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Resci I, Zavatta L, Piva S, Mondo E, Guerra I, Nanetti A, Bortolotti L, Cilia G. Using honey bee colonies to monitor phenotypic and genotypic resistance to colistin. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 362:142717. [PMID: 38944352 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 06/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/01/2024]
Abstract
Colistin is a polymyxin antimicrobic mainly used to treat infection caused by multi-drug resistant Gram-negative bacteria. Mechanisms of colistin resistance are linked to the mobile colistin resistance (mcr) genes, which are transferable within mobile plasmids. Currently, there is limited research on the environmental dissemination of these genes. The behavioural and morphological characteristics of Apis mellifera L. make honey bees effective environmental bioindicators for assessing the prevalence of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria. This study aims to evaluate the colistin phenotypic and genotypic resistance in environmental Gram-negative bacteria isolated from foraging honey bees, across a network of 33 colonies distributed across the Emilia-Romagna region in Italy. Phenotypic resistances were determined through a microdilution assay using the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) with dilutions ranging from 0.5 μg/ml to 256 μg/ml. Strains with MIC values gather than 2 μg/ml were classified as resistant. Also, the identification of the nine mcr genes was carried out using two separate multiplex PCR assays. The study found that 68.5% of isolates were resistant and the genus with the higher resistance rates observed in Enterobacter spp. (84.5%). At least one mcr gene was found in 137 strains (53.3%). The most detected gene was mcr5 (35.3%), which was the most frequently detected gene in the seven provinces, while the least observed was mcr4 (4.8%), detected only in two provinces. These results suggested the feasibility of detecting specific colistin resistance genes in environmentally spread bacteria and understanding their distribution at the environmental level, despite their restricted clinical use. In a One-Health approach, this capability enables valuable environmental monitoring, considering the significant role of colistin in the context of public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Resci
- Research Centre for Agriculture and Environment (CREA-AA), Council for Agricultural Research and Agricultural Economics Analysis, Bologna, Italy; Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano Dell'Emilia (BO), Italy; Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Laura Zavatta
- Research Centre for Agriculture and Environment (CREA-AA), Council for Agricultural Research and Agricultural Economics Analysis, Bologna, Italy; DISTAL-Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Silvia Piva
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano Dell'Emilia (BO), Italy
| | - Elisabetta Mondo
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano Dell'Emilia (BO), Italy
| | - Irene Guerra
- Research Centre for Agriculture and Environment (CREA-AA), Council for Agricultural Research and Agricultural Economics Analysis, Bologna, Italy
| | - Antonio Nanetti
- Research Centre for Agriculture and Environment (CREA-AA), Council for Agricultural Research and Agricultural Economics Analysis, Bologna, Italy
| | - Laura Bortolotti
- Research Centre for Agriculture and Environment (CREA-AA), Council for Agricultural Research and Agricultural Economics Analysis, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giovanni Cilia
- Research Centre for Agriculture and Environment (CREA-AA), Council for Agricultural Research and Agricultural Economics Analysis, Bologna, Italy.
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Xu HC, Cui Y, Wang XY, Wu HB, Li W, Wang D, Lin N, Lin L, Zhang YH. Clinical analysis of colistin sulfate in the treatment of pneumonia caused by carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative bacteria. World J Clin Cases 2024; 12:2173-2181. [PMID: 38808336 PMCID: PMC11129130 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v12.i13.2173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria, exacerbated by excessive use of antimicrobials and immunosuppressants, are a major health threat. AIM To study the clinical efficacy and safety of colistin sulfate in the treatment of carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative bacilli-induced pneumonia, and to provide theoretical reference for clinical diagnosis and treatment. METHODS This retrospective analysis involved 54 patients with Gram-negative bacilli pneumonia admitted to intensive care unit of The General Hospital of the Northern Theater Command of the People's Liberation Army of China from August 2020 to June 2022. After bacteriological culture, the patients' airway secretions were collected to confirm the presence of Gram-negative bacilli. The patients were divided into the experimental and control groups according to the medication used. The research group consisted of 28 patients who received polymyxin sulfate combined with other drugs through intravenous, nebulization, or intravenous combined with nebulization, with a daily dosage of 1.5-3.0 million units. The control group consisted of 26 patients who received standard dosages of other antibiotics (including sulbactam sodium for injection, cefoperazone sodium sulbactam for injection, tigecycline, meropenem, or vaborbactam). RESULTS Of the 28 patients included in the research group, 26 patients showed improvement, treatment was ineffective for two patients, and one patient died, with the treatment efficacy rate of 92.82%. Of the 26 patients in the control group, 18 patients improved, treatment was ineffective for eight patients, and two patients died, with the treatment efficacy rate of 54.9%; significant difference was observed between the two groups (P < 0.05). The levels of white blood cell (WBC), procalcitonin (PCT), and C-reactive protein (CRP) in both groups were significantly lower after treatment than before treatment (P < 0.05), and the levels of WBC, PCT, and CRP in the research group were significantly lower than those in the control group (P < 0.05). Compared with before treatment, there were no significant changes in aspartate aminotransferase, creatinine, and glomerular filtration rate in both groups, while total bilirubin and alanine aminotransferase decreased after treatment (P < 0.05) with no difference between the groups. In patients with good clinical outcomes, the sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA) score was low when treated with inhaled polymyxin sulfate, and specific antibiotic treatment did not improve the outcome. Sepsis and septic shock as well as a low SOFA score were independent factors associated with good clinical outcomes. CONCLUSION Polymyxin sulfate has a significant effect on the treatment of patients with multiple drug-resistant Gram-negative bacilli pneumonia and other infections in the lungs and is safe and reliable. Moreover, the administration route of low-dose intravenous injection combined with nebulization shows better therapeutic effects and lower adverse reactions, providing new ideas for clinical administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Chang Xu
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, The General Hospital of the Northern Theater Command of the People's Liberation Army of China, Shenyang 110016, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Yan Cui
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, The General Hospital of the Northern Theater Command of the People's Liberation Army of China, Shenyang 110016, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Xue-Ying Wang
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, The General Hospital of the Northern Theater Command of the People's Liberation Army of China, Shenyang 110016, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Hai-Bo Wu
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, The General Hospital of the Northern Theater Command of the People's Liberation Army of China, Shenyang 110016, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, The General Hospital of the Northern Theater Command of the People's Liberation Army of China, Shenyang 110016, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Dan Wang
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, The General Hospital of the Northern Theater Command of the People's Liberation Army of China, Shenyang 110016, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Na Lin
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, The General Hospital of the Northern Theater Command of the People's Liberation Army of China, Shenyang 110016, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Lin Lin
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, The General Hospital of the Northern Theater Command of the People's Liberation Army of China, Shenyang 110016, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Ying-Hui Zhang
