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Khalili E, Lakzaei M, Aminian M. Neutralizing anti-diphtheria toxin scFv produced by phage display. Biotechnol Lett 2024; 46:385-398. [PMID: 38607601 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-024-03476-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diphtheria can be prevented by vaccination, but some epidemics occur in several places, and diphtheria's threat is considerable. Administration of diphtheria antitoxin (DAT) produced from hyperimmunized animals is the most common treatment. Recombinant human antibody fragments such as single-chain variable fragments (scFv) produced by phage display library may introduce an interesting approach to overcome the limitations of the traditional antibody therapy. In the present study, B cells of immunized volunteers were used to construct a human single-chain fragment (HuscFv) library. MATERIALS AND METHODS The library was constructed with the maximum combination of heavy and light chains. As an antigen, Diphtheria toxoid (DTd) was used in four-round phage bio-panning to select phage clones that display DTd bound HuscFv from the library. After panning, individual scFv clones were selected. Clones that were able to detect DTd in an initial screening assay were transferred to Escherichia coli HB2151 to express the scFvs and purification was followed by Ni metal ion affinity chromatography. Toxin neutralization test was performed on Vero cells. The reactivity of the soluble scFv with diphtheria toxin were done and affinity calculation based on Beatty method was calculated. RESULTS The size of the constructed scFv library was calculated to be 1.3 × 106 members. Following four rounds of selection, 40 antibody clones were isolated which showed positive reactivity with DTd in an ELISA assay. Five clones were able to neutralize DTd in Vero cell assay. These neutralizing clones were used for soluble expression and purification of scFv fragments. Some of these soluble scFv fragments show neutralizing activity ranging from 0.6 to 1.2 µg against twofold cytotoxic dose of diphtheria toxin. The affinity constant of the selected scFv antibody was determined almost 107 M-1. CONCLUSION This study describes the prosperous construction and isolation of scFv from the immune library, which specifically neutralizes diphtheria toxin. The HuscFv produced in this study can be a potential candidate to substitute the animal antibody for treating diphtheria and detecting toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehsan Khalili
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mostafa Lakzaei
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahdi Aminian
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Fauzi IS, Nuraini N, Sari AM, Wardani IB, Taurustiati D, Simanullang PM, Lestari BW. Assessing the impact of booster vaccination on diphtheria transmission: Mathematical modeling and risk zone mapping. Infect Dis Model 2024; 9:245-262. [PMID: 38312350 PMCID: PMC10837633 DOI: 10.1016/j.idm.2024.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/06/2024] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic caused significant disruptions in the healthcare system, affecting vaccinations and the management of diphtheria cases. As a consequence of these disruptions, numerous countries have experienced a resurgence or an increase in diphtheria cases. West Java province in Indonesia is identified as one of the high-risk areas for diphtheria, experiencing an upward trend in cases from 2021 to 2023. To analyze the situation, we developed an SIR model, which integrated DPT and booster vaccinations to determine the basic reproduction number, an essential parameter for infectious diseases. Through spatial analysis of geo-referenced data, we identified hotspots and explained diffusion in diphtheria case clusters. The calculation of R0 resulted in an R0 = 1.17, indicating the potential for a diphtheria outbreak in West Java. To control the increasing cases, one possible approach is to raise the booster vaccination coverage from the current 64.84% to 75.15%, as suggested by simulation results. Furthermore, the spatial analysis revealed that hot spot clusters were present in the western, central, and southern regions, posing a high risk not only in densely populated areas but also in rural regions. The diffusion pattern of diphtheria clusters displayed an expansion-contagious pattern. Understanding the rising trend of diphtheria cases and their geographic distribution can offer crucial insights for government and health authorities to manage the number of diphtheria cases and make informed decisions regarding the best prevention and intervention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nuning Nuraini
- Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Bandung, Indonesia
- Center for Mathematical Modeling and Simulation, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Ade Maya Sari
- Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Imaniah Bazlina Wardani
- Study Program of Biology Education, Faculty of Education and Teacher Training, UIN Kiai Haji Achmad Siddiq Jember, Jember, Indonesia
| | | | | | - Bony Wiem Lestari
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
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Zheng X, Hu N, Liu J, Zhao K, Li H, Wang J, Zhang M, Zhang L, Song L, Lyu Y, Cui M, Ding L, Wang J. Cervicovaginal microbiota disorder combined with the change of cytosine phosphate guanine motif- toll like receptor 9 axis was associated with cervical cancerization. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2023; 149:17371-17381. [PMID: 37843556 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-023-05453-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Convincing studies demonstrated that cervicovaginal microbiota disorder and toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) high expression were related to cervical carcinogenesis. However, the effects of cervicovaginal microbiota integration TLR9 in cervical cancerization are unclear. Based on the biological basis that unmethylated cytosine-phosphate-guanine (CpG) motifs of bacteria could activate TLR9, we explored the effects of cervicovaginal microbiota disorder and CpG motif-TLR9 axis change in cervical carcinogenesis. METHODS A total of 341 participants, including 124 normal cervical (NC), 90 low-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN1), 78 high-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN2/3) and 49 squamous cervical cancer (SCC), diagnosed by pathology were enrolled in the study. Here, metagenomic shotgun sequencing was used to reveal cervicovaginal microbiota characteristics, and TLR9 protein was detected by western blotting. RESULTS Our results showed that the diversity of cervicovaginal microbiota gradually increased along with the poor development of cervical lesions, showing the abundance of Lactobacillus crispatus and Lactobacillus iners decreased, while the abundance of pathogenic bacteria gradually increased. The level of TLR9 expression was gradually increased with cervicovaginal microbiota diversity increasing, the abundance of Lactobacillus decreasing, and we found a positive correlation dependency relationship (r = 0.384, P = 0.002) between TLR9 and GTCGTT motif content. Stratified analysis based on HPV16 infection, we found that the characteristics of cervicovaginal microbiota and increased TLR9 expression were also closely related to HPV16 infection. CONCLUSIONS Cervicovaginal microbiota dysbiosis might lead to the CpG motif increased, which was closely associated with TLR9 high expression, and ultimately might promote the progression of cervical lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Zheng
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030000, China
| | - Nan Hu
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030000, China
| | - Jiamin Liu
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030000, China
| | - Kailu Zhao
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030000, China
| | - Huimin Li
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030000, China
| | - Jiahao Wang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030000, China
| | - Mingxuan Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030000, China
| | - Le Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030000, China
| | - Li Song
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030000, China
| | - Yuanjing Lyu
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030000, China
| | - Meng Cui
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030000, China
| | - Ling Ding
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030000, China.
| | - Jintao Wang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030000, China.
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4
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Sting R, Pölzelbauer C, Eisenberg T, Bonke R, Blazey B, Peters M, Riße K, Sing A, Berger A, Dangel A, Rau J. Corynebacterium ulcerans Infections in Eurasian Beavers ( Castor fiber). Pathogens 2023; 12:979. [PMID: 37623939 PMCID: PMC10459376 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12080979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The Eurasian beaver (Castor fiber) has been reintroduced successfully in Germany since the 1990s. Since wildlife is an important source of zoonotic infectious diseases, monitoring of invasive and reintroduced species is crucial with respect to the One Health approach. Three Eurasian beavers were found dead in the German federal states of Bavaria, North Rhine-Westphalia and Baden-Wuerttemberg in 2015, 2021 and 2022, respectively. During post-mortem examinations, Corynebacterium (C.) ulcerans could be isolated from the abscesses of two beavers and from the lungs of one of the animals. Identification of the bacterial isolates at the species level was carried out by spectroscopic analysis using MALDI-TOF MS, FT-IR and biochemical profiles and were verified by molecular analysis based on 16-23S internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region sequencing. Molecular characterization of the C. ulcerans isolates using whole-genome sequencing (WGS) revealed a genome size of about 2.5 Mbp and a GC content of 53.4%. Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) analysis classified all three isolates as the sequence type ST-332. A minimum spanning tree (MST) based on cgMLST allelic profiles, including 1211 core genes of the sequenced C. ulcerans isolates, showed that the beaver-derived isolates clearly group on the branch of C. ulcerans with the closest relationship to each other, in close similarity to an isolate from a dog. Antibiotic susceptibility testing revealed resistance to clindamycin and, in one strain, to erythromycin according to EUCAST, while all isolates were susceptible to the other antimicrobials tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reinhard Sting
- Chemical and Veterinary Analysis Agency (CVUA) Stuttgart, 70736 Fellbach, Germany; (C.P.); (B.B.); (J.R.)
- Consiliary Laboratory for Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis (DVG), 70736 Fellbach, Germany
| | - Catharina Pölzelbauer
- Chemical and Veterinary Analysis Agency (CVUA) Stuttgart, 70736 Fellbach, Germany; (C.P.); (B.B.); (J.R.)
| | - Tobias Eisenberg
- Hessian State Laboratory (LHL), 35392 Giessen, Germany; (T.E.); (R.B.); (K.R.)
| | - Rebecca Bonke
- Hessian State Laboratory (LHL), 35392 Giessen, Germany; (T.E.); (R.B.); (K.R.)
| | - Birgit Blazey
- Chemical and Veterinary Analysis Agency (CVUA) Stuttgart, 70736 Fellbach, Germany; (C.P.); (B.B.); (J.R.)
| | - Martin Peters
- Chemical and Veterinary Investigation Office Westfalen, 59821 Arnsberg, Germany;
| | - Karin Riße
- Hessian State Laboratory (LHL), 35392 Giessen, Germany; (T.E.); (R.B.); (K.R.)
| | - Andreas Sing
- Germany National Consiliary Laboratory for Diphtheria, 85764 Oberschleißheim, Germany; (A.S.); (A.B.)
| | - Anja Berger
- Germany National Consiliary Laboratory for Diphtheria, 85764 Oberschleißheim, Germany; (A.S.); (A.B.)
| | - Alexandra Dangel
- Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, 85764 Oberschleißheim, Germany;
| | - Jörg Rau
- Chemical and Veterinary Analysis Agency (CVUA) Stuttgart, 70736 Fellbach, Germany; (C.P.); (B.B.); (J.R.)
