamlin BR, Urish KL. Viable bacteria persist on antibiotic spacers following two-stage revision for periprosthetic joint infection. J Orthop Res 2018; 36:452-458. [PMID: 28543707 PMCID: PMC5694702 DOI: 10.1002/jor.23611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Treatment in periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) remains challenging. The failure rate of two-stage revision and irrigation and debridement with component retention in PJI suggests that biofilm cells have a high tolerance to antibiotic chemotherapy. Previous work has demonstrated that biofilm cells have high antibiotic tolerance in vitro, but there is little clinical evidence to support these observations. The aim of this study was to determine if retrieved antibiotic spacers from two-stage revision total knee arthroplasty for PJI have evidence of remaining viable bacteria. Antibiotic poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) spacers from two-stage revision total knee arthroplasty for PJI were prospectively collected and analyzed for bacterial 16s rRNA using polymerase chain reaction (PCR), reverse transcription (RT)-PCR, quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR), and single genome analysis (SGA). PCR and RT-PCR identified bacterial species on 53.8% (7/13) of these samples. When initial culture negative cases are excluded, 68% (6/9) samples were identified with bacterial species. A more rigorous qRT-PCR analysis showed a strong positive signal for bacterial contamination in 30.7% (4/13) of cases. These patients did not show any clinical evidence of PJI recurrence after 15 months of follow-up. Because the half-life of bacterial rRNA is approximately a few days, the identification of bacteria rRNA on antibiotic PMMA spacers suggests that viable bacteria were present after conclusion of antibiotic therapy. This study provides evidence for the high tolerance of biofilm cells to antibiotics in vivo and the important role of bacterial persisters in PJI. © 2017 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 36:452-458, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongzhu Ma
- Arthritis and Arthroplasty Design Group, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219
| | | | - Charles M. Davis
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Pennsylvania State University, PA
| | - David W. Craft
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, PA
| | - Thomas K. Wood
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
| | - Brian R Hamlin
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Kenneth L. Urish
- The Bone and Joint Center, Magee Womens Hospital of the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Bioengineering, and Clinical and Translational Science Institute, University of Pittsburgh; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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16
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Selective and concurrent detection of viable Salmonella spp., E. coli, Staphylococcus aureus, E. coli O157:H7, and Shigella spp., in low moisture food products by PMA-mPCR assay with internal amplification control. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2017.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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17
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Development of a Real-Time Multiplex PCR Assay with Propidium Monoazide Treatment for Simultaneous Detection of Live Salmonella, and Salmonella Enteritidis, S. Typhimurium, S. Pullorum, and S. Gallinarum, in Rinse Water of Chicken Carcasses. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-016-0716-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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18
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Sutarlie L, Ow SY, Su X. Nanomaterials-based biosensors for detection of microorganisms and microbial toxins. Biotechnol J 2016; 12. [PMID: 27787955 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201500459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Revised: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Detection of microorganisms and microbial toxins is important for health and safety. Due to their unique physical and chemical properties, nanomaterials have been extensively used to develop biosensors for rapid detection of microorganisms with microbial cells and toxins as target analytes. In this paper, the design principles of nanomaterials-based biosensors for four selected analyte categories (bacteria cells, toxins, mycotoxins, and protozoa cells), closely associated with the target analytes' properties is reviewed. Five signal transducing methods that are less equipment intensive (colorimetric, fluorimetric, surface enhanced Raman scattering, electrochemical, and magnetic relaxometry methods) is described and compared for their sensory performance (in term oflimit of detection, dynamic range, and response time) for all analyte categories. In the end, the suitability of these five sensing principles for on-site or field applications is discussed. With a comprehensive coverage of nanomaterials, design principles, sensing principles, and assessment on the sensory performance and suitability for on-site application, this review offers valuable insight and perspective for designing suitable nanomaterials-based microorganism biosensors for a given application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Sutarlie
- Insitute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Innovis, Singapore
| | - Sian Yang Ow
- Insitute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Innovis, Singapore
| | - Xiaodi Su
- Insitute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Innovis, Singapore.,Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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19
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Benítez-Cabello A, Bautista-Gallego J, Garrido-Fernández A, Rantsiou K, Cocolin L, Jiménez-Díaz R, Arroyo-López FN. RT-PCR-DGGE Analysis to Elucidate the Dominant Bacterial Species of Industrial Spanish-Style Green Table Olive Fermentations. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1291. [PMID: 27582739 PMCID: PMC4987347 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper describes the dominant bacterial species metabolically active through the industrial production of Spanish-style Manzanilla and Gordal olives. For this purpose, samples (brines and fruits) obtained at 0, 15, and 90 fermentation days were analyzed by a culture-independent approach to determine viable cells by reverse transcription of RNA and further PCR-DGGE analysis, detecting at least 7 different species. Vibrio vulnificus, Lactobacillus plantarum group, and Lactobacillus parafarraginis were present in samples from both cultivars; Lactobacillus sanfranciscensis and Halolactobacillus halophilus were detected only in Gordal samples, while Staphylococcus sp. was exclusively found at the onset of Manzanilla fermentations. Physicochemical data showed a typical fermentation profile while scanning electron microscopy confirmed the in situ biofilm formation on the olive epidermis. Different Bacillus, Staphylococcus, and Enterococcus species, not detected during the fermentation process, were also found in the solid marine salt used by the industry for preparation of brines. Elucidation of these non-lactic acid bacteria species role during fermentation is then an appealingly challenge, particularly regarding safety issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Benítez-Cabello
- Food Biotechnology Department, Instituto de la Grasa, Agencia Estatal Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas Seville, Spain
| | - Joaquín Bautista-Gallego
