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The Thiazole-5-Carboxamide GPS491 Inhibits HIV-1, Adenovirus, and Coronavirus Replication by Altering RNA Processing/Accumulation. Viruses 2021; 14:v14010060. [PMID: 35062264 PMCID: PMC8779516 DOI: 10.3390/v14010060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Medicinal chemistry optimization of a previously described stilbene inhibitor of HIV-1, 5350150 (2-(2-(5-nitro-2-thienyl)vinyl)quinoline), led to the identification of the thiazole-5-carboxamide derivative (GPS491), which retained potent anti-HIV-1 activity with reduced toxicity. In this report, we demonstrate that the block of HIV-1 replication by GPS491 is accompanied by a drastic inhibition of viral gene expression (IC50 ~ 0.25 µM), and alterations in the production of unspliced, singly spliced, and multiply spliced HIV-1 RNAs. GPS491 also inhibited the replication of adenovirus and multiple coronaviruses. Low µM doses of GPS491 reduced adenovirus infectious yield ~1000 fold, altered virus early gene expression/viral E1A RNA processing, blocked viral DNA amplification, and inhibited late (hexon) gene expression. Loss of replication of multiple coronaviruses (229E, OC43, SARS-CoV2) upon GPS491 addition was associated with the inhibition of viral structural protein expression and the formation of virus particles. Consistent with the observed changes in viral RNA processing, GPS491 treatment induced selective alterations in the accumulation/phosphorylation/function of splicing regulatory SR proteins. Our study establishes that a compound that impacts the activity of cellular factors involved in RNA processing can prevent the replication of several viruses with minimal effect on cell viability.
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Aghajanian S, Teymoori-Rad M, Molaverdi G, Mozhgani SH. Immunopathogenesis and Cellular Interactions in Human T-Cell Leukemia Virus Type 1 Associated Myelopathy/Tropical Spastic Paraparesis. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:614940. [PMID: 33414779 PMCID: PMC7783048 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.614940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
HTLV-1-Associated Myelopathy/Tropical Spastic Paraparesis (HAM/TSP) is a neuropathological disorder in 1–3% of individuals infected with Human T-lymphotropic virus 1 (HTLV-1). This condition is characterized by progressive spastic lower limb weakness and paralysis, lower back pain, bladder incontinence, and mild sensory disturbances resembling spinal forms of multiple sclerosis. This disease also causes chronic disability and is therefore associated with high health burden in areas where HTLV-1 infection is endemic. Despite various efforts in understanding the virus and discovery of novel diagnostic markers, and cellular and viral interactions, HAM/TSP management is still unsatisfactory and mainly focused on symptomatic alleviation, and it hasn’t been explained why only a minority of the virus carriers develop HAM/TSP. This comprehensive review focuses on host and viral factors in association with immunopathology of the disease in hope of providing new insights for drug therapies or other forms of intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sepehr Aghajanian
- Student Research Committee, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Majid Teymoori-Rad
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ghazale Molaverdi
- Student Research Committee, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Sayed-Hamidreza Mozhgani
- Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran.,Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
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Miyazato P, Matsuo M, Tan BJY, Tokunaga M, Katsuya H, Islam S, Ito J, Murakawa Y, Satou Y. HTLV-1 contains a high CG dinucleotide content and is susceptible to the host antiviral protein ZAP. Retrovirology 2019; 16:38. [PMID: 31842935 PMCID: PMC6915898 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-019-0500-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Human T cell leukaemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is a retrovirus associated with human diseases such as adult T-cell leukaemia/lymphoma and HTLV-1 associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis. In contrast to another human retrovirus, human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), HTLV-1 persists in the host not via vigorous virus production but mainly via proliferation and/or long-term survival in the form of silent proviruses in infected host cells. As a result, HTLV-1-infected cells rarely produce virus particles in vivo even without anti-retroviral treatment. That should be an advantage for the virus to escape from the host immune surveillance by minimizing the expression of viral antigens in host cells. However, why HIV-1 and HTLV-1 behave so differently during natural infection is not fully understood. Results We performed cap analysis of gene expression (CAGE) using total RNAs and nascent, chromatin-associated, RNAs in the nucleus and found that HTLV-1 RNAs were processed post-transcriptionally in infected cells. RNA processing was evident for the sense viral transcripts but not the anti-sense ones. We also found a higher proportion of CG di-nucleotides in proviral sequences of HTLV-1-infected cells, when compared to the HIV-1 genomic sequence. It has been reported recently that CG dinucleotide content of viral sequence is associated with susceptibility to the antiviral ZC3HAV1 (ZAP), suggesting the involvement of this protein in the regulation of HTLV-1 transcripts. To analyse the effect of ZAP on HTLV-1 transcripts, we over-expressed it in HTLV-1-infected cells. We found there was a dose-dependent reduction in virus production with ZAP expression. We further knocked down endogenous ZAP with two independent targeting siRNAs and observed a significant increase in virus production in the culture supernatant. Other delta-type retroviruses such as simian T-cell leukaemia virus and bovine leukaemia virus, also contain high CG-dinucleotide contents in their viral genomes, suggesting that ZAP-mediated suppression of viral transcripts might be a common feature of delta-type retroviruses, which cause minimal viremia in their natural hosts. Conclusions The post-transcriptional regulatory mechanism involving ZAP might allow HTLV-1 to maintain a delicate balance required for prolonged survival in infected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Miyazato
- Division of Genomics and Transcriptomics, Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 860-0811, Japan.,International Research Center for Medical Sciences (IRCMS), Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Misaki Matsuo
- Division of Genomics and Transcriptomics, Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 860-0811, Japan.,International Research Center for Medical Sciences (IRCMS), Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Benjy J Y Tan
- Division of Genomics and Transcriptomics, Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 860-0811, Japan.,International Research Center for Medical Sciences (IRCMS), Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Michiyo Tokunaga
- Division of Genomics and Transcriptomics, Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 860-0811, Japan.,International Research Center for Medical Sciences (IRCMS), Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Hiroo Katsuya
- Division of Genomics and Transcriptomics, Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 860-0811, Japan.,International Research Center for Medical Sciences (IRCMS), Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan.,Division of Hematology, Respiratory Medicine and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan
| | - Saiful Islam
- Division of Genomics and Transcriptomics, Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 860-0811, Japan.,International Research Center for Medical Sciences (IRCMS), Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Jumpei Ito
- Division of Systems Virology, Department of Infectious Disease Control, International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Murakawa
- RIKEN-IFOM Joint Laboratory for Cancer Genomics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yorifumi Satou
- Division of Genomics and Transcriptomics, Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 860-0811, Japan. .,International Research Center for Medical Sciences (IRCMS), Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan.