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, The General Hospital of the Northern Theater Command of the People's Liberation Army of China, Shenyang 110016, Liaoning Province, China
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3
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Endale H, Mathewos M, Abdeta D. Potential Causes of Spread of Antimicrobial Resistance and Preventive Measures in One Health Perspective-A Review. Infect Drug Resist 2023; 16:7515-7545. [PMID: 38089962 PMCID: PMC10715026 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s428837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance, referring to microorganisms' capability to subsist and proliferate even when there are antimicrobials is a foremost threat to public health globally. The appearance of antimicrobial resistance can be ascribed to anthropological, animal, and environmental factors. Human-related causes include antimicrobial overuse and misuse in medicine, antibiotic-containing cosmetics and biocides utilization, and inadequate sanitation and hygiene in public settings. Prophylactic and therapeutic antimicrobial misuse and overuse, using antimicrobials as feed additives, microbes resistant to antibiotics and resistance genes in animal excreta, and antimicrobial residue found in animal-origin food and excreta are animals related contributive factors for the antibiotic resistance emergence and spread. Environmental factors including naturally existing resistance genes, improper disposal of unused antimicrobials, contamination from waste in public settings, animal farms, and pharmaceutical industries, and the use of agricultural and sanitation chemicals facilitatet its emergence and spread. Wildlife has a plausible role in the antimicrobial resistance spread. Adopting a one-health approach involving using antimicrobials properly in animals and humans, improving sanitation in public spaces and farms, and implementing coordinated governmental regulations is crucial for combating antimicrobial resistance. Collaborative and cooperative involvement of stakeholders in public, veterinary and ecological health sectors is foremost to circumvent the problem effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Habtamu Endale
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia
| | - Mesfin Mathewos
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Wachemo University, Wachemo, Ethiopia
| | - Debela Abdeta
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
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Carramaschi IN, de C Queiroz MM, da Mota FF, Zahner V. First Identification of bla NDM-1 Producing Escherichia coli ST 9499 Isolated from Musca domestica in the Urban Center of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Curr Microbiol 2023; 80:278. [PMID: 37436443 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-023-03393-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
The present study presents phenotypic and molecular characterization of a multidrug-resistant strain of Escherichia coli (Lemef26), belonging to sequence type ST9499 carrying a blaNDM-1 carbapenem resistance gene. The bacterium was isolated from a specimen of Musca domestica, collected in proximity to a hospital in Rio de Janeiro City, Brazil. The strain was identified as E. coli by matrix-assisted laser desorption-ionization time of flight mass spectrometry (Maldi-TOF-MS) and via genotypic analysis (Whole-Genome Sequencing-WGS), followed by phylogenetic analysis, antibiotic resistance profiling (using phenotypic and genotypic methods) and virulence genotyping. Interestingly, the blaNDM-1 was the only resistance determinant detected using a panel of common resistance genes, as evaluated by PCR. In contrast, WGS detected genes conferring resistance to aminoglycosides, fluoroquinolones, quinolones, trimethoprim, beta-lactams, chloramphenicol, macrolides, sulfonamide, tetracycline, lincosamide and streptogramin B. Conjugation experiments demonstrated the transfer of carbapenem resistance, via acquisition of the blaNDM-1 sequence, to a sensitive receptor strain of E. coli, indicating that blaNDM-1 is located on a conjugative plasmid (most likely of the IncA/C incompatibility group, in association with the transposon Tn3000). Phylogenetic analyses placed Lemef26 within a clade of strains exhibiting allelic and environment diversity, with the greatest level of relatedness recorded with a strain isolated from a human source suggesting a possible anthropogenic origin. Analysis of the virulome revealed the presence of fimbrial and pilus genes, including a CFA/I fimbriae (cfaABCDE), common pilus (ecpABCDER), laminin-bind fimbrae (elfADG), hemorrhagic pilus (hcpABC) and fimbrial adherence determinants (stjC) indicates the ability of strain Lemef26 to colonize animal hosts. To the best of our knowledge, this study represents the first report of blaNDM-1 carbapenemase gene in an E. coli strain isolated from M. domestica. In concordance with the findings of previous studies on the carriage of MDR bacteria by flies, the data presented herein provide support to the idea that flies may represent a convenient means (as sentinel animals) for the monitoring of environmental contamination with multidrug-resistant bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel N Carramaschi
- Laboratório de Entomologia Médica e Forense, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Avenida Brasil, 4365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Cep 21040-360, Brazil
| | - Margareth M de C Queiroz
- Laboratório de Entomologia Médica e Forense, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Avenida Brasil, 4365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Cep 21040-360, Brazil
| | - Fabio Faria da Mota
- Laboratório de Biologia Computacional e Sistemas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Avenida Brasil, 4365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Cep 21040-360, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular (INCT-EM), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Viviane Zahner
- Laboratório de Entomologia Médica e Forense, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Avenida Brasil, 4365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Cep 21040-360, Brazil.
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Rawat N, Sabu B, Jamwal R, Devi PP, Yadav K, Raina HS, Rajagopal R. Understanding the role of insects in the acquisition and transmission of antibiotic resistance. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 858:159805. [PMID: 36461578 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance (AR) is a global healthcare threat that requires a comprehensive assessment. Poorly regulated antibiotic stewardship in clinical and non-clinical settings has led to a horizontal dissemination of AR. A variety of often neglected elements facilitate the circulation of AR from antibiotic sinks like concentrated animal feeding operations and healthcare settings to other environments that include healthy human communities. Insects are one of those elements that have received underwhelming attention as vectors of AR, despite their well-known role in transmitting clinically relevant pathogens. We here make an exhaustive attempt to highlight the role of insects as zoonotic reservoirs of AR by discussing the available literature and deriving realistic inferences. We review the AR associated with insects housing various human-relevant environments, namely, animal farm industry, edible-insects enterprise, healthcare institutes, human settlements, agriculture settings and the wild. We also provide evidence-based accounts of the events of the transmission of AR from insects to humans. We evaluate the clinical threats associated with insect-derived AR and propose the adoption of more sophisticated strategies to understand and mitigate future AR concerns facilitated by insects. Future works include a pan-region assessment of insects for AR in the form of AR bacteria (ARB) and AR determinants (ARDs) and the introduction of modern techniques like whole-genome sequencing, metagenomics, and in-silico modelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitish Rawat
- Gut Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Room No. 117, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Benoy Sabu
- Gut Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Room No. 117, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Rohit Jamwal
- Gut Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Room No. 117, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Pukhrambam Pushpa Devi
- Gut Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Room No. 117, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Karuna Yadav
- Gut Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Room No. 117, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Harpreet Singh Raina
- Gut Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Room No. 117, Delhi 110007, India; Department of Zoology, Sri Guru Teg Bahadur Khalsa College, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Raman Rajagopal
- Gut Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Room No. 117, Delhi 110007, India.