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali e Alimentari, Agricultural Microbiology and Food Technology Sector, University of Torino Torino, Italy
| | - Antonio Garrido-Fernández
- Food Biotechnology Department, Instituto de la Grasa, Agencia Estatal Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas Seville, Spain
| | - Kalliopi Rantsiou
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali e Alimentari, Agricultural Microbiology and Food Technology Sector, University of Torino Torino, Italy
| | - Luca Cocolin
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali e Alimentari, Agricultural Microbiology and Food Technology Sector, University of Torino Torino, Italy
| | - Rufino Jiménez-Díaz
- Food Biotechnology Department, Instituto de la Grasa, Agencia Estatal Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas Seville, Spain
| | - Francisco N Arroyo-López
- Food Biotechnology Department, Instituto de la Grasa, Agencia Estatal Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas Seville, Spain
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20
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Roda B, Mirasoli M, Zattoni A, Casale M, Oliveri P, Bigi A, Reschiglian P, Simoni P, Roda A. A new analytical platform based on field-flow fractionation and olfactory sensor to improve the detection of viable and non-viable bacteria in food. Anal Bioanal Chem 2016; 408:7367-77. [PMID: 27520323 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-016-9836-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Revised: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
An integrated sensing system is presented for the first time, where a metal oxide semiconductor sensor-based electronic olfactory system (MOS array), employed for pathogen bacteria identification based on their volatile organic compound (VOC) characterisation, is assisted by a preliminary separative technique based on gravitational field-flow fractionation (GrFFF). In the integrated system, a preliminary step using GrFFF fractionation of a complex sample provided bacteria-enriched fractions readily available for subsequent MOS array analysis. The MOS array signals were then analysed employing a chemometric approach using principal components analysis (PCA) for a first-data exploration, followed by linear discriminant analysis (LDA) as a classification tool, using the PCA scores as input variables. The ability of the GrFFF-MOS system to distinguish between viable and non-viable cells of the same strain was demonstrated for the first time, yielding 100 % ability of correct prediction. The integrated system was also applied as a proof of concept for multianalyte purposes, for the detection of two bacterial strains (Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Yersinia enterocolitica) simultaneously present in artificially contaminated milk samples, obtaining a 100 % ability of correct prediction. Acquired results show that GrFFF band slicing before MOS array analysis can significantly increase reliability and reproducibility of pathogen bacteria identification based on their VOC production, simplifying the analytical procedure and largely eliminating sample matrix effects. The developed GrFFF-MOS integrated system can be considered a simple straightforward approach for pathogen bacteria identification directly from their food matrix. Graphical abstract An integrated sensing system is presented for pathogen bacteria identification in food, in which field-flow fractionation is exploited to prepare enriched cell fractions prior to their analysis by electronic olfactory system analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Roda
- Department of Chemistry 'Giacomo Ciamician', University of Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy.,Interuniversity Consortium INBB-Viale delle Medaglie d'Oro, 305, 00136, Rome, Italy
| | - Mara Mirasoli
- Department of Chemistry 'Giacomo Ciamician', University of Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy. .,Interuniversity Consortium INBB-Viale delle Medaglie d'Oro, 305, 00136, Rome, Italy.
| | - Andrea Zattoni
- Department of Chemistry 'Giacomo Ciamician', University of Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy.,Interuniversity Consortium INBB-Viale delle Medaglie d'Oro, 305, 00136, Rome, Italy
| | - Monica Casale
- Department of Pharmacy-DIFAR, University of Genoa, Viale Cembrano 4, 16148, Genoa, Italy
| | - Paolo Oliveri
- Department of Pharmacy-DIFAR, University of Genoa, Viale Cembrano 4, 16148, Genoa, Italy
| | - Alessandro Bigi
- Department of Engineering Enzo Ferrari (DIEF), University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Vivarelli 10, 41125, Modena, Italy
| | - Pierluigi Reschiglian
- Department of Chemistry 'Giacomo Ciamician', University of Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy.,Interuniversity Consortium INBB-Viale delle Medaglie d'Oro, 305, 00136, Rome, Italy
| | - Patrizia Simoni
- Department of Medical and Surgical Science-DIMEC, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, University of Bologna, Via Massarenti 9, 40138, Bologna, Italy
| | - Aldo Roda
- Department of Chemistry 'Giacomo Ciamician', University of Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy.,Interuniversity Consortium INBB-Viale delle Medaglie d'Oro, 305, 00136, Rome, Italy
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21
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Habtewold T, Groom Z, Duchateau L, Christophides GK. Detection of viable plasmodium ookinetes in the midguts of anopheles coluzzi using PMA-qrtPCR. Parasit Vectors 2015; 8:455. [PMID: 26373633 PMCID: PMC4572643 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-015-1087-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mosquito infection with malaria parasites depends on complex interactions between the mosquito immune response, the parasite developmental program and the midgut microbiota. Simultaneous monitoring of the parasite and bacterial dynamics is important when studying these interactions. PCR based methods of genomic DNA (gDNA) have been widely used, but their inability to discriminate between live and dead cells compromises their application. The alternative method of quantification of mRNA mainly reports on cell activity rather than density. METHOD Quantitative real-time (qrt) PCR in combination with Propidium Monoazide (PMA) treatment (PMA-qrtPCR) has been previously used for selectively enumerating viable microbial cells. PMA penetrates damaged cell membranes and intercalates in the DNA inhibiting its PCR amplification. Here, we tested the potential of PMA-qrtPCR to discriminate between and quantify live and dead Plasmodium berghei malarial parasites and commensal bacteria in the midgut of Anopheles coluzzii Coetzee & Wilkerson 2013 (formerly An. gambiae M-form). RESULTS By combining microscopic observations with reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR) we reveal that, in addition to gDNA, mRNA from dead parasites also persists inside the mosquito midgut, therefore its quantification cannot accurately reflect live-only parasites at the time of monitoring. In contrast, pre-treating the samples with PMA selectively inhibited qrtPCR amplification of parasite gDNA, with about 15 cycles (Ct-value) difference between PMA-treated and control samples. The limit of detection corresponds to 10 Plasmodium ookinetes. Finally, we show that the PMA-qrtPCR method can be used to quantify bacteria that are present in the mosquito midgut. CONCLUSION The PMA-qrtPCR is a suitable method for quantification of viable parasites and bacteria in the midgut of Anopheles mosquitoes. The method will be valuable when studying the molecular interactions between the mosquito, the malaria parasite and midgut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tibebu Habtewold
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK.