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4
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Fochi S, Bergamo E, Serena M, Mutascio S, Journo C, Mahieux R, Ciminale V, Bertazzoni U, Zipeto D, Romanelli MG. TRAF3 Is Required for NF-κB Pathway Activation Mediated by HTLV Tax Proteins. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1302. [PMID: 31244811 PMCID: PMC6581700 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Human T-cell leukemia viruses type 1 (HTLV-1) and type 2 (HTLV-2) share a common genome organization and expression strategy but have distinct pathological properties. HTLV-1 is the etiological agent of Adult T-cell Leukemia (ATL) and of HTLV-1-Associated Myelopathy/Tropical Spastic Paraparesis (HAM/TSP), whereas HTLV-2 does not cause hematological disorders and is only sporadically associated with cases of subacute myelopathy. Both HTLV genomes encode two regulatory proteins that play a pivotal role in pathogenesis: the transactivating Tax-1 and Tax-2 proteins and the antisense proteins HBZ and APH-2, respectively. We recently reported that Tax-1 and Tax-2 form complexes with the TNF-receptor associated factor 3, TRAF3, a negative regulator of the non-canonical NF-κB pathway. The NF-κB pathway is constitutively activated by the Tax proteins, whereas it is inhibited by HBZ and APH-2. The antagonistic effects of Tax and antisense proteins on NF-κB activation have not yet been fully clarified. Here, we investigated the effect of TRAF3 interaction with HTLV regulatory proteins and in particular its consequence on the subcellular distribution of the effector p65/RelA protein. We demonstrated that Tax-1 and Tax-2 efficiency on NF-κB activation is impaired in TRAF3 deficient cells obtained by CRISPR/Cas9 editing. We also found that APH-2 is more effective than HBZ in preventing Tax-dependent NF-κB activation. We further observed that TRAF3 co-localizes with Tax-2 and APH-2 in cytoplasmic complexes together with NF-κB essential modulator NEMO and TAB2, differently from HBZ and TRAF3. These results contribute to untangle the mechanism of NF-κB inhibition by HBZ and APH-2, highlighting the different role of the HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 regulatory proteins in the NF-κB activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Fochi
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Section of Biology and Genetics, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Elisa Bergamo
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Section of Biology and Genetics, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Michela Serena
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Section of Biology and Genetics, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Simona Mutascio
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Section of Biology and Genetics, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Chloé Journo
- Retroviral Oncogenesis Laboratory, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), INSERM U1111 - Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Equipe Labellisée "Fondation pour la Recherche Médicale", UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Renaud Mahieux
- Retroviral Oncogenesis Laboratory, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), INSERM U1111 - Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Equipe Labellisée "Fondation pour la Recherche Médicale", UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Vincenzo Ciminale
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy.,Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV - IRCCS, Padua, Italy
| | - Umberto Bertazzoni
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Section of Biology and Genetics, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Donato Zipeto
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Section of Biology and Genetics, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Romanelli
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Section of Biology and Genetics, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
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Long Noncoding RNA ANRIL Supports Proliferation of Adult T-Cell Leukemia Cells through Cooperation with EZH2. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.00909-18. [PMID: 30258009 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00909-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) is a highly aggressive T-cell malignancy induced by human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) infection. Long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) plays a critical role in the development and progression of multiple human cancers. However, the function of lncRNA in HTLV-1-induced oncogenesis has not been elucidated. In the present study, we show that the expression level of the lncRNA ANRIL was elevated in HTLV-1-infected cell lines and clinical ATL samples. E2F1 induced ANRIL transcription by enhancing its promoter activity. Knockdown of ANRIL in ATL cells repressed cellular proliferation and increased apoptosis in vitro and in vivo As a mechanism for these actions, we found that ANRIL targeted EZH2 and activated the NF-κB pathway in ATL cells. This activation was independent of the histone methyltransferase (HMT) activity of EZH2 but required the formation of an ANRIL/EZH2/p65 ternary complex. A chromatin immunoprecipitation assay revealed that ANRIL/EZH2 enhanced p65 DNA binding capability. In addition, we observed that the ANRIL/EZH2 complex repressed p21/CDKN1A transcription through H3K27 trimethylation of the p21/CDKN1A promoter. Taken together, our results implicate that the lncRNA ANRIL, by cooperating with EZH2, supports the proliferation of HTLV-1-infected cells, which is thought to be critical for oncogenesis.IMPORTANCE Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is the pathogen that causes adult T-cell leukemia (ATL), which is a unique malignancy of CD4+ T cells. A role for long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) in HTLV-1-mediated cellular transformation has not been described. In this study, we demonstrated that the lncRNA ANRIL was important for maintaining the proliferation of ATL cells in vitro and in vivo ANRIL was shown to activate NF-κB signaling through forming a ternary complex with EZH2 and p65. Furthermore, epigenetic inactivation of p21/CDKN1A was involved in the oncogenic function of ANRIL. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to address the regulatory role of the lncRNA ANRIL in ATL and provides an important clue to prevent or treat HTLV-1-associated human diseases.
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The HTLV-1 oncoprotein Tax is modified by the ubiquitin related modifier 1 (Urm1). Retrovirology 2018; 15:33. [PMID: 29665857 PMCID: PMC5904992 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-018-0415-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL) is an aggressive malignancy secondary to chronic human T-cell lymphotropic virus 1 infection, triggered by the virally encoded oncoprotein Tax. The transforming activity and subcellular localization of Tax is strongly influenced by posttranslational modifications, among which ubiquitylation and SUMOylation have been identified as key regulators of the nuclear/cytoplasmic shuttling of Tax, as well as its ability to activate NF-κB signaling. Results Adding to the complex posttranslational modification landscape of Tax, we here demonstrate that Tax also interacts with the ubiquitin-related modifier 1 (Urm1). Conjugation of Urm1 to Tax results in a redistribution of Tax to the cytoplasm and major increase in the transcription of the NF-ĸB targets Rantes and interleukin-6. Utilizing a tax-transgenic Drosophila model, we show that the Urm1-dependent subcellular targeting of Tax is evolutionary conserved, and that the presence of Urm1 is strongly correlated with the transcriptional output of Diptericin, an antimicrobial peptide and established downstream target of NF-κB in flies. Conclusions These data put forward Urm1 as a novel Tax modifier that modulates its oncogenic activity and hence represents a potential novel target for developing new strategies for treating ATL.
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Stability of HTLV-2 antisense protein is controlled by PML nuclear bodies in a SUMO-dependent manner. Oncogene 2018; 37:2806-2816. [PMID: 29507418 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-018-0163-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Revised: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Since the identification of the antisense protein of HTLV-2 (APH-2) and the demonstration that APH-2 mRNA is expressed in vivo in most HTLV-2 carriers, much effort has been dedicated to the elucidation of similarities and/or differences between APH-2 and HBZ, the antisense protein of HTLV-1. Similar to HBZ, APH-2 negatively regulates HTLV-2 transcription. However, it does not promote cell proliferation. In contrast to HBZ, APH-2 half-life is very short. Here, we show that APH-2 is addressed to PML nuclear bodies in T-cells, as well as in different cell types. Covalent SUMOylation of APH-2 is readily detected, indicating that APH-2 might be addressed to the PML nuclear bodies in a SUMO-dependent manner. We further show that silencing of PML increases expression of APH-2, while expression of HBZ is unaffected. On the other hand, SUMO-1 overexpression leads to a specific loss of APH-2 expression that is restored upon proteasome inhibition. Furthermore, the carboxy-terminal LAGLL motif of APH-2 is responsible for both the targeting of the protein to PML nuclear bodies and its short half-life. Taken together, these observations indicate that natural APH-2 targeting to PML nuclear bodies induces proteasomal degradation of the viral protein in a SUMO-dependent manner. Hence, this study deciphers the molecular and cellular bases of APH-2 short half-life in comparison to HBZ and highlights key differences in the post-translational mechanisms that control the expression of both proteins.
