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Li Y, Tian C, Xie T, Zhang QL, Liu J, Yan XX, Dai J, Liang Y, Cui M. Hydroxyethyl-Modified Cycloheptatriene-BODIPY Derivatives as Specific Tau Imaging Probes. ACS Med Chem Lett 2023; 14:1108-1112. [PMID: 37583810 PMCID: PMC10424304 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.3c00248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Near-infrared fluorescence (NIRF) imaging as an exquisite sensitive, high spatial-resolution, and real-time tool plays an important role in visualizing pathologies in the brain. In this study, we designed and synthesized a series of NIR probes of hydroxyethyl cycloheptatriene-BODIPY derivatives that have demonstrated strong binding specificity to native neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) in Alzheimer's disease (AD) brain sections. The improved hydrophilicity of TNIR7-9 and TNIR7-11 resulted in faster clearance rates from healthy brains (4.2 and 10.9, respectively) compared to previously reported compounds. Furthermore, TNIR7-13, which features a fluorinated modification, exhibited a high binding affinity to Tau aggregates (Kd = 11.8 nM) and held promise for future PET studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuying Li
- Key
Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Chuan Tian
- Key
Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Tianxin Xie
- Key
Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Qi-Lei Zhang
- Department
of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Jiaqi Liu
- College
of Life Sciences, Taikang Center for Life and Medical Science, Hubei
Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, Wuhan
University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Xiao-Xin Yan
- Department
of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Jiapei Dai
- Wuhan
Institute for Neuroscience and Neuroengineering, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Yi Liang
- College
of Life Sciences, Taikang Center for Life and Medical Science, Hubei
Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, Wuhan
University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Mengchao Cui
- Key
Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
- Center
for Advanced Materials Research, Beijing
Normal University, Zhuhai 519087, China
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2
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Mohammadi Z, Alizadeh H, Marton J, Cumming P. The Sensitivity of Tau Tracers for the Discrimination of Alzheimer's Disease Patients and Healthy Controls by PET. Biomolecules 2023; 13:290. [PMID: 36830659 PMCID: PMC9953528 DOI: 10.3390/biom13020290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyperphosphorylated tau aggregates, also known as neurofibrillary tangles, are a hallmark neuropathological feature of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Molecular imaging of tau by positron emission tomography (PET) began with the development of [18F]FDDNP, an amyloid β tracer with off-target binding to tau, which obtained regional specificity through the differing distributions of amyloid β and tau in AD brains. A concerted search for more selective and affine tau PET tracers yielded compounds belonging to at least eight structural categories; 18F-flortaucipir, known variously as [18F]-T807, AV-1451, and Tauvid®, emerged as the first tau tracer approved by the American Food and Drug Administration. The various tau tracers differ concerning their selectivity over amyloid β, off-target binding at sites such as monoamine oxidase and neuromelanin, and degree of uptake in white matter. While there have been many reviews of molecular imaging of tau in AD and other conditions, there has been no systematic comparison of the fitness of the various tracers for discriminating between AD patient and healthy control (HC) groups. In this narrative review, we endeavored to compare the binding properties of the various tau tracers in vitro and the effect size (Cohen's d) for the contrast by PET between AD patients and age-matched HC groups. The available tracers all gave good discrimination, with Cohen's d generally in the range of two-three in culprit brain regions. Overall, Cohen's d was higher for AD patient groups with more severe illness. Second-generation tracers, while superior concerning off-target binding, do not have conspicuously higher sensitivity for the discrimination of AD and HC groups. We suppose that available pharmacophores may have converged on a maximal affinity for tau fibrils, which may limit the specific signal imparted in PET studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zohreh Mohammadi
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 5166/15731, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 5166/15731, Iran
| | - Hadi Alizadeh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 5166/15731, Iran
| | - János Marton
- ABX Advanced Biochemical Compounds Biomedizinische Forschungsreagenzien GmbH, Heinrich-Glaeser-Straße 10-14, D-01454 Radeberg, Germany
| | - Paul Cumming
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Bern University Hospital, Freiburgstraße 18, CH-3010 Bern, Switzerland
- School of Psychology and Counselling, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4059, Australia
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3
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Wang J, Jin C, Zhou J, Zhou R, Tian M, Lee HJ, Zhang H. PET molecular imaging for pathophysiological visualization in Alzheimer's disease. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2023; 50:765-783. [PMID: 36372804 PMCID: PMC9852140 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-022-05999-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common dementia worldwide. The exact etiology of AD is unclear as yet, and no effective treatments are currently available, making AD a tremendous burden posed on the whole society. As AD is a multifaceted and heterogeneous disease, and most biomarkers are dynamic in the course of AD, a range of biomarkers should be established to evaluate the severity and prognosis. Positron emission tomography (PET) offers a great opportunity to visualize AD from diverse perspectives by using radiolabeled agents involved in various pathophysiological processes; PET imaging technique helps to explore the pathomechanisms of AD comprehensively and find out the most appropriate biomarker in each AD phase, leading to a better evaluation of the disease. In this review, we discuss the application of PET in the course of AD and summarized radiolabeled compounds with favorable imaging characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- grid.412465.0Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009 Zhejiang China ,grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XInstitute of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310009 Zhejiang China ,Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310009 Zhejiang China
| | - Chentao Jin
- grid.412465.0Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009 Zhejiang China
| | - Jinyun Zhou
- grid.412465.0Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009 Zhejiang China
| | - Rui Zhou
- grid.412465.0Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009 Zhejiang China
| | - Mei Tian
- grid.412465.0Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009 Zhejiang China ,grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XInstitute of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310009 Zhejiang China ,Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310009 Zhejiang China
| | - Hyeon Jeong Lee
- grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XCollege of Biomedical Engineering and Instrument Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310014 Zhejiang China
| | - Hong Zhang
- grid.412465.0Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009 Zhejiang China ,grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XInstitute of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310009 Zhejiang China ,Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310009 Zhejiang China ,grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XCollege of Biomedical Engineering and Instrument Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310014 Zhejiang China ,grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XKey Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310014 Zhejiang China
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4
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Kallinen A, Kassiou M. Tracer development for PET imaging of proteinopathies. Nucl Med Biol 2022; 114-115:108-120. [PMID: 35487833 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2022.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
This review outlines small molecule radiotracers developed for positron emission tomography (PET) imaging of proteinopathies, neurodegenerative diseases characterised by accumulation of malformed proteins, over the last two decades with the focus on radioligands that have progressed to clinical studies. Introduction provides a short summary of proteinopathy targets used for PET imaging, including vastly studied proteins Aβ and tau and emerging α-synuclein. In the main section, clinically relevant Aβ and tau radioligand classes and their properties are discussed, including an overview of lead compounds and radioligand candidates studied as α-synuclein imaging agents in the early discovery and preclinical development phase. Lastly, the specific challenges and future directions in proteinopathy radioligand development are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annukka Kallinen
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria St, NSW 2010, Australia.