- Department of Comparative Physiology and Biometrics, University of Ghent, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Zoe Groom
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Costello Medical Consulting, Cambridge, UK
| | - Luc Duchateau
- Department of Comparative Physiology and Biometrics, University of Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
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22
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Falagan-Lotsch P, Lopes TS, Ferreira N, Balthazar N, Monteiro AM, Borojevic R, Granjeiro JM. Performance of PCR-based and Bioluminescent assays for mycoplasma detection. J Microbiol Methods 2015; 118:31-6. [PMID: 26296900 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2015.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2014] [Revised: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Contaminated eukaryotic cell cultures are frequently responsible for unreliable results. Regulatory entities request that cell cultures must be mycoplasma-free. Mycoplasma contamination remains a significant problem for cell cultures and may have an impact on biological analysis since they affect many cell parameters. The gold standard microbiological assay for mycoplasma detection involves laborious and time-consuming protocols. PCR-based and Bioluminescent assays have been considered for routine cell culture screening in research laboratories since they are fast, easy and sensitive. Thus, the aim of this work is to compare the performance of two popular commercial assays, PCR-based and Bioluminescent assays, by assessing the level of mycoplasma contamination in cell cultures from Rio de Janeiro Cell Bank (RJCB) and also from customers' laboratories. The results obtained by both performed assays were confirmed by scanning electron microscopy. In addition, we evaluated the limit of detection of the PCR kit under our laboratory conditions and the storage effects on mycoplasma detection in frozen cell culture supernatants. The performance of both assays for mycoplasma detection was not significantly different and they showed very good agreement. The Bioluminescent assay for mycoplasma detection was slightly more dependable than PCR-based due to the lack of inconclusive results produced by the first technique, especially considering the ability to detect mycoplasma contamination in frozen cell culture supernatants. However, cell lines should be precultured for four days or more without antibiotics to obtain safe results. On the other hand, a false negative result was obtained by using this biochemical approach. The implementation of fast and reliable mycoplasma testing methods is an important technical and regulatory issue and PCR-based and Bioluminescent assays may be good candidates. However, validation studies are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscila Falagan-Lotsch
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Bioengineering Group, National Institute of Metrology, Quality and Technology (INMETRO), Av Nossa Senhora das Graças, n°50, Vila Operária-Xerém, Duque de Caxias, Rio de Janeiro CEP25250-020, Brazil.
| | - Talíria Silva Lopes
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Bioengineering Group, National Institute of Metrology, Quality and Technology (INMETRO), Av Nossa Senhora das Graças, n°50, Vila Operária-Xerém, Duque de Caxias, Rio de Janeiro CEP25250-020, Brazil.
| | - Nívea Ferreira
- Rio de Janeiro Cell Bank, National Institute of Metrology, Quality and Technology (INMETRO), Brazil Av Nossa Senhora das Graças, n°50, Vila Operária-Xerém, Duque de Caxias, Rio de Janeiro CEP25250-020, Brazil.
| | - Nathália Balthazar
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Bioengineering Group, National Institute of Metrology, Quality and Technology (INMETRO), Av Nossa Senhora das Graças, n°50, Vila Operária-Xerém, Duque de Caxias, Rio de Janeiro CEP25250-020, Brazil.
| | - Antônio M Monteiro
- Rio de Janeiro Cell Bank, National Institute of Metrology, Quality and Technology (INMETRO), Brazil Av Nossa Senhora das Graças, n°50, Vila Operária-Xerém, Duque de Caxias, Rio de Janeiro CEP25250-020, Brazil.
| | - Radovan Borojevic
- Rio de Janeiro Cell Bank, National Institute of Metrology, Quality and Technology (INMETRO), Brazil Av Nossa Senhora das Graças, n°50, Vila Operária-Xerém, Duque de Caxias, Rio de Janeiro CEP25250-020, Brazil.
| | - José Mauro Granjeiro
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Bioengineering Group, National Institute of Metrology, Quality and Technology (INMETRO), Av Nossa Senhora das Graças, n°50, Vila Operária-Xerém, Duque de Caxias, Rio de Janeiro CEP25250-020, Brazil.
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23
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Shintani M, Sanchez ZK, Kimbara K. Genomics of microbial plasmids: classification and identification based on replication and transfer systems and host taxonomy. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:242. [PMID: 25873913 PMCID: PMC4379921 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmids are important "vehicles" for the communication of genetic information between bacteria. The exchange of plasmids transmits pathogenically and environmentally relevant traits to the host bacteria, promoting their rapid evolution and adaptation to various environments. Over the past six decades, a large number of plasmids have been identified and isolated from different microbes. With the revolution of sequencing technology, more than 4600 complete sequences of plasmids found in bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes have been determined. The classification of a wide variety of plasmids is not only important to understand their features, host ranges, and microbial evolution but is also necessary to effectively use them as genetic tools for microbial engineering. This review summarizes the current situation of the classification of fully sequenced plasmids based on their host taxonomy and their features of replication and conjugative transfer. The majority of the fully sequenced plasmids are found in bacteria in the Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Spirochaetes, Actinobacteria, Cyanobacteria and Euryarcheota phyla, and key features of each phylum are included. Recent advances in the identification of novel types of plasmids and plasmid transfer by culture-independent methods using samples from natural environments are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Shintani
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biochemical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Shizuoka University Shizuoka, Japan ; Department of Bioscience, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Zoe K Sanchez
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biochemical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Shizuoka University Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Kazuhide Kimbara
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biochemical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Shizuoka University Shizuoka, Japan
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Verma MS, Rogowski JL, Jones L, Gu FX. Colorimetric biosensing of pathogens using gold nanoparticles. Biotechnol Adv 2015; 33:666-80. [PMID: 25792228 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2015.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Revised: 02/08/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Rapid detection of pathogens is crucial to minimize adverse health impacts of nosocomial, foodborne, and waterborne diseases. Gold nanoparticles are extremely successful at detecting pathogens due to their ability to provide a simple and rapid color change when their environment is altered. Here, we review general strategies of implementing gold nanoparticles in colorimetric biosensors. First, we highlight how gold nanoparticles have improved conventional genomic analysis methods by lowering detection limits while reducing assay times. Then, we focus on emerging point-of-care technologies that aim at pathogen detection using simpler assays. These advances will facilitate the implementation of gold nanoparticle-based biosensors in diverse environments throughout the world and help prevent the spread of infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohit S Verma
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue W, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada; Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue W, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Jacob L Rogowski
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue W, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada; Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue W, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Lyndon Jones
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue W, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada; Center for Contact Lens Research, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue W, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Frank X Gu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue W, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada; Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue W, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada.