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Prygiel M, Polak M, Mosiej E, Wdowiak K, Formińska K, Zasada AA. New Corynebacterium Species with the Potential to Produce Diphtheria Toxin. Pathogens 2022; 11:1264. [PMID: 36365015 PMCID: PMC9693595 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11111264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Only three Corynebacterium species are known to produce a lethal exotoxin called diphtheria toxin. These are C. diphtheriae, C. ulcerans and C. pseudotuberculosis. The diphtheria toxin gene (tox) is carried in a family of closely related corynebacteriophages and therefore the toxin can be produced only through lysogenisation, in which the corynephage encoding tox is stably inserted into the chromosome. However, 'nontoxigenic tox gene-bearing' (NTTB) strains, which are genotypically tox-positive but do not express the protein, have been described. The emergence of NTTB strains was first observed during the 1990s diphtheria epidemic in Eastern Europe and nowadays such isolates have been detected in many countries in the world. Recently, novel species of Corynebacterium genus have been described which might have the potential of producing the diphtheria toxin due to the possession of the diphtheria toxin gene but it has not produced toxin in laboratory tests. The circulation of NTTB strains could be related to the increased risk for diphtheria disease arising from the risk of re-emerging toxin expression. The article presents the mechanism of diphtheria toxin expression and action, recently described novel species of NTTB corynebacteria as well as the taxonomic changes within the C. diphtheriae group.
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Nguyen Thi Nguyen T, Parry CM, Campbell JI, Vinh PV, Kneen R, Baker S. Endemic erythromycin resistant Corynebacterium diphtheriae in Vietnam in the 1990s. Microb Genom 2022; 8:mgen000861. [PMID: 36259695 PMCID: PMC9676054 DOI: 10.1099/mgen.0.000861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Diphtheria is a potentially fatal respiratory disease caused by toxigenic forms of the Gram-positive bacterium Corynebacterium diphtheriae. Despite the availability of treatments (antitoxin and antimicrobials) and effective vaccines, the disease still occurs sporadically in low-income countries and in higher income where use of diphtheria vaccine is inconsistent. Diphtheria was highly endemic in Vietnam in the 1990s; here, we aimed to provide some historical context to the circulation of erythromycin resistant organisms in Vietnam during this period. After recovering 54 C. diphtheriae isolated from clinical cases of diphtheria in Ho Chi Minh City between 1992 and 1998 we conducted whole genome sequencing and analysis. Our data outlined substantial genetic diversity among the isolates, illustrated by seven distinct Sequence Types (STs), but punctuated by the sustained circulation of ST67 and ST209. With the exception of one isolate, all sequences contained the tox gene, which was classically located on a corynebacteriophage. All erythromycin resistant isolates, accounting for 13 % of organisms in this study, harboured a novel 18 kb erm(X)-carrying plasmid, which exhibited limited sequence homology to previously described resistance plasmids in C. diphtheriae. Our study provides historic context for the circulation of antimicrobial resistant C. diphtheriae in Vietnam; these data provide a framework for the current trajectory in global antimicrobial resistance trends.
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Affiliation(s)
- To Nguyen Thi Nguyen
- The Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Christopher M. Parry
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Pl, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK
- Alder Hey Children’s Hospital, NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK
| | - James I. Campbell
- The Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Phat Voong Vinh
- The Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Rachel Kneen
- Alder Hey Children’s Hospital, NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, UK
| | - Stephen Baker
- University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
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Ao B, Lv J, Yang H, He F, Hu Y, Hu B, Jiang H, Huo X, Tu J, Xia X. Moringa oleifera extract mediated the synthesis of Bio-SeNPs with antibacterial activity against Listeria monocytogenes and Corynebacterium diphtheriae. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2022.113751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Su Z, Cheshmehzangi A, McDonnell D, da Veiga CP, Xiang YT. Mind the "Vaccine Fatigue". Front Immunol 2022; 13:839433. [PMID: 35359948 PMCID: PMC8960954 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.839433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Omicron scares and speculations are gaining momentum. Amid the nonstop debates and discussions about COVID-19 vaccines, the "vaccine fatigue" phenomenon may become more prevalent. However, to date, no research has systematically examined factors that shape people's vaccine fatigue. To bridge the research gap, this study aims to investigate the antecedents that cause or catalyze people's vaccine fatigue. Methods A narrative literature review was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, and PsycINFO to identify factors that shape people's vaccine fatigue. The search was completed on December 6, 2021, with a focus on scholarly literature published in English. Results A total of 37 articles were reviewed and analyzed. Vaccine fatigue was most frequently discussed in the context of infectious diseases in general at the pre-vaccination stage. Vaccine fatigue has been identified in the general public, the parents, and the doctors. Overall, a wide range of antecedents to vaccine fatigue has been identified, ranging from the frequency of immunization demands, vaccine side effects, misconceptions about the severity of the diseases and the need for vaccination, to lack of trust in the government and the media. Conclusion Vaccine fatigue is people's inertia or inaction towards vaccine information or instruction due to perceived burden and burnout. Our study found that while some contributors to vaccine fatigue are rooted in limitations of vaccine sciences and therefore can hardly be avoided, effective and empathetic vaccine communications hold great promise in eliminating preventable vaccine fatigue across sectors in society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaohui Su
- School of Public Health, Institute for Human Rights, Southeast University, Nanjing, China,*Correspondence: Zhaohui Su, ; Yu-Tao Xiang,
| | - Ali Cheshmehzangi
- Department of Architecture and Built Environment, Architecture and Urban Design, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Ningbo, China,Network for Education and Research on Peace and Sustainability, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Dean McDonnell
- Department of Humanities, South East Technological University, Carlow, Ireland
| | | | - Yu-Tao Xiang
- Unit of Psychiatry, Department of Public Health and Medicinal Administration, University of Macau, Macao, Macao SAR, China,Institute of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, Macao SAR, China,Centre for Cognitive and Brain Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, Macao SAR, China,Institute of Advanced Studies in Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, Macao SAR, China,*Correspondence: Zhaohui Su, ; Yu-Tao Xiang,
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Global Stability Analysis and Parameter Estimation for a Diphtheria Model: A Case Study of an Epidemic in Rohingya Refugee Camp in Bangladesh. COMPUTATIONAL AND MATHEMATICAL METHODS IN MEDICINE 2022; 2022:6545179. [PMID: 35126631 PMCID: PMC8813233 DOI: 10.1155/2022/6545179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In this article, we have developed a deterministic Susceptible-Latent-Infectious-Recovered (SLIR) model for diphtheria outbreaks. Here, we have studied a case of the diphtheria outbreak in the Rohingya refugee camp in Bangladesh to trace the disease dynamics and find out the peak value of the infection. Both analytical and numerical investigations have been performed on the model to find several remarkable behaviors like the positive and bounded solution, basic reproductive ratio, and equilibria such as disease extinction equilibrium and disease persistence equilibrium which are characterized depending on the basic reproductive ratio and global stability of the model using Lyapunov function for both equilibria. Parameter estimation has been performed to determine the values of the parameter from the daily case data using numerical technique and determined the value of the basic reproductive number for the outbreak as ℛ0 = 5.86.
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Batista Araújo MR, Bernardes Sousa MÂ, Seabra LF, Caldeira LA, Faria CD, Bokermann S, Sant'Anna LO, Dos Santos LS, Mattos-Guaraldi AL. Cutaneous infection by non-diphtheria-toxin producing and penicillin-resistant Corynebacterium diphtheriae strain in a patient with diabetes mellitus. Access Microbiol 2022; 3:000284. [PMID: 35018328 PMCID: PMC8742586 DOI: 10.1099/acmi.0.000284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Diphtheria is a potentially fatal infection, mostly caused by diphtheria toxin (DT)-producing Corynebacterium diphtheriae strains. During the last decades, the isolation of DT-producing C. diphtheriae strains has been decreasing worldwide. However, non-DT-producing C. diphtheriae strains emerged as causative agents of cutaneous and invasive infections. Although endemic in countries with warm climates, cutaneous diphtheria is rarely reported in Brazil. Presently, an unusual case of skin lesion in a Brazilian elderly diabetic patient infected by a penicillin-resistant non-DT-producing C. diphtheriae strain was reported. Laboratory diagnosis included mass spectrometry and multiplex PCR analyses. Since cutaneous diphtheria lesions are possible sources of secondary diphtheria cases and systemic diseases and considering that penicillin is the first line of antimicrobial agent for the treatment of these infections, the detection of penicillin-resistant strains of diphtheria bacilli should be a matter of concern. Thus, cases similar to the presently reported should be appropriately investigated and treated, particularly in patients with risk factor (s) for the development of C. diphtheriae invasive infections, such as diabetes. Moreover, health professionals must be aware of the presence of C. diphtheriae in cutaneous lesions of lower limbs, a common type of morbidity in diabetic patients, especially in tropical and subtropical countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Roberto Batista Araújo
- Operational Technical Nucleus, Microbiology, Hermes Pardini Institute. Av. das Nações, 3801 - Parque Jardim Itaú, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Mireille Ângela Bernardes Sousa
- Operational Technical Nucleus, Microbiology, Hermes Pardini Institute. Av. das Nações, 3801 - Parque Jardim Itaú, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Luisa Ferreira Seabra
- Operational Technical Nucleus, Microbiology, Hermes Pardini Institute. Av. das Nações, 3801 - Parque Jardim Itaú, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Letícia Aparecida Caldeira
- Operational Technical Nucleus, Microbiology, Hermes Pardini Institute. Av. das Nações, 3801 - Parque Jardim Itaú, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Carmem Dolores Faria
- Bacterial and Fungal Diseases Service, Ezequiel Dias Foundation, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Sérgio Bokermann
- Center of Bacteriology, Adolfo Lutz Institute, Secretary of Health of the State of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lincoln Oliveira Sant'Anna
- Laboratory of Diphtheria and Corynebacteria of Clinical Relevance, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Rio de Janeiro State University, The Collaborating Center for Reference and Research on Diphtheria, National Health Foundation, Ministry of Health, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Louisy Sanches Dos Santos
- Laboratory of Diphtheria and Corynebacteria of Clinical Relevance, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Rio de Janeiro State University, The Collaborating Center for Reference and Research on Diphtheria, National Health Foundation, Ministry of Health, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ana Luíza Mattos-Guaraldi