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Chandrakar C, Shakya S, Patyal A, Jain A, Ali SL, Mishra OP. ERIC-PCR based molecular typing of multidrug resistant Escherichia coli isolated from houseflies (Musca domestica) in the environment of milk and meat shops. Lett Appl Microbiol 2022; 75:1549-1558. [PMID: 36038146 DOI: 10.1111/lam.13821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The emergence and spread of antimicrobial resistance has become a major global public health concern. A component of this problem is the spread of the antibiotic resistant bacteria. Flies move freely between habitats of food-producing animals and human beings and thus have great potential for dissemination of antimicrobial resistant bacteria from a contaminated environment to milk and meat markets, posing potential hazards for the consumers. During the present study, a total of 150 houseflies were captured from milk and meat shops located in Durg and Raipur city of Chhattisgarh, India. The E. coli were isolated from houseflies and characterized on the basis of cultural and molecular tests. Further, the isolates were subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility testing against frequently used antibiotics using disk diffusion method. The antibiotic resistance genes and int1 gene were detected using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). A total of 45 E. coli isolates were obtained from the fly samples with overall prevalence rate of 30.0%. Antibiogram results confirmed that E. coli isolates were resistant to multiple antibiotics. Out of the (45) isolates of E. coli, 17 (37.8%) isolates were extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producer and multi-drug resistant (MDR). Out of the ESBL and MDR E.coli isolates, blaCTX-M (24.4%), blaTEM (11.1%), tetA (28.8%), tetB (26.7%), gyrA (26.7%), parC (31. 1%) and int1 genes (15.5%) were detected but none of the isolates were found positive for blaSHV gene. Findings of the present study confirm that MDR E. coli are widely distributed in houseflies and play an important role in transmission of antibiotic-resistant bacteria from contaminated environment to milk and meat shop environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Choodamani Chandrakar
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology, Dau Shri Vasudev Chandrakar Kamdhenu Vishwavidyalaya, Durg, 491001, India
| | - Sanjay Shakya
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology, Dau Shri Vasudev Chandrakar Kamdhenu Vishwavidyalaya, Durg, 491001, India
| | - Anil Patyal
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology, Dau Shri Vasudev Chandrakar Kamdhenu Vishwavidyalaya, Durg, 491001, India
| | - Asit Jain
- Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Dau Shri Vasudev Chandrakar Kamdhenu Vishwavidyalaya, Durg, 491001, India
| | - Syed L Ali
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Dau Shri Vasudev Chandrakar Kamdhenu Vishwavidyalaya, Durg, 491001, India
| | - O P Mishra
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Dau Shri Vasudev Chandrakar Kamdhenu Vishwavidyalaya, Durg, 491001, India
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7
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Flies as Vectors and Potential Sentinels for Bacterial Pathogens and Antimicrobial Resistance: A Review. Vet Sci 2022; 9:vetsci9060300. [PMID: 35737352 PMCID: PMC9228806 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9060300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 06/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The unique biology of flies and their omnipresence in the environment of people and animals makes them ideal candidates to be important vectors of antimicrobial resistance genes. Consequently, there has been increasing research on the bacteria and antimicrobial resistance genes that are carried by flies and their role in the spread of resistance. In this review, we describe the current knowledge on the transmission of bacterial pathogens and antimicrobial resistance genes by flies, and the roles flies might play in the maintenance, transmission, and surveillance of antimicrobial resistance.
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Bakry N, Awad W, Ahmed S, Kamel M. The role of Musca domestica and milk in transmitting pathogenic multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli and associated phylogroups to neonatal calves. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:39593-39609. [PMID: 35107727 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-18747-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Escherichia coli, as a global source of antimicrobial resistance, is a serious veterinary and public health concern. The transmission of pathogenic multidrug-resistant (MDR) E. coli within diarrheic calves and its correlation with Musca domestica and milk strains have been investigated. In total, 110, 80, and 26 E. coli strains were obtained from 70 rectal swabs from diarrheic calves, 60 milk samples and 20 M. domestica, respectively. Molecular pathotyping of E. coli revealed the presence of pathogenic E. coli with a higher percentage of shigatoxigenic strains within diarrheic calves and M. domestica at 46.4% and 34.6%, respectively. Phenotypic antimicrobial resistance revealed higher β-lactams resistance except for cefquinome that exhibited low resistance in M.domestica and milk strains at 30.8% and 30%, respectively. The extended-spectrum cephalosporin (ESC) resistant strains were detected within fecal, M. domestica, and milk strains at 69.1%, 73.1%, and 71.3%, respectively. All E. coli strains isolated from M. domestica exhibited MDR, while fecal and milk strains were harboring MDR at 99.1% and 85%, respectively. Molecular detection of resistant genes revealed the predominance of the blaTEM gene, while none of these strains harbored the blaOXA gene. The highest percentages for blaCTXM and blaCMYII genes were detected in M. domestica strains at 53.8% and 61.5%, respectively. Regarding colistin resistance, the mcr-1 gene was detected only in fecal and milk strains at 35.5% and 15%, respectively. A high frequency of phylogroup B2 was detected within fecal and M. domestica strains, while milk strains were mainly assigned to the B1 phylogroup. Pathogenic E. coli strains with the same phenotypic and genotypic antimicrobial resistance and phylogroups were identified for both diarrheic calves and M. domestica, suggesting that the possible role of M. domestica in disseminating pathogenic strains and antimicrobial resistance in dairy farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noha Bakry
- Department of Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, 12211, Egypt
| | - Walid Awad
- Department of Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, 12211, Egypt
| | - Samia Ahmed
- Department of Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, 12211, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Kamel
- Department of Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, 12211, Egypt.