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25
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Payne MS, Bayatibojakhi S. Exploring preterm birth as a polymicrobial disease: an overview of the uterine microbiome. Front Immunol 2014; 5:595. [PMID: 25505898 PMCID: PMC4245917 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Infection is a leading cause of preterm birth (PTB). A focus of many studies over the past decade has been to characterize microorganisms present in the uterine cavity and document any association with negative pregnancy outcome. A range of techniques have been used to achieve this, including microbiological culture and targeted polymerase chain reaction assays, and more recently, microbiome-level analyses involving either conserved, phylogenetically informative genes such as the bacterial 16S rRNA gene or whole shotgun metagenomic sequencing. These studies have contributed vast amounts of data toward characterization of the uterine microbiome, specifically that present in the amniotic fluid, fetal membranes, and placenta. However, an overwhelming emphasis has been placed on the bacterial microbiome, with far less data produced on the viral and fungal/yeast microbiomes. With numerous studies now referring to PTB as a polymicrobial condition, there is the need to investigate the role of viruses and fungi/yeasts in more detail and in particular, look for associations between colonization with these microorganisms and bacteria in the same samples. Although the major pathway by which microorganisms are believed to colonize the uterine cavity is vertical ascension from the vagina, numerous studies are now emerging suggesting hematogenous transfer of oral microbiota to the uterine cavity. Evidence of this has been produced in mouse models and although DNA-based evidence in humans appears convincing in some aspects, use of methodologies that only detect viable cells as opposed to lysed cells and extracellular DNA are needed to clarify this. Such techniques as RNA analyses and viability polymerase chain reaction are likely to play key roles in the clinical translation of future microbiome-based data, particularly in confined environments such as the uterus, as detection of viable cells plays a key role in diagnosis and treatment of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew S Payne
- School of Women's and Infants' Health, The University of Western Australia , Perth, WA , Australia
| | - Sara Bayatibojakhi
- School of Women's and Infants' Health, The University of Western Australia , Perth, WA , Australia
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26
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Zhu D, Yan Y, Lei P, Shen B, Cheng W, Ju H, Ding S. A novel electrochemical sensing strategy for rapid and ultrasensitive detection of Salmonella by rolling circle amplification and DNA–AuNPs probe. Anal Chim Acta 2014; 846:44-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2014.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2014] [Revised: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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27
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Salam KW, El-Fadel M, Barbour EK, Saikaly PE. A propidium monoazide–quantitative PCR method for the detection and quantification of viable Enterococcus faecalis in large-volume samples of marine waters. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 98:8707-18. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-014-6023-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2014] [Revised: 08/05/2014] [Accepted: 08/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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28
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Abstract
Nucleic acid-based analytical methods, ranging from species-targeted PCRs to metagenomics, have greatly expanded our understanding of microbiological diversity in natural samples. However, these methods provide only limited information on the activities and physiological states of microorganisms in samples. Even the most fundamental physiological state, viability, cannot be assessed cross-sectionally by standard DNA-targeted methods such as PCR. New PCR-based strategies, collectively called molecular viability analyses, have been developed that differentiate nucleic acids associated with viable cells from those associated with inactivated cells. In order to maximize the utility of these methods and to correctly interpret results, it is necessary to consider the physiological diversity of life and death in the microbial world. This article reviews molecular viability analysis in that context and discusses future opportunities for these strategies in genetic, metagenomic, and single-cell microbiology.
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Starke IC, Vahjen W, Pieper R, Zentek J. The Influence of DNA Extraction Procedure and Primer Set on the Bacterial Community Analysis by Pyrosequencing of Barcoded 16S rRNA Gene Amplicons. Mol Biol Int 2014; 2014:548683. [PMID: 25120931 PMCID: PMC4120916 DOI: 10.1155/2014/548683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Revised: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 06/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, the effect of different DNA extraction procedures and primer sets on pyrosequencing results regarding the composition of bacterial communities in the ileum of piglets was investigated. Ileal chyme from piglets fed a diet containing different amounts of zinc oxide was used to evaluate a pyrosequencing study with barcoded 16S rRNA PCR products. Two DNA extraction methods (bead beating versus silica gel columns) and two primer sets targeting variable regions of bacterial 16S rRNA genes (8f-534r versus 968f-1401r) were considered. The SEED viewer software of the MG-RAST server was used for automated sequence analysis. A total of 5.2 × 10(5) sequences were used for analysis after processing for read length (150 bp), minimum sequence occurrence (5), and exclusion of eukaryotic and unclassified/uncultured sequences. DNA extraction procedures and primer sets differed significantly in total sequence yield. The distribution of bacterial order and main bacterial genera was influenced significantly by both parameters. However, this study has shown that the results of pyrosequencing studies using barcoded PCR amplicons of bacterial 16S rRNA genes depend on DNA extraction and primer choice, as well as on the manner of downstream sequence analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingo C. Starke
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Freie Universität Berlin, Koenigin-Luise-Straße 49, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Wilfried Vahjen
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Freie Universität Berlin, Koenigin-Luise-Straße 49, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Robert Pieper
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Freie Universität Berlin, Koenigin-Luise-Straße 49, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jürgen Zentek
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Freie Universität Berlin, Koenigin-Luise-Straße 49, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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Ceuppens S, Li D, Uyttendaele M, Renault P, Ross P, Ranst MV, Cocolin L, Donaghy J. Molecular Methods in Food Safety Microbiology: Interpretation and Implications of Nucleic Acid Detection. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2014; 13:551-577. [DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Siele Ceuppens
- Faculty of Bioscience Engineering; Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Food Preservation (LFMFP); Dept. of Food Safety and Food Quality; Ghent Univ.; Ghent Belgium
| | - Dan Li
- Faculty of Bioscience Engineering; Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Food Preservation (LFMFP); Dept. of Food Safety and Food Quality; Ghent Univ.; Ghent Belgium
| | - Mieke Uyttendaele
- Faculty of Bioscience Engineering; Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Food Preservation (LFMFP); Dept. of Food Safety and Food Quality; Ghent Univ.; Ghent Belgium
| | - Pierre Renault
- Inst. Scientifique de Recherche Agronomique (INRA); France
| | - Paul Ross
- Moorepark Biotechnology Centre; Teagasc; Moorepark; Fermoy Co. Cork Ireland
| | | | - Luca Cocolin
- Dept. of Agricultural; Forest and Food Sciences; Univ. of Torino; Grugliasco Torino Italy
| | - John Donaghy
- Food Safety Microbiology Group; Nestle Research Center; Lausanne Switzerland
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Brenier-Pinchart MP, Abaibou H, Berendsen T, Szymanski G, Beghri M, Bailly S, Lasnet F, Thiebaut-Bertrand A, Mabilat C, Pelloux H. Usefulness of pan-fungal NASBA test for surveillance of environmental fungal contamination in a protected hematology unit. Med Mycol 2014; 52:433-7. [PMID: 24577010 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myt017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A pan-fungal nucleic acid sequence based applification (NASBA) test was adapted and used for the first time to detect and quantify the level of filamentous fungi in environmental samples. Surface samples (n = 356) collected in a controlled air flow hematology ward were tested by mycological culture and the pan-fungal NASBA test. The overall percentage of agreement between culture and NASBA was 88%, the Kappa coefficient was equal to 0.61 (95%CI = [0.51; 0.72]). This pan-fungal NASBA test could be a promising tool to rapidly monitor the absence of molds in controlled environments.