- Laboratory of Diphtheria and Corynebacteria of Clinical Relevance, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Rio de Janeiro State University, The Collaborating Center for Reference and Research on Diphtheria, National Health Foundation, Ministry of Health, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Rodrigues J, Pinto M, Brito MJ, Martins JD, Gouveia C. Fever and Limp in a 10-Year-old Girl With Congenital Heart Disease. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2021; 40:1055-1057. [PMID: 33657595 DOI: 10.1097/inf.0000000000003119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Margarida Pinto
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Clinical Pathology, Hospital de Dona Estefânia, CHULC - EPE, Lisbon, Portugal
| | | | - José Diogo Martins
- Pediatric Cardiology Unit, Hospital de Santa Marta, CHULC - EPE, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Catarina Gouveia
- From the Infectious Diseases Unit, Pediatric Department
- Nova Medical School, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Lisbon, Portugal
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Zendri F, Isgren CM, Sinovich M, Richards-Rios P, Hopkins KL, Russell K, Groves N, Litt D, Fry NK, Timofte D. Case Report: Toxigenic Corynebacterium ulcerans Diphtheria-Like Infection in a Horse in the United Kingdom. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:650238. [PMID: 34141732 PMCID: PMC8203807 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.650238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Corynebacterium ulcerans (C. ulcerans) may cause diphtheria in humans and can be carried by a wide range of animal species including dairy cows and, more recently, dogs and cats that have been increasingly involved in zoonotic trasmission. We isolated and characterized, by WGS, a toxigenic C. ulcerans strain from a diseased horse in the United Kingdom showing clinical signs of respiratory diphtheria comparable to those seen in people. Our results indicate a role for horses as reservoirs for zoonotic C. ulcerans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia Zendri
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Physiology and Pathology, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Neston, United Kingdom
| | - Cajsa Marie Isgren
- Department of Equine Clinical Science, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Neston, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew Sinovich
- Department of Equine Clinical Science, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Neston, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Richards-Rios
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Physiology and Pathology, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Neston, United Kingdom
| | - Katie L. Hopkins
- Healthcare Associated Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance Division, National Infection Service, Public Health England, London, United Kingdom
| | - Katherine Russell
- Emerging Infections and Zoonoses section, National Infection Service, Public Health England, London, United Kingdom
| | - Natalie Groves
- Respiratory and Vaccine Preventable Bacteria Reference Unit, National Infection Service, Public Health England, London, United Kingdom
| | - David Litt
- Respiratory and Vaccine Preventable Bacteria Reference Unit, National Infection Service, Public Health England, London, United Kingdom
| | - Norman K. Fry
- Respiratory and Vaccine Preventable Bacteria Reference Unit, National Infection Service, Public Health England, London, United Kingdom
- Immunisation and Countermeasures Division, National Infection Service, Public Health England, London, United Kingdom
| | - Dorina Timofte
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Physiology and Pathology, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Neston, United Kingdom
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13
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Hennart M, Panunzi LG, Rodrigues C, Gaday Q, Baines SL, Barros-Pinkelnig M, Carmi-Leroy A, Dazas M, Wehenkel AM, Didelot X, Toubiana J, Badell E, Brisse S. Population genomics and antimicrobial resistance in Corynebacterium diphtheriae. Genome Med 2020; 12:107. [PMID: 33246485 PMCID: PMC7694903 DOI: 10.1186/s13073-020-00805-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Corynebacterium diphtheriae, the agent of diphtheria, is a genetically diverse bacterial species. Although antimicrobial resistance has emerged against several drugs including first-line penicillin, the genomic determinants and population dynamics of resistance are largely unknown for this neglected human pathogen. Methods Here, we analyzed the associations of antimicrobial susceptibility phenotypes, diphtheria toxin production, and genomic features in C. diphtheriae. We used 247 strains collected over several decades in multiple world regions, including the 163 clinical isolates collected prospectively from 2008 to 2017 in France mainland and overseas territories. Results Phylogenetic analysis revealed multiple deep-branching sublineages, grouped into a Mitis lineage strongly associated with diphtheria toxin production and a largely toxin gene-negative Gravis lineage with few toxin-producing isolates including the 1990s ex-Soviet Union outbreak strain. The distribution of susceptibility phenotypes allowed proposing ecological cutoffs for most of the 19 agents tested, thereby defining acquired antimicrobial resistance. Penicillin resistance was found in 17.2% of prospective isolates. Seventeen (10.4%) prospective isolates were multidrug-resistant (≥ 3 antimicrobial categories), including four isolates resistant to penicillin and macrolides. Homologous recombination was frequent (r/m = 5), and horizontal gene transfer contributed to the emergence of antimicrobial resistance in multiple sublineages. Genome-wide association mapping uncovered genetic factors of resistance, including an accessory penicillin-binding protein (PBP2m) located in diverse genomic contexts. Gene pbp2m is widespread in other Corynebacterium species, and its expression in C. glutamicum demonstrated its effect against several beta-lactams. A novel 73-kb C. diphtheriae multiresistance plasmid was discovered. Conclusions This work uncovers the dynamics of antimicrobial resistance in C. diphtheriae in the context of phylogenetic structure, biovar, and diphtheria toxin production and provides a blueprint to analyze re-emerging diphtheria. Supplementary information Supplementary information accompanies this paper at 10.1186/s13073-020-00805-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Hennart
- Institut Pasteur, Biodiversity and Epidemiology of Bacterial Pathogens, Paris, France.,Collège doctoral, Sorbonne Université, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Leonardo G Panunzi
- Institut Pasteur, Biodiversity and Epidemiology of Bacterial Pathogens, Paris, France.,Institut Français de Bioinformatique, CNRS UMS 3601, Evry, France
| | - Carla Rodrigues
- Institut Pasteur, Biodiversity and Epidemiology of Bacterial Pathogens, Paris, France
| | - Quentin Gaday
- Unité de Microbiologie Structurale, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3528, Université de Paris, F-75015, Paris, France
| | - Sarah L Baines
- Doherty Applied Microbial Genomics, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, The University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection & Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Annick Carmi-Leroy
- Institut Pasteur, Biodiversity and Epidemiology of Bacterial Pathogens, Paris, France.,Institut Pasteur, National Reference Center for Corynebacteria of the Diphtheriae Complex, Paris, France
| | - Melody Dazas
- Institut Pasteur, Biodiversity and Epidemiology of Bacterial Pathogens, Paris, France.,Institut Pasteur, National Reference Center for Corynebacteria of the Diphtheriae Complex, Paris, France
| | - Anne Marie Wehenkel
- Unité de Microbiologie Structurale, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3528, Université de Paris, F-75015, Paris, France
| | - Xavier Didelot
- School of Life Sciences and Department of Statistics, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Julie Toubiana
- Institut Pasteur, Biodiversity and Epidemiology of Bacterial Pathogens, Paris, France.,Institut Pasteur, National Reference Center for Corynebacteria of the Diphtheriae Complex, Paris, France.,Department of General Pediatrics and Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, APHP, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Edgar Badell
- Institut Pasteur, Biodiversity and Epidemiology of Bacterial Pathogens, Paris, France.,Institut Pasteur, National Reference Center for Corynebacteria of the Diphtheriae Complex, Paris, France
| | - Sylvain Brisse
- Institut Pasteur, Biodiversity and Epidemiology of Bacterial Pathogens, Paris, France. .,Institut Pasteur, National Reference Center for Corynebacteria of the Diphtheriae Complex, Paris, France.
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14
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Abstract
The introduction of treatment and systematic vaccination has significantly reduced diphtheria mortality; however, toxigenic strains continue to circulate worldwide. The emergence of an indigenous diphtheria case with fatal outcome in Greece, after 30 years, raised challenges for laboratory confirmation, clinical and public health management. Toxigenic Corynebacterium diphtheriae was isolated from an incompletely vaccinated 8-year-old boy with underlying conditions. The child passed away due to respiratory distress syndrome, before the administration of diphtheria antitoxin (DAT). All close contacts in family, school and hospital settings were investigated. Pharyngeal swabs were obtained to determine asymptomatic carriage. Chemoprophylaxis was given for 7 days to all close contacts and a booster dose to those incompletely vaccinated. Testing revealed a classmate, belonging to a subpopulation group (Roma), and incompletely vaccinated, as an asymptomatic carrier with an indistinguishable toxigenic strain (same novel multilocus sequence type, designated ST698). This case highlights the role of asymptomatic carriage, as the entry of toxigenic strains into susceptible populations can put individuals and their environment at risk. Maintenance of high-level epidemiological and microbiological surveillance, implementation of systematic vaccination in children and adults with primary and booster doses, availability of a DAT stockpile, and allowing timely administration are the cornerstone to prevent similar incidents in the future.
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15
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Trends, Spatial Disparities, and Social Determinants of DTP3 Immunization Status in Indonesia 2004-2016. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8030518. [PMID: 32927862 PMCID: PMC7563731 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8030518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 09/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Although 91% of 12-23-month-old children in Indonesia received at least one immunization in 2013, only 76% completed DTP3 immunization. This percentage is below the UNICEF and WHO recommended standards. Thus, this study aims to investigate trends, spatial disparities, and social determinants related to low coverage of DTP3 immunization in Indonesia. Using a multilevel approach, we analyzed data from 305,090 12-23-month-old children living across approximately 500 districts in Indonesia to study demand and supply factors determining DTP3 immunization status. We examined unique, nationally representative data from the National Socioeconomic Survey (Survei Sosial Ekonomi Nasional or Susenas) and Village Potential Census (Potensi Desa or Podes) from 2004 to 2016. The percentage of children receiving complete DTP3 immunization increased from 37.8% in 2004 to 75.9% in 2016. Primarily income, parity status, and education, showed influence on DTP3 coverage. Among individual-level factors, the presence of a professional birth attendant was the most influential factor. At the district level, the factors varied. Low progress in DTP3 immunization status in Indonesia is due to huge disparities across the country's islands, in the density of health services, and in household socioeconomic status.