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Cave R, Cole J, Mkrtchyan HV. Surveillance and prevalence of antimicrobial resistant bacteria from public settings within urban built environments: Challenges and opportunities for hygiene and infection control. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2021; 157:106836. [PMID: 34479136 PMCID: PMC8443212 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.106836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistant (AMR) bacteria present one of the biggest threats to public health; this must not be forgotten while global attention is focussed on the COVID-19 pandemic. Resistant bacteria have been demonstrated to be transmittable to humans in many different environments, including public settings in urban built environments where high-density human activity can be found, including public transport, sports arenas and schools. However, in comparison to healthcare settings and agriculture, there is very little surveillance of AMR in the built environment outside of healthcare settings and wastewater. In this review, we analyse the existing literature to aid our understanding of what surveillance has been conducted within different public settings and identify what this tells us about the prevalence of AMR. We highlight the challenges that have been reported; and make recommendations for future studies that will help to fill knowledge gaps present in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rory Cave
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of West London, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer Cole
- Royal Holloway University of London, Department of Health Studies, United Kingdom
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10
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Sobur MA, Islam MS, Haque ZF, Orubu ESF, Toniolo A, Choudhury MA, Rahman MT. Higher seasonal temperature enhances the occurrence of methicillin resistance of Staphylococcus aureus in house flies (Musca domestica) under hospital and environmental settings. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2021; 67:109-119. [PMID: 34569031 DOI: 10.1007/s12223-021-00922-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) emergence in commensal and pathogenic bacteria is a global health issue. House flies (Musca domestica) are considered as biological and mechanical vectors for pathogens causing nosocomial infections, including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). However, the prevalence of antimicrobial resistance and the role of temperature on the occurrence of Staphylococcus aureus and MRSA in house flies in a hospital environment have not been studied. A total of 400 house flies were collected in winter and summer from four hospital-associated areas in Mymensingh, Bangladesh. Detection of S. aureus and MRSA in flies was done by culturing, staining, and PCR methods targeting nuc and mec genes (mecA and mecC), respectively. Disc diffusion test was used to detect resistance phenotype against six antimicrobials. Logistic regression models were constructed to assess the effect of temperature on the frequency of antimicrobial resistance, and on the presence of the nuc and mecA genes, and location of samples in and around a hospital environment. By PCR, S. aureus was detected in 208 (52%) samples. High frequencies of resistance (≥ 80% of isolates) to amoxicillin, azithromycin, and oxacillin were observed by disk diffusion test. Increase in temperature had a positive effect on the occurrence of S. aureus and MRSA isolates as well as on their resistance to individual and multiple antimicrobials. Among the study areas, hospital premises had increased odds of having S. aureus. Increased temperature of summer significantly increased the occurrence of MRSA in house flies in and around the hospital environment, which might pose a human and animal health risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Abdus Sobur
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Md Saiful Islam
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Zobayda Farzana Haque
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Ebiowei Samuel F Orubu
- Institute for Health System Innovation and Policy, Boston University, 180 Riverway, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Antonio Toniolo
- Global Virus Network, University of Insubria, 21100, Varese, Italy
| | - Md Abu Choudhury
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, 170 Kessels Road, Nathan, Queensland, 4111, Australia
| | - Md Tanvir Rahman
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, 2202, Bangladesh.
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Carramaschi IN, Lopes JCO, Leite JA, Carneiro MT, Barbosa RR, Boas MHV, Rangel K, Chagas TPG, Queiroz MM, Zahner V. Surveillance of antimicrobial resistant bacteria in flies (Diptera) in Rio de Janeiro city. Acta Trop 2021; 220:105962. [PMID: 34029528 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2021.105962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial-resistant bacteria were isolated from muscoid dipterans collected at five different areas of Rio de Janeiro city, in proximity to hospitals. Extracts obtained by maceration of flies were diluted and used as inocula for different culture media, with or without antibiotic (ceftriaxone 1 mg/L) supplementation. Purified isolates were submitted to antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST). Bacterial identification was performed by MALDI TOF Microflex LT (Bruker Daltonics). A total of 197 bacterial strains were obtained from 117 dipterous muscoids. Forty-two flies (35.9%) carried bacteria resistant to at least one antimicrobial, while 7 insects (5.9%) carried multidrug-resistant bacteria (MDR), which were all members of the family Enterobacteriaceae. Among 10 MDR bacteria (5%), 5 strains (2,5%) were positive by PCR for one or more of the following antibiotic resistance genes: aac(6')-Ib, blaTEM-1, blaCTX-M-15, blaKPC-2 and blaNDM-1. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and cluster analysis compared the number of resistant isolates per collection point and showed that a single location was statistically different from the others with regard to resistance. Although there are still no criteria to determine the environmental contamination by resistant bacteria the fact that they have been isolated from flies is an indication of a disseminated contamination. As such, these insects may be useful in monitoring programs of antibiotic resistance in non-hospital environments, where they could function as sentinels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Nogueira Carramaschi
- Laboratório de Entomologia Médica e Forense, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Avenida Brasil, 4365, Manguinhos, Cep, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil
| | - Jonathan Christian O Lopes
- Laboratório de Entomologia Médica e Forense, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Avenida Brasil, 4365, Manguinhos, Cep, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil
| | - Jéssica Albuquerque Leite
- Laboratório de Entomologia Médica e Forense, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Avenida Brasil, 4365, Manguinhos, Cep, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil
| | - Marcos Tavares Carneiro
- Laboratório de Microbiologia do Departamento de Saneamento e Saúde Ambiental, Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública Sérgio Arouca, R. Leopoldo Bulhões, 1480 - Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro 21041-210, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Rocha Barbosa
- Laboratório de Entomologia Médica e Forense, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Avenida Brasil, 4365, Manguinhos, Cep, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil; Centro Universitário de Volta Redonda. Av. Paulo Erlei Alves Abrantes, 1325 - Três Poços, Volta Redonda - RJ 27240-560, Brazil
| | - Maria Helena Villas Boas
- Laboratório de Saneantes, Instituto Nacional de Controle de Qualidade em Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Avenida Brasil, 4365, Manguinhos, Cep, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil
| | - Karyne Rangel
- Laboratório de Bioquímica de Proteínas e Peptídeos, Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico em Saúde Fiocruz, Avenida Brasil, 4365, Manguinhos, Cep, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil
| | - Thiago Pavoni Gomes Chagas
- Departamento de Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal Fluminense. Rua Marquês de Paraná, 303, Centro, Cep, Niterói 24220-000, Brazil
| | - Margareth Mc Queiroz
- Laboratório de Entomologia Médica e Forense, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Avenida Brasil, 4365, Manguinhos, Cep, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil
| | - Viviane Zahner
- Laboratório de Entomologia Médica e Forense, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Avenida Brasil, 4365, Manguinhos, Cep, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil.