| | - Michael Kassiou
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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5
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Li Y, Liu T, Cui M. Recent development in selective Tau tracers for PET imaging in the brain. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2022.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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6
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Moran C, Than S, Callisaya M, Beare R, Srikanth V. New Horizons-Cognitive Dysfunction Associated With Type 2 Diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2022; 107:929-942. [PMID: 34788847 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgab797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of type 2 diabetes (T2D) and cognitive dysfunction increases with age. As society ages, clinicians will be increasingly tasked with managing older people who have both T2D and cognitive dysfunction. T2D is associated with an increased risk of cognitive dysfunction and hence there is increasing interest in whether T2D is a causal factor in the pathogenesis of cognitive decline and dementia. Recent advances in the use of sensitive measures of in vivo brain dysfunction in life-course studies can help understand potential mechanistic pathways and also help guide recommendations for clinical practice. In this article we will describe new horizons in the understanding of cognitive dysfunction associated with T2D. Coming from a clinical perspective, we discuss potential mechanisms and pathways linking the 2 conditions and the contribution of multimodal neuroimaging and study designs to advancing understanding in the field. We also highlight the important issues on the horizon that will need addressing in clinical identification, management, and risk reduction for people with coexistent T2D and cognitive dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Moran
- Academic Unit, Peninsula Clinical School, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, 3199 Victoria, Australia
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Peninsula Health, Melbourne, 3199 Victoria, Australia
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Alfred Health, Melbourne, 3004 Victoria, Australia
| | - Stephanie Than
- Academic Unit, Peninsula Clinical School, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, 3199 Victoria, Australia
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Peninsula Health, Melbourne, 3199 Victoria, Australia
| | - Michele Callisaya
- Academic Unit, Peninsula Clinical School, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, 3199 Victoria, Australia
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, 7000 Tasmania, Australia
| | - Richard Beare
- Academic Unit, Peninsula Clinical School, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, 3199 Victoria, Australia
- Developmental Imaging, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, 3052 Victoria, Australia
| | - Velandai Srikanth
- Academic Unit, Peninsula Clinical School, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, 3199 Victoria, Australia
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Peninsula Health, Melbourne, 3199 Victoria, Australia
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, 7000 Tasmania, Australia
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7
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Zhang P, Fu C, Liu H, Guo X, Zhang Q, Gao J, Chen W, Yuan W, Ding C. AND-Logic Strategy for Accurate Analysis of Alzheimer's Disease via Fluorescent Probe Lighted Up by Two Specific Biomarkers. Anal Chem 2021; 93:11337-11345. [PMID: 34353021 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c02943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) has become a global threat to the elderly health with a short survival time after diagnosis. Due to the asymptomatic stage during the early development, patients are usually diagnosed at the middle or late stage. Therefore, an efficient tool for AD early diagnosis deserves considerable attention, which could make a significant contribution to the treatment intervention. A fluorescent probe has been widely applied for detecting and visualizing species of interest in vitro and in vivo, and the proper reaction between the probe and analytes is responsible for the fluorescence change to provide a lighting-on or ratiometric responsive pattern with satisfactory sensing behavior. In this work, we report the first attempt to build up an AND-logic probe P2 for AD accuracy diagnosis taking butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) and reactive oxygen species (ROSs) as dual targets. Upon the co-stimulation by these two factors through enzymatic hydrolysis and redox reaction, the NIR emission could be readily turned on. This AND sensing pattern avoided the false-positive response effectively, and other diseases sharing one biomarker could hardly induce a NIR fluorescence response. The sensing assay has also been confirmed to be feasible in vitro and in vivo with good sensibility and selectivity. It is worth mentioning that the probe structure has been optimized in terms of the linkage length. This study shows that probe P2 with a connecting arm of medium length (one methylene, n = 1) has superior sensing performance, promising to provide a reference for the relative structure design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Optic-electric Sensing and Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, MOE; Shandong Key Laboratory of Biochemical Analysis; Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science in Universities of Shandong; College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, P. R. China
| | - Caixia Fu
- Key Laboratory of Optic-electric Sensing and Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, MOE; Shandong Key Laboratory of Biochemical Analysis; Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science in Universities of Shandong; College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, P. R. China
| | - Haihong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Optic-electric Sensing and Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, MOE; Shandong Key Laboratory of Biochemical Analysis; Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science in Universities of Shandong; College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, P. R. China
| | - Xinjie Guo
- Key Laboratory of Optic-electric Sensing and Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, MOE; Shandong Key Laboratory of Biochemical Analysis; Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science in Universities of Shandong; College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, P. R. China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Optic-electric Sensing and Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, MOE; Shandong Key Laboratory of Biochemical Analysis; Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science in Universities of Shandong; College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, P. R. China
| | - Jian Gao
- Key Laboratory of Optic-electric Sensing and Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, MOE; Shandong Key Laboratory of Biochemical Analysis; Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science in Universities of Shandong; College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, P. R. China
| | - Wenjuan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Optic-electric Sensing and Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, MOE; Shandong Key Laboratory of Biochemical Analysis; Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science in Universities of Shandong; College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, P. R. China
| | - Wei Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Optic-electric Sensing and Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, MOE; Shandong Key Laboratory of Biochemical Analysis; Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science in Universities of Shandong; College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, P. R. China
| | - Caifeng Ding
- Key Laboratory of Optic-electric Sensing and Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, MOE; Shandong Key Laboratory of Biochemical Analysis; Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science in Universities of Shandong; College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, P. R. China
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8
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Elbatrawy AA, Hyeon SJ, Yue N, Osman EEA, Choi SH, Lim S, Kim YK, Ryu H, Cui M, Nam G. "Turn-On" Quinoline-Based Fluorescent Probe for Selective Imaging of Tau Aggregates in Alzheimer's Disease: Rational Design, Synthesis, and Molecular Docking. ACS Sens 2021; 6:2281-2289. [PMID: 34115933 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.1c00338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Tau aggregation is believed to have a strong association with the level of cognitive deficits in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Thus, optical brain imaging of tau aggregates has recently gained substantial attention as a promising tool for the early diagnosis of AD. However, selective imaging of tau aggregates is a major challenge due to sharing similar β-sheet structures with homologous Aβ fibrils. Herein, four quinoline-based fluorescent probes (Q-tau) were judiciously designed using the donor-acceptor architecture for selective imaging of tau aggregates. In particular, probe Q-tau 4 exhibited a strong intramolecular charge transfer and favorable photophysical profile, such as a large Stokes' shift and fluorescence emission wavelength of 630 nm in the presence of tau aggregates. The probe also displayed a "turn-on" fluorescence behavior toward tau fibrils with a 3.5-fold selectivity versus Aβ fibrils. In addition, Q-tau 4 exhibited nanomolar binding affinity to tau aggregates (Kd = 16.6 nM), which was 1.4 times higher than that for Aβ fibrils. The mechanism of "turn-on" fluorescence was proposed to be an environment-sensitive molecular rotor-like response. Moreover, ex vivo labeling of human AD brain sections demonstrated favorable colocalization of Q-tau 4 and the phosphorylated tau antibody, while comparable limited staining was observed with Aβ fibrils. Molecular docking was conducted to obtain insights into the tau-binding mode of the probe. Collectively, Q-tau 4 has successfully been used as a tau-specific fluorescent imaging agent with lower background interference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed A. Elbatrawy
- Center for Neuro-Medicine, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
- Division of Bio-Medical Science and Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Jae Hyeon
- Brain Gene Regulation and Epigenetics (BINGRE) Laboratory, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Nan Yue
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Essam Eldin A. Osman
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, El-kasr Elaini Street, Cairo 11562, Egypt
| | - Seung Hyeo Choi
- Brain Gene Regulation and Epigenetics (BINGRE) Laboratory, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungsu Lim
- Convergence Research Center for Diagnosis, Treatment and Care System of Dementia, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun Kyung Kim
- Division of Bio-Medical Science and Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
- Convergence Research Center for Diagnosis, Treatment and Care System of Dementia, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Hoon Ryu
- Brain Gene Regulation and Epigenetics (BINGRE) Laboratory, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
- Boston University Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center (BUADRC), Boston University School of Medicine, Boston 02118, United States
| | - Mengchao Cui
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Ghilsoo Nam
- Center for Neuro-Medicine, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
- Division of Bio-Medical Science and Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
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9
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Campese N, Palermo G, Del Gamba C, Beatino MF, Galgani A, Belli E, Del Prete E, Della Vecchia A, Vergallo A, Siciliano G, Ceravolo R, Hampel H, Baldacci F. Progress regarding the context-of-use of tau as biomarker of Alzheimer's disease and other neurodegenerative diseases. Expert Rev Proteomics 2021; 18:27-48. [PMID: 33545008 DOI: 10.1080/14789450.2021.1886929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Tau protein misfolding and accumulation in toxic species is a critical pathophysiological process of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and other neurodegenerative disorders (NDDs). Tau biomarkers, namely cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) total-tau (t-tau), 181-phosphorylated tau (p-tau), and tau-PET tracers, have been recently embedded in the diagnostic criteria for AD. Nevertheless, the role of tau as a diagnostic and prognostic biomarker for other NDDs remains controversial.Areas covered: We performed a systematical PubMed-based review of the most recent advances in tau-related biomarkers for NDDs. We focused on papers published from 2015 to 2020 assessing the diagnostic or prognostic value of each biomarker.Expert opinion: The assessment of tau biomarkers in alternative easily accessible matrices, through the development of ultrasensitive techniques, represents the most significant perspective for AD-biomarker research. In NDDs, novel tau isoforms (e.g. p-tau217) or proteolytic fragments (e.g. N-terminal fragments) may represent candidate diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers and may help monitoring disease progression. Protein misfolding amplification assays, allowing the identification of different tau strains (e.g. 3 R- vs. 4 R-tau) in CSF, may constitute a breakthrough for the in vivo stratification of NDDs. Tau-PET may help tracking the spatial-temporal evolution of tau pathophysiology in AD but its application outside the AD-spectrum deserves further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Campese
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Giovanni Palermo
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Claudia Del Gamba
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Alessandro Galgani
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Belli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Eleonora Del Prete
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Andrea Vergallo
- GRC N° 21, Alzheimer Precision Medicine (APM), AP-HP, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Boulevard De L'hôpital, Sorbonne University, Paris, France
| | - Gabriele Siciliano
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Roberto Ceravolo
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Harald Hampel
- GRC N° 21, Alzheimer Precision Medicine (APM), AP-HP, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Boulevard De L'hôpital, Sorbonne University, Paris, France
| | - Filippo Baldacci
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.,GRC N° 21, Alzheimer Precision Medicine (APM), AP-HP, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Boulevard De L'hôpital, Sorbonne University, Paris, France
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10
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Frey KA, Bohnen NILJ. Molecular Imaging of Neurodegenerative Parkinsonism. PET Clin 2021; 16:261-272. [PMID: 33589385 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpet.2020.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Advances in molecular PET imaging of neurodegenerative parkinsonism are reviewed with focus on neuropharmacologic radiotracers depicting terminals of selectively vulnerable neurons in these conditions. Degeneration and losses of dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin, and acetylcholine imaging markers thus far do not differentiate among the parkinsonian conditions. Recent studies performed with [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose PET are limited by the need for automated image analysis tools and by lack of routine coverage for this imaging indication in the United States. Ongoing research engages use of novel molecular modeling and in silico methods for design of imaging ligands targeting these specific proteinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirk A Frey
- Department of Radiology (Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging), University of Michigan, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, Room B1-G505 UH, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5028, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, Room B1-G505 UH, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5028, USA.