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16
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Möller J, Schorlemmer S, Hofmann J, Burkovski A. Cellular and Extracellular Proteome of the Animal Pathogen Corynebacterium silvaticum, a Close Relative of Zoonotic Corynebacterium ulcerans and Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis. Proteomes 2020; 8:proteomes8030019. [PMID: 32806579 PMCID: PMC7564913 DOI: 10.3390/proteomes8030019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Corynebacterium silvaticum is a newly described animal pathogen, closely related to the emerging human pathogen Corynebacterium ulcerans and Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis, a major pathogen of small ruminants. In this study, proteins of a whole cell and a shaving fraction and the exoproteome of C. silvaticum strain W25 were analyzed as a first proteome study of this species. In total, 1305 proteins were identified out of 2013 proteins encoded by the W25 genome sequence and number of putative virulence factors were detected already under standard growth conditions including phospholipase D and sialidase. An up to now uncharacterized trypsin-like protease is by far the most secreted protein in this species, indicating a putative role in pathogenicity. Furthermore, the proteome analyses carried out in this study support the recently published taxonomical delineation of C. silvaticum from the closely related zoonotic Corynebacterium species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Möller
- Microbiology Division, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Staudtstr. 5, 91058 Erlangen, Germany; (J.M.); (S.S.)
| | - Svenja Schorlemmer
- Microbiology Division, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Staudtstr. 5, 91058 Erlangen, Germany; (J.M.); (S.S.)
| | - Jörg Hofmann
- Biochemistry Division, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Staudtstr. 5, 91058 Erlangen, Germany;
| | - Andreas Burkovski
- Microbiology Division, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Staudtstr. 5, 91058 Erlangen, Germany; (J.M.); (S.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-9131-85-28086
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17
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Abbott Y, Efstratiou A, Brennan G, Hallanan S, Leggett B, Leonard FC, Markey BK, Tuite C, Fry NK. Toxigenic Corynebacterium ulcerans associated with upper respiratory infections in cats and dogs. J Small Anim Pract 2020; 61:554-560. [PMID: 32734615 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.13185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To describe infection in companion animals with the zoonotic pathogen Corynebacterium ulcerans and to determine its prevalence in clinically-affected and healthy animals. MATERIALS AND METHODS The clinical presentation and treatment of three cases of C. ulcerans infection is described. Two studies to determine C. ulcerans prevalence rates were undertaken: (a) a prospective study of nasal samples from healthy animals, 479 dogs and 72 cats; (b) a retrospective analysis of records of nasal samples collected over a 10-year period from 189 dogs and 64 cats affected by respiratory signs. RESULTS Toxigenic C. ulcerans was isolated from four cats with nasal discharge while concurrent C. ulcerans and mecC methicillin-resistant S. aureus infection was detected in a dog suffering from chronic nasal discharge. Clinical features were not distinctive and all cases recovered following antimicrobial treatment. Multilocus sequence typing supported a common source for isolates from the shelter cats. Carriage rates of C. ulcerans in healthy animals were 0.42% (2/479) in dogs and 0.00% (0/72) in cats whereas in animals with signs of upper respiratory tract infection prevalence rates were 0.53% (1/189) in dogs and 6.25% (4/64) in cats. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Clinicians should be aware that dogs and cats can be infected with (or carriers of) toxigenic C. ulcerans Considering the potential zoonotic risk, assistance from medical and public health colleagues should be sought in confirmed cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Abbott
- Veterinary Pathobiology Section, School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Stillorgan Road, Dublin, D04 W6F6, Ireland
| | - A Efstratiou
- WHO Global Reference Centre for Diphtheria and Streptococcal Infections, Public Health England, National Infection Service, 61 Colindale Avenue, London, NW9 5EQ, UK
| | - G Brennan
- National MRSA Reference Laboratory, St. James's Hospital, James's Street, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - S Hallanan
- Riverforest Veterinary Centre, Riverforest Court, Captain's Hill, Leixlip, Co. Kildare, W23 A5N4, Ireland
| | - B Leggett
- Veterinary Pathobiology Section, School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Stillorgan Road, Dublin, D04 W6F6, Ireland
| | - F C Leonard
- Veterinary Pathobiology Section, School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Stillorgan Road, Dublin, D04 W6F6, Ireland
| | - B K Markey
- Veterinary Pathobiology Section, School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Stillorgan Road, Dublin, D04 W6F6, Ireland
| | - C Tuite
- Fairview Veterinary Hospital, 13 Fairview Strand, Dublin, D03 P27, Ireland
| | - N K Fry
- Vaccine Preventable Bacteria Section, Public Health England, National Infection Service, 61 Colindale Avenue, London, NW9 5EQ, UK.,Immunisation and Countermeasures Division, Public Health England, National Infection Service, 61 Colindale Avenue, London, NW9 5EQ, UK
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18
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Clarke KEN, MacNeil A, Hadler S, Scott C, Tiwari TSP, Cherian T. Global Epidemiology of Diphtheria, 2000-2017 1. Emerg Infect Dis 2020; 25:1834-1842. [PMID: 31538559 PMCID: PMC6759252 DOI: 10.3201/eid2510.190271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2017, a total of 8,819 cases of diphtheria were reported worldwide, the most since 2004. However, recent diphtheria epidemiology has not been well described. We analyzed incidence data and data from the literature to describe diphtheria epidemiology. World Health Organization surveillance data were 81% complete; completeness varied by region, indicating underreporting. As national diphtheria–tetanus–pertussis (DTP) 3 coverage increased, the proportion of case-patients <15 years of age decreased, indicating increased protection of young children. In countries with higher case counts, 66% of case-patients were unvaccinated and 63% were <15 years of age. In countries with sporadic cases, 32% of case-patients were unvaccinated and 66% were >15 years of age, consistent with waning vaccine immunity. Global DTP3 coverage is suboptimal. Attaining high DTP3 coverage and implementing recommended booster doses are necessary to decrease diphtheria incidence. Collection and use of data on subnational and booster dose coverage, enhanced laboratory capacity, and case-based surveillance would improve data quality.
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19
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Sunarno S, Rukminiati Y, Saraswati RD. ST534: the new sequence type of Corynebacterium diphtheriae causing diphtheria in Jakarta and surrounding areas, Indonesia. Turk J Med Sci 2020; 50:267-270. [PMID: 31769641 PMCID: PMC7080344 DOI: 10.3906/sag-1909-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/aim The aim of this study was to find out characteristics and patterns of the spread of Corynebacterium diphtheriae isolated from Jakarta and the surrounding areas, using the whole genome sequencing (WGS) technique and multilocus sequence typing (MLST) approach. Materials and methods The study samples consisted of 86 C. diphtheriae isolates, which were isolated from diphtheria patients and close contacts of patients. The DNA sequencing was carried out using the WGS technique. Data conversion applied the U-gene software. Molecular typing was conducted through the MLST approach, then followed by online data analysis. Results The results showed that as many as 43 (50%) of all samples examined were new types with the same allele profile, namely 9-1-13-4-3-3-4. New sequence type C. diphtheriae is registered in the MLST global database as ST534 based on the allele profile. The tox gene analysis in 43 isolates with ST534 indicated that there were three mutation positions, all of which were silent mutations. Conclusion The main cause of diphtheria in Jakarta and the surrounding areas is a new sequence type of C. diphtheriae registered as ST534.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunarno Sunarno
- Center for Research and Development of Biomedical and Basic Health Technology, National Institute of Health Research and Development, Ministry of Health, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Yuni Rukminiati
- Center for Research and Development of Biomedical and Basic Health Technology, National Institute of Health Research and Development, Ministry of Health, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Ratih Dian Saraswati
- Center for Research and Development of Biomedical and Basic Health Technology, National Institute of Health Research and Development, Ministry of Health, Jakarta, Indonesia
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20
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Induction of Necrosis in Human Macrophage Cell Lines by Corynebacterium diphtheriae and Corynebacterium ulcerans Strains Isolated from Fatal Cases of Systemic Infections. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20174109. [PMID: 31443569 PMCID: PMC6747468 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20174109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
When infecting a human host, Corynebacterium diphtheriae and Corynebacterium ulcerans are able to impair macrophage maturation and induce cell death. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms are not well understood. As a framework for this project, a combination of fluorescence microscopy, cytotoxicity assays, live cell imaging, and fluorescence-activated cell sorting was applied to understand the pathogenicity of two Corynebacterium strains isolated from fatal cases of systemic infections. The results showed a clear cytotoxic effect of the bacteria. The observed survival of the pathogens in macrophages and, subsequent, necrotic lysis of cells may be mechanisms explaining dissemination of C. diphtheriae and C. ulcerans to distant organs in the body.
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21
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Carriage of a Single Strain of Nontoxigenic Corynebacterium diphtheriae bv. Belfanti ( Corynebacterium belfantii) in Four Patients with Cystic Fibrosis. J Clin Microbiol 2019; 57:JCM.00042-19. [PMID: 30814269 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00042-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cystic fibrosis (CF) patients are commonly colonized by bacterial pathogens, which can induce persistent lung inflammation and may contribute to clinical deterioration. Colonization of CF patients and cross-transmission by Corynebacterium diphtheriae have not been reported so far. The aim of this article was to investigate the possibility of a cross-transmission of C. diphtheriae biovar Belfanti between four patients of a CF center. C. diphtheriae biovar Belfanti (now formally called C. belfantii) isolates were collected from four patients in a single CF care center over a period of 6 years and analyzed by microbiological methods and whole-genome sequencing. Epidemiological links among patients were investigated. Ten isolates were collected from 4 patients. Whole-genome sequencing of one isolate from each patient showed that a single strain was shared among them. In addition, one patient was found to have the same strain in two consecutive samplings performed 9 months apart. The strain was nontoxigenic and was susceptible to most antimicrobial agents. Ciprofloxacin resistance was observed in one patient. The idea of transmission of the strain among patients was supported by the occurrence of same-day visits to the CF center. This study demonstrated colonization of CF patients by C. diphtheriae biovar Belfanti (C. belfantii), and the data suggest persistence and transmission of a unique strain during at least 6 years in a single CF patient care center.
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22
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Detection and virulence potential of a phospholipase D-negative Corynebacterium ulcerans from a concurrent diphtheria and infectious mononucleosis case. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 2019; 112:1055-1065. [PMID: 30771116 DOI: 10.1007/s10482-019-01240-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Diphtheria by Corynebacterium ulcerans is increasingly occurring in children, adolescents and adults. In addition to diphtheria toxin (DT), phospholipase D (PLD) is considered a virulence factor of C. ulcerans. In the present study, a first case of concurrent diphtheria by a PLD-negative C. ulcerans and infectious mononucleosis (IM) was verified. Clinical and microbiological profiles and binding properties to human Fibrinogen (Fbg), Fibronectin (Fn) and type I collagen (col I) biotinylated proteins and virulence to Caenorhabditis elegans were investigated for C. ulcerans strain 2590 (clinical isolate) and two control strains, including PLD-positive BR-AD22 wild type and PLD-negative ELHA-1 PLD mutant strains. MALDI-TOF assays and a multiplex PCR of genes coding for potentially toxigenic corynebacteria identified strain 2590 as non-DT producing. Interestingly, strain 2590 did not express PLD activity in the CAMP test although the presence of the pld gene was verified. PLD-negative 2590 and a PLD-positive 210932 strains showed similar affinity to Fbg, Fn and type I collagen. C. elegans were able to escape from C. ulcerans strains, independent of PLD and DT production. Higher mortality of nematodes was verified for PLD-negative strains. Additional studies concerning multifactorial virulence potential of C. ulcerans, including environmental conditions remain necessary.