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Islam MS, Nayeem MMH, Sobur MA, Ievy S, Islam MA, Rahman S, Kafi MA, Ashour HM, Rahman MT. Virulence Determinants and Multidrug Resistance of Escherichia coli Isolated from Migratory Birds. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10020190. [PMID: 33671995 PMCID: PMC7919266 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10020190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Migratory birds are carriers of multidrug resistant pathogenic Escherichia coli. However, their roles in the dissemination of these resistant pathogens are still being neglected in Bangladesh. The present study was therefore carried out to detect multidrug resistant E. coli. In addition, these isolates were also screened for the presence of avian pathogenic E. coli (APEC)-associated virulence genes. A total of 66 fecal matter samples of migratory birds were screened. E. coli were isolated and identified by culturing and biochemical tests followed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). APEC-associated virulence genes were detected by PCR. Disk diffusion assays were employed to investigate antibiogram profiles. Bivariate analysis was performed to assess correlations in resistance patterns between antimicrobials and to assess associations between virulence genes of E. coli. Among the 66 samples assessed by PCR, 55 (83.33%) were found positive for E. coli. Of these 55 isolates, the APEC-associated virulence gene fimC was detected in 67.27% of the isolates, which was significantly higher than in the cases of iucD (29.09%) and papC (5.45%) genes. In addition, three isolates were found positive for all three virulence genes, while 23 and 12 isolates were positive for one and two virulence genes respectively. In the bivariate analysis, significant associations were detected between fimC and iucD virulence genes. Using the antibiogram, all E. coli isolates were found to be multidrug resistant (MDR). The isolates exhibited 100% resistance against ampicillin and erythromycin in addition to varying percentages of resistance against streptomycin, tetracycline, ciprofloxacin, and chloramphenicol. Highly positive correlations between tetracycline and ciprofloxacin, chloramphenicol and ciprofloxacin, chloramphenicol and tetracycline were observed by bivariate analysis. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study that reports APEC-associated virulence genes of MDR E. coli from migratory birds in Bangladesh. Results indicate that migratory birds are reservoirs of MDR E. coli isolates carrying APEC-associated virulence genes, which can seriously contribute to the development of human and animal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md. Saiful Islam
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh; (M.S.I.); (M.M.H.N.); (M.A.S.); (S.I.); (M.A.I.); (S.R.); (M.A.K.)
| | - Md. Mehedi Hasan Nayeem
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh; (M.S.I.); (M.M.H.N.); (M.A.S.); (S.I.); (M.A.I.); (S.R.); (M.A.K.)
| | - Md. Abdus Sobur
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh; (M.S.I.); (M.M.H.N.); (M.A.S.); (S.I.); (M.A.I.); (S.R.); (M.A.K.)
| | - Samina Ievy
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh; (M.S.I.); (M.M.H.N.); (M.A.S.); (S.I.); (M.A.I.); (S.R.); (M.A.K.)
| | - Md. Amirul Islam
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh; (M.S.I.); (M.M.H.N.); (M.A.S.); (S.I.); (M.A.I.); (S.R.); (M.A.K.)
| | - Saifur Rahman
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh; (M.S.I.); (M.M.H.N.); (M.A.S.); (S.I.); (M.A.I.); (S.R.); (M.A.K.)
| | - Md. Abdul Kafi
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh; (M.S.I.); (M.M.H.N.); (M.A.S.); (S.I.); (M.A.I.); (S.R.); (M.A.K.)
| | - Hossam M. Ashour
- Department of Integrative Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, University of South Florida, St. Petersburg, FL 33701, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo 11562, Egypt
- Correspondence: (H.M.A.); (M.T.R.)
| | - Md. Tanvir Rahman
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh; (M.S.I.); (M.M.H.N.); (M.A.S.); (S.I.); (M.A.I.); (S.R.); (M.A.K.)
- Correspondence: (H.M.A.); (M.T.R.)
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Gwenzi W, Chaukura N, Muisa-Zikali N, Teta C, Musvuugwa T, Rzymski P, Abia ALK. Insects, Rodents, and Pets as Reservoirs, Vectors, and Sentinels of Antimicrobial Resistance. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10010068. [PMID: 33445633 PMCID: PMC7826649 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10010068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper reviews the occurrence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in insects, rodents, and pets. Insects (e.g., houseflies, cockroaches), rodents (rats, mice), and pets (dogs, cats) act as reservoirs of AMR for first-line and last-resort antimicrobial agents. AMR proliferates in insects, rodents, and pets, and their skin and gut systems. Subsequently, insects, rodents, and pets act as vectors that disseminate AMR to humans via direct contact, human food contamination, and horizontal gene transfer. Thus, insects, rodents, and pets might act as sentinels or bioindicators of AMR. Human health risks are discussed, including those unique to low-income countries. Current evidence on human health risks is largely inferential and based on qualitative data, but comprehensive statistics based on quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) are still lacking. Hence, tracing human health risks of AMR to insects, rodents, and pets, remains a challenge. To safeguard human health, mitigation measures are proposed, based on the one-health approach. Future research should include human health risk analysis using QMRA, and the application of in-silico techniques, genomics, network analysis, and ’big data’ analytical tools to understand the role of household insects, rodents, and pets in the persistence, circulation, and health risks of AMR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willis Gwenzi
- Biosystems and Environmental Engineering Research Group, Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, University of Zimbabwe, Mount. Pleasant, Harare P.O. Box MP167, Zimbabwe
- Correspondence: or (W.G.); or (A.L.K.A.)
| | - Nhamo Chaukura
- Department of Physical and Earth Sciences, Sol Plaatje University, Kimberley 8300, South Africa;
| | - Norah Muisa-Zikali
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Technology, School of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Chinhoyi University of Technology, Private Bag, Chinhoyi 7724, Zimbabwe; or
| | - Charles Teta
- Future Water Institute, Faculty of Engineering & Built Environment, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7700, South Africa;
| | - Tendai Musvuugwa
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Sciences, Sol Plaatje University, Kimberley 8300, South Africa;
| | - Piotr Rzymski
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-806 Poznan, Poland;
- Integrated Science Association (ISA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), 60-806 Poznań, Poland
| | - Akebe Luther King Abia
- Antimicrobial Research Unit, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000, South Africa
- Correspondence: or (W.G.); or (A.L.K.A.)