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Comparative analysis and limitations of ethidium monoazide and propidium monoazide treatments for the differentiation of viable and nonviable campylobacter cells. Appl Environ Microbiol 2014; 80:2186-92. [PMID: 24487529 DOI: 10.1128/aem.03962-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The lack of differentiation between viable and nonviable bacterial cells limits the implementation of PCR-based methods for routine diagnostic approaches. Recently, the combination of a quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) and ethidium monoazide (EMA) or propidium monoazide (PMA) pretreatment has been described to circumvent this disadvantage. In regard to the suitability of this approach for Campylobacter spp., conflicting results have been reported. Thus, we compared the suitabilities of EMA and PMA in various concentrations for a Campylobacter viability qPCR method. The presence of either intercalating dye, EMA or PMA, leads to concentration-dependent shifts toward higher threshold cycle (CT) values, especially after EMA treatment. However, regression analysis resulted in high correlation coefficient (R(2)) values of 0.99 (EMA) and 0.98 (PMA) between Campylobacter counts determined by qPCR and culture-based enumeration. EMA (10 μg/ml) and PMA (51.10 μg/ml) removed DNA selectively from nonviable cells in mixed samples at viable/nonviable ratios of up to 1:1,000. The optimized EMA protocol was successfully applied to 16 Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli field isolates from poultry and indicated the applicability for field isolates as well. EMA-qPCR and culture-based enumeration of Campylobacter spiked chicken leg quarters resulted in comparable bacterial cell counts. The correlation coefficient between the two analytical methods was 0.95. Nevertheless, larger amounts of nonviable cells (>10(4)) resulted in an incomplete qPCR signal reduction, representing a serious methodological limitation, but double staining with EMA considerably improved the signal inhibition. Hence, the proposed Campylobacter viability EMA-qPCR provides a promising rapid method for diagnostic applications, but further research is needed to circumvent the limitation.
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Pitkänen T. Review of Campylobacter spp. in drinking and environmental waters. J Microbiol Methods 2013; 95:39-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2013.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2012] [Revised: 04/15/2013] [Accepted: 06/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Mohapatra BR, La Duc MT. Detecting the dormant: a review of recent advances in molecular techniques for assessing the viability of bacterial endospores. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 97:7963-75. [PMID: 23912118 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-013-5115-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2013] [Revised: 07/05/2013] [Accepted: 07/09/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Due to their contribution to gastrointestinal and pulmonary disease, their ability to produce various deadly exotoxins, and their resistance to extreme temperature, pressure, radiation, and common chemical disinfecting agents, bacterial endospores of the Firmicutes phylum are a major concern for public and environmental health. In addition, the hardy and dormant nature of endospores renders them a particularly significant threat to the integrity of robotic extraterrestrial life-detection investigations. To prevent the contamination of critical surfaces with seemingly ubiquitous bacterial endospores, clean rooms maintained at exceedingly stringent cleanliness levels (i.e., fewer than 100,000 airborne particles per ft(3)) are used for surgical procedures, pharmaceutical processing and packaging, and fabrication and assembly of medical devices and spacecraft components. However, numerous spore-forming bacterial species have been reported to withstand typical clean room bioreduction strategies (e.g., UV lights, maintained humidity, paucity of available nutrients), which highlights the need for rapid and reliable molecular methods for detecting, enumerating, and monitoring the incidence of viable endospores. Robust means of evaluating and tracking spore burden not only provide much needed information pertaining to endospore ecophysiology in different environmental niches but also empower decontamination and bioreduction strategies aimed at sustaining the reliability and integrity of clean room environments. An overview of recent molecular advances in detecting and enumerating viable endospores, as well as the expanding phylogenetic diversity of pathogenic and clean room-associated spore-forming bacteria, ensues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bidyut R Mohapatra
- Biotechnology and Planetary Protection Group, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA.
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Persistence of DNA in a cured patient and positive culture in cases with low antibody levels bring into question diagnosis of Q fever endocarditis. J Clin Microbiol 2013; 51:3012-7. [PMID: 23850956 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00812-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
We evaluated the performance of tools for diagnosing Q fever cardiovascular infection. We retrospectively analyzed 162 cardiovascular samples from 125 patients who were tested serologically by immunofluorescence, quantitative PCR (qPCR), 16S rRNA gene amplification, culture, and immunohistochemistry, and we assessed the viability of Coxiella burnetii by measuring the transcription of the 16S rRNA gene. The qPCR technique was significantly more sensitive than 16S rRNA gene amplification (P < 0.0001), cell culture (P = 0.0002), and immunohistochemistry (P < 0.0001). The sensitivity of these techniques was reduced when applied to patients who had been previously treated. The severity of infection appears to be correlated with phase I IgG levels. We report for the first time 4 cases of endocarditis with positive qPCR and/or culture assay result from patients with a low phase I IgG (IgG I) titer (<800), and we have identified the longest (16 years) persistence of DNA described in a heart valve from a patient cured after being previously treated for endocarditis. The active transcription of the 16S rRNA gene was found in 19/59 tested samples, with a positive predictive value of 100% for a positive culture. In conclusion, the diagnosis of Q fever cardiovascular infection should not be excluded in patients with low titers of phase I IgG when they present with valvulopathy. We recommend testing cardiovascular samples using 3 or 4 different biopsy sections by qPCR evaluation for patients with IgG I titers of ≥200.