| | - Nicolaas I L J Bohnen
- Department of Radiology (Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging), University of Michigan, 24 Frank Lloyd Wright Drive, Box 362, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, 24 Frank Lloyd Wright Drive, Box 362, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA; Ann Arbor Veterans Administration Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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11
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Abstract
This article presents an overview of imaging agents for PET that have been applied for research and diagnostic purposes in patients affected by dementia. Classified by the target which the agents visualize, seven groups of tracers can be distinguished, namely radiopharmaceuticals for: (1) Misfolded proteins (ß-amyloid, tau, α-synuclein), (2) Neuroinflammation (overexpression of translocator protein), (3) Elements of the cholinergic system, (4) Elements of monoamine neurotransmitter systems, (5) Synaptic density, (6) Cerebral energy metabolism (glucose transport/ hexokinase), and (7) Various other proteins. This last category contains proteins involved in mechanisms underlying neuroinflammation or cognitive impairment, which may also be potential therapeutic targets. Many receptors belong to this category: AMPA, cannabinoid, colony stimulating factor 1, metabotropic glutamate receptor 1 and 5 (mGluR1, mGluR5), opioid (kappa, mu), purinergic (P2X7, P2Y12), sigma-1, sigma-2, receptor for advanced glycation endproducts, and triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-1, besides several enzymes: cyclooxygenase-1 and 2 (COX-1, COX-2), phosphodiesterase-5 and 10 (PDE5, PDE10), and tropomyosin receptor kinase. Significant advances in neuroimaging have been made in the last 15 years. The use of 2-[18F]-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose (FDG) for quantification of regional cerebral glucose metabolism is well-established. Three tracers for ß-amyloid plaques have been approved by the Food and Drug Administration and European Medicines Agency. Several tracers for tau neurofibrillary tangles are already applied in clinical research. Since many novel agents are in the preclinical or experimental stage of development, further advances in nuclear medicine imaging can be expected in the near future. PET studies with established tracers and tracers for novel targets may result in early diagnosis and better classification of neurodegenerative disorders and in accurate monitoring of therapy trials which involve these targets. PET data have prognostic value and may be used to assess the response of the human brain to interventions, or to select the appropriate treatment strategy for an individual patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aren van Waarde
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Groningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Sofia Marcolini
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Neurology, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Peter Paul de Deyn
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Neurology, Groningen, the Netherlands; University of Antwerp, Born-Bunge Institute, Neurochemistry and Behavior, Campus Drie Eiken, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Rudi A J O Dierckx
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Groningen, the Netherlands; Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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12
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Zhou K, Yang F, Li Y, Chen Y, Zhang X, Zhang J, Wang J, Dai J, Cai L, Cui M. Synthesis and Evaluation of Fluorine-18 Labeled 2-Phenylquinoxaline Derivatives as Potential Tau Imaging Agents. Mol Pharm 2021; 18:1176-1195. [PMID: 33475377 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.0c01078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In this study, three pairs of optically pure 18F-labeled 2-phenylquinoxaline derivatives were evaluated as Tau imaging agents for the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The chiral 2-fluoromethyl-1,2-ethylenediol side chain was attached to the 2-phenylquinoxaline backbone to increase hydrophilicity, thereby improving the binding affinity of the probe to tangles and their selectivity toward Tau tangles over β-amyloid plaques (Aβ). These probes displayed excellent fluorescent properties and high selectivity for tangles on brain sections from transgenic mice (rTg4510) and AD patients. Quantitative binding assays with AD homogenates showed that the probes (R)-5 and (S)-16 have a high affinity (Ki = 4.1 and 10.3 nM, respectively) and high selectivity (30.5-fold and 34.6-fold, respectively) for tangles over Aβ. The high affinity and selectivity of (R)-[18F]5 and (S)-[18F]16 for tangles were further confirmed with autoradiography on AD brain tissue in vitro. In addition, they displayed sufficient blood-brain barrier penetration (7.06% and 10.95% ID/g, respectively) and suitable brain kinetics (brain2 min/brain60 min = 10.1, 6.5 respectively) in normal mice. Ex vivo metabolism studies and micro-positron emission computed tomography (PET) revealed high brain biostability, good brain kinetic properties, and low nonspecific binding for (S)-[18F]16. Together, these results demonstrate that (R)-[18F]5 and (S)-[18F]16 are promising PET probes for Tau tangles imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaixiang Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Fan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Yuying Li
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Yimin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Xiaojun Zhang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Jinming Zhang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Junfeng Wang
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Charlestown 02129, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Jiapei Dai
- Wuhan Institute for Neuroscience and Neuroengineering, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Lisheng Cai
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda 20892, Maryland, United States
| | - Mengchao Cui
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
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13
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Frey KA. Molecular Imaging of Extrapyramidal Movement Disorders With Dementia: The 4R Tauopathies. Semin Nucl Med 2021; 51:275-285. [PMID: 33431202 DOI: 10.1053/j.semnuclmed.2020.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Two pathologically distinct neurodegenerative conditions, progressive supranuclear palsy and corticobasal degeneration, share in common deposits of tau proteins that differ both molecularly and ultrastructurally from the common tau deposits diagnostic of Alzheimer disease. The proteinopathy in these disorders is characterized by fibrillary aggregates of 4R tau proteins. The clinical presentations of progressive supranuclear palsy and of corticobasal degeneration are often confused with more common disorders such as Parkinson disease or subtypes of frontotemporal lobar degeneration. Neither of these 4R tau disorders has effective therapy, and while there are emerging molecular imaging approaches to identify patients earlier in the course of disease, there are as yet no reliably sensitive and specific approaches to diagnoses in life. In this review, aspects of the clinical syndromes, neuropathology, and molecular biomarker imaging studies applicable to progressive supranuclear palsy and to corticobasal degeneration will be presented. Future development of more accurate molecular imaging approaches is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirk A Frey
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, The University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI.
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14
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Noe CR, Noe-Letschnig M, Handschuh P, Noe CA, Lanzenberger R. Dysfunction of the Blood-Brain Barrier-A Key Step in Neurodegeneration and Dementia. Front Aging Neurosci 2020; 12:185. [PMID: 32848697 PMCID: PMC7396716 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2020.00185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The vascular endothelium in the brain is an essential part of the blood-brain-barrier (BBB) because of its very tight structure to secure a functional and molecular separation of the brain from the rest of the body and to protect neurons from pathogens and toxins. Impaired transport of metabolites across the BBB due to its increasing dysfunction affects brain health and cognitive functioning, thus providing a starting point of neurodegenerative diseases. The term “cerebral metabolic syndrome” is proposed to highlight the importance of lifestyle factors in neurodegeneration and to describe the impact of increasing BBB dysfunction on neurodegeneration and dementia, especially in elderly patients. If untreated, the cerebral metabolic syndrome may evolve into dementia. Due to the high energy demand of the brain, impaired glucose transport across the BBB via glucose transporters as GLUT1 renders the brain increasingly susceptible to neurodegeneration. Apoptotic processes are further supported by the lack of essential metabolites of the phosphocholine synthesis. In Alzheimer’s disease (AD), inflammatory and infectious processes at the BBB increase the dysfunction and might be pace-making events. At this point, the potentially highly relevant role of the thrombocytic amyloid precursor protein (APP) in endothelial inflammation of the BBB is discussed. Chronic inflammatory processes of the BBB transmitted to an increasing number of brain areas might cause a lasting build-up of spreading, pore-forming β-amyloid fragments explaining the dramatic progression of the disease. In the view of the essential requirement of an early diagnosis to investigate and implement causal therapeutic strategies against dementia, brain imaging methods are of great importance. Therefore, status and opportunities in the field of diagnostic imaging of the living human brain will be portrayed, comprising diverse techniques such as positron emissions tomography (PET) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to uncover the patterns of atrophy, protein deposits, hypometabolism, and molecular as well as functional alterations in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian R Noe
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Patricia Handschuh
- Neuroimaging Lab (NIL), Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Chiara Anna Noe
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Clinic St. Poelten, St. Poelten, Austria
| | - Rupert Lanzenberger
- Neuroimaging Lab (NIL), Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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15
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A critical review of radiotracers in the positron emission tomography imaging of traumatic brain injury: FDG, tau, and amyloid imaging in mild traumatic brain injury and chronic traumatic encephalopathy. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2020; 48:623-641. [DOI: 10.1007/s00259-020-04926-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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16
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Uzuegbunam BC, Librizzi D, Hooshyar Yousefi B. PET Radiopharmaceuticals for Alzheimer's Disease and Parkinson's Disease Diagnosis, the Current and Future Landscape. Molecules 2020; 25:E977. [PMID: 32098280 PMCID: PMC7070523 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25040977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ironically, population aging which is considered a public health success has been accompanied by a myriad of new health challenges, which include neurodegenerative disorders (NDDs), the incidence of which increases proportionally to age. Among them, Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD) are the most common, with the misfolding and the aggregation of proteins being common and causal in the pathogenesis of both diseases. AD is characterized by the presence of hyperphosphorylated τ protein (tau), which is the main component of neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs), and senile plaques the main component of which is β-amyloid peptide aggregates (Aβ). The neuropathological hallmark of PD is α-synuclein aggregates (α-syn), which are present as insoluble fibrils, the primary structural component of Lewy body (LB) and neurites (LN). An increasing number of non-invasive PET examinations have been used for AD, to monitor the pathological progress (hallmarks) of disease. Notwithstanding, still the need for the development of novel detection tools for other proteinopathies still remains. This review, although not exhaustively, looks at the timeline of the development of existing tracers used in the imaging of Aβ and important moments that led to the development of these tracers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Damiano Librizzi
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Philipps-University of Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany;
| | - Behrooz Hooshyar Yousefi
- Nuclear Medicine Department, and Neuroimaging Center, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany;
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Philipps-University of Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany;
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17
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Gyasi YI, Pang YP, Li XR, Gu JX, Cheng XJ, Liu J, Xu T, Liu Y. Biological applications of near infrared fluorescence dye probes in monitoring Alzheimer’s disease. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 187:111982. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.111982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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18