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Tufa TB, Fuchs A, Wienemann T, Eggers Y, Abdissa S, Schneider M, Jensen BEO, Bode JG, Pfeffer K, Häussinger D, Mackenzie CR, Orth HM, Feldt T. Carriage of ESBL-producing Gram-negative bacteria by flies captured in a hospital and its suburban surroundings in Ethiopia. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control 2020; 9:175. [PMID: 33148323 PMCID: PMC7640391 DOI: 10.1186/s13756-020-00836-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Local data from the Asella Teaching and Referral Hospital in the town of Asella, Ethiopia reveal a high prevalence of extended-spectrum β-lactamase- (ESBL) producing Gram-negative bacteria (GNB) in clinical isolates. To investigate a possible route of transmission, we determined the proportions ESBL-producing GNB in isolates from flies caught in the hospital and in the town of Asella. METHODS Flies were collected in August 2019 from the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU), the orthopedic ward, the hospital's waste disposal area, and from a butchery situated 1.5 km from the hospital. After trapping, the flies were macerated and suspended in sterile normal saline. The suspensions were inoculated on MacConkey agar and incubated overnight. Species identification and antimicrobial susceptibility testing were performed using Vitek®-MS and VITEK® 2. RESULTS In total, 103 bacterial isolates were obtained from 85 flies (NICU: 11 isolates from 20 flies, orthopedic ward: 10 isolates from 12 flies, waste disposal area: 37 isolates from 26 flies, butchery: 45 isolates from 27 flies). The proportions of ESBL-producing bacteria among isolates obtained from flies collected in the hospital compound were significantly higher (82%, 90%, and 57% in NICU, orthopedic ward and waste disposal area, respectively) compared to flies collected outside of the hospital compound (2% (@1/45) in the butchery) (p ≤ 0.001). The proportion of ESBL was 67% (6/9) among Raoultella spp. 67% (4/6) among Kluyvera spp., 56% (5/9) among Enterobacter spp., 50% (5/10) among E. coli, and 44% (8/18) among Klebsiella spp.. Of the 40 ESBL-genes detected, 85% were CTX-M-like, 83% TEM-like, 23% SHV-like, and 2% CTX-M-2-like. ESBL-producing bacteria showed higher rates of resistance against ciprofloxacin (66% vs. 5%), gentamicin (68% vs. 3%), piperacillin-tazobactam (78% vs. 5%), and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (88% vs. 16%), compared to non-ESBL-producing bacteria. CONCLUSION A high proportion of ESBL was identified in isolates from flies caught in the hospital compound compared with isolates of flies collected at a distance of 1.5 km from the hospital. Flies can be potential vectors for transmission of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria within hospitals. Further studies are needed to determine the source of MDR colonization in flies and possible impact of MDR for nosocomial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tafese Beyene Tufa
- College of Health Sciences, Arsi University, P.O. Box 04, Asella, Ethiopia
- Hirsch Institute of Tropical Medicine, P.O. Box 04, Asella, Ethiopia
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Düsseldorf University Hospital Center, Moorenstr. 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Düsseldorf University Hospital Centre, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Andre Fuchs
- Hirsch Institute of Tropical Medicine, P.O. Box 04, Asella, Ethiopia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tropical Medicine, Nephrology and Rheumatology, St. Georg Hospital, Delitzscher Str. 141, 04129 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Tobias Wienemann
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Düsseldorf University Hospital Centre, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Yannik Eggers
- Hirsch Institute of Tropical Medicine, P.O. Box 04, Asella, Ethiopia
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Düsseldorf University Hospital Center, Moorenstr. 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Sileshi Abdissa
- College of Health Sciences, Arsi University, P.O. Box 04, Asella, Ethiopia
- Hirsch Institute of Tropical Medicine, P.O. Box 04, Asella, Ethiopia
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Düsseldorf University Hospital Center, Moorenstr. 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Düsseldorf University Hospital Centre, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Marlen Schneider
- Hirsch Institute of Tropical Medicine, P.O. Box 04, Asella, Ethiopia
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Düsseldorf University Hospital Center, Moorenstr. 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Björn-Erik Ole Jensen
- Hirsch Institute of Tropical Medicine, P.O. Box 04, Asella, Ethiopia
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Düsseldorf University Hospital Center, Moorenstr. 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Johannes G. Bode
- Hirsch Institute of Tropical Medicine, P.O. Box 04, Asella, Ethiopia
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Düsseldorf University Hospital Center, Moorenstr. 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Klaus Pfeffer
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Düsseldorf University Hospital Centre, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Dieter Häussinger
- Hirsch Institute of Tropical Medicine, P.O. Box 04, Asella, Ethiopia
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Düsseldorf University Hospital Center, Moorenstr. 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Colin R. Mackenzie
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Düsseldorf University Hospital Centre, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Hans Martin Orth
- Hirsch Institute of Tropical Medicine, P.O. Box 04, Asella, Ethiopia
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Düsseldorf University Hospital Center, Moorenstr. 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Torsten Feldt
- Hirsch Institute of Tropical Medicine, P.O. Box 04, Asella, Ethiopia
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Düsseldorf University Hospital Center, Moorenstr. 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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Isolation and Characterization of Multidrug-Resistant Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. from Healthy and Diseased Turkeys. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:antibiotics9110770. [PMID: 33147736 PMCID: PMC7692380 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9110770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Diseases caused by Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Salmonella spp. can negatively impact turkey farming. The aim of this study was to isolate and characterize multidrug-resistant (MDR) E. coli and Salmonella spp. in healthy and diseased turkeys. A total of 30 fecal samples from healthy turkeys and 25 intestinal samples from diseased turkeys that died of enteritis were collected. Bacterial isolation and identification were based on biochemical properties and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Antibiogram profiles were determined by disk diffusion. The tetracycline-resistance gene tetA was detected by PCR. All samples were positive for E. coli. Only 11 samples (11/30; 36.67%) were positive for Salmonella spp. from healthy turkeys, whereas 16 (16/25; 64%) samples were positive for Salmonella spp. from diseased turkeys. E. coli isolated from diseased turkeys showed higher resistance to levofloxacin, gentamicin, chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, streptomycin, and tetracycline. Salmonella spp. isolated from healthy turkeys exhibited higher resistance to gentamicin, chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, streptomycin, imipenem, and meropenem. All E. coli and Salmonella spp. from both healthy and diseased turkeys were resistant to erythromycin. Salmonella spp. from both healthy and diseased turkeys were resistant to tetracycline. Multidrug resistance was observed in both E. coli and Salmonella spp. from diseased turkeys. Finally, the tetA gene was detected in 93.1% of the E. coli isolates and in 92.59% of the Salmonella spp. isolates. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to isolate and characterize tetA-gene-containing MDR E. coli and Salmonella spp. from healthy and diseased turkeys in Bangladesh. Both microorganisms are of zoonotic significance and represent a significant public health challenge.