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23
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Pezzotti P, Bellino S, Prestinaci F, Iacchini S, Stefanelli P, Rezza G. Reply to letters to the Editor. Vaccine 2018; 36:5508-5509. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.07.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Revised: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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24
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Subtractive proteomics revealed plausible drug candidates in the proteome of multi-drug resistant Corynebacterium diphtheriae. Meta Gene 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mgene.2018.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
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25
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Mansfield MJ, Sugiman-Marangos SN, Melnyk RA, Doxey AC. Identification of a diphtheria toxin-like gene family beyond the Corynebacterium genus. FEBS Lett 2018; 592:2693-2705. [PMID: 30058084 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Revised: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Diphtheria toxin (DT), produced by Corynebacterium diphtheria, is the causative agent of diphtheria and one of the most potent protein toxins known; however, it has an unclear evolutionary history. Here, we report the discovery of a DT-like gene family in several bacterial lineages outside of Corynebacterium, including Austwickia and Streptomyces. These DT-like genes form sister lineages in the DT phylogeny and conserve key DT features including catalytic and translocation motifs, but possess divergent receptor-binding domains. DT-like genes are not associated with corynephage, but have undergone lateral transfer through a separate mechanism. The discovery of the first non-Corynebacterium homologs of DT sheds light on its evolutionary origin and highlights novelties that may have resulted in the emergence of DT targeting humans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Seiji N Sugiman-Marangos
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Canada.,Molecular Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Roman A Melnyk
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Canada.,Molecular Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
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26
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Genomic analyses reveal two distinct lineages of Corynebacterium ulcerans strains. New Microbes New Infect 2018; 25:7-13. [PMID: 29997890 PMCID: PMC6038270 DOI: 10.1016/j.nmni.2018.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Revised: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Corynebacterium ulcerans is an important zoonotic pathogen which is causing diphtheria-like disease in humans globally. In this study, the genomes of three recently isolated C. ulcerans strains, 4940, 2590 and BR-AD 2649, respectively from an asymptomatic carrier, a patient with pharyngitis and a canine host, were sequenced to investigate their virulence potential. A comparative analysis was performed including the published genome sequences of 16 other C. ulcerans isolates. C. ulcerans strains belong to two lineages; 13 strains are grouped together in lineage 1, and six strains comprise lineage 2. Consistent with the zoonotic nature of C. ulcerans infections, isolates from both the human and canine hosts clustered in both the lineages. Most of the strains possessed spaDEF and spaBC gene clusters along with the virulence genes cpp, pld, cwlH, nanH, rpfI, tspA and vsp1. The gene encoding Shiga-like toxin was only present in one strain, and 11 strains carried the tox gene encoding the diphtheria-like toxin. However, none of strains 4940, 2590 and BR-AD 2649 carried any toxin genes. These strains varied in the number of prophages in their genomes, which suggests that they play an important role in introducing diversity in C. ulcerans. The pan-genomic analyses revealed a variation in the number of membrane-associated and secreted proteins that may contribute to the variation in pathogenicity among different strains.
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27
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Santos AS, Ramos RT, Silva A, Hirata R, Mattos-Guaraldi AL, Meyer R, Azevedo V, Felicori L, Pacheco LGC. Searching whole genome sequences for biochemical identification features of emerging and reemerging pathogenic Corynebacterium species. Funct Integr Genomics 2018; 18:593-610. [PMID: 29752561 DOI: 10.1007/s10142-018-0610-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Revised: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Biochemical tests are traditionally used for bacterial identification at the species level in clinical microbiology laboratories. While biochemical profiles are generally efficient for the identification of the most important corynebacterial pathogen Corynebacterium diphtheriae, their ability to differentiate between biovars of this bacterium is still controversial. Besides, the unambiguous identification of emerging human pathogenic species of the genus Corynebacterium may be hampered by highly variable biochemical profiles commonly reported for these species, including Corynebacterium striatum, Corynebacterium amycolatum, Corynebacterium minutissimum, and Corynebacterium xerosis. In order to identify the genomic basis contributing for the biochemical variabilities observed in phenotypic identification methods of these bacteria, we combined a comprehensive literature review with a bioinformatics approach based on reconstruction of six specific biochemical reactions/pathways in 33 recently released whole genome sequences. We used data retrieved from curated databases (MetaCyc, PathoSystems Resource Integration Center (PATRIC), The SEED, TransportDB, UniProtKB) associated with homology searches by BLAST and profile Hidden Markov Models (HMMs) to detect enzymes participating in the various pathways and performed ab initio protein structure modeling and molecular docking to confirm specific results. We found a differential distribution among the various strains of genes that code for some important enzymes, such as beta-phosphoglucomutase and fructokinase, and also for individual components of carbohydrate transport systems, including the fructose-specific phosphoenolpyruvate-dependent sugar phosphotransferase (PTS) and the ribose-specific ATP-binging cassette (ABC) transporter. Horizontal gene transfer plays a role in the biochemical variability of the isolates, as some genes needed for sucrose fermentation were seen to be present in genomic islands. Noteworthy, using profile HMMs, we identified an enzyme with putative alpha-1,6-glycosidase activity only in some specific strains of C. diphtheriae and this may aid to understanding of the differential abilities to utilize glycogen and starch between the biovars.
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Affiliation(s)
- André S Santos
- Bioinformatics Post-Graduate Program, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
- Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia (UFBA), Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Rommel T Ramos
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará (UFPA), Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Artur Silva
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará (UFPA), Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Raphael Hirata
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Rio de Janeiro State University (UERJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Ana L Mattos-Guaraldi
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Rio de Janeiro State University (UERJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Roberto Meyer
- Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia (UFBA), Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Vasco Azevedo
- Bioinformatics Post-Graduate Program, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Liza Felicori
- Bioinformatics Post-Graduate Program, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Luis G C Pacheco
- Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia (UFBA), Salvador, BA, Brazil.
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Surface and Extracellular Proteome of the Emerging Pathogen Corynebacterium ulcerans. Proteomes 2018; 6:proteomes6020018. [PMID: 29673200 PMCID: PMC6027474 DOI: 10.3390/proteomes6020018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Revised: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Corynebacterium ulcerans is an emerging pathogen, which is increasingly recognized as an etiological agent of diphtheria, but can also evoke ulcers of the skin and systemic infections in humans. Besides man, the bacteria can colonize a wide variety of different animals, including cattle and pet animals, which might serve as a reservoir for human infections. In this study, surface-located proteins and the exoproteome of two Corynebacterium ulcerans strains were analyzed, since these may have key roles in the interaction of the pathogen with host cells. Strain 809 was isolated from a fatal case of human respiratory tract infection, while strain BR-AD22 was isolated from a nasal swap of an asymptomatic dog. While a very similar pattern of virulence factors was observed in the culture supernatant and surface protein fractions of the two strains, proteome analyses revealed a higher stability of 809 cells compared to strain BR-AD22. During exponential growth, 17% of encoded proteins of strain 809 were detectable in the medium, while 38% of the predicted proteins encoded by the BR-AD22 chromosome were found. Furthermore, the data indicate differential expression of phospholipase D and a cell wall-associated hydrolase, since these were only detected in strain BR-AD22.
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Adams DA, Thomas KR, Jajosky RA, Foster L, Baroi G, Sharp P, Onweh DH, Schley AW, Anderson WJ. Summary of Notifiable Infectious Diseases and Conditions - United States, 2015. MMWR-MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY WEEKLY REPORT 2017; 64:1-143. [PMID: 28796757 DOI: 10.15585/mmwr.mm6453a1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The Summary of Notifiable Infectious Diseases and Conditions - United States, 2015 (hereafter referred to as the summary) contains the official statistics, in tabular and graphical form, for the reported occurrence of nationally notifiable infectious diseases and conditions in the United States for 2015. Unless otherwise noted, data are final totals for 2015 reported as of June 30, 2016. These statistics are collected and compiled from reports sent by U.S. state and territories, New York City, and District of Columbia health departments to the National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System (NNDSS), which is operated by CDC in collaboration with the Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists (CSTE). This summary is available at https://www.cdc.gov/MMWR/MMWR_nd/index.html. This site also includes summary publications from previous years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah A Adams
- Division of Health Informatics and Surveillance, Office of Public Health Scientific Services, CDC
| | - Kimberly R Thomas
- Division of Health Informatics and Surveillance, Office of Public Health Scientific Services, CDC
| | - Ruth Ann Jajosky
- Division of Health Informatics and Surveillance, Office of Public Health Scientific Services, CDC
| | - Loretta Foster
- Division of Health Informatics and Surveillance, Office of Public Health Scientific Services, CDC
| | - Gitangali Baroi
- Division of Health Informatics and Surveillance, Office of Public Health Scientific Services, CDC
| | - Pearl Sharp
- Division of Health Informatics and Surveillance, Office of Public Health Scientific Services, CDC
| | - Diana H Onweh
- Division of Health Informatics and Surveillance, Office of Public Health Scientific Services, CDC
| | - Alan W Schley
- Division of Health Informatics and Surveillance, Office of Public Health Scientific Services, CDC
| | - Willie J Anderson
- Division of Health Informatics and Surveillance, Office of Public Health Scientific Services, CDC
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Kantsone I, Lucenko I, Perevoscikovs J. More than 20 years after re-emerging in the 1990s, diphtheria remains a public health problem in Latvia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 21:30414. [PMID: 27934582 PMCID: PMC5388112 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2016.21.48.30414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In 1994, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared the goal of eliminating diphtheria within the WHO European Region by the year 2000. However, in 1990 an epidemic emerged within the Russian Federation and spread to other countries, including Latvia, by 1994. We describe national surveillance and immunisation coverage data in Latvia from 1994 to 2014 and present historical data from 1946. We defined a laboratory-confirmed case as a clinical case in which toxin-producing Corynebacterium diphtheriae, C. ulcerans or C. pseudotuberculosis was isolated. From 1994 to 2014, 1,515 cases were reported, giving an average annual incidence of 3.2 cases per 100,000 inhabitants (range 0.1–14.8), with the highest incidence in age groups 5–19 and 40–49 years (4.4 and 4.3/100,000, respectively); 111 deaths were reported, 83.8% cases were laboratory-confirmed. Most cases occurred in unvaccinated adults. To improve disease control a supplementary immunisation campaign for adults was initiated in 1995, and by the end of 1998 national coverage among adults reached 70%, and reached 77% in 2003, but declined to 59% by 2014. Diphtheria remains a problem in Latvia with continued circulation of toxin-producing strains of C. diphtheriae. We recommend to strengthen immunisation to cover adults, as well as the education of health professionals and a serological survey.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ieva Kantsone
- European Programme for Intervention Epidemiology Training (EPIET), European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, Stockholm, Sweden.,Infectious Diseases Surveillance and Immunisation Unit, Infectious Disease Risk Analysis and Prevention Department, Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, Riga, Latvia
| | - Irina Lucenko
- Infectious Diseases Surveillance and Immunisation Unit, Infectious Disease Risk Analysis and Prevention Department, Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, Riga, Latvia
| | - Jurijs Perevoscikovs
- Infectious Disease Risk Analysis and Prevention Department, Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, Riga, Latvia