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Ermert J, Benešová M, Hugenberg V, Gupta V, Spahn I, Pietzsch HJ, Liolios C, Kopka K. Radiopharmaceutical Sciences. Clin Nucl Med 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-39457-8_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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19
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Gobbi L, Mercier J, Bang-Andersen B, Nicolas JM, Reilly J, Wagner B, Whitehead D, Briard E, Maguire RP, Borroni E, Auberson YP. A Comparative Study of in vitro Assays for Predicting the Nonspecific Binding of PET Imaging Agents in vivo. ChemMedChem 2019; 15:585-592. [PMID: 31797561 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201900608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Nonspecific binding (NSB) is a key parameter in optimizing PET imaging tracers. We compared the ability to predict NSB of three available methods: LIMBA, rat fu,brain , and CHI(IAM). Even though NSB is often associated with lipophilicity, we observed that logD does not correlate with any of these assays, clearly indicating that lipophilicity, while influencing NSB, is insufficient to predict it. A cross-comparison of the methods showed that all three correlate and are useful predictors of NSB. The three assays, however, rank the molecules slightly differently, illustrating the challenge of comparing molecules within a narrow chemical space. We also noted that CHI(IAM) values more effectively predict VNS , a measure of in vivo NSB in the human brain. CHI(IAM) measurements might be a closer model of the actual physicochemical interaction between PET tracer candidates and cell membranes, and seems to be the method of choice for the optimization of in vivo NSB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Gobbi
- Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., 4070, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Joël Mercier
- UCB Early Solutions, UCB Biopharma sprl, 1420, Braine-l'Alleud, Belgium
| | - Benny Bang-Andersen
- Molecular Discovery and Innovation, H. Lundbeck A/S, 9 Ottiliavej, 2500, Valby, Denmark
| | | | - John Reilly
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Fabrikstrasse 2, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Björn Wagner
- Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., 4070, Basel, Switzerland
| | - David Whitehead
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Fabrikstrasse 2, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Emmanuelle Briard
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Fabrikstrasse 2, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - R Paul Maguire
- UCB Early Solutions, UCB Biopharma sprl, 1420, Braine-l'Alleud, Belgium
| | - Edilio Borroni
- Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., 4070, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Yves P Auberson
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Fabrikstrasse 2, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
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20
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Huang YY, Chiu MJ, Yen RF, Tsai CL, Hsieh HY, Chiu CH, Wu CH, Hsin LW, Tzen KY, Cheng CY, Ma KH, Shiue CY. An one-pot two-step automated synthesis of [18F]T807 injection, its biodistribution in mice and monkeys, and a preliminary study in humans. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0217384. [PMID: 31260447 PMCID: PMC6602418 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0217384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
[18F]T807 is a potent tau protein imaging agent. In order to fulfill the demand from preclinical and clinical studies, we developed an automated one-pot two-step synthesis of this potent tau imaging agent and studied its stability, and dosimetry in mice and monkeys. We also conducted a preliminary study of this imaging agent in humans. Using this one-pot two-step method, the radiochemical yield (RCY) of [18F]T807 was 20.5 ± 6.1% (n = 15) at the end of bombardment (EOB) in a synthesis time of 70±5 min. The chemical and radiochemical purities were >90% and the specific activities were 151 ± 52 GBq/μmol. The quality of [18F]T807 synthesized by this method met the U.S. Pharmacopoeia (USP) criteria. The stability test showed that the [18F]T807 injection was stable at room temperature for up to 4 h after the end of synthesis (EOS). The estimated effective dose of the [18F]T807 injection extrapolated from monkeys was 19 μSv/MBq (n = 2), while the estimated effective doses of the [18F]T807 injection extrapolated from fasted and non-fasted mice were 123 ± 27 (n = 3) and 94 ± 19 (n = 4) μSv/MBq, respectively. This one-pot two-step automated method produced the [18F]T807 injection with high reproducibility and high quality. PET imaging and radiation dosimetry evaluation in mice and Formosan rock monkeys suggested that the [18F]T807 injection synthesized by this method is suitable for use in human PET imaging studies. Thus, this method could fulfill the demand for the [18F]T807 injection in both preclinical and clinical studies of tauopathies, especially for nearby study sites without cyclotrons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Yao Huang
- PET Center, Department of Nuclear Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Jang Chiu
- Molecular Imaging Center, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Departments of Neurology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Brain and Mind Sciences, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Zhongzheng Dist., Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Psychology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Bio-informatics, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ruoh-Fang Yen
- PET Center, Department of Nuclear Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Molecular Imaging Center, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Radiology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Ling Tsai
- PET Center, Department of Nuclear Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hao-Yu Hsieh
- School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Zhongzheng Dist., Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Hung Chiu
- PET Center, Department of Nuclear Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Han Wu
- Molecular Imaging Center, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ling-Wei Hsin
- Molecular Imaging Center, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Zhongzheng Dist., Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kai-Yuan Tzen
- PET Center, Department of Nuclear Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Molecular Imaging Center, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Yi Cheng
- PET Center, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, Neihu, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Hsing Ma
- Department of Biology and Anatomy, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chyng-Yann Shiue
- PET Center, Department of Nuclear Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Molecular Imaging Center, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- PET Center, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, Neihu, Taipei, Taiwan
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21
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De P, Bhattacharyya D, Roy K. Application of multilayered strategy for variable selection in QSAR modeling of PET and SPECT imaging agents as diagnostic agents for Alzheimer’s disease. Struct Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11224-019-01376-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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22
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Abstract
Purpose of Review Abnormal accumulation of tau protein is the main hallmark of tauopathies and is closely associated with neurodegeneration and cognitive impairment, whereas the advance in PET imaging provides a non-invasive detection of tau inclusions in the brain. In this review, we discuss the potential of PET imaging as a biomarker in tauopathies, the latest development of novel tau tracers with new clinical information that has been disclosed, and the opportunities for improving diagnosis and designing clinical trials in the future. Recent Findings In recent years, several first-generation tau PET tracers including [11C]PBB3, [18F]THK-5117, [18F]THK-5351 and [18F]AV-1451 have been developed and succeeded in imaging neurofibrillary pathology in vivo. Due to the common off-target binding and subcortical white matter uptake seen in the first-generation tracers, several research institutes and pharmaceutical companies have been working on developing second-generation tau PET tracers which exhibit higher binding affinity and selectivity. Summary Tau PET imaging is promising to serve as a biomarker to support differential diagnosis and monitor disease progression in many neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Ting Wang
- Neurology Imaging Unit, Division of Brain Sciences, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, 1st Floor B Block, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Paul Edison
- Neurology Imaging Unit, Division of Brain Sciences, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, 1st Floor B Block, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK. .,Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK.
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23
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Lois C, Gonzalez I, Johnson KA, Price JC. PET imaging of tau protein targets: a methodology perspective. Brain Imaging Behav 2019; 13:333-344. [PMID: 29497982 PMCID: PMC6119534 DOI: 10.1007/s11682-018-9847-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The two neuropathological hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease (AD) are amyloid-[Formula: see text] plaques and neurofibrillary tangles of tau protein. Fifteen years ago, Positron Emission Tomography (PET) with Pittsburgh Compound B (11C-PiB) enabled selective in-vivo visualization of amyloid-[Formula: see text] plaque deposits and has since provided valuable information about the role of amyloid-[Formula: see text] deposition in AD. The progression of tau deposition has been shown to be highly associated with neuronal loss, neurodegeneration, and cognitive decline. Until recently it was not possible to visualize tau deposition in-vivo, but several tau PET tracers are now available in different stages of clinical development. To date, no tau tracer has been approved by the Food and Drug Administration for use in the evaluation of AD or other tauopathies, despite very active research efforts. In this paper we review the recent developments in tau PET imaging with a focus on in-vivo findings in AD and discuss the challenges associated with tau tracer development, the status of development and validation of different tau tracers, and the clinical information these provide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Lois
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital / Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Ivan Gonzalez
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Research, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital / Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Keith A Johnson
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital / Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Julie C Price
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Research, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital / Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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24
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A Closer Look into the Role of Protein Tau in the Identification of Promising Therapeutic Targets for Alzheimer's Disease. Brain Sci 2018; 8:brainsci8090162. [PMID: 30149687 PMCID: PMC6162660 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci8090162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2018] [Revised: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the most commonly known chronic neurodegenerative disorders, Alzheimer's disease (AD), manifests the common type of dementia in 60⁻80% of cases. From a clinical standpoint, a patent cognitive decline and a severe change in personality, as caused by a loss of neurons, is usually evident in AD with about 50 million people affected in 2016. The disease progression in patients is distinguished by a gradual plummet in cognitive functions, eliciting symptoms such as memory loss, and eventually requiring full-time medical care. From a histopathological standpoint, the defining characteristics are intracellular aggregations of hyper-phosphorylated tau protein, known as neurofibrillary tangles (NFT), and depositions of amyloid β-peptides (Aβ) in the brain. The abnormal phosphorylation of tau protein is attributed to a wide gamut of neurological disorders known as tauopathies. In addition to the hyperphosphorylated tau lesions, neuroinflammatory processes could occur in a sustained manner through astro-glial activation, resulting in the disease progression. Recent findings have suggested a strong interplay between the mechanism of Tau phosphorylation, disruption of microtubules, and synaptic loss and pathology of AD. The mechanisms underlying these interactions along with their respective consequences in Tau pathology are still ill-defined. Thus, in this review: (1) we highlight the interplays existing between Tau pathology and AD; and (2) take a closer look into its role while identifying some promising therapeutic advances including state of the art imaging techniques.