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El-Gohary FA, Abdel-Hafez LJM, Zakaria AI, Shata RR, Tahoun A, El-Mleeh A, Abo Elfadl EA, Elmahallawy EK. Enhanced Antibacterial Activity of Silver Nanoparticles Combined with Hydrogen Peroxide Against Multidrug-Resistant Pathogens Isolated from Dairy Farms and Beef Slaughterhouses in Egypt. Infect Drug Resist 2020; 13:3485-3499. [PMID: 33116668 PMCID: PMC7550212 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s271261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The last few decades have witnessed a rapid and global increase in multidrug-resistant bacteria (MDR) emergence. Methods The aim of the current study is to isolate the most common MDR bacteria from dairy farms and beef slaughterhouses followed by evaluation of their antimicrobial resistance pattern and assessment of the antibacterial activity of AgNPs-H2O2 as an alternative to conventional antibiotics. In this regard, 200 samples were collected from two dairy farms and one beef slaughterhouse located in Dakhliya Governorate, Egypt. Results Interestingly, out of 120 collected samples from dairy farms, the prevalence of the isolated strains was 26.7, 23.3, 21.7, 16.7, and 11.7% for S. typhimurium, E. coli O157:H7, L. monocytogenes, K. pneumoniae and P. aeruginosa, respectively. Meanwhile, the overall prevalence was 30, 25, 22.5, 17.5, and 5% for E. coli O157:H7, L. monocytogenes, S. typhimurium, P. aeruginosa, and K. pneumoniae, respectively, for the 80 samples collected from a beef slaughterhouse. The antimicrobial susceptibility pattern elucidated that all isolated strains exhibited resistance to at least four of the tested antimicrobials, with multiple-antibiotic resistance index values (MAR) ranging between 0.44 and 0.88. Furthermore, the commercial AgNPs-H2O2 product was characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and zeta potential that showed spherical particles with a surface charge of -0.192 mV. The antimicrobial activity of synergized nano-silver (AgNP) with H2O2 product toward MDR strains was assessed via measuring minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC), and time-kill curve. Conclusion The present data report high prevalence rates of MDR pathogens in dairy farms and abattoirs. More importantly, AgNPs-H2O2 exerted broad-spectrum bactericidal activity toward MDR bacterial strains, suggesting their promising usage as safe, ecofriendly, cost-effective antibacterial agents. To our knowledge, this study is a pioneer in investigating the potential alternative antimicrobial role of silver nanoparticles for control of multiple drug-resistant pathogens in Egypt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatma A El-Gohary
- Department of Hygiene and Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Lina Jamil M Abdel-Hafez
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, October 6 University, October 6 City, Giza, Egypt
| | - Amira I Zakaria
- Department of Food Hygiene and Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Radwa Reda Shata
- Department of Food Hygiene and Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Amin Tahoun
- Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelshkh University, Kafrelsheikh 33511, Egypt
| | - Amany El-Mleeh
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Menoufia University, Sheibin Elkom 32511, Egypt
| | - Eman A Abo Elfadl
- Department of Animal Husbandry and Development of Animal Wealth (Biostatistics), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Ehab Kotb Elmahallawy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of León (ULE), León 24071, Spain.,Department of Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sohag University, Sohag 82524, Egypt
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Rahman MT, Sobur MA, Islam MS, Ievy S, Hossain MJ, El Zowalaty ME, Rahman AMMT, Ashour HM. Zoonotic Diseases: Etiology, Impact, and Control. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8091405. [PMID: 32932606 PMCID: PMC7563794 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8091405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Most humans are in contact with animals in a way or another. A zoonotic disease is a disease or infection that can be transmitted naturally from vertebrate animals to humans or from humans to vertebrate animals. More than 60% of human pathogens are zoonotic in origin. This includes a wide variety of bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, parasites, and other pathogens. Factors such as climate change, urbanization, animal migration and trade, travel and tourism, vector biology, anthropogenic factors, and natural factors have greatly influenced the emergence, re-emergence, distribution, and patterns of zoonoses. As time goes on, there are more emerging and re-emerging zoonotic diseases. In this review, we reviewed the etiology of major zoonotic diseases, their impact on human health, and control measures for better management. We also highlighted COVID-19, a newly emerging zoonotic disease of likely bat origin that has affected millions of humans along with devastating global consequences. The implementation of One Health measures is highly recommended for the effective prevention and control of possible zoonosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md. Tanvir Rahman
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh; (M.A.S.); (M.S.I.); (S.I.); (M.J.H.)
- Correspondence: (M.T.R.); (H.M.A.)
| | - Md. Abdus Sobur
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh; (M.A.S.); (M.S.I.); (S.I.); (M.J.H.)
| | - Md. Saiful Islam
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh; (M.A.S.); (M.S.I.); (S.I.); (M.J.H.)
| | - Samina Ievy
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh; (M.A.S.); (M.S.I.); (S.I.); (M.J.H.)
| | - Md. Jannat Hossain
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh; (M.A.S.); (M.S.I.); (S.I.); (M.J.H.)
| | - Mohamed E. El Zowalaty
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, UAE;
- Zoonosis Science Center, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, SE 75123 Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Hossam M. Ashour
- Department of Integrative Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, University of South Florida, St. Petersburg, FL 33701, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo 11562, Egypt
- Correspondence: (M.T.R.); (H.M.A.)
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Khan SA, Imtiaz MA, Sayeed MA, Shaikat AH, Hassan MM. Antimicrobial resistance pattern in domestic animal - wildlife - environmental niche via the food chain to humans with a Bangladesh perspective; a systematic review. BMC Vet Res 2020; 16:302. [PMID: 32838793 PMCID: PMC7445918 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-020-02519-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a growing concern globally, but the impact is very deleterious in the context of Bangladesh. Recent review article on the AMR issue demonstrates the scenario in human medicine; unfortunately, no attempt was taken to address this as One Health issue. The antimicrobial resistance bacteria or genes are circulating in the fragile ecosystems and disseminate into human food chain through direct or indirect ways. In this systematic review we are exploring the mechanism or the process of development of resistance pathogen into human food chain via the domestic animal, wildlife and environmental sources in the context of One Health and future recommendation to mitigate this issue in Bangladesh. RESULTS Tetracycline resistance genes were presenting in almost all sample sources in higher concentrations against enteric pathogen Escherichia coli. The second most significant antibiotics are amino-penicillin that showed resistant pattern across different source of samples. It is a matter of concerns that cephalosporin tends to acquire resistance in wildlife species that might be an indication of this antibiotic resistance gene or the pathogen been circulating in our surrounding environment though the mechanism is still unclear. CONCLUSIONS Steps to control antibiotic release and environmental disposal from all uses should be immediate and obligatory. There is a need for detailed system biology analysis of resistance development in-situ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahneaz Ali Khan
- Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Zakir Hossain Road,Khulshi, 4225, Chattogram, Bangladesh.