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Teutsch B, Berger A, Marosevic D, Schönberger K, Lâm TT, Hubert K, Beer S, Wienert P, Ackermann N, Claus H, Drayß M, Thiel K, van der Linden M, Vogel U, Sing A. Corynebacterium species nasopharyngeal carriage in asymptomatic individuals aged ≥ 65 years in Germany. Infection 2017; 45:607-611. [PMID: 28429151 DOI: 10.1007/s15010-017-1017-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The prevalence of protective anti-diphtheria toxin antibodies decreases with age. Therefore, the elderly might serve as reservoir for potentially toxigenic Corynebacterium (C.) species (C. diphtheriae, C. ulcerans, and C. pseudotuberculosis). This study aimed to examine the colonization rate of the nasopharynx with corynebacteria of individuals aged 65 years and older. METHODS In the period from October 2012 to June 2013, nasal and throat swabs were taken from 714 asymptomatic subjects aged 65-106 years (average age 77.2) at three regions in Germany and investigated for Corynebacterium species. RESULTS A total of 402 strains of Corynebacterium species were isolated from 388 out of 714 asymptomatic subjects (carriage rate 54.3%). The carriage rate was significantly higher in study participants living in retirement homes (68.4%) compared to those living autonomously at home (51.1%). Strains were isolated mostly from the nose (99%). Corynebacterium accolens was the most often isolated species (39.8%), followed by C. propinquum (24.1%), C. pseudodiphtheriticum (19.4%), and C. tuberculostearicum (10.2%). No C. diphtheriae, C. ulcerans, and C. pseudotuberculosis strains were isolated. A subsample of 74 subjects was tested serologically for anti-diphtheria antibodies. Protective anti-diphtheria toxin antibodies were found in 29.7% of the subjects; 70.3% showed no protective immunity. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that carriage of potentially toxigenic corynebacteria is very rare among people aged 65 and older in Germany. However, the low prevalence of protective anti-diphtheria toxin antibodies might pose a risk for acquiring diphtheria especially for the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Teutsch
- Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Veterinärstraße 2, 85764, Oberschleißheim, Germany
| | - Anja Berger
- Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Veterinärstraße 2, 85764, Oberschleißheim, Germany.,National Consiliary Laboratory for Diphtheria, Oberschleißheim, Germany
| | - Durdica Marosevic
- Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Veterinärstraße 2, 85764, Oberschleißheim, Germany.,European Programme for Public Health Microbiology Training, European Centre of Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Katharina Schönberger
- Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Veterinärstraße 2, 85764, Oberschleißheim, Germany
| | - Thiên-Trí Lâm
- National Reference Center for Meningococci and Haemophilus Influenzae, Institute for Hygiene and Microbiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Kerstin Hubert
- National Reference Center for Meningococci and Haemophilus Influenzae, Institute for Hygiene and Microbiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Steffi Beer
- Sanitätsdienst der Bundeswehr, Koblenz, Germany
| | | | - Nikolaus Ackermann
- Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Veterinärstraße 2, 85764, Oberschleißheim, Germany
| | - Heike Claus
- National Reference Center for Meningococci and Haemophilus Influenzae, Institute for Hygiene and Microbiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Maria Drayß
- National Reference Center for Meningococci and Haemophilus Influenzae, Institute for Hygiene and Microbiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Kathrin Thiel
- National Reference Center for Meningococci and Haemophilus Influenzae, Institute for Hygiene and Microbiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Mark van der Linden
- National Reference Center for Streptococci, Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie des UKA, RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Ulrich Vogel
- National Reference Center for Meningococci and Haemophilus Influenzae, Institute for Hygiene and Microbiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Sing
- Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Veterinärstraße 2, 85764, Oberschleißheim, Germany. .,National Consiliary Laboratory for Diphtheria, Oberschleißheim, Germany.
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Katsukawa C, Komiya T, Umeda K, Goto M, Yanai T, Takahashi M, Yamamoto A, Iwaki M. Toxigenic Corynebacterium ulcerans isolated from a hunting dog and its diphtheria toxin antibody titer. Microbiol Immunol 2017; 60:177-86. [PMID: 26853714 DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.12364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2015] [Revised: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Toxigenic Corynebacterium ulcerans is a zoonotic pathogen that produces diphtheria toxin and causes a diphtheria-like illness in humans. The organism is known to infect and circulate among dogs, which can then transmit it to humans. Furthermore, previous studies have found that C. ulcerans is carried by wild animals, including game animals. In the present study, we tested hunting and companion dogs for the presence of toxigenic C. ulcerans and succeeded in isolating the bacterium from a hunting dog. Moreover, several hunting dogs had serum diphtheria antitoxin titers that were higher than the titers required for protection in humans, suggesting a history of exposure to toxigenic Corynebacterium strains. Notably, ribotyping, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and tox gene sequencing demonstrated that the isolate from the hunting dog clustered with previously characterized C. ulcerans strains isolated from wild animals, as opposed to groups of isolates from humans and companion dogs. Interestingly, the wild animal cluster also contains an isolate from an outdoor breeding dog, which could have formed a bridge between isolates from wild animals and those from companion dogs. The results presented herein provide insight into the mechanism by which the zoonotic pathogen C. ulcerans circulates among wild animals, hunting and companion dogs, and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chihiro Katsukawa
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Osaka Prefectural Institute of Public Health, 1-3-69 Nakamichi, Higashinari-ku, Osaka-shi, Osaka, 537-0025
| | - Takako Komiya
- Department of Bacteriology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashimurayama-shi, Tokyo, 208-0011
| | - Kaoru Umeda
- Department of Microbiology, Osaka City Institute of Public Health and Environmental Sciences, 8-34 Tojo-cho, Tennoji-ku, Osaka-shi, Osaka, 543-0026
| | - Minami Goto
- Department of Pathogenetic Veterinary Sciences, United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu-shi, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Tokuma Yanai
- Department of Pathogenetic Veterinary Sciences, United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu-shi, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Motohide Takahashi
- Department of Bacteriology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashimurayama-shi, Tokyo, 208-0011
| | - Akihiko Yamamoto
- Department of Bacteriology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashimurayama-shi, Tokyo, 208-0011
| | - Masaaki Iwaki
- Department of Bacteriology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashimurayama-shi, Tokyo, 208-0011
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Optimization of diphtheria toxin production by Corynebacterium diphtheriae using a casein-based medium in a fermenter. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s12257-016-0360-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Meinel DM, Kuehl R, Zbinden R, Boskova V, Garzoni C, Fadini D, Dolina M, Blümel B, Weibel T, Tschudin-Sutter S, Widmer AF, Bielicki JA, Dierig A, Heininger U, Konrad R, Berger A, Hinic V, Goldenberger D, Blaich A, Stadler T, Battegay M, Sing A, Egli A. Outbreak investigation for toxigenic Corynebacterium diphtheriae wound infections in refugees from Northeast Africa and Syria in Switzerland and Germany by whole genome sequencing. Clin Microbiol Infect 2016; 22:1003.e1-1003.e8. [PMID: 27585943 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2016.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2016] [Revised: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Toxigenic Corynebacterium diphtheriae is an important and potentially fatal threat to patients and public health. During the current dramatic influx of refugees into Europe, our objective was to use whole genome sequencing for the characterization of a suspected outbreak of C. diphtheriae wound infections among refugees. After conventional culture, we identified C. diphtheriae using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) and investigated toxigenicity by PCR. Whole genome sequencing was performed on a MiSeq Illumina with >70×coverage, 2×250 bp read length, and mapping against a reference genome. Twenty cases of cutaneous C. diphtheriae in refugees from East African countries and Syria identified between April and August 2015 were included. Patients presented with wound infections shortly after arrival in Switzerland and Germany. Toxin production was detected in 9/20 (45%) isolates. Whole genome sequencing-based typing revealed relatedness between isolates using neighbour-joining algorithms. We detected three separate clusters among epidemiologically related refugees. Although the isolates within a cluster showed strong relatedness, isolates differed by >50 nucleotide polymorphisms. Toxigenic C. diphtheriae associated wound infections are currently observed more frequently in Europe, due to refugees travelling under poor hygienic conditions. Close genetic relatedness of C. diphtheriae isolates from 20 refugees with wound infections indicates likely transmission between patients. However, the diversity within each cluster and phylogenetic time-tree analysis suggest that transmissions happened several months ago, most likely outside Europe. Whole genome sequencing offers the potential to describe outbreaks at very high resolution and is a helpful tool in infection tracking and identification of transmission routes.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Meinel
- Clinical Microbiology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority (LGL), Oberschleissheim, Germany; Applied Microbiology Research, Department of Biomedicine, University Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - R Kuehl
- Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - R Zbinden
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - V Boskova
- Computational Evolution, D-BSSE, ETH Zurich, Basel, Switzerland
| | - C Garzoni
- Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Clinica Luganese, Lugano, Switzerland
| | - D Fadini
- Internal Medicine, Ospedale di Mendrisio, Mendrisio, Switzerland
| | - M Dolina
- Clinical Microbiology, EOLAB, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - B Blümel
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Medical Centre Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - T Weibel
- Clinical Microbiology, Labor Team W, Saint Gallen, Switzerland
| | - S Tschudin-Sutter
- Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - A F Widmer
- Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - J A Bielicki
- Paediatric Infectious Diseases, University of Basel Children's Hospital, Basel, Switzerland
| | - A Dierig
- Paediatric Infectious Diseases, University of Basel Children's Hospital, Basel, Switzerland
| | - U Heininger
- Paediatric Infectious Diseases, University of Basel Children's Hospital, Basel, Switzerland
| | - R Konrad
- Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority (LGL), Oberschleissheim, Germany; German National Consiliary Laboratory on Diphtheria, Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - A Berger
- Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority (LGL), Oberschleissheim, Germany; German National Consiliary Laboratory on Diphtheria, Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - V Hinic
- Clinical Microbiology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - D Goldenberger
- Clinical Microbiology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - A Blaich
- Clinical Microbiology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - T Stadler
- Computational Evolution, D-BSSE, ETH Zurich, Basel, Switzerland
| | - M Battegay
- Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - A Sing
- Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority (LGL), Oberschleissheim, Germany; German National Consiliary Laboratory on Diphtheria, Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - A Egli
- Clinical Microbiology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Applied Microbiology Research, Department of Biomedicine, University Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
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Intestinal Flora Modification of Arthritis Pattern in Spondyloarthropathy. J Clin Rheumatol 2016; 21:296-9. [PMID: 26267718 DOI: 10.1097/rhu.0000000000000279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The reactive form of spondyloarthropathy appears inducible by exposure to agents of infectious diarrhea, but do those organisms represent the tip of the iceberg, as indicated by renewed interest in gastrointestinal flora? Prevalence of spondyloarthropathy (20% of chimpanzees [Pan] and 28% of gorillas) is independent of subspecies and species, respectively. However, there are major differences in arthritis patterns, a characteristic shared with humans. OBJECTIVES Do patterns of arthritis correlate with gastrointestinal flora? Could such associated modifications be in the form of disease induction or represent protective effectors (at least against the extent of peripheral arthritis)? METHODS The skeletons of 2 chimpanzee subspecies (79 Pan troglodytes troglodytes and 26 Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) and 2 gorilla species (99 Gorilla gorilla and 38 Gorilla beringei) adults were examined, and arthritis pattern noted. Feces of Eastern (P. schweinfurthii and G. beringei) and Western (great apes collected in their normal ranges) apes were assessed for 16S rRNA c and its character. RESULTS Patterns of arthritis recognized on examination of skeletons showed geographic variation in skeletal distribution. East African apes (P. troglodytes schweinfurthii and G. beringei) had pauciarticular arthritis and frequent sacroiliac disease, whereas West African apes (P. troglodytes troglodytes and G. gorilla) had polyarticular peripheral joint disease with minimal sacroiliac involvement. DNA evidence revealed that Corynebactericeae were prominently represented in great apes with polyarticular disease, whereas Dietzia and Bifidobacterium exposure correlated with reduced peripheral joint arthritis distribution. CONCLUSIONS Suggestions of a protective effect (in this case, limiting extent of peripheral arthritis, but not the disease itself) offered by these organisms are well represented by documented effects in other diseases (eg, tuberculosis) in the zoologic record. Perhaps it is this disease-modifying character that reduces the extent of the peripheral erosive disease, while increasing propensity to axial (sacroiliac) disease. A potential role for probiotic organisms in management of arthritis in humans is suggested, as has been documented for tuberculosis, gastrointestinal disorders, and food allergies.