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Cavallari I, Scattolin G, Silic-Benussi M, Raimondi V, D'Agostino DM, Ciminale V. Mitochondrial Proteins Coded by Human Tumor Viruses. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:81. [PMID: 29467726 PMCID: PMC5808139 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses must exploit the cellular biosynthetic machinery and evade cellular defense systems to complete their life cycles. Due to their crucial roles in cellular bioenergetics, apoptosis, innate immunity and redox balance, mitochondria are important functional targets of many viruses, including tumor viruses. The present review describes the interactions between mitochondria and proteins coded by the human tumor viruses human T-cell leukemia virus type 1, Epstein-Barr virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus, human hepatitis viruses B and C, and human papillomavirus, and highlights how these interactions contribute to viral replication, persistence and transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gloria Scattolin
- Department of Surgery, Oncology, and Gastroenterology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Vincenzo Ciminale
- Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV-IRRCS, Padova, Italy.,Department of Surgery, Oncology, and Gastroenterology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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Gazon H, Barbeau B, Mesnard JM, Peloponese JM. Hijacking of the AP-1 Signaling Pathway during Development of ATL. Front Microbiol 2018; 8:2686. [PMID: 29379481 PMCID: PMC5775265 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is the causative agent of a fatal malignancy known as adult T-cell leukemia (ATL). One way to address the pathology of the disease lies on conducting research with a molecular approach. In addition to the analysis of ATL-relevant signaling pathways, understanding the regulation of important and relevant transcription factors allows researchers to reach this fundamental objective. HTLV-1 encodes for two oncoproteins, Tax and HTLV-1 basic leucine-zipper factor, which play significant roles in the cellular transformation and the activation of the host's immune responses. Activating protein-1 (AP-1) transcription factor has been linked to cancer and neoplastic transformation ever since the first representative members of the Jun and Fos gene family were cloned and shown to be cellular homologs of viral oncogenes. AP-1 is a dimeric transcription factor composed of proteins belonging to the Jun (c-Jun, JunB, and JunD), Fos (c-Fos, FosB, Fra1, and Fra2), and activating transcription factor protein families. Activation of AP-1 transcription factor family by different stimuli, such as inflammatory cytokines, stress inducers, or pathogens, results in innate and adaptive immunity. AP-1 is also involved in various cellular events including differentiation, proliferation, survival, and apoptosis. Deregulated expression of AP-1 transcription factors is implicated in various lymphomas such as classical Hodgkin lymphomas, anaplastic large cell lymphomas, diffuse large B-cell lymphomas, and adult T-cell leukemia. Here, we review the current thinking behind deregulation of the AP-1 pathway and its contribution to HTLV-induced cellular transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Gazon
- Belgium Molecular and Cellular Epigenetics, Interdisciplinary Cluster for Applied Genoproteomics, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Benoit Barbeau
- Département des Sciences Biologiques and Centre de Recherche BioMed, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Jean-Michel Mesnard
- Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Jean-Marie Peloponese
- Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
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Futsch N, Mahieux R, Dutartre H. HTLV-1, the Other Pathogenic Yet Neglected Human Retrovirus: From Transmission to Therapeutic Treatment. Viruses 2017; 10:v10010001. [PMID: 29267225 PMCID: PMC5795414 DOI: 10.3390/v10010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Revised: 12/16/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Going back to their discovery in the early 1980s, both the Human T-cell Leukemia virus type-1 (HTLV-1) and the Human Immunodeficiency Virus type-1 (HIV-1) greatly fascinated the virology scene, not only because they were the first human retroviruses discovered, but also because they were associated with fatal diseases in the human population. In almost four decades of scientific research, both viruses have had different fates, HTLV-1 being often upstaged by HIV-1. However, although being very close in terms of genome organization, cellular tropism, and viral replication, HIV-1 and HTLV-1 are not completely commutable in terms of treatment, especially because of the opposite fate of the cells they infect: death versus immortalization, respectively. Nowadays, the antiretroviral therapies developed to treat HIV-1 infected individuals and to limit HIV-1 spread among the human population have a poor or no effect on HTLV-1 infected individuals, and thus, do not prevent the development of HTLV-1-associated diseases, which still lack highly efficient treatments. The present review mainly focuses on the course of HTLV-1 infection, from the initial infection of the host to diseases development and associated treatments, but also investigates HIV-1/HTLV-1 co-infection events and their impact on diseases development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Futsch
- International Center for Research in Infectiology, Retroviral Oncogenesis Laboratory, INSERM U1111-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Lyon, F-69007 Lyon, France.
- Equipe labellisée "Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer", France.
| | - Renaud Mahieux
- International Center for Research in Infectiology, Retroviral Oncogenesis Laboratory, INSERM U1111-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Lyon, F-69007 Lyon, France.
- Equipe labellisée "Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer", France.
| | - Hélène Dutartre
- International Center for Research in Infectiology, Retroviral Oncogenesis Laboratory, INSERM U1111-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Lyon, F-69007 Lyon, France.
- Equipe labellisée "Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer", France.
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11
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Screening for small molecule inhibitors of HIV-1 Gag expression. Methods 2017; 126:201-208. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2017.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Revised: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
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12
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Cell-Free versus Cell-to-Cell Infection by Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 and Human T-Lymphotropic Virus Type 1: Exploring the Link among Viral Source, Viral Trafficking, and Viral Replication. J Virol 2016; 90:7607-17. [PMID: 27334587 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00407-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) are complex retroviruses mainly infecting CD4(+) T lymphocytes. In addition, antigen-presenting cells such as dendritic cells (DCs) are targeted in vivo by both viruses, although to a lesser extent. Interaction of HIV-1 with DCs plays a key role in viral dissemination from the mucosa to CD4(+) T lymphocytes present in lymphoid organs. While similar mechanisms may occur for HTLV-1 as well, most HTLV-1 data were obtained from T-cell studies, and little is known regarding the trafficking of this virus in DCs. We first compared the efficiency of cell-free versus cell-associated viral sources of both retroviruses at infecting DCs. We showed that both HIV-1 and HTLV-1 cell-free particles are poorly efficient at productively infecting DCs, except when DC-SIGN has been engaged. Furthermore, while SAMHD-1 accounts for restriction of cell-free HIV-1 infection, it is not involved in HTLV-1 restriction. In addition, cell-free viruses lead mainly to a nonproductive DC infection, leading to trans-infection of T-cells, a process important for HIV-1 spread but not for that of HTLV-1. Finally, we show that T-DC cell-to-cell transfer implies viral trafficking in vesicles that may both increase productive infection of DCs ("cis-infection") and allow viral escape from immune surveillance. Altogether, these observations allowed us to draw a model of HTLV-1 and HIV-1 trafficking in DCs.