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Aarthi P, Bagyalakshmi R, Therese KL, Madhavan HN. Development of a novel reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction to determine the Gram reaction and viability of bacteria in clinical specimens. Microbiol Res 2013; 168:497-503. [PMID: 23602123 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2013.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2012] [Revised: 03/15/2013] [Accepted: 03/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To develop a novel RNA based assay to determine the Gram reaction and viability of bacteria in clinical specimens. MATERIALS AND METHODS Reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR) targeting 16SrRNA region was optimized using Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853 by using two novel sets of primers. Sixty clinical specimens consisting of 31 intraocular specimens (19 vitreous fluids and 12 aqueous humor), 11 peripheral blood specimens and 18 other clinical specimens were subjected to standard microbiological culture and RT-PCR to determine the Gram reaction and viability of bacteria. The amplified products were subjected to DNA sequencing to identify the bacterium. RESULTS The sensitivity of RT-PCR was 0.4fg and the primers amplified bacterial cDNA. RT-PCR detected the presence of bacteria in 60 clinical specimens indicating the presence of viable bacteria. Concordant results were obtained with both primer sets. Seventy five bacterium comprising 52 single (69.3%) and 23 mixed bacteria (30.6%), both Gram positive and Gram negative were detected. These results correlated with the bacterial identity by PCR based DNA sequencing. CONCLUSION RT-PCR is a reliable tool to identify the presence of viable bacteria and to precisely determine Gram reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Aarthi
- Larsen and Toubro Microbiology Research Centre, Kamal Nayan Bajaj Research Centre, Vision Research Foundation, No. 41, College Road, Chennai 600006, India
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Stals A, Van Coillie E, Uyttendaele M. Viral genes everywhere: public health implications of PCR-based testing of foods. Curr Opin Virol 2013; 3:69-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2012.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2012] [Revised: 10/31/2012] [Accepted: 11/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Casalta JP, Thuny F, Fournier PE, Lepidi H, Habib G, Grisoli D, Raoult D. DNA persistence and relapses questions on the treatment strategies of Enterococcus infections of prosthetic valves. PLoS One 2012; 7:e53335. [PMID: 23300913 PMCID: PMC3534059 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0053335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2012] [Accepted: 11/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We used amplification of the 16S rRNA gene followed by sequencing to evaluate the persistence of bacterial DNA in explanted heart valve tissue as part of the routine work of a clinical microbiology laboratory, and we analyzed the role of this persistence in the relapses observed in our center. We enrolled 286 patients treated for infective endocarditis (IE) who had valve replacement surgery and were diagnosed according to the modified Duke's criteria described by Li et al. from a total of 579 IE cases treated in our center. The patients were grouped based on the infecting bacteria, and we considered the 4 most common bacterial genus associated with IE separately (144 were caused by Streptococcus spp., 52 by Enterococcus spp., 58 by Staphylococcus aureus and 32 by coagulase-negative Staphylococcus). Based on our cohort, the risk of relapse in patients with enterococcal prosthetic valve infections treated with antibiotics alone was 11%. Bacterial DNA is cleared over time, but this might be a very slow process, especially with Enterococcus spp. Based on a comprehensive review of the literature performed on Medline, most reports still advise combined treatment with penicillin and an aminoglycoside for as long as 4-6 weeks, but there has been no consensus for the treatment of enterococcal infection of prostheses in IE patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Paul Casalta
- URMITE, Aix Marseille Université, UMR CNRS 7278, IRD 198, INSERM 1095, Faculté de Médecine, Marseille, France
| | - Franck Thuny
- Service de Cardiologie, Hôpital de la Timone, Marseille, France
| | - Pierre-Edouard Fournier
- URMITE, Aix Marseille Université, UMR CNRS 7278, IRD 198, INSERM 1095, Faculté de Médecine, Marseille, France
| | - Hubert Lepidi
- URMITE, Aix Marseille Université, UMR CNRS 7278, IRD 198, INSERM 1095, Faculté de Médecine, Marseille, France
| | - Gilbert Habib
- Service de Cardiologie, Hôpital de la Timone, Marseille, France
| | - Dominique Grisoli
- Service de Chirurgie Cardiaque, Hôpital de la Timone, Marseille, France
| | - Didier Raoult
- URMITE, Aix Marseille Université, UMR CNRS 7278, IRD 198, INSERM 1095, Faculté de Médecine, Marseille, France
- * E-mail:
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Dolci P, Zenato S, Pramotton R, Barmaz A, Alessandria V, Rantsiou K, Cocolin L. Cheese surface microbiota complexity: RT-PCR-DGGE, a tool for a detailed picture? Int J Food Microbiol 2012; 162:8-12. [PMID: 23340384 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2012.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2012] [Revised: 11/27/2012] [Accepted: 12/05/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
In this work, a culture-independent approach, based on PCR-DGGE and RT-PCR-DGGE, has been used to study the succession of bacterial communities that are encountered in Fontina PDO cheese. As already found for other smear ripened cheeses, it appeared that coryneform bacteria were actively present and could therefore be considered determinant in rind formation. DGGE profiles, especially at the RNA level, have shown the presence of Brevibacterium, Corynebacterium and Arthrobacter genera. RT-PCR-DGGE gels have lead to a richer band profile than the one obtained on the basis of DNA analysis, thus indicating that RNA analysis can highlight bacterial species that DNA analysis is not able to show. Thus, the biodiversity of the Fontina PDO surface has been described better by means of RT-PCR-DGGE, and RNA molecules should be considered a more informative target than DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Dolci
- DIVAPRA, University of Turin, Grugliasco, Italy.
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Detection of Borrelia burgdorferi nucleic acids after antibiotic treatment does not confirm viability. J Clin Microbiol 2012; 51:857-62. [PMID: 23269733 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.02785-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The persistence of dormant, noncultivable Borrelia burgdorferi after ceftriaxone treatment was examined. B. burgdorferi isolates were cultivated in Barbour-Stoenner-Kelly medium in the presence or absence of ceftriaxone, and cultures were monitored for up to 56 days. Viability of B. burgdorferi was assessed by subculture, growth, morphology, and pH (as a surrogate for metabolic activity). In addition, the presence of B. burgdorferi DNA and mRNA was assayed by PCR and by real-time reverse transcription (RT)-PCR, respectively. Spirochetes could not be successfully subcultured by day 3 after exposure to ceftriaxone. In cultures treated with ceftriaxone, the pH of the culture medium did not change through day 56, whereas it declined by at least 1 pH unit by 14 days in untreated cultures. These results suggest that B. burgdorferi viability is rapidly eliminated after antibiotic treatment. Nevertheless, DNA was detected by B. burgdorferi-specific PCR for up to 56 days in aliquots from both ceftriaxone-treated and untreated cultures. In addition, although ceftriaxone treatment resulted in a reduction in the quantities of transcript for ospC, ospA, flaB, and pfk, certain mRNAs could be detected through day 14. Transcript for all 4 genes was essentially undetectable after 28 days of treatment. Taken together, the results suggest that B. burgdorferi DNA and mRNA can be detected in samples long after spirochetes are no longer viable as assessed by classic microbiological parameters. PCR positivity in the absence of culture positivity following antibiotic treatment in animal and human studies should be interpreted with caution.