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Sane J, Sorvari T, Widerström M, Kauma H, Kaukoniemi U, Tarkka E, Puumalainen T, Kuusi M, Salminen M, Lyytikäinen O. Respiratory diphtheria in an asylum seeker from Afghanistan arriving to Finland via Sweden, December 2015. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 21:30105. [PMID: 26840007 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2016.21.2.30105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In December 2015, an asylum seeker originating from Afghanistan was diagnosed with respiratory diphtheria in Finland. He arrived in Finland from Sweden where he had already been clinically suspected and tested for diphtheria. Corynebacterium diphtheriae was confirmed in Sweden and shown to be genotypically and phenotypically toxigenic. The event highlights the importance of early case detection, rapid communication within the country and internationally as well as preparedness plans of diphtheria antitoxin availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jussi Sane
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Infectious Disease Control Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
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Katsukawa C, Umeda K, Inamori I, Kosono Y, Tanigawa T, Komiya T, Iwaki M, Yamamoto A, Nakatsu S. Toxigenic Corynebacterium ulcerans isolated from a wild bird (ural owl) and its feed (shrew-moles): comparison of molecular types with human isolates. BMC Res Notes 2016; 9:181. [PMID: 27000873 PMCID: PMC4802582 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-016-1979-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2015] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Corynebacterium ulcerans is a pathogen causing diphtheria-like illness to humans. In contrast to diphtheria by Corynebacterium diphtheriae circulating mostly among humans, C. ulcerans infection is zoonotic. The present study aimed to clarify how a zoonotic pathogen C. ulcerans circulates among wild birds and animals. RESULTS By screening 380 birds, a single strain of toxigenic C. ulcerans was isolated from a carnivorous bird, ural owl (Strix uralensis). The bacterium was also isolated from two individuals of Japanese shrew-mole (Urotrichus talpoides), a food preference of the owl. Analysis by ribotyping showed that the owl and mole isolates were classified in a group, suggesting that C. ulcerans can be transmissible among wild birds and their prey animals. Moreover, our isolates were found to belong to a group of previously reported C. ulcerans isolates from dogs and a cat, which are known to serve as sources for human infection. CONCLUSION The findings suggest that the shrew-mole may be a potential reservoir of a zoonotic pathogen C. ulcerans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chihiro Katsukawa
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Osaka Prefectural Institute of Public Health, 1-3-69 Nakamichi, Higashinari-ku, Osaka-Shi, Osaka, 537-0025, Japan
| | - Kaoru Umeda
- Department of Microbiology, Osaka City Institute of Public Health and Environmental Sciences, 8-34 Tojo-cho, Tennoji-ku, Osaka-Shi, Osaka, 543-0026, Japan
| | - Ikuko Inamori
- Nature Conservation Club of Soenji, 1-20-11 Himurodai, Hirakata-Shi, Osaka, 573-0115, Japan
| | - Yuka Kosono
- Bird Bander, 5-17 Suganodai, Nara-Shi, Nara, 631-0043, Japan
| | - Tomokazu Tanigawa
- Wild Living Thing Society of Hirakata, 1-24-10, Tanokuchiyama, Hirakata-Shi, Osaka, 573-0001, Japan
| | - Takako Komiya
- Department of Bacteriology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-Gakuen, Musashimurayama-Shi, Tokyo, 208-0011, Japan
| | - Masaaki Iwaki
- Department of Bacteriology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-Gakuen, Musashimurayama-Shi, Tokyo, 208-0011, Japan.
| | - Akihiko Yamamoto
- Department of Bacteriology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-Gakuen, Musashimurayama-Shi, Tokyo, 208-0011, Japan.,Division of Biosafety Control and Research, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashimurayama-Shi, Tokyo, 208-0011, Japan
| | - Susumu Nakatsu
- Nakatsu Animal Hospital, 2-2-15 Shorinji-cho nishi, Sakai-ku, Sakai-Shi, Osaka, 590-0960, Japan
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Hacker E, Ott L, Schulze-Luehrmann J, Lührmann A, Wiesmann V, Wittenberg T, Burkovski A. The killing of macrophages by Corynebacterium ulcerans. Virulence 2015; 7:45-55. [PMID: 26632348 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2015.1125068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Corynebacterium ulcerans is an emerging pathogen transmitted by a zoonotic pathway with a very broad host spectrum to humans. Despite rising numbers of infections and potentially fatal outcomes, data on the molecular basis of pathogenicity are scarce. In this study, the interaction of 2 C. ulcerans isolates - one from an asymptomatic dog, one from a fatal case of human infection - with human macrophages was investigated. C. ulcerans strains were able to survive in macrophages for at least 20 hours. Uptake led to delay of phagolysosome maturation and detrimental effects on the macrophages as deduced from cytotoxicity measurements and FACS analyses. The data presented here indicate a high infectious potential of this emerging pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Hacker
- a Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg; Professur für Mikrobiologie ; Erlangen , Germany
| | - Lisa Ott
- a Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg; Professur für Mikrobiologie ; Erlangen , Germany
| | - Jan Schulze-Luehrmann
- b Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg; Universitätsklinikum Erlangen; Mikrobiologisches Institut - Klinische Mikrobiologie; Immunologie und Hygiene ; Erlangen , Germany
| | - Anja Lührmann
- b Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg; Universitätsklinikum Erlangen; Mikrobiologisches Institut - Klinische Mikrobiologie; Immunologie und Hygiene ; Erlangen , Germany
| | - Veit Wiesmann
- c Fraunhofer Institut für Integrierte Schaltungen (IIS) ; Erlangen , Germany
| | - Thomas Wittenberg
- c Fraunhofer Institut für Integrierte Schaltungen (IIS) ; Erlangen , Germany
| | - Andreas Burkovski
- a Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg; Professur für Mikrobiologie ; Erlangen , Germany
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40
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Meinel DM, Konrad R, Berger A, König C, Schmidt-Wieland T, Hogardt M, Bischoff H, Ackermann N, Hörmansdorfer S, Krebs S, Blum H, Margos G, Sing A. Zoonotic transmission of toxigenic Corynebacterium ulcerans strain, Germany, 2012. Emerg Infect Dis 2015; 21:356-8. [PMID: 25625779 PMCID: PMC4313654 DOI: 10.3201/eid2102.141160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe necrotizing fasciitis was diagnosed in a 53-year-old man in Germany in 2012. Toxigenic Corynebacterium ulcerans was grown from a wound swab sample. One of the patient´s 2 dogs was found to harbor a toxigenic C. ulcerans strain. Results of next generation sequencing of both isolates supported recent zoonotic transmission of this bacterial pathogen.
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41
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Borba RCN, Vidal VM, Moreira LO. The re-emergency and persistence of vaccine preventable diseases. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2015; 87:1311-22. [PMID: 26312431 DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765201520140663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The introduction of vaccination worldwide dramatically reduced the incidence of pathogenic bacterial and viral diseases. Despite the highly successful vaccination strategies, the number of cases among vaccine preventable diseases has increased in the last decade and several of those diseases are still endemic in different countries. Here we discuss some epidemiological aspects and possible arguments that may explain why ancient diseases such as, measles, polio, pertussis, diphtheria and tuberculosis are still with us.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo C N Borba
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, BR
| | - Vinícius M Vidal
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, BR
| | - Lilian O Moreira
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, BR
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42
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Non-toxigenic tox gene-bearing Corynebacterium ulcerans in a traumatic ulcer from a human case and his asymptomatic dog. Microbes Infect 2015; 17:717-9. [PMID: 26284490 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2015.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Revised: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A non-toxigenic tox gene-bearing (NTTB) Corynebacterium ulcerans was grown from the wound of a 61-year-old gardener and in a nasal specimen from the patient's asymptomatic dog. The two isolates were similar in terms of antibiogram, multilocus sequence typing (ST341), virulence genes, and only three SNPs were found to differentiate the two NTTB C. ulcerans isolates supporting a zoonotic transmission to or between the patient and his dog. Of interest, we found that the two C. ulcerans isolates, although not expressing the diphtheria toxin tox, possessed 13 out of 14 recently described virulence candidate genes.