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Zhang H, Chen L, Cai SH, Cheng H. Identification of TBK1 and IKKε, the non-canonical IκB kinases, as crucial pro-survival factors in HTLV-1-transformed T lymphocytes. Leuk Res 2016; 46:37-44. [PMID: 27123832 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2016.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2015] [Revised: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Persistent activation of NF-κB is a prerequisite for development of adult T cell leukemia-lymphoma (ATL) caused by human T cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1). HTLV-1 genome encodes a viral transforming protein named Tax, which constitutively activates the canonical IκB kinases (IKK), the central regulator of NF-κB signaling. However, the role of the non-canonical IκB kinases, TBK1 and IKKε, in the pathogenesis of HTLV-1-associated leukemia has not been evaluated. We here show that TBK1/IKKε are crucial pro-survival molecules by maintaining persistent activity of Stat3. Consistent with this finding, silencing Stat3 by the specific shRNA or by the chemical inhibitor ruxolitinib results in drastic impediment of leukemia cell growth. We further find that in HTLV-1-transformed T cells expressing Tax, TBK1 co-localizes with the canonical IκB kinases and Tax in the lipid raft microdomains. The wild type Tax, but not the Tax mutant defective in activating the canonical IKK, promotes the lipid raft translocation of TBK1. This phenomenon correlates with Tax activation of both NF-κB and Stat3. Tax does not interact directly with TBK1/IKKε, and it rather engages a molecular crosstalk between the canonical IKKs and TBK1/IKKε. Our data, therefore, demonstrate a key role of TBK1/IKKε in the survival and proliferation of HTLV-1-transformed T cells and implicate a potential therapy targeting TBK1/IKKε and Stat3 in controlling HTLV-1-mediated oncogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Jinan University, 601 Huangpu Avenue West, Guangzhou 510632, PR China; Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Li Chen
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Shao-Hui Cai
- School of Pharmacy, Jinan University, 601 Huangpu Avenue West, Guangzhou 510632, PR China
| | - Hua Cheng
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; Departments of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
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Ma G, Yasunaga JI, Matsuoka M. Multifaceted functions and roles of HBZ in HTLV-1 pathogenesis. Retrovirology 2016; 13:16. [PMID: 26979059 PMCID: PMC4793531 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-016-0249-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Human T cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is an oncogenic retrovirus responsible for the development of adult T-cell leukemia (ATL). Although HTLV-1 harbors an oncogene, tax, that transforms T cells in vitro and induces leukemia in transgenic mice, tax expression is frequently disrupted in ATL, making the oncogenesis of ATL a bit mysterious. The HTLV-1 bZIP factor (HBZ) gene was discovered in 2002 and has been found to promote T-cell proliferation and cause lymphoma in transgenic mice. Thus HBZ has become a novel hotspot of HTLV-1 research. This review summarizes the current findings on HBZ with a special focus on its potential links to the oncogenesis of ATL. We propose viewing HBZ as a critical contributing factor in ATL development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangyong Ma
- Laboratory of Virus Control, Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Jun-Ichirou Yasunaga
- Laboratory of Virus Control, Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masao Matsuoka
- Laboratory of Virus Control, Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
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A Transgenic Drosophila melanogaster Model To Study Human T-Lymphotropic Virus Oncoprotein Tax-1-Driven Transformation In Vivo. J Virol 2015; 89:8092-5. [PMID: 25995252 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00918-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1)-induced adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma is an aggressive malignancy. HTLV-2 is genetically related to HTLV-1 but does not cause any malignant disease. HTLV-1 Tax transactivator (Tax-1) contributes to leukemogenesis via NF-κB. We describe transgenic Drosophila models expressing Tax in the compound eye and plasmatocytes. We demonstrate that Tax-1 but not Tax-2 induces ommatidial perturbation and increased plasmatocyte proliferation and that the eye phenotype is dependent on Kenny (IKKγ/NEMO), thus validating this new in vivo model.
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16
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Discovery and characterization of auxiliary proteins encoded by type 3 simian T-cell lymphotropic viruses. J Virol 2014; 89:931-51. [PMID: 25355890 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02150-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) and HTLV-2 encode auxiliary proteins that play important roles in viral replication, viral latency, and immune escape. The presence of auxiliary protein-encoding open reading frames (ORFs) in HTLV-3, the latest HTLV to be discovered, is unknown. Simian T-cell lymphotropic virus type 3 (STLV-3) is almost identical to HTLV-3. Given the lack of HTLV-3-infected cell lines, we took advantage of STLV-3-infected cells and of an STLV-3 molecular clone to search for the presence of auxiliary transcripts. Using reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR), we first uncovered the presence of three unknown viral mRNAs encoding putative proteins of 5, 8, and 9 kDa and confirmed the presence of the previously reported RorfII transcript. The existence of these viral mRNAs was confirmed by using splice site-specific RT-PCR with ex vivo samples. We showed that p5 is distributed throughout the cell and does not colocalize with a specific organelle. The p9 localization is similar to that of HTLV-1 p12 and induced a strong decrease in the calreticulin signal, similarly to HTLV-1 p12. Although p8, RorfII, and Rex-3 share an N-terminal sequence that is predicted to contain a nucleolar localization signal (NoLS), only p8 is found in the nucleolus. The p8 location in the nucleolus is linked to a bipartite NoLS. p8 and, to a lesser extent, p9 repressed viral expression but did not alter Rex-3-dependent mRNA export. Using a transformation assay, we finally showed that none of the STLV-3 auxiliary proteins had the ability to induce colony formation, while both Tax-3 and antisense protein of HTLV-3 (APH-3) promoted cellular transformation. Altogether, these results complete the characterization of the newly described primate T-lymphotropic virus type 3 (PTLV-3). IMPORTANCE Together with their simian counterparts, HTLVs form the primate T-lymphotropic viruses. HTLVs arose from interspecies transmission between nonhuman primates and humans. HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 encode auxiliary proteins that play important roles in viral replication, viral latency, and immune escape. The presence of ORFs encoding auxiliary proteins in HTLV-3 or STLV-3 genomes was unknown. Using in silico analyses, ex vivo samples, or in vitro experiments, we have uncovered the presence of 3 previously unknown viral mRNAs encoding putative proteins and confirmed the presence of a previously reported viral transcript. We characterized the intracellular localization of the four proteins. We showed that two of these proteins repress viral expression but that none of them have the ability to induce colony formation. However, both Tax and the antisense protein APH-3 promote cell transformation. Our results allowed us to characterize 4 new retroviral proteins for the first time.