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25
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Harada R, Okamura N, Furumoto S, Yanai K. Imaging Protein Misfolding in the Brain Using β-Sheet Ligands. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:585. [PMID: 30186106 PMCID: PMC6110819 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases characterized by pathological protein accumulation in cells are termed “proteinopathies.” Although various protein aggregates share cross-β-sheet structures, actual conformations vary among each type of protein deposit. Recent progress in the development of radiotracers for positron emission tomography (PET) has enabled the visualization of protein aggregates in living brains. Amyloid PET tracers have been developed, and are widely used for the diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease and non-invasive assessment of amyloid burden in clinical trials of anti-dementia drugs. Furthermore, several tau PET tracers have been successfully developed and used in the clinical studies. However, recent studies have identified the presence of off-target binding of radiotracers in areas of tau deposition, suggesting that concomitant neuroinflammatory changes might affect tracer binding. In contrast to amyloid and tau PET, there are no established tracers for imaging Lewy bodies in the human brain. In this review, we describe lessons learned from the development of PET tracers and discuss the future direction of tracer development for protein misfolding diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryuichi Harada
- Department of Pharmacology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Okamura
- Division of Pharmacology, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Shozo Furumoto
- Cyclotron and Radioisotope Center, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Yanai
- Department of Pharmacology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.,Cyclotron and Radioisotope Center, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
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26
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Rafique W, Kramer V, Pardo T, Smits R, Spilhaug MM, Hoepping A, Savio E, Engler H, Kuljs R, Amaral H, Riss PJ. Image-Guided Development of Heterocyclic Sulfoxides as Ligands for Tau Neurofibrillary Tangles: From First-in-Man to Second-Generation Ligands. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:7567-7579. [PMID: 30087917 PMCID: PMC6068598 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b00975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Positron emission tomography (PET) imaging of misfolded protein aggregates that form in neurodegenerative processes of the brain is key to providing a robust marker for improved diagnosis and evaluation of treatments. We report the development of advanced radiotracer candidates based on the sulfoxide scaffold found in proton pump inhibitors (lansoprazole, prevacid) with inherent affinity to neurofibrillary tangles in Alzheimer's disease and related disorders (e.g., dementia with Lewy bodies and the frontotemporal degeneration syndrome). First-in-man results obtained with [18F]lansoprazole and N-methyl-[18F]lansoprazole were used to guide the design of a set of 24 novel molecules with suitable properties for neuroimaging with PET. Compounds were synthesized and characterized pharmacologically, and the binding affinity of the compounds to synthetic human tau-441 fibrils was determined. Selectivity of binding was assessed using α-synuclein and β-amyloid fibrils to address the key misfolded proteins of relevance in dementia. To complete the pharmacokinetic profiling in vitro, plasma protein binding and lipophilicity were investigated. Highly potent and selective new radiotracer candidates were identified for further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waqas Rafique
- Realomics
SRI, Kjemisk Institutt, Universitetet i
Oslo, Sem Sælands
vei 26, Kjemibygningen, 0371 Oslo, Norway
| | - Vasko Kramer
- Positronpharma
SA, Rancagua 878, 7500921 Providencia, Santiago, Chile
- Center
of Nuclear Medicine Positronmed, Julio Prado 714, 7501068 Providencia, Santiago, Chile
| | - Tania Pardo
- Departamento
de Montevideo, Uruguayan Centre of Molecular
Imaging (CUDIM), Av.
Dr. Américo Ricaldoni 2010, 11600 Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - René Smits
- Advanced
Biochemical Compounds GmbH, Heinrich-Glaeser-Strasse 10-14, D-01454 Radeberg, Germany
| | - Mona M. Spilhaug
- Realomics
SRI, Kjemisk Institutt, Universitetet i
Oslo, Sem Sælands
vei 26, Kjemibygningen, 0371 Oslo, Norway
| | - Alexander Hoepping
- Advanced
Biochemical Compounds GmbH, Heinrich-Glaeser-Strasse 10-14, D-01454 Radeberg, Germany
| | - Eduardo Savio
- Departamento
de Montevideo, Uruguayan Centre of Molecular
Imaging (CUDIM), Av.
Dr. Américo Ricaldoni 2010, 11600 Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Henry Engler
- Departamento
de Montevideo, Uruguayan Centre of Molecular
Imaging (CUDIM), Av.
Dr. Américo Ricaldoni 2010, 11600 Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Rodrigo Kuljs
- Zdrav
Mozak Clinical Neuroscience Center, Julio Prado 714, 7501068 Providencia, Santiago, Chile
| | - Horacio Amaral
- Positronpharma
SA, Rancagua 878, 7500921 Providencia, Santiago, Chile
- Center
of Nuclear Medicine Positronmed, Julio Prado 714, 7501068 Providencia, Santiago, Chile
| | - Patrick J. Riss
- Realomics
SRI, Kjemisk Institutt, Universitetet i
Oslo, Sem Sælands
vei 26, Kjemibygningen, 0371 Oslo, Norway
- Klinik
for Kirurgi og Nevrofag, Oslo Universitets
Sykehus HF—Rikshospitalet, Postboks
4950 Nydalen, 0424 Oslo, Norway
- Norsk
Medisinsk Syklotronsenter AS, Gaustad,
Postboks 4950 Nydalen, 0424 Oslo, Norway
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27
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Okamura N, Harada R, Ishiki A, Kikuchi A, Nakamura T, Kudo Y. The development and validation of tau PET tracers: current status and future directions. Clin Transl Imaging 2018; 6:305-316. [PMID: 30148121 PMCID: PMC6096533 DOI: 10.1007/s40336-018-0290-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Purpose To provide an overview on positron emission tomography (PET) imaging of tau pathology in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and other neurodegenerative disorders. Results Different classes of tau tracers such as flortaucipir, THK5317, and PBB3 have been developed and utilized in previous clinical studies. In AD, the topographical distribution of tracer binding follows the known distribution of neurofibrillary tangles and is closely associated with neurodegeneration as well as the clinical phenotype of dementia. Significant retention of tracers has also been observed in the frequent site of the 4-repeat (4R) tau isoform deposits in non-AD tauopathies, such as in progressive supranuclear palsy. However, in vitro binding studies indicate that most tau tracers are less sensitive to straight tau filaments, in contrast to their high binding affinity to paired helical filaments of tau (PHF-tau). The first-generation of tau tracers shows off-target binding in the basal ganglia, midbrain, thalamus, choroid plexus, and venous sinus. Off-target binding of THK5351 to monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B) has been observed in disease-associated brain regions linked to neurodegeneration and is associated with astrogliosis in areas of misfolded protein accumulation. The second generation of tau tracers, such as [18F]MK-6240, is highly selective to PHF-tau with little off-target binding and have enabled the reliable assessment of PHF-tau burden in aging and AD. Conclusions Tau PET tracers have enabled in vivo quantification of PHF-tau burden in human brains. Tau PET can help in understanding the underlying cause of dementia symptoms, and in patient selection for clinical trials of anti-dementia therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuyuki Okamura
- 1Division of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Japan.,3Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Ryuichi Harada
- 2Department of Pharmacology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Aiko Ishiki
- 3Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Akio Kikuchi
- 4Department of Neurology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Tadaho Nakamura
- 1Division of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yukitsuka Kudo
- 3Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
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28
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Park KS, Kim MK, Seo Y, Ha T, Yoo K, Hyeon SJ, Hwang YJ, Lee J, Ryu H, Choo H, Chong Y. A Difluoroboron β-Diketonate Probe Shows "Turn-on" Near-Infrared Fluorescence Specific for Tau Fibrils. ACS Chem Neurosci 2017; 8:2124-2131. [PMID: 28737890 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.7b00224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Tau aggregation in neuronal cells has recently received significant attention as a robust predictor of the progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD) because of its proven correlation with the degree of cognitive impairment in AD patients. Accordingly, noninvasive imaging of tau aggregates has been highlighted as a promising diagnostic tool for AD. We have previously identified a tau-specific "turn-on" near-infrared fluorescent (NIRF) probe (1), and, in this study, structural modification was performed to optimize its physicochemical as well as fluorescence properties. Thus, a series of fluorescent dyes (2a-2j) composed of a variously substituted difluoroboron β-diketonate and an N,N-dimethylaniline moiety linked by a length-extendable π-bridge were prepared. Among those, isobutyl-substituted difluoroboron β-ketonate with a π-conjugated 1,4-butadienyl linker (2e) showed the most promising properties as a tau-specific NIRF probe. Compared with 1, the "turn-on" fluorescence of 2e was more specific to tau fibrils, and it showed 8.8- and 6.2-times higher tau-over-Aβ and tau-over-BSA specificity, respectively. Also, the fluorescence intensity of 2e upon binding to tau fibrils was substantially higher (∼2.9 times) than that observed from 1. The mechanism for tau-specificity of 2e was investigated, which suggested that the molecular rotor-like property of 2e enables specific recognition of the microenvironment of tau aggregates to emit strong fluorescence. In transgenic cell lines stably expressing GFP-tagged tau proteins, 2e showed good colocalization with tau-GFP. Moreover, the fluorescence from 2e exhibited almost complete overlap with p-Tau antibody staining in the human AD brain tissue section. Collectively, these observations demonstrate the potential of 2e as a tau-specific fluorescent dye in both in vitro and ex vivo settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwang-su Park
- Department
of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Bio/Molecular Informatics Center, Konkuk University, Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu,
Seoul 143-701, Korea
| | - Mi Kyoung Kim
- Department
of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Bio/Molecular Informatics Center, Konkuk University, Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu,
Seoul 143-701, Korea
| | - Yujin Seo
- Department
of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Bio/Molecular Informatics Center, Konkuk University, Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu,
Seoul 143-701, Korea
| | - Taewoong Ha
- Department