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Draft Genome Sequences of Two Toxigenic Corynebacterium ulcerans Strains. GENOME ANNOUNCEMENTS 2015; 3:3/3/e00699-15. [PMID: 26112794 PMCID: PMC4481292 DOI: 10.1128/genomea.00699-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Here, we present the draft genome sequences of two toxigenic Corynebacterium ulcerans strains isolated from two different patients: one from a blood sample and the other from a scar exudate following surgery. Although these two strains harbor the diphtheria toxin gene tox, no full prophage sequences were found in the flanking regions.
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44
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Hacker E, Ott L, Hasselt K, Mattos-Guaraldi AL, Tauch A, Burkovski A. Colonization of human epithelial cell lines by Corynebacterium ulcerans from human and animal sources. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2015; 161:1582-1591. [PMID: 26066797 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.000121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Corynebacterium ulcerans is an emerging pathogen transmitted by a zoonotic pathway to humans. Despite rising numbers of infections and potentially fatal outcomes, data on the colonization of the human host are lacking up to now. In this study, adhesion of two C. ulcerans isolates to human epithelial cells, invasion of host cells and the function of two putative virulence factors with respect to these processes were investigated. C. ulcerans strains BR-AD22 and 809 were able to adhere to Detroit562 and HeLa cells, and invade these epithelial cell lines with a rate comparable to other pathogens as shown by scanning electron microscopy, fluorescence microscopy and replication assays. Infection led to detrimental effects on the cells as deduced from measurements of transepithelial resistance. Mutant strains of putative virulence factors phospholipase D and DIP0733 homologue CULC22_00609 generated in this study showed no influence on colonization under the experimental conditions tested. The data presented here indicate a high infectious potential of this emerging pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Hacker
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Lisa Ott
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | | | | | - Andreas Tauch
- Centrum für Biotechnologie, Universität Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Andreas Burkovski
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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45
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Um SH, Kim JS, Lee K, Ha NC. Structure of a DsbF homologue from Corynebacterium diphtheriae. Acta Crystallogr F Struct Biol Commun 2014; 70:1167-72. [PMID: 25195886 PMCID: PMC4157413 DOI: 10.1107/s2053230x14016355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Disulfide-bond formation, mediated by the Dsb family of proteins, is important in the correct folding of secreted or extracellular proteins in bacteria. In Gram-negative bacteria, disulfide bonds are introduced into the folding proteins in the periplasm by DsbA. DsbE from Escherichia coli has been implicated in the reduction of disulfide bonds in the maturation of cytochrome c. The Gram-positive bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis encodes DsbE and its homologue DsbF, the structures of which have been determined. However, the two mycobacterial proteins are able to oxidatively fold a protein in vitro, unlike DsbE from E. coli. In this study, the crystal structure of a DsbE or DsbF homologue protein from Corynebacterium diphtheriae has been determined, which revealed a thioredoxin-like domain with a typical CXXC active site. Structural comparison with M. tuberculosis DsbF would help in understanding the function of the C. diphtheriae protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Hyeon Um
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Center for Food and Bioconvergence, and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Manufacturing Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Sik Kim
- Department of Manufacturing Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Kangseok Lee
- Department of Life Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Nam-Chul Ha
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Center for Food and Bioconvergence, and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Boschert V, Berger A, Konrad R, Huber I, Hörmansdorfer S, Zöls S, Eddicks M, Ritzmann M, Sing A. Corynebacterium species nasal carriage in pigs and their farmers in Bavaria, Germany: implications for public health. Vet Rec 2014; 175:248. [PMID: 25037890 DOI: 10.1136/vr.102634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Reports on cases of human diphtheria caused by toxigenic Corynebacterium ulcerans that were linked to occupational swine contact as well as isolation of C ulcerans from wild boars have suggested that pigs might serve as reservoir for human infections. Therefore, a prevalence study on Corynebacterium species nasal carriage in pigs and their farmers was performed between August 1 and December 31, 2009, in 41 swine farms from Bavaria, Germany. All 411 asymptomatic pigs and 29 of 30 healthy farmers were colonised with Corynebacterium strains of up to 11 different species. No potentially toxigenic Corynebacterium strain was isolated either from the pigs or from their farmers, respectively. The patterns of the species composition in the pigs and the farmers were very similar, suggesting a potential transmission of strains between animals and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Boschert
- Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Oberschleißheim 85764, Germany Clinic for Swine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Oberschleißheim 85764, Germany
| | - A Berger
- National Consiliary Laboratory for Diphtheria, Oberschleißheim 85764, Germany Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Oberschleißheim 85764, Germany
| | - R Konrad
- National Consiliary Laboratory for Diphtheria, Oberschleißheim 85764, Germany Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Oberschleißheim 85764, Germany
| | - I Huber
- Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Oberschleißheim 85764, Germany
| | - S Hörmansdorfer
- Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Oberschleißheim 85764, Germany
| | - S Zöls
- Clinic for Swine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Oberschleißheim 85764, Germany
| | - M Eddicks
- Clinic for Swine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Oberschleißheim 85764, Germany
| | - M Ritzmann
- Clinic for Swine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Oberschleißheim 85764, Germany
| | - A Sing
- National Consiliary Laboratory for Diphtheria, Oberschleißheim 85764, Germany Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Oberschleißheim 85764, Germany
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47
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Wicker S, Maltezou HC. Vaccine-preventable diseases in Europe: where do we stand? Expert Rev Vaccines 2014; 13:979-87. [DOI: 10.1586/14760584.2014.933077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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48
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Zasada AA, Formińska K, Wołkowicz T, Badell E, Guiso N. The utility of the PCR melting profile technique for typing Corynebacterium diphtheriae isolates. Lett Appl Microbiol 2014; 59:292-8. [PMID: 24749659 DOI: 10.1111/lam.12274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2014] [Revised: 04/09/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Selection of appropriate typing method depends on a number of factors, including the scale of the investigation, the rapidity required of the results and the financial and technical resources available. Several typing methods have been applied to Corynebacterium diphtheriae genotyping, but most are laborious and time-consuming or require expensive equipment. We report an evaluation of the utility of the PCR melting profile technique for simple and easy-to-perform genotyping of C. diphtheriae. We compared the method with ribotyping-the 'gold standard' for C. diphtheriae typing-and PFGE, MLST, AFLP, RAPD and spoligotyping. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Occurrence of Corynebacterium diphtheriae infections-in the form of diphtheria in endemic countries and in the form of invasive infections in countries with high antidiphtheria vaccination coverage-indicates the need for maintenance of ability to genotype this pathogen by laboratories. Application of an appropriate typing method is essential not only in outbreak investigations for understanding and predicting epidemics but also in monitoring of the evolution and spread of epidemic clones of C. diphtheriae. The PCR melting profile method presented in the study is a good alternative for C. diphtheriae typing.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Zasada
- Department of Bacteriology, National Institute of Public Health - National Institute of Hygiene, Warsaw, Poland
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49
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May MLA, McDougall RJ, Robson JM. Corynebacterium diphtheriae and the returned tropical traveler. J Travel Med 2014; 21:39-44. [PMID: 24383653 DOI: 10.1111/jtm.12074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2013] [Revised: 08/12/2013] [Accepted: 08/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In Western countries, nontoxigenic Corynebacterium diphtheriae is known to cause skin and soft tissue infections (SSIs), upper respiratory tract infections, and occasionally invasive disease. Its role as a skin pathogen in returned travelers from tropical destinations where the organism is endemic is often forgotten. A retrospective analysis of a large Australian private pathology laboratory's experience with C. diphtheriae was performed to identify how frequently overseas travel was associated with C. diptheriae infection/colonization. METHODS All C. diphtheriae isolates cultured from 2002 to 2012 were reviewed. Recorded clinical information regarding recent travel, country, and cause of infection was assessed. Antibiotic susceptibility was verified on all isolates. RESULTS In all there were 72 patients who had C. diphtheriae isolated on clinical specimens, and information about prior travel was available for 63. Seventy percent of these were healthy individuals with an SSI and history of recent travel to a tropical nation. Ninety-seven percent had associated copathogens. Two isolates were penicillin resistant. There was uniform susceptibility to cephalothin, clindamycin, erythromycin, and vancomycin, with 14% resistance to trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole and 4% resistance to tetracycline. Only one isolate was a toxigenic strain. CONCLUSION The majority of C. diphtheriae isolated were from SSIs in otherwise healthy travelers returning from tropical destinations, rather than classical risk groups. Clinicians and laboratories need to be aware of this potential source of C. diphtheriae infection due to rare toxigenic strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meryta L A May
- Department of Microbiology, Sullivan Nicolaides Pathology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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50
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Simpson-Louredo L, Ramos JN, Peixoto RS, Santos LS, Antunes CA, Ladeira EM, Santos CS, Vieira VV, Bôas MHSV, Hirata R, Mattos-Guaraldi AL. Corynebacterium ulcerans isolates from humans and dogs: fibrinogen, fibronectin and collagen-binding, antimicrobial and PFGE profiles. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 2013; 105:343-52. [PMID: 24281735 DOI: 10.1007/s10482-013-0080-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2013] [Accepted: 11/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Corynebacterium ulcerans has been increasingly isolated as an emerging zoonotic agent of diphtheria and other infections from companion animals. Since pets are able to act as symptomless carriers, it is also essential to identify virulence potential for humans of these isolates. In this work the ability of C. ulcerans to bind to fibrinogen (Fbg), fibronectin (Fn) and Type I collagen as well the genetic relationship among strains isolated from human and asymptomatic dogs in Rio de Janeiro (Brazil) were analyzed. Five pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) profiles were demonstrated (I, II, III, IV and V). In addition, the IV and V profiles exhibiting ≥85 % similarity were expressed by the BR-AD41 and BR-AD61 strains from companion dogs living in the same neighborhood. Independent of the PFGE-types, human and dog isolates showed affinity to Fbg, Fn and collagen. Heterogeneity of PFGE profiles indicated endemicity of C. ulcerans in the Rio de Janeiro metropolitan area. Differences in the expression of adhesins to the human extracellular matrix may contribute to variations in the virulence and zoonotic potential of C. ulcerans strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliane Simpson-Louredo
- Laboratory of Diphtheria and Corynebacteria of Clinical Relevance-LDCIC, Collaborating Center for Diphtheria of CGLAB/SVS/MS, School of Medical Sciences, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro-UERJ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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