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Medina F, Quintremil S, Alberti C, Barriga A, Cartier L, Puente J, Ramírez E, Ferreira A, Tanaka Y, Valenzuela MA. Tax posttranslational modifications and interaction with calreticulin in MT-2 cells and human peripheral blood mononuclear cells of human T cell lymphotropic virus type-I-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis patients. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2014; 30:370-9. [PMID: 24321043 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2013.0036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The human retrovirus human T cell lymphotropic virus type-I (HTLV-1) is the etiologic agent of HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). Axonal degeneration in HAM/TSP patients occurs without neuron infection, with the secreted viral Tax protein proposed to be involved. We previously found that Tax secreted into the culture medium of MT-2 cells (HTLV-1-infected cell line) produced neurite retraction in neuroblastoma cells differentiated to neuronal type. To assess the relevance of Tax posttranslational modifications on this effect, we addressed the question of whether Tax secreted by MT-2 cells and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of HTLV-1-infected subjects is modified. The interaction of Tax with calreticulin (CRT) that modulates intracellular Tax localization and secretion has been described. We studied Tax localization and modifications in MT-2 cells and its interaction with CRT. Intracellular Tax in MT-2 cells was assessed by flow cytometry, corresponding mainly to a 71-kDa protein followed by western blot. This protein reported as a chimera with gp21 viral protein-confirmed by mass spectrometry-showed no ubiquitination or SUMOylation. The Tax-CRT interaction was determined by confocal microscopy and coimmunoprecipitation. Extracellular Tax from HAM/TSP PBMCs is ubiquitinated according to western blot, and its interaction with CRT was shown by coimmunoprecipitation. A positive correlation between Tax and CRT secretion was observed in HAM/TSP PBMCs and asymptomatic carriers. For both proteins inhibitors and activators of secretion showed secretion through the endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi complex. Tax, present in PBMC culture medium, produced neurite retraction in differentiated neuroblastoma cells. These results suggest that Tax, whether ubiquitinated or not, is active for neurite retraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Medina
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Sebastian Quintremil
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carolina Alberti
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Andres Barriga
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Luis Cartier
- Departamento de Ciencias Neurológicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Javier Puente
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Eugenio Ramírez
- Programa de Virología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, and Departamento de Virología, ISP, Santiago, Chile
| | - Arturo Ferreira
- Programa de Inmunologia, ICBM, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Yuetsu Tanaka
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School and Faculty of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara, Japan
| | - Maria Antonieta Valenzuela
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Chevalier SA, Turpin J, Cachat A, Afonso PV, Gessain A, Brady JN, Pise-Masison CA, Mahieux R. Gem-induced cytoskeleton remodeling increases cellular migration of HTLV-1-infected cells, formation of infected-to-target T-cell conjugates and viral transmission. PLoS Pathog 2014; 10:e1003917. [PMID: 24586148 PMCID: PMC3937318 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2013] [Accepted: 12/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Efficient HTLV-1 viral transmission occurs through cell-to-cell contacts. The Tax viral transcriptional activator protein facilitates this process. Using a comparative transcriptomic analysis, we recently identified a series of genes up-regulated in HTLV-1 Tax expressing T-lymphocytes. We focused our attention towards genes that are important for cytoskeleton dynamic and thus may possibly modulate cell-to-cell contacts. We first demonstrate that Gem, a member of the small GTP-binding proteins within the Ras superfamily, is expressed both at the RNA and protein levels in Tax-expressing cells and in HTLV-1-infected cell lines. Using a series of ChIP assays, we show that Tax recruits CREB and CREB Binding Protein (CBP) onto a c-AMP Responsive Element (CRE) present in the gem promoter. This CRE sequence is required to drive Tax-activated gem transcription. Since Gem is involved in cytoskeleton remodeling, we investigated its role in infected cells motility. We show that Gem co-localizes with F-actin and is involved both in T-cell spontaneous cell migration as well as chemotaxis in the presence of SDF-1/CXCL12. Importantly, gem knock-down in HTLV-1-infected cells decreases cell migration and conjugate formation. Finally, we demonstrate that Gem plays an important role in cell-to-cell viral transmission. HTLV-1 was the first human oncoretrovirus to be discovered. Five to ten million people are infected, and 1–6% will develop either Adult T-cell Leukemia, or Tropical Spastic Paraparesis/HTLV-1 Associated Myelopathy (TSP/HAM). HTLV-1 infects primarily T-cells, but dendritic cells were also found to carry proviruses. Contrary to HIV-1, cell-free HTLV-1 viral particles are poorly infectious. Thus, efficient viral transmission relies on formation of virological synapses or formation and transfer of viral biofilm-like structures. The Tax viral transactivator plays a key role in both modes of transmission. Using transcriptomic analyses, we recently identified cellular genes that are deregulated following Tax expression in T-cells. We focused our attention on genes that are important for cell architecture and are thus likely to modulate cell-to-cell contacts and motility. We found that Gem was highly upregulated both at the RNA and protein levels in Tax-expressing cells and HTLV-1-infected cell lines. We further show that Tax binds cellular co-activators and transcription factor and activates transcription from the gem promoter. We demonstrated that Gem is involved in cellular migration of HTLV-1-infected cells. Importantly, gem knockdown decreases the rate of HTLV-1-infected cell migration and cell-to-cell conjugate formation. We also show that Gem plays an important role in HTLV-1 transmission through cell-to-cell contacts, the most efficient mode of viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien A. Chevalier
- Equipe Oncogenèse Rétrovirale, Equipe labellisée “Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer”, International Center for Research in Infectiology, INSERM U1111 - CNRS UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Jocelyn Turpin
- Equipe Oncogenèse Rétrovirale, Equipe labellisée “Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer”, International Center for Research in Infectiology, INSERM U1111 - CNRS UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Anne Cachat
- Equipe Oncogenèse Rétrovirale, Equipe labellisée “Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer”, International Center for Research in Infectiology, INSERM U1111 - CNRS UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Philippe V. Afonso
- Epidémiologie et Physiopathologie des Virus Oncogènes, CNRS UMR 3569, Pasteur Institute, Paris, France
| | - Antoine Gessain
- Epidémiologie et Physiopathologie des Virus Oncogènes, CNRS UMR 3569, Pasteur Institute, Paris, France
| | - John N. Brady
- Virus Tumor Biology Section, Laboratory of Cellular Oncology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Cynthia A. Pise-Masison
- Animal Models and Retroviral Vaccine Section, Vaccine Branch, CCR, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Renaud Mahieux
- Equipe Oncogenèse Rétrovirale, Equipe labellisée “Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer”, International Center for Research in Infectiology, INSERM U1111 - CNRS UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Lyon, France
- * E-mail:
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert R McKendall
- Departments of Neurology and Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch,Galveston,TX,USA.
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20
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Zhao T, Coutts A, Xu L, Yu J, Ohshima K, Matsuoka M. HTLV-1 bZIP factor supports proliferation of adult T cell leukemia cells through suppression of C/EBPα signaling. Retrovirology 2013; 10:159. [PMID: 24359396 PMCID: PMC3880043 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-10-159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2013] [Accepted: 12/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is an oncogenic retrovirus etiologically associated with adult T-cell leukemia (ATL). The HTLV-1 bZIP factor (HBZ), which is encoded by minus strand of provirus, is expressed in all ATL cases and supports the proliferation of ATL cells. However, the precise mechanism of growth promoting activity of HBZ is poorly understood. RESULTS In this study, we showed that HBZ suppressed C/EBPα signaling activation induced by either Tax or C/EBPα. As mechanisms of HBZ-mediated C/EBPα inhibition, we found that HBZ physically interacted with C/EBPα and diminished its DNA binding capacity. Luciferase and immunoprecipitation assays revealed that HBZ repressed C/EBPα activation in a Smad3-dependent manner. In addition, C/EBPα was overexpressed in HTLV-1 infected cell lines and fresh ATL cases. HBZ was able to induce C/EBPα transcription by enhancing its promoter activity. Finally, HBZ selectively modulated the expression of C/EBPα target genes, leading to the impairment of C/EBPα-mediated cell growth suppression. CONCLUSION HBZ, by suppressing C/EBPα signaling, supports the proliferation of HTLV-1 infected cells, which is thought to be critical for oncogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiejun Zhao
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, 688 Yingbin Road, Jinhua, Zhejiang 321004, China
- Laboratory of Virus Control, Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, 53 Shogoin Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Aaron Coutts
- Laboratory of Virus Control, Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, 53 Shogoin Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
- Present address: School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Herston 4006, Australia
| | - Lingling Xu
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, 688 Yingbin Road, Jinhua, Zhejiang 321004, China
| | - Juntao Yu
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, 688 Yingbin Road, Jinhua, Zhejiang 321004, China
| | - Koichi Ohshima
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Kurume University, 67 Asahimachi, Kurume, Fukuoka 830-0011, Japan
| | - Masao Matsuoka
- Laboratory of Virus Control, Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, 53 Shogoin Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