of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Bio/Molecular Informatics Center, Konkuk University, Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu,
Seoul 143-701, Korea
| | - Kyeongha Yoo
- Department
of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Bio/Molecular Informatics Center, Konkuk University, Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu,
Seoul 143-701, Korea
| | - Seung Jae Hyeon
- Center
for Neuro-Medicine, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, 39-1
Hawolgok-dong, Seoungbuk-gu, Seoul 136-791, Korea
| | - Yu Jin Hwang
- Center
for Neuro-Medicine, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, 39-1
Hawolgok-dong, Seoungbuk-gu, Seoul 136-791, Korea
| | - Junghee Lee
- Veteran’s Affairs Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts 02130, United States
- Boston
University Alzheimer’s Disease Center and Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, United States
| | - Hoon Ryu
- Center
for Neuro-Medicine, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, 39-1
Hawolgok-dong, Seoungbuk-gu, Seoul 136-791, Korea
- Veteran’s Affairs Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts 02130, United States
- Boston
University Alzheimer’s Disease Center and Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, United States
| | - Hyunah Choo
- Center
for Neuro-Medicine, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, 39-1
Hawolgok-dong, Seoungbuk-gu, Seoul 136-791, Korea
- Department
of Biological Chemistry, Korea University of Science and Technology, Youseong-gu, Daejeon 305-350, Korea
| | - Youhoon Chong
- Department
of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Bio/Molecular Informatics Center, Konkuk University, Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu,
Seoul 143-701, Korea
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29
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Moran C, Beare R, Phan T, Starkstein S, Bruce D, Romina M, Srikanth V. Neuroimaging and its Relevance to Understanding Pathways Linking Diabetes and Cognitive Dysfunction. J Alzheimers Dis 2017; 59:405-419. [DOI: 10.3233/jad-161166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chris Moran
- Department of Medicine, Peninsula Health, Peninsula Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Aged Care Services, Caulfield Hospital, Alfred Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Stroke and Ageing Research Group, Vascular Brain Ageing Division, Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Neurosciences, Monash Medical Centre, Monash Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Richard Beare
- Department of Medicine, Peninsula Health, Peninsula Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Stroke and Ageing Research Group, Vascular Brain Ageing Division, Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Neurosciences, Monash Medical Centre, Monash Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Thanh Phan
- Stroke and Ageing Research Group, Vascular Brain Ageing Division, Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Neurosciences, Monash Medical Centre, Monash Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Sergio Starkstein
- Fremantle Hospital, WA, Australia
- University of Western Australia, WA, Australia
| | - David Bruce
- Fremantle Hospital, WA, Australia
- University of Western Australia, WA, Australia
| | - Mizrahi Romina
- Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Velandai Srikanth
- Department of Medicine, Peninsula Health, Peninsula Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Stroke and Ageing Research Group, Vascular Brain Ageing Division, Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Neurosciences, Monash Medical Centre, Monash Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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30
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Vāvere AL, Scott PJH. Clinical Applications of Small-molecule PET Radiotracers: Current Progress and Future Outlook. Semin Nucl Med 2017; 47:429-453. [PMID: 28826519 DOI: 10.1053/j.semnuclmed.2017.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Radiotracers, or radiopharmaceuticals, are bioactive molecules tagged with a radionuclide used for diagnostic imaging or radiotherapy and, when a positron-emitting radionuclide is chosen, the radiotracers are used for PET imaging. The development of novel PET radiotracers in many ways parallels the development of new pharmaceuticals, and small molecules dominate research and development pipelines in both disciplines. The 4 decades since the introduction of [18F]FDG have seen the development of many small molecule PET radiotracers. Ten have been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration as of 2016, whereas hundreds more are being evaluated clinically. These radiotracers are being used in personalized medicine and to support drug discovery programs where they are greatly improving our understanding of and ability to treat diseases across many areas of medicine including neuroscience, cardiovascular medicine, and oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy L Vāvere
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | - Peter J H Scott
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI.
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Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a chronic neurodegenerative disorder and the most common cause of dementia among the elderly population. The good correlation between the density and neocortical spread of neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) and the severity of cognitive impairment offers an opportunity to use a noninvasive imaging technique such as positron emission tomography (PET) for early diagnosis and staging of the disease. PET imaging of NFTs holds promise not only as a diagnostic tool but also because it may enable the development of disease-modifying therapeutics for AD. In this review, we focus on the structural diversity of tau PET tracers, the challenges related to identifying high-affinity and highly selective NFT ligands, and recent progress in the clinical development of tau PET radioligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hartmuth C Kolb
- Janssen Research and Development, Neuroscience Biomarkers, San Diego, California 92121
| | - José Ignacio Andrés
- Janssen Research and Development, Discovery Sciences, Janssen-Cilag S.A., 45007 Toledo, Spain
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32
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Collier TL, Yokell DL, Livni E, Rice PA, Celen S, Serdons K, Neelamegam R, Bormans G, Harris D, Walji A, Hostetler ED, Bennacef I, Vasdev N. cGMP production of the radiopharmaceutical [ 18 F]MK-6240 for PET imaging of human neurofibrillary tangles. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2017; 60:263-269. [PMID: 28185305 DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.3496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Revised: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Fluorine-18-labelled 6-(fluoro)-3-(1H-pyrrolo[2,3-c]pyridin-1-yl)isoquinolin-5-amine ([18 F]MK-6240) is a novel potent and selective positron emission tomography (PET) radiopharmaceutical for detecting human neurofibrillary tangles, which are made up of aggregated tau protein. Herein, we report the fully automated 2-step radiosynthesis of [18 F]MK-6240 using a commercially available radiosynthesis module, GE Healthcare TRACERlab FXFN . Nucleophilic fluorination of the 5-diBoc-6-nitro precursor with potassium cryptand [18 F]fluoride (K[18 F]/K222 ) was performed by conventional heating, followed by acid deprotection and semipreparative high-performance liquid chromatography under isocratic conditions. The isolated product was diluted with formulation solution and sterile filtered under Current Good Manufacturing Practices, and quality control procedures were established to validate this radiopharmaceutical for human use. At the end of synthesis, 6.3 to 9.3 GBq (170-250 mCi) of [18 F]MK-6240 was formulated and ready for injection, in an uncorrected radiochemical yield of 7.5% ± 1.9% (relative to starting [18 F]fluoride) with a specific activity of 222 ± 67 GBq/μmol (6.0 ± 1.8 Ci/μmol) at the end of synthesis (90 minutes; n = 3). [18 F]MK-6240 was successfully validated for human PET studies meeting all Food and Drug Administration and United States Pharmacopeia requirements for a PET radiopharmaceutical. The present method can be easily adopted for use with other radiofluorination modules for widespread clinical research use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Lee Collier
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Advion Inc., Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Daniel L Yokell
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Eli Livni
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Peter A Rice
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sofie Celen
- Laboratory for Radiopharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Campus Gasthuisberg O&N 2, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kim Serdons
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, UZ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ramesh Neelamegam
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Guy Bormans
- Laboratory for Radiopharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Campus Gasthuisberg O&N 2, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dawn Harris
- Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., West Point, PA, USA
| | - Abbas Walji
- Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., West Point, PA, USA
| | | | - Idriss Bennacef
- Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., West Point, PA, USA
| | - Neil Vasdev
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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33
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Declercq L, Rombouts F, Koole M, Fierens K, Mariën J, Langlois X, Andrés JI, Schmidt M, Macdonald G, Moechars D, Vanduffel W, Tousseyn T, Vandenberghe R, Van Laere K, Verbruggen A, Bormans G. Preclinical Evaluation of 18F-JNJ64349311, a Novel PET Tracer for Tau Imaging. J Nucl Med 2017; 58:975-981. [PMID: 28232614 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.116.185199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we have synthesized and evaluated 18F-JNJ64349311, a tracer with high affinity for aggregated tau (inhibition constant value, 8 nM) and high (≥500×) in vitro selectivity for tau over β-amyloid, in comparison with the benchmark compound 18F-AV1451 (18F-T807) in mice, rats, and a rhesus monkey. Methods: In vitro binding characteristics were determined for Alzheimer's disease, progressive supranuclear palsy, and corticobasal degeneration patient brain tissue slices using autoradiography studies. Ex vivo biodistribution studies were performed in mice. Radiometabolites were quantified in the brain and plasma of mice and in the plasma of a rhesus monkey using high-performance liquid chromatography. Dynamic small-animal PET studies were performed in rats and a rhesus monkey to evaluate tracer pharmacokinetics in the brain. Results: Mouse biodistribution studies showed moderate initial brain uptake and rapid brain washout. Radiometabolite analyses after injection of 18F-JNJ64349311 in mice showed the presence of a polar radiometabolite in plasma, but not in the brain. Semiquantitative autoradiography studies on postmortem tissue sections of human Alzheimer's disease brains showed highly displaceable binding to tau-rich regions. No specific binding was, however, found on human progressive supranuclear palsy and corticobasal degeneration brain slices. Small-animal PET scans of Wistar rats revealed moderate initial brain uptake (SUV, ∼1.5 at 1 min after injection) and rapid brain washout. Gradual bone uptake was, however, also observed. Blocking and displacement did not affect brain time-activity curves, suggesting no off-target specific binding of the tracer in the healthy rat brain. A small-animal PET scan of a rhesus monkey revealed moderate initial brain uptake (SUV, 1.9 at 1 min after injection) with a rapid washout. In the monkey, no bone uptake was detected during the 120-min scan. Conclusion: This biologic evaluation suggests that 18F-JNJ64349311 is a promising tau PET tracer candidate, with a favorable pharmacokinetic profile, as compared with 18F-AV1451.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lieven Declercq