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Ono NN, Bandaranayake PCG, Tian L. Establishment of pomegranate (Punica granatum) hairy root cultures for genetic interrogation of the hydrolyzable tannin biosynthetic pathway. PLANTA 2012; 236:931-41. [PMID: 22810948 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-012-1706-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2012] [Accepted: 07/02/2012] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
In contrast to the numerous reports on the human therapeutic applications of hydrolyzable tannins (HTs), genes involved in their biosynthesis have not been identified at the molecular level from any plant species. Although we have previously identified candidate HT biosynthetic genes in pomegranate using transcriptomic and bioinformatic analyses, characterization of in planta enzyme function remains a critical step in biochemical pathway elucidation. We here report the establishment of a pomegranate (Punica granatum) hairy root culture system that produces HTs. Agrobacterium rhizogenes strains transformed with a binary vector harboring a yellow fluorescent protein (YFP) gene were used for hairy root induction, allowing visual, non-destructive, detection of transgene incorporation. It also demonstrated that the pomegranate hairy root culture system is suitable for expressing heterologous genes (YFP in this case). Expression of 26 putative UDP-glycosyltransferase (UGT) genes, obtained from a pomegranate fruit peel (a tissue highly abundant in HTs) RNA-Seq library, were verified in wild type and hairy roots. In addition, two candidate UGTs for HT biosynthesis were identified based on HPLC and differential gene expression analyses of various pomegranate tissues. Together with in vitro enzyme activity assays, the hairy root culture system holds great promise for revealing the undivulged HT biosynthetic pathway using pomegranate as a model system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia N Ono
- Department of Plant Sciences, Mail Stop 3, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
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MINAMI JUNICHI, SOEJIMA TAKASHI, YAESHIMA TOMOKO, IWATSUKI KEIJI. Direct Real-Time PCR with Ethidium Monoazide: A Method for the Rapid Detection of Viable Cronobacter sakazakii in Powdered Infant Formula. J Food Prot 2012; 75:1572-9. [DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-12-015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The goal of this study was to establish a rapid assay for the specific detection of viable Cronobacter sakazakii in powdered infant formula (PIF). Samples were subjected to treatment multiple times with ethidium monoazide with a concentration gradient (gEMA) prior to PCR to discriminate viable from dead C. sakazakii cells. To improve the current detection limits, we developed a new buffer for direct quantitative real-time PCR (DqPCR) without DNA isolation. Using 17 PIF samples, our rapid assay was compared with the new U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) method published in the Bacteriological Analytical Manual in 2012. Although both the new FDA method and our rapid assay, which consists of DqPCR combined with gEMA (gEMADqPCR), produced negative results for all 17 PIF samples, 5 of the 17 PIFs were positive by DqPCR when they were not treated with EMA. Furthermore, for PIF samples artificially contaminated with viable C. sakazakii, gEMA-DqPCR successfully detected between 1 and 9 CFU of viable C. sakazakii in 300 g of PIF within 9 h, including a 6-h preincubation. Our results indicate that multiple EMA treatments are required to avoid false-positive results due to the contamination of commercial PIF with dead or injured C. sakazakii cells. Our rapid assay may also improve the sensitivity of the screening portion required by the new FDA method published in the Bacteriological Analytical Manual in 2012.
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Affiliation(s)
- JUN-ICHI MINAMI
- Morinaga Milk Industry Co., Ltd., 5-1-83, Higashihara, Zama, Kanagawa 252-8583, Japan
| | - TAKASHI SOEJIMA
- Morinaga Milk Industry Co., Ltd., 5-1-83, Higashihara, Zama, Kanagawa 252-8583, Japan
| | - TOMOKO YAESHIMA
- Morinaga Milk Industry Co., Ltd., 5-1-83, Higashihara, Zama, Kanagawa 252-8583, Japan
| | - KEIJI IWATSUKI
- Morinaga Milk Industry Co., Ltd., 5-1-83, Higashihara, Zama, Kanagawa 252-8583, Japan
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Roda A, Mirasoli M, Roda B, Bonvicini F, Colliva C, Reschiglian P. Recent developments in rapid multiplexed bioanalytical methods for foodborne pathogenic bacteria detection. Mikrochim Acta 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-012-0824-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Sensitive quantification of Clostridium difficile cells by reverse transcription-quantitative PCR targeting rRNA molecules. Appl Environ Microbiol 2012; 78:5111-8. [PMID: 22582062 DOI: 10.1128/aem.07990-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We established a sensitive and accurate quantification system for Clostridium difficile in human intestines, based on rRNA-targeted reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR). We newly developed a species-specific primer set for C. difficile targeting 23S rRNA gene sequences. Both the vegetative cells and the spores of C. difficile in human feces were quantified by RT-qPCR, with a lower detection limit of 10(2.4) cells/g of feces. In an analysis of the feces of residents (n = 83; age, 85 ± 8 years) and staff (n = 19; age, 36 ± 10 years) at a care facility for the elderly, C. difficile was detected by RT-qPCR in 43% of the residents (average count, log(10) 4.0 ± 2.0 cells/g of feces) and 16% of the staff (average count, log(10) 2.2 ± 0.1 cells/g of feces); these rates were far higher than those detected by qPCR (residents, 19%; staff, 0%) or selective cultivation (residents, 18%; staff, 5%). Another analysis of healthy adults (n = 63; age, 41 ± 11 years) also revealed the significant carriage rate of C. difficile in the intestines (detection rate, 13%; average count, log(10) 4.9 ± 1.2 cells/g of feces). From these results, it was suggested that rRNA-targeted RT-qPCR should be an effective tool for analyzing population levels of C. difficile in the human intestine.