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Shirinian M, Kfoury Y, Dassouki Z, El-Hajj H, Bazarbachi A. Tax-1 and Tax-2 similarities and differences: focus on post-translational modifications and NF-κB activation. Front Microbiol 2013; 4:231. [PMID: 23966989 PMCID: PMC3744011 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2013.00231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2013] [Accepted: 07/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Although human T cell leukemia virus type 1 and 2 (HTLV-1 and HTLV-2) share similar genetic organization, they have major differences in their pathogenesis and disease manifestation. HTLV-1 is capable of transforming T lymphocytes in infected patients resulting in adult T cell leukemia/lymphoma whereas HTLV-2 is not clearly associated with lymphoproliferative diseases. Numerous studies have provided accumulating evidence on the involvement of the viral transactivators Tax-1 versus Tax-2 in T cell transformation. Tax-1 is a potent transcriptional activator of both viral and cellular genes. Tax-1 post-translational modifications and specifically ubiquitylation and SUMOylation have been implicated in nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB) activation and may contribute to its transformation capacity. Although Tax-2 has similar protein structure compared to Tax-1, the two proteins display differences both in their protein–protein interaction and activation of signal transduction pathways. Recent studies on Tax-2 have suggested ubiquitylation and SUMOylation independent mechanisms of NF-κB activation. In this present review, structural and functional differences between Tax-1 and Tax-2 will be summarized. Specifically, we will address their subcellular localization, nuclear trafficking and their effect on cellular regulatory proteins. A special attention will be given to Tax-1/Tax-2 post-translational modification such as ubiquitylation, SUMOylation, phosphorylation, acetylation, NF-κB activation, and protein–protein interactions involved in oncogenecity both in vivo and in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margret Shirinian
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut Beirut, Lebanon
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Fukumoto R. Human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 non-structural proteins: Requirements for latent infection. Cancer Sci 2013; 104:983-8. [PMID: 23651172 DOI: 10.1111/cas.12190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2013] [Revised: 04/13/2013] [Accepted: 04/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been more than 30 years since the discovery of human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1), the first human retrovirus identified. Human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 infects 15-20 million people worldwide causing two major diseases: adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma and HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis. Human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 establishes several decades of latent infection, during which viral-host interaction determines disease segregation. This review highlights non-structural proteins that are encoded on the viral genome and manage latent infection. Latent infection is a key in HTLV pathology, so that effective inhibition of these proteins might lead to successful disease management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Risaku Fukumoto
- Scientific Research Department, Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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Human T cell leukemia virus type 2 tax-mediated NF-κB activation involves a mechanism independent of Tax conjugation to ubiquitin and SUMO. J Virol 2012; 87:1123-36. [PMID: 23135727 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01792-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Permanent activation of the NF-κB pathway by the human T cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) Tax (Tax1) viral transactivator is a key event in the process of HTLV-1-induced T lymphocyte immortalization and leukemogenesis. Although encoding a Tax transactivator (Tax2) that activates the canonical NF-κB pathway, HTLV-2 does not cause leukemia. These distinct pathological outcomes might be related, at least in part, to distinct NF-κB activation mechanisms. Tax1 has been shown to be both ubiquitinated and SUMOylated, and these two modifications were originally proposed to be required for Tax1-mediated NF-κB activation. Tax1 ubiquitination allows recruitment of the IKK-γ/NEMO regulatory subunit of the IKK complex together with Tax1 into centrosome/Golgi-associated cytoplasmic structures, followed by activation of the IKK complex and RelA/p65 nuclear translocation. Herein, we compared the ubiquitination, SUMOylation, and acetylation patterns of Tax2 and Tax1. We show that, in contrast to Tax1, Tax2 conjugation to endogenous ubiquitin and SUMO is barely detectable while both proteins are acetylated. Importantly, Tax2 is neither polyubiquitinated on lysine residues nor ubiquitinated on its N-terminal residue. Consistent with these observations, Tax2 conjugation to ubiquitin and Tax2-mediated NF-κB activation is not affected by overexpression of the E2 conjugating enzyme Ubc13. We further demonstrate that a nonubiquitinable, non-SUMOylable, and nonacetylable Tax2 mutant retains a significant ability to activate transcription from a NF-κB-dependent promoter after partial activation of the IKK complex and induction of RelA/p65 nuclear translocation. Finally, we also show that Tax2 does not interact with TRAF6, a protein that was shown to positively regulate Tax1-mediated activation of the NF-κB pathway.
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Bonnet A, Randrianarison-Huetz V, Nzounza P, Nedelec M, Chazal M, Waast L, Pene S, Bazarbachi A, Mahieux R, Bénit L, Pique C. Low nuclear body formation and tax SUMOylation do not prevent NF-kappaB promoter activation. Retrovirology 2012; 9:77. [PMID: 23009398 PMCID: PMC3476979 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-9-77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2012] [Accepted: 09/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The Tax protein encoded by Human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is a powerful activator of the NF-κB pathway, a property critical for HTLV-1-induced immortalization of CD4+ T lymphocytes. Tax permanently stimulates this pathway at a cytoplasmic level by activating the IκB kinase (IKK) complex and at a nuclear level by enhancing the binding of the NF-κB factor RelA to its cognate promoters and by forming nuclear bodies, believed to represent transcriptionally active structures. In previous studies, we reported that Tax ubiquitination and SUMOylation play a critical role in Tax localization and NF-κB activation. Indeed, analysis of lysine Tax mutants fused or not to ubiquitin or SUMO led us to propose a two-step model in which Tax ubiquitination first intervenes to activate IKK while Tax SUMOylation is subsequently required for promoter activation within Tax nuclear bodies. However, recent studies showing that ubiquitin or SUMO can modulate Tax activities in either the nucleus or the cytoplasm and that SUMOylated Tax can serve as substrate for ubiquitination suggested that Tax ubiquitination and SUMOylation may mediate redundant rather than successive functions. Results In this study, we analyzed the properties of a new Tax mutant that is properly ubiquitinated, but defective for both nuclear body formation and SUMOylation. We report that reducing Tax SUMOylation and nuclear body formation do not alter the ability of Tax to activate IKK, induce RelA nuclear translocation, and trigger gene expression from a NF-κB promoter. Importantly, potent NF-κB promoter activation by Tax despite low SUMOylation and nuclear body formation is also observed in T cells, including CD4+ primary T lymphocytes. Moreover, we show that Tax nuclear bodies are hardly observed in HTLV-1-infected T cells. Finally, we provide direct evidence that the degree of NF-κB activation by Tax correlates with the level of Tax ubiquitination, but not SUMOylation. Conclusions These data reveal that the formation of Tax nuclear bodies, previously associated to transcriptional activities in Tax-transfected cells, is dispensable for NF-κB promoter activation, notably in CD4+ T cells. They also provide the first evidence that Tax SUMOylation is not a key determinant for Tax-induced NF-κB activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amandine Bonnet
- INSERM, U1016, Institut Cochin, 22 rue Méchain, 75014 Paris, France
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Bidoia C. Human T-lymphotropic virus proteins and post-translational modification pathways. World J Virol 2012; 1:115-30. [PMID: 24175216 PMCID: PMC3782272 DOI: 10.5501/wjv.v1.i4.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2011] [Revised: 06/04/2012] [Accepted: 07/13/2012] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell life from the cell cycle to the signaling transduction and response to stimuli is finely tuned by protein post-translational modifications (PTMs). PTMs alter the conformation, the stability, the localization, and hence the pattern of interactions of the targeted protein. Cell pathways involve the activation of enzymes, like kinases, ligases and transferases, that, once activated, act on many proteins simultaneously, altering the state of the cell and triggering the processes they are involved in. Viruses enter a balanced system and hijack the cell, exploiting the potential of PTMs either to activate viral encoded proteins or to alter cellular pathways, with the ultimate consequence to perpetuate through their replication. Human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is known to be highly oncogenic and associates with adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma, HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis and other inflammatory pathological conditions. HTLV-1 protein activity is controlled by PTMs and, in turn, viral activity is associated with the modulation of cellular pathways based on PTMs. More knowledge is acquired about the PTMs involved in the activation of its proteins, like Tax, Rex, p12, p13, p30, HTLV-I basic leucine zipper factor and Gag. However, more has to be understood at the biochemical level in order to counteract the associated fatal outcomes. This review will focus on known PTMs that directly modify HTLV-1 components and on enzymes whose activity is modulated by viral proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Bidoia
- Carlo Bidoia, Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine and Medical Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
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The multifaceted oncoprotein Tax: subcellular localization, posttranslational modifications, and NF-κB activation. Adv Cancer Res 2012; 113:85-120. [PMID: 22429853 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-394280-7.00003-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The human T-cell lymphotropic virus type-I (HTLV-I) is the etiologic agent of adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL) and of tropical spastic paraparesis/HTLV-I-associated myelopathy. Constitutive NF-κB activation by the viral oncoprotein Tax plays a crucial role in the induction and maintenance of cellular proliferation, transformation, and inhibition of apoptosis. In an attempt to provide a general view of the molecular mechanisms of constitutive Tax-induced NF-κB activation, we summarize in this review the recent body of literature that supports a major role for Tax posttranslational modifications, chiefly ubiquitination, and SUMOylation, in the NF-κB activity of Tax. These modifications indeed participate in the control of Tax subcellular localization and modulate its protein-protein interaction potential. Tax posttranslational modifications, which highlight the ability of HTLV-I to optimize its limited viral genome size, might represent an attractive target for the design of new therapies for ATL.