- Laboratory for Radiopharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Frederik Rombouts
- Neuroscience Discovery, Janssen Research and Development, a division of Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Michel Koole
- Nuclear Medicine & Molecular Imaging, Department of Imaging and Pathology, KU Leuven and University Hospital Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Katleen Fierens
- Discovery Sciences, Janssen Research and Development, a division of Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Jonas Mariën
- Neuroscience Discovery, Janssen Research and Development, a division of Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Xavier Langlois
- Neuroscience Discovery, Janssen Research and Development, a division of Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Beerse, Belgium
| | - José Ignacio Andrés
- Discovery Sciences, Janssen Research and Development, a division of Janssen-Cilag NV, Toledo, Spain
| | - Mark Schmidt
- Janssen Early Development, a division of Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Gregor Macdonald
- Neuroscience Discovery, Janssen Research and Development, a division of Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Diederik Moechars
- Neuroscience Discovery, Janssen Research and Development, a division of Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Wim Vanduffel
- Laboratory for Neuro- and Psychophysiology, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Thomas Tousseyn
- Translational Cell & Tissue Research, Department of Imaging & Pathology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; and
| | - Rik Vandenberghe
- Laboratory for Cognitive Neurology, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Koen Van Laere
- Nuclear Medicine & Molecular Imaging, Department of Imaging and Pathology, KU Leuven and University Hospital Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Alfons Verbruggen
- Laboratory for Radiopharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Guy Bormans
- Laboratory for Radiopharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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34
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Rombouts FJR, Andrés JI, Ariza M, Alonso JM, Austin N, Bottelbergs A, Chen L, Chupakhin V, Cleiren E, Fierens K, Fontana A, Langlois X, Leenaerts JE, Mariën J, Martínez Lamenca C, Salter R, Schmidt ME, Te Riele P, Wintmolders C, Trabanco AA, Zhang W, Macdonald G, Moechars D. Discovery of N-(Pyridin-4-yl)-1,5-naphthyridin-2-amines as Potential Tau Pathology PET Tracers for Alzheimer's Disease. J Med Chem 2017; 60:1272-1291. [PMID: 28106992 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b01173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A mini-HTS on 4000 compounds selected using 2D fragment-based similarity and 3D pharmacophoric and shape similarity to known selective tau aggregate binders identified N-(6-methylpyridin-2-yl)quinolin-2-amine 10 as a novel potent binder to human AD aggregated tau with modest selectivity versus aggregated β-amyloid (Aβ). Initial medicinal chemistry efforts identified key elements for potency and selectivity, as well as suitable positions for radiofluorination, leading to a first generation of fluoroalkyl-substituted quinoline tau binding ligands with suboptimal physicochemical properties. Further optimization toward a more optimal pharmacokinetic profile led to the discovery of 1,5-naphthyridine 75, a potent and selective tau aggregate binder with potential as a tau PET tracer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederik J R Rombouts
- Neuroscience Medicinal Chemistry, Janssen Research & Development, Janssen Pharmaceutica N. V. , Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - José-Ignacio Andrés
- Discovery Sciences, Janssen Research & Development, Janssen-Cilag S. A. , C/Jarama 75A, 45007 Toledo, Spain
| | - Manuela Ariza
- Neuroscience Medicinal Chemistry, Janssen Research & Development, Janssen Pharmaceutica N. V. , Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - José Manuel Alonso
- Discovery Sciences, Janssen Research & Development, Janssen-Cilag S. A. , C/Jarama 75A, 45007 Toledo, Spain
| | - Nigel Austin
- Discovery Sciences, Janssen Research & Development, Janssen Pharmaceutica N. V. , Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Astrid Bottelbergs
- Discovery Sciences, Janssen Research & Development, Janssen-Cilag S. A. , C/Jarama 75A, 45007 Toledo, Spain
| | - Lu Chen
- Isotope Chemistry and Biotransformation, Janssen Research & Development , Welsh & McKean Roads, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477, United States
| | - Vladimir Chupakhin
- Discovery Sciences, Janssen Research & Development, Janssen Pharmaceutica N. V. , Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Erna Cleiren
- Discovery Sciences, Janssen Research & Development, Janssen Pharmaceutica N. V. , Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Katleen Fierens
- Discovery Sciences, Janssen Research & Development, Janssen Pharmaceutica N. V. , Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Alberto Fontana
- Discovery Sciences, Janssen Research & Development, Janssen-Cilag S. A. , C/Jarama 75A, 45007 Toledo, Spain
| | - Xavier Langlois
- Neuroscience Biology, Janssen Research & Development, Janssen Pharmaceutica N. V. , Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Joseph E Leenaerts
- Neuroscience Medicinal Chemistry, Janssen Research & Development, Janssen Pharmaceutica N. V. , Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Jonas Mariën
- Neuroscience Biology, Janssen Research & Development, Janssen Pharmaceutica N. V. , Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Carolina Martínez Lamenca
- Neuroscience Medicinal Chemistry, Janssen Research & Development, Janssen Pharmaceutica N. V. , Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Rhys Salter
- Isotope Chemistry and Biotransformation, Janssen Research & Development , Welsh & McKean Roads, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477, United States
| | - Mark E Schmidt
- Neuroscience Experimental Medicine, Janssen Early Development, Janssen Pharmaceutica N. V. , Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Paula Te Riele
- Neuroscience Biology, Janssen Research & Development, Janssen Pharmaceutica N. V. , Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Cindy Wintmolders
- Neuroscience Biology, Janssen Research & Development, Janssen Pharmaceutica N. V. , Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Andrés A Trabanco
- Neuroscience Medicinal Chemistry, Janssen Research & Development, Janssen-Cilag S. A. , C/Jarama 75A, 45007 Toledo, Spain
| | - Wei Zhang
- Neuroscience Biomarker Research, Janssen Research & Development , 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Gregor Macdonald
- Neuroscience Medicinal Chemistry, Janssen Research & Development, Janssen Pharmaceutica N. V. , Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Dieder Moechars
- Neuroscience Biology, Janssen Research & Development, Janssen Pharmaceutica N. V. , Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium
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36
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Brosch JR, Farlow MR, Risacher SL, Apostolova LG. Tau Imaging in Alzheimer's Disease Diagnosis and Clinical Trials. Neurotherapeutics 2017; 14:62-68. [PMID: 27873182 PMCID: PMC5233632 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-016-0490-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
In vivo imaging of the tau protein has the potential to aid in quantitative diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease, corroborate or dispute the amyloid hypothesis, and demonstrate biomarker engagement in clinical drug trials. A host of tau positron emission tomography agents have been designed, validated, and tested in humans. Several agents have characteristics approaching the ideal imaging tracer with some limitations, primarily regarding off-target binding. Dozens of clinical trials evaluating imaging techniques and several pharmaceutical trials have begun to integrate tau imaging into their protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared R Brosch
- Department of Neurology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
| | - Martin R Farlow
- Department of Neurology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Shannon L Risacher
- Department of Radiological Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Liana G Apostolova
- Department of Neurology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Department of Radiological Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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Tago T, Furumoto S, Okamura N, Harada R, Adachi H, Ishikawa Y, Yanai K, Iwata R, Kudo Y. Preclinical Evaluation of [(18)F]THK-5105 Enantiomers: Effects of Chirality on Its Effectiveness as a Tau Imaging Radiotracer. Mol Imaging Biol 2016; 18:258-66. [PMID: 26194011 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-015-0879-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Noninvasive imaging of tau and amyloid-β pathologies would facilitate diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Recently, we have developed [(18)F]THK-5105 for selective detection of tau pathology by positron emission tomography (PET). The purpose of this study was to clarify biological properties of optically pure [(18)F]THK-5105 enantiomers. PROCEDURES Binding for tau aggregates in AD brain section was evaluated by autoradiography (ARG). In vitro binding assays were performed to evaluate the binding properties of enantiomers for AD brain homogenates. The pharmacokinetics in the normal mouse brains was assessed by ex vivo biodistribution assay RESULTS The ARG of enantiomers showed the high accumulation of radioactivity corresponding to the distribution of tau deposits. In vitro binding assays revealed that (S)-[(18)F]THK-5105 has slower dissociation from tau than (R)-[(18)F]THK-5105. Biodistribution assays indicated that (S)-[(18)F]THK-5105 eliminated faster from the mouse brains and blood compared with (R)-[(18)F]THK-5105. CONCLUSION (S)-[(18)F]THK-5105 could be more suitable than (R)-enantiomer for a tau imaging agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuro Tago
- Division of Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry, Cyclotron and Radioisotope Center, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
- Department of Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Shozo Furumoto
- Division of Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry, Cyclotron and Radioisotope Center, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.
- Department of Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.
- Cyclotron and Radioisotope Center (CYRIC), Tohoku University, 6-3 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan.
| | - Nobuyuki Okamura
- Department of Pharmacology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Ryuichi Harada
- Division of Neuro-Imaging, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hajime Adachi
- Division of Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry, Cyclotron and Radioisotope Center, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
- Department of Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yoichi Ishikawa
- Division of Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry, Cyclotron and Radioisotope Center, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Yanai
- Department of Pharmacology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Ren Iwata
- Division of Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry, Cyclotron and Radioisotope Center, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yukitsuka Kudo
- Division of Neuro-Imaging, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Sendai, Japan
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Neelamegam R, Yokell DL, Rice PA, Furumoto S, Kudo Y, Okamura N, El Fakhri G. A report of the automated radiosynthesis of the tau positron emission tomography radiopharmaceutical, [ 18 F]-THK-5351. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2016; 60:140-146. [PMID: 27859483 DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.3482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2016] [Revised: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The radiotracer, [18 F]-THK-5351, is a highly selective and high-binding affinity PET imaging agent for aggregates of hyper-phosphorylated tau protein. Our report is a simplified 1-pot, 2-step radiosynthesis of [18 F]-THK-5351. This report is broadly applicable for routine clinical production and multi-center trials on account of favorable half-life of flourine-18 and the use of a commercially available radiosynthesis module, the GE TRACERlab™ FXFN . First, the O-THP protected tosyl precursor underwent nucleophilic fluorinating reaction with potassium cryptand fluoride ([18 F] fluoride (K[18 F]/K222 )) in Dimethyl sulfoxide at 110°C for 10 minutes followed by O-THP removal by using diluted hydrochloric acid (HCl) at same temperature. [18 F]-THK-5351 was purified via semi-preparative high-performance liquid chromatography and formulated by using 10% EtOH, United States Pharmacopeia (USP) in 0.9% sodium chloride for injection, USP and an uncorrected radiochemical yield of 21 ± 3.5%, with a specific activity of 153.11 ± 25.9 GBq/μmol (4138 ± 700 mCi/μmol) at the end of synthesis (63 minutes; n = 3).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh Neelamegam
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Daniel L Yokell
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Peter A Rice
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Shozo Furumoto
- Division of Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry, Cyclotron and Radioisotope Center, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yukitsuka Kudo
- Division of Neuro-imaging, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Okamura
- Division of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Georges El Fakhri
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Seo Y, Park KS, Ha T, Kim MK, Hwang YJ, Lee J, Ryu H, Choo H, Chong Y. A Smart Near-Infrared Fluorescence Probe for Selective Detection of Tau Fibrils in Alzheimer's Disease. ACS Chem Neurosci 2016; 7:1474-1481. [PMID: 27576176 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.6b00174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Development of a novel, tau-selective smart near-infrared fluorescence (NIRF) probe was attempted by combining the previously identified core scaffold 3,5-dimethoxy-N,N-dimethylaniline-4-yl moiety, with the characteristic donor-π-acceptor architecture of the smart NIRF Aβ probes DANIR-2c and MCAAD-3. A series of compounds (2 and 3) were prepared, which were identified as "turn-on" NIRF probes for the visual detection of tau aggregates and Aβ fibrils (λem = 650 nm, Stokes shifts = 70-110 nm). In particular, combination of the 3,5-dimethoxy-N,N-dimethylanilin-4-yl moiety and the donor part of MCAAD-3 endowed the resulting probes, 3g and 3h, with significant selectivity toward tau aggregates (selectivity for tau over Aβ = 5.7 and 3.8); they showed much higher fluorescence intensities upon binding to tau aggregates (FItau = 49 and 108) than when bound to Aβ fibrils (FIAβ = 9 and 28). Quantitative analysis of binding affinities and fluorescence properties of 3g and 3h revealed that microenvironment-sensitive molecular rotor-like behavior, rather than binding affinity to the target, is responsible for their selective turn-on fluorescence detection of tau fibrils. Selective fluorescent labeling of tau fibrils by 3g and 3h was further demonstrated by immunofluorescence staining of human Alzheimer's disease brain sections, which showed colocalization of the probes (3g and 3h) and phosphorylated tau antibody.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujin Seo
- Department
of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, Bio/Molecular Informatics
Center, Konkuk University, Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 143-701, Korea
| | - Kwang-su Park
- Department
of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, Bio/Molecular Informatics
Center, Konkuk University, Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 143-701, Korea
| | - Taewoong Ha
- Department
of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, Bio/Molecular Informatics
Center, Konkuk University, Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 143-701, Korea
| | - Mi Kyoung Kim
- Department
of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, Bio/Molecular Informatics
Center, Konkuk University, Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 143-701, Korea
| | - Yu Jin Hwang
- Center
for Neuro-Medicine, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, 39-1
Hawolgok-dong, Seoungbuk-gu, Seoul 136-791, Korea
| | - Junghee Lee
- Veteran’s Affairs Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts 02130, United States
- Boston
University Alzheimer’s Disease Center and Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, United States
| | - Hoon Ryu
- Center
for Neuro-Medicine, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, 39-1
Hawolgok-dong, Seoungbuk-gu, Seoul 136-791, Korea
- Veteran’s Affairs Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts 02130, United States
- Boston
University Alzheimer’s Disease Center and Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, United States
| | - Hyunah Choo
- Center
for Neuro-Medicine, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, 39-1
Hawolgok-dong, Seoungbuk-gu, Seoul 136-791, Korea
- Department
of Biological Chemistry, Korea University of Science and Technology, Youseong-gu, Daejeon 305-350, Korea
| | - Youhoon Chong
- Department
of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, Bio/Molecular Informatics
Center, Konkuk University, Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 143-701, Korea
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Neumann KT, Lindhardt AT, Bang-Andersen B, Skrydstrup T. Synthesis and selective2H-,13C-, and15N-labeling of the Tau protein binder THK-523. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2016; 60:30-35. [DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.3470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Revised: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Karoline T. Neumann
- Carbon Dioxide Activation Center (CADIAC); Department of Chemistry and the Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO); Aarhus University; Aarhus Denmark
| | - Anders T. Lindhardt
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO); Department of Engineering; Aarhus University; Aarhus Denmark
| | | | - Troels Skrydstrup
- Carbon Dioxide Activation Center (CADIAC); Department of Chemistry and the Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO); Aarhus University; Aarhus Denmark
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Highly Selective Tau-SPECT Imaging Probes for Detection of Neurofibrillary Tangles in Alzheimer's Disease. Sci Rep 2016; 6:34197. [PMID: 27687137 PMCID: PMC5043239 DOI: 10.1038/srep34197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurofibrillary tangles composed of aggregates of hyperphosphorylated tau proteins are one of the neuropathological hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease (AD) in addition to the deposition of β-amyloid plaques. Since the deposition of tau aggregates is closely associated with the severity of AD, the in vivo detection of tau aggregates may be useful as a biomarker for the diagnosis and progression of AD. In this study, we designed and synthesized a new series of radioiodinated benzoimidazopyridine (BIP) derivatives, and evaluated their utility as single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) imaging agents targeting tau aggregates in AD brains. Five radioiodinated BIP derivatives were successfully prepared in high radiochemical yields and purities. In in vitro autoradiographic studies using postmortem AD brains, all BIP derivatives displayed high accumulation of radioactivity in the brain sections with abundant neurofibrillary tangles, while no marked radioactivity accumulation was observed in the brain sections with only β-amyloid aggregates, indicating that the BIP derivatives exhibited selective binding to tau aggregates. Biodistribution studies in normal mice showed high brain uptake at 2 min postinjection (3.5-4.7% ID/g) and rapid clearance at 60 min postinjection (0.04-0.23% ID/g), which is highly desirable for tau imaging agents. The results of the present study suggest that [123I]BIP derivatives may be useful SPECT agents for the in vivo imaging of tau aggregates in AD.
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Okamura N, Harada R, Furukawa K, Furumoto S, Tago T, Yanai K, Arai H, Kudo Y. Advances in the development of tau PET radiotracers and their clinical applications. Ageing Res Rev 2016; 30:107-13. [PMID: 26802556 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2015.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Revised: 12/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease and other neurodegenerative dementias belong to the family of tauopathies. These diseases are characterized by the deposition of insoluble tau aggregates possessing an enriched β-sheet structure. In vivo imaging of the tau deposits by positron emission tomography (PET) will facilitate the early and accurate diagnosis of these diseases, tracking of disease progression, assessment of disease severity, and prediction of disease prognosis. Furthermore, this technology is expected to play a vital role in the monitoring of treatment outcomes and in the selection of patients for the therapeutic trials of anti-dementia drugs. Recently, several tau PET tracers have been successfully developed and demonstrated as having high binding affinity and selectivity to tau protein deposits. Recent clinical studies using these tracers have demonstrated significant tracer retention in sites susceptible to tau deposition in Alzheimer's disease, as well as correlations with the disease severity and cognitive impairment in cases with dementia. These tracers, thus, have the potential to effectively diagnose the tauopathies. Further longitudinal assessment will clarify the effect of the tau deposition on the neurodegenerative process and cognitive decline and the interaction of tau with amyloid-β in the human brain.
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Abstract
In vivo imaging of tau deposits is providing a better understanding of the temporal and spatial tau deposition in the brain, allowing a more comprehensive insight into the causes, diagnoses, and potentially treatment of tauopathies such as Alzheimer's disease, progressive supranuclear palsy, corticobasal syndrome, chronic traumatic encephalopathy, and some variants of frontotemporal lobar degeneration. The assessment of tau deposition in the brain over time will allow a deeper understanding of the relationship between tau and other variables such as cognition, genotype, and neurodegeneration, as well as assessing the role tau plays in ageing. Preliminary human studies suggest that tau imaging could also be used as a diagnostic, prognostic, and theranostic biomarker, as well as a surrogate marker for target engagement, patient recruitment, and efficacy monitoring for disease-specific therapeutic trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor L Villemagne
- Department of Molecular Imaging & Therapy, Centre for PET, Austin Health, Melbourne, Australia; The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Christopher C Rowe
- Department of Molecular Imaging & Therapy, Centre for PET, Austin Health, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
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Characterization of the radiolabeled metabolite of tau PET tracer 18F-THK5351. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2016; 43:2211-2218. [DOI: 10.1007/s00259-016-3453-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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45
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Declercq L, Celen S, Lecina J, Ahamed M, Tousseyn T, Moechars D, Alcazar J, Ariza M, Fierens K, Bottelbergs A, Mariën J, Vandenberghe R, Andres IJ, Van Laere K, Verbruggen A, Bormans G. Comparison of New Tau PET-Tracer Candidates With [18F]T808 and [18F]T807. Mol Imaging 2016; 15:15/0/1536012115624920. [PMID: 27030397 PMCID: PMC5470083 DOI: 10.1177/1536012115624920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Early clinical results of two tau tracers