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Bissonnette L, Bergeron MG. Infectious Disease Management through Point-of-Care Personalized Medicine Molecular Diagnostic Technologies. J Pers Med 2012; 2:50-70. [PMID: 25562799 PMCID: PMC4251365 DOI: 10.3390/jpm2020050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2012] [Revised: 04/13/2012] [Accepted: 04/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious disease management essentially consists in identifying the microbial cause(s) of an infection, initiating if necessary antimicrobial therapy against microbes, and controlling host reactions to infection. In clinical microbiology, the turnaround time of the diagnostic cycle (>24 hours) often leads to unnecessary suffering and deaths; approaches to relieve this burden include rapid diagnostic procedures and more efficient transmission or interpretation of molecular microbiology results. Although rapid nucleic acid-based diagnostic testing has demonstrated that it can impact on the transmission of hospital-acquired infections, we believe that such life-saving procedures should be performed closer to the patient, in dedicated 24/7 laboratories of healthcare institutions, or ideally at point of care. While personalized medicine generally aims at interrogating the genomic information of a patient, drug metabolism polymorphisms, for example, to guide drug choice and dosage, personalized medicine concepts are applicable in infectious diseases for the (rapid) identification of a disease-causing microbe and determination of its antimicrobial resistance profile, to guide an appropriate antimicrobial treatment for the proper management of the patient. The implementation of point-of-care testing for infectious diseases will require acceptance by medical authorities, new technological and communication platforms, as well as reimbursement practices such that time- and life-saving procedures become available to the largest number of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luc Bissonnette
- Département de microbiologie-infectiologie et d'immunologie, Faculté de médecine, Université Laval, Centre de recherche du CHUQ, 2705 Laurier blvd., Québec City (Québec), G1V 4G2, Canada.
| | - Michel G Bergeron
- Département de microbiologie-infectiologie et d'immunologie, Faculté de médecine, Université Laval, Centre de recherche du CHUQ, 2705 Laurier blvd., Québec City (Québec), G1V 4G2, Canada.
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Mohapatra BR, La Duc MT. Rapid detection of viable Bacillus pumilus SAFR-032 encapsulated spores using novel propidium monoazide-linked fluorescence in situ hybridization. J Microbiol Methods 2012; 90:15-9. [PMID: 22537819 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2012.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2012] [Revised: 04/08/2012] [Accepted: 04/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The survival of Bacillus pumilus SAFR-032 spores to standard industrial clean room sterilization practices necessitates the development of rapid molecular diagnostic tool(s) for detection and enumeration of viable bacterial spores in industrial clean room environments. This is of importance to maintaining the sterility of clean room processing products. This paper describes the effect of propidium monoazide (PMA) on fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) for detecting and enumerating B. pumilus SAFR-032 viable spores having been artificially encapsulated within poly(methylmethacrylate) (Lucite, Plexiglas) and released via an organic solvent (PolyGone-500). The results of the PMA-FISH experiments discussed herein indicate that PMA was able to permeate only the compromised coat layers of non-viable spores, identifying PMA treatment of bacterial spores prior to FISH analysis as a novel method for selecting out the fraction of the spore population that is non-viable from fluorescence detection. The ability of novel PMA-FISH to selectively distinguish and enumerate only the living spores present in a sample is of potential significance for development of improved strategies to minimize spore-specific microbial burden in a given environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bidyut R Mohapatra
- Biotechnology and Planetary Protection Group, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA.
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Hütt P, Kõll P, Stsepetova J, Alvarez B, Mändar R, Krogh-Andersen K, Marcotte H, Hammarström L, Mikelsaar M. Safety and persistence of orally administered human Lactobacillus sp. strains in healthy adults. Benef Microbes 2012; 2:79-90. [PMID: 21831792 DOI: 10.3920/bm2010.0023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to evaluate the safety and persistence of selected Lactobacillus strains in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of healthy adult volunteers after oral consumption of high doses of lactobacilli to identify potential candidates for probiotic and biotechnological applications. In the first phase of the study, nine individuals consumed capsules containing Lactobacillus gasseri 177 and E16B7, Lactobacillus acidophilus 821-3, Lactobacillus paracasei 317 and Lactobacillus fermentum 338-1-1 (each daily dose 1×1010 cfu) for 5 consecutive days. Data on gut health, blood parameters, and liver and kidney function were collected. The persistence of Lactobacillus strains was assessed by culturing combined with arbitrarily primed polymerase chain reaction (AP-PCR) and PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE) on days 0, 5, 8, 10 and 20 from faecal samples. All strains survived gastrointestinal passage and were detected on the 5th day. L. acidophilus 821-3 was detected in four volunteers on the 8th day (4.3 to 7.0 log10 cfu/g) and in two on the 10th day (8.3 and 3.9 log10 cfu/g, respectively). In the second phase of the study, five additional volunteers consumed L. acidophilus 821-3 (daily 1×1010 cfu) for 5 consecutive days. The strain was subsequently detected in faeces of all individuals using real-time PCR on the 10th day (range 4.6-6.7; median 6.0 log10 cell/g) in both phases of the study for at least 5 days after discontinuation of consumption. The administration of high doses of different Lactobacillus strains did not result in any severe adverse effects in GIT and/or abnormal values of blood indices. Thus, the strain L. acidophilus 821-3 is a promising candidate for probiotic and biotechnological applications. Further studies will be performed to confirm the strain persistence and safety in a larger number of individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Hütt
- Department of Microbiology, University of Tartu, Estonia.
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A Pilot Study for Identification of Salmonella in Food Processing Plants by Real-Time PCR Screening. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-011-9352-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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ZINGER LUCIE, GOBET ANGÉLIQUE, POMMIER THOMAS. Two decades of describing the unseen majority of aquatic microbial diversity. Mol Ecol 2011; 21:1878-96. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2011.05362.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Ma WK, Farrell RE, Siciliano SD. Nitrous Oxide Emissions from Ephemeral Wetland Soils are Correlated with Microbial Community Composition. Front Microbiol 2011; 2:110. [PMID: 21712943 PMCID: PMC3114181 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2011.00110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2011] [Accepted: 05/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitrous oxide (N2O) is a greenhouse gas with a global warming potential far exceeding that of CO2. Soil N2O emissions are a product of two microbially mediated processes: nitrification and denitrification. Understanding the effects of landscape on microbial communities, and the subsequent influences of microbial abundance and composition on the processes of nitrification and denitrification are key to predicting future N2O emissions. The objective of this study was to examine microbial abundance and community composition in relation to N2O associated with nitrification and denitrification processes over the course of a growing season in soils from cultivated and uncultivated wetlands. The denitrifying enzyme assay and N15O3− pool dilution methods were used to compare the rates of denitrification and nitrification and their associated N2O emissions. Functional gene composition was measured with restriction fragment length polymorphism profiles and abundance was measured with quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The change in denitrifier nitrous oxide reductase gene (nosZ) abundance and community composition was a good predictor of net soil N2O emission. However, neither ammonia oxidizing bacteria ammonia monooxygenase (bacterial amoA) gene abundance nor composition predicted nitrification-associated-N2O emissions. Alternative strategies might be necessary if bacterial amoA are to be used as predictive in situ indicators of nitrification rate and nitrification-associated-N2O emission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wai K Ma
- Department of Soil Science, University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon, SK, Canada
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