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The transcription profile of Tax-3 is more similar to Tax-1 than Tax-2: insights into HTLV-3 potential leukemogenic properties. PLoS One 2012; 7:e41003. [PMID: 22911729 PMCID: PMC3401231 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0041003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2012] [Accepted: 06/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Human T-cell Lymphotropic Viruses type 1 (HTLV-1) is the etiological agent of Adult T-cell Leukemia/Lymphoma. Although associated with lymphocytosis, HTLV-2 infection is not associated with any malignant hematological disease. Similarly, no infection-related symptom has been detected in HTLV-3-infected individuals studied so far. Differences in individual Tax transcriptional activity might account for these distinct physiopathological outcomes. Tax-1 and Tax-3 possess a PDZ binding motif in their sequence. Interestingly, this motif, which is critical for Tax-1 transforming activity, is absent from Tax-2. We used the DNA microarray technology to analyze and compare the global gene expression profiles of different T- and non T-cell types expressing Tax-1, Tax-2 or Tax-3 viral transactivators. In a T-cell line, this analysis allowed us to identify 48 genes whose expression is commonly affected by all Tax proteins and are hence characteristic of the HTLV infection, independently of the virus type. Importantly, we also identified a subset of genes (n = 70) which are specifically up-regulated by Tax-1 and Tax-3, while Tax-1 and Tax-2 shared only 1 gene and Tax-2 and Tax-3 shared 8 genes. These results demonstrate that Tax-3 and Tax-1 are closely related in terms of cellular gene deregulation. Analysis of the molecular interactions existing between those Tax-1/Tax-3 deregulated genes then allowed us to highlight biological networks of genes characteristic of HTLV-1 and HTLV-3 infection. The majority of those up-regulated genes are functionally linked in biological processes characteristic of HTLV-1-infected T-cells expressing Tax such as regulation of transcription and apoptosis, activation of the NF-κB cascade, T-cell mediated immunity and induction of cell proliferation and differentiation. In conclusion, our results demonstrate for the first time that, in T- and non T-cells types, Tax-3 is a functional analogue of Tax-1 in terms of transcriptional activation and suggest that HTLV-3 might share pathogenic features with HTLV-1 in vivo.
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Macaire H, Riquet A, Moncollin V, Biémont-Trescol MC, Duc Dodon M, Hermine O, Debaud AL, Mahieux R, Mesnard JM, Pierre M, Gazzolo L, Bonnefoy N, Valentin H. Tax protein-induced expression of antiapoptotic Bfl-1 protein contributes to survival of human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1)-infected T-cells. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:21357-70. [PMID: 22553204 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.340992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Human T lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is the etiologic agent of adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL). ATLL is a severe malignancy with no effective treatment. HTLV-1 regulatory proteins Tax and HTLV-1 basic leucine zipper factor (HBZ) play a major role in ATLL development, by interfering with cellular functions such as CD4(+) T-cell survival. In this study, we observed that the expression of Bfl-1, an antiapoptotic protein of the Bcl-2 family, is restricted to HTLV-1-infected T-cell lines and to T-cells expressing both Tax and HBZ proteins. We showed that Tax-induced bfl-1 transcription through the canonical NF-κB pathway. Moreover, we demonstrated that Tax cooperated with c-Jun or JunD, but not JunB, transcription factors of the AP-1 family to stimulate bfl-1 gene activation. By contrast, HBZ inhibited c-Jun-induced bfl-1 gene activation, whereas it increased JunD-induced bfl-1 gene activation. We identified one NF-κB, targeted by RelA, c-Rel, RelB, p105/p50, and p100/p52, and two AP-1, targeted by both c-Jun and JunD, binding sites in the bfl-1 promoter of T-cells expressing both Tax and HBZ. Analyzing the potential role of antiapoptotic Bcl-2 proteins in HTLV-1-infected T-cell survival, we demonstrated that these cells are differentially sensitive to silencing of Bfl-1, Bcl-x(L), and Bcl-2. Indeed, both Bfl-1 and Bcl-x(L) knockdowns decreased the survival of HTLV-1-infected T-cell lines, although no cell death was observed after Bcl-2 knockdown. Furthermore, we demonstrated that Bfl-1 knockdown sensitizes HTLV-1-infected T-cells to ABT-737 or etoposide treatment. Our results directly implicate Bfl-1 and Bcl-x(L) in HTLV-1-infected T-cell survival and suggest that both Bfl-1 and Bcl-x(L) represent potential therapeutic targets for ATLL treatment.
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Tropical spastic paraparesis and HTLV-1 associated myelopathy: Clinical, epidemiological, virological and therapeutic aspects. Rev Neurol (Paris) 2012; 168:257-69. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurol.2011.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2010] [Revised: 09/16/2011] [Accepted: 12/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Comparison of the Genetic Organization, Expression Strategies and Oncogenic Potential of HTLV-1 and HTLV-2. LEUKEMIA RESEARCH AND TREATMENT 2011; 2012:876153. [PMID: 23213551 PMCID: PMC3504254 DOI: 10.1155/2012/876153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2011] [Accepted: 09/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Human T cell leukemia virus types 1 and 2 (HTLV-1 and HTLV-2) are genetically related complex retroviruses that are capable of immortalizing human T-cells in vitro and establish life-long persistent infections in vivo. In spite of these apparent similarities, HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 exhibit a significantly different pathogenic potential. HTLV-1 is recognized as the causative agent of adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL) and tropical spastic paraparesis/HTLV-1-associated myelopathy (TSP/HAM). In contrast, HTLV-2 has not been causally linked to human malignancy, although it may increase the risk of developing inflammatory neuropathies and infectious diseases. The present paper is focused on the studies aimed at defining the viral genetic determinants of the pathobiology of HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 through a comparison of the expression strategies and functional properties of the different gene products of the two viruses.