| | - Mohammed Ashif Imtiaz
- Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Zakir Hossain Road,Khulshi, 4225, Chattogram, Bangladesh
| | - Md Abu Sayeed
- Jhenaidah Government Veterinary College, Jhenaidah, Bangladesh
| | - Amir Hossan Shaikat
- Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Zakir Hossain Road,Khulshi, 4225, Chattogram, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Mahmudul Hassan
- Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Zakir Hossain Road,Khulshi, 4225, Chattogram, Bangladesh
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Molecular Detection of Avian Pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) for the First Time in Layer Farms in Bangladesh and Their Antibiotic Resistance Patterns. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8071021. [PMID: 32660167 PMCID: PMC7409187 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8071021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) causes significant economic losses in poultry industries. Here, we determined for the first time in Bangladesh, the prevalence of APEC-associated virulence genes in E. coli isolated from layer farms and their antibiotic resistance patterns. A total of 99 samples comprising internal organs, feces, and air were collected from 32 layer farms. Isolation was performed by culturing samples on eosin–methylene blue agar plates, while the molecular detection of APEC was performed by PCR, and antibiograms were performed by disk diffusion. Among the samples, 36 were positive for the APEC-associated virulence genes fimC, iucD, and papC. Out of 36 isolates, 7, 18, and 11 were positive, respectively, for three virulence genes (papC, fimC, and iucD), two virulence genes, and a single virulence gene. Although the detection of virulence genes was significantly higher in the internal organs, the air and feces were also positive. The antibiograms revealed that all the isolates (100%) were resistant to ampicillin and tetracycline; 97.2%, to chloramphenicol and erythromycin; 55.5%, to enrofloxacin; 50.0%, to norfloxacin and ciprofloxacin; 19.4%, to streptomycin; 11.1%, to colistin; and 8.33%, to gentamicin. Interestingly, all the isolates were multidrug-resistant (MDR). Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient analysis revealed the strongest significant correlation between norfloxacin and ciprofloxacin resistance. This is the first study in Bangladesh describing the molecular detection of APEC in layer farms. Isolated APEC can now be used for detailed genetic characterization and assessing the impact on public health.
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Emergence of Mobile Colistin Resistance ( mcr-8) in a Highly Successful Klebsiella pneumoniae Sequence Type 15 Clone from Clinical Infections in Bangladesh. mSphere 2020; 5:5/2/e00023-20. [PMID: 32161143 PMCID: PMC7067589 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00023-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of mobilized colistin resistance genes (mcr) has become a serious concern in clinical practice, compromising treatment options for life-threatening infections. In this study, colistin-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae harboring mcr-8.1 was recovered from infected patients in the largest public hospital of Bangladesh, with a prevalence of 0.3% (3/1,097). We found mcr-8.1 in an identical highly stable multidrug-resistant IncFIB(pQil) plasmid of ∼113 kb, which belonged to an epidemiologically successful K. pneumoniae clone, ST15. The resistance mechanism was proven to be horizontally transferable, which incurred a fitness cost to the host. The core genome phylogeny suggested the clonal spread of mcr-8.1 in a Bangladeshi hospital. Core genome single-nucleotide polymorphisms among the mcr-8.1-positive K. pneumoniae isolates ranged from 23 to 110. It has been hypothesized that mcr-8.1 was inserted into IncFIB(pQil) with preexisting resistance loci, bla TEM-1b and bla CTX-M-15, by IS903B Coincidentally, all resistance determinants in the plasmid [mcr-8.1, ampC, sul2, 1d-APH(6), APH(3'')-Ib, bla TEM-1b, bla CTX-M-15] were bracketed by IS903B, demonstrating the possibility of intra- and interspecies and intra- and intergenus transposition of entire resistance loci. This is the first report of an mcr-like mechanism from human infections in Bangladesh. However, given the acquisition of mcr-8.1 by a sable conjugative plasmid in a successful high-risk clone of K. pneumoniae ST15, there is a serious risk of dissemination of mcr-8.1 in Bangladesh from 2017 onwards.IMPORTANCE There is a marked paucity in our understanding of the epidemiology of colistin-resistant bacterial pathogens in South Asia. A report by Davies and Walsh (Lancet Infect Dis 18:256-257, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(18)30072-0, 2018) suggests the export of colistin from China to India, Vietnam, and South Korea in 2016 was approximately 1,000 tons and mainly used as a poultry feed additive. A few reports forecast that the prevalence of mcr in humans and livestock will increase in South Asia. Given the high prevalence of bla CTX-M-15 and bla NDM in India, Bangladesh, and Pakistan, colistin has become the invariable option for the management of serious infections, leading to the emergence of mcr-like mechanisms in South Asia. Systematic scrutiny of the prevalence and transmission of mcr variants in South Asia is vital to understanding the drivers of mcr genes and to initiate interventions to overcome colistin resistance.
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Molecular Detection of Multidrug Resistant Salmonella Species Isolated from Broiler Farm in Bangladesh. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9030201. [PMID: 32182918 PMCID: PMC7157442 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9030201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Multidrug resistant (MDR) Salmonella are a leading cause of foodborne diseases and serious human health concerns worldwide. In this study we detected MDR Salmonella in broiler chicken along with the resistance genes and class 1 integron gene intl1. A total of 100 samples were collected from broiler farms comprising 50 cloacal swabs, 35 litter and 15 feed samples. Overall prevalence of Salmonella was 35% with the highest detected in cloacal swabs. Among the Salmonella, 30 isolates were confirmed as S. enterica serovar Typhimurium using molecular methods of PCR. Disk diffusion susceptibility test revealed that all the Salmonella were classified as MDR with the highest resistance to tetracycline (97.14%), chloramphenicol (94.28%), ampicillin (82.85%) and streptomycin (77.14%). The most prevalent resistance genotypes were tetA (97.14%), floR (94.28%), blaTEM-1 (82.85%) and aadA1 (77.14%). In addition, among the MDR Salmonella, 20% were positive for class 1 integron gene (intl1). As far as we know, this is the first study describing the molecular basis of antibiotic resistance in MDR Salmonella from broiler farms in Bangladesh. In addition to tetA, floR, blaTEM-1, aadA1 and intl1 were also detected in the isolated MDR Salmonella. The detection of MDR Salmonella in broiler chicken carrying intl1 is of serious public health concern because of their zoonotic nature and possibilities to enter into the food chain.
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