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Douceron E, Kaidarova Z, Miyazato P, Matsuoka M, Murphy EL, Mahieux R. HTLV-2 APH-2 expression is correlated with proviral load but APH-2 does not promote lymphocytosis. J Infect Dis 2011; 205:82-6. [PMID: 22065675 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jir708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We recently discovered the antisense protein of human T-cell leukemia virus (HTLV) type 2 (APH-2), whose messenger RNA is encoded by the antisense strand of the HTLV-2 genome. We quantified proviral load, level of tax, and APH-2 in a series of blood samples obtained from a cohort of HTLV-2 carriers. We determined whether APH-2 promotes cell proliferation. APH-2 was detectable in most samples tested and was correlated with proviral load. APH-2 levels were not correlated with lymphocyte count in vivo, consistent with the inability of APH-2 to promote cell proliferation in vitro. APH-2 does not promote cell proliferation and does not cause lymphocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estelle Douceron
- Equipe Oncogenèse Rétrovirale, INSERM-U758 Virologie Humaine, France
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Olière S, Douville R, Sze A, Belgnaoui SM, Hiscott J. Modulation of innate immune responses during human T-cell leukemia virus (HTLV-1) pathogenesis. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2011; 22:197-210. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2011.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Controversies in targeted therapy of adult T cell leukemia/lymphoma: ON target or OFF target effects? Viruses 2011; 3:750-69. [PMID: 21994752 PMCID: PMC3185778 DOI: 10.3390/v3060750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2011] [Revised: 05/16/2011] [Accepted: 05/17/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Adult T cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL) represents an ideal model for targeted therapy because of intrinsic chemo-resistance of ATL cells and the presence of two well identified targets: the HTLV-I retrovirus and the viral oncoprotein Tax. The combination of zidovudine (AZT) and interferon-alpha (IFN) has a dramatic impact on survival of ATL patients. Although the mechanism of action remains unclear, arguments in favor or against a direct antiviral effect will be discussed. Yet, most patients relapse and alternative therapies are mandatory. IFN and arsenic trioxide induce Tax proteolysis, synergize to induce apoptosis in ATL cells and cure Tax-driven ATL in mice through specific targeting of leukemia initiating cell activity. These results provide a biological basis for the clinical success of arsenic/IFN/AZT therapy in ATL patients and suggest that both extinction of viral replication (AZT) and Tax degradation (arsenic/IFN) are needed to cure ATL.
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34
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Thoulouze MI, Alcover A. Can viruses form biofilms? Trends Microbiol 2011; 19:257-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2011.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2010] [Revised: 02/22/2011] [Accepted: 03/01/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Aspects virologiques de l’infection par HTLV-1 et nouveaux concepts thérapeutiques. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 104:181-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s13149-011-0161-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2011] [Accepted: 03/08/2011] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Hieshima K, Nagakubo D, Shigeta A, Tanaka Y, Hoshino H, Tsukasaki K, Yamada Y, Yoshie O. c-Maf suppresses human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 Tax by competing for CREB-binding protein. Cancer Sci 2011; 102:890-4. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2011.01873.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
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37
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Satou Y, Yasunaga JI, Zhao T, Yoshida M, Miyazato P, Takai K, Shimizu K, Ohshima K, Green PL, Ohkura N, Yamaguchi T, Ono M, Sakaguchi S, Matsuoka M. HTLV-1 bZIP factor induces T-cell lymphoma and systemic inflammation in vivo. PLoS Pathog 2011; 7:e1001274. [PMID: 21347344 PMCID: PMC3037353 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1001274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2010] [Accepted: 01/06/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is the causal agent of a neoplastic disease of CD4+ T cells, adult T-cell leukemia (ATL), and inflammatory diseases including HTLV-1 associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis, dermatitis, and inflammatory lung diseases. ATL cells, which constitutively express CD25, resemble CD25+CD4+ regulatory T cells (T(reg)). Approximately 60% of ATL cases indeed harbor leukemic cells that express FoxP3, a key transcription factor for T(reg) cells. HTLV-1 encodes an antisense transcript, HTLV-1 bZIP factor (HBZ), which is expressed in all ATL cases. In this study, we show that transgenic expression of HBZ in CD4+ T cells induced T-cell lymphomas and systemic inflammation in mice, resembling diseases observed in HTLV-1 infected individuals. In HBZ-transgenic mice, CD4+Foxp3+ T(reg) cells and effector/memory CD4+ T cells increased in vivo. As a mechanism of increased T(reg) cells, HBZ expression directly induced Foxp3 gene transcription in T cells. The increased CD4+Foxp3+ T(reg) cells in HBZ transgenic mice were functionally impaired while their proliferation was enhanced. HBZ could physically interact with Foxp3 and NFAT, thereby impairing the suppressive function of T(reg) cells. Thus, the expression of HBZ in CD4+ T cells is a key mechanism of HTLV-1-induced neoplastic and inflammatory diseases.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Animals
- Basic-Leucine Zipper Transcription Factors/genetics
- Basic-Leucine Zipper Transcription Factors/physiology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/pathology
- Cell Transformation, Viral/genetics
- Cell Transformation, Viral/immunology
- Cell Transformation, Viral/physiology
- Cells, Cultured
- Gene Expression Regulation/physiology
- HTLV-I Infections/immunology
- HTLV-I Infections/virology
- Human T-lymphotropic virus 1/genetics
- Human T-lymphotropic virus 1/pathogenicity
- Human T-lymphotropic virus 1/physiology
- Humans
- Inflammation/etiology
- Inflammation/genetics
- Inflammation/pathology
- Inflammation/virology
- Lymphoma, T-Cell/etiology
- Lymphoma, T-Cell/genetics
- Lymphoma, T-Cell/pathology
- Lymphoma, T-Cell/virology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
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Affiliation(s)
- Yorifumi Satou
- Laboratory of Virus Control, Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Jun-ichirou Yasunaga
- Laboratory of Virus Control, Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tiejun Zhao
- Laboratory of Virus Control, Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Mika Yoshida
- Laboratory of Virus Control, Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Paola Miyazato
- Laboratory of Virus Control, Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ken Takai
- Laboratory of Virus Control, Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kei Shimizu
- Department of Pathology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | - Koichi Ohshima
- Department of Pathology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | - Patrick L. Green
- Center for Retrovirus Research and Departments of Veterinary Biosciences and Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Naganari Ohkura
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Yamaguchi
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masahiro Ono
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shimon Sakaguchi
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masao Matsuoka
- Laboratory of Virus Control, Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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Bagossi P, Bander P, Bozóki B, Tözsér J. Discovery and significance of new human T-lymphotropic viruses: HTLV-3 and HTLV-4. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2010; 7:1235-49. [PMID: 19968515 DOI: 10.1586/eri.09.97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) and type 2 (HTLV-2) were discovered approximately 30 years ago and they are associated with various lymphoproliferative and neurological diseases. The estimated number of infected people is 10-20 million worldwide. In 2005, two new HTLV-1/HTLV-2-related viruses were detected, HTLV-3 and HTLV-4, from the same geographical area of Africa. In the last 4 years, their complete genomic sequences were determined and some of their characteristic features were studied in detail. These newly discovered retroviruses alongside their human (HTLV-1 and -2) and animal relatives (simian T-lymphotropic virus type 1-3) are reviewed. The potential risks associated with these viruses and the potential antiretroviral therapies are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Péter Bagossi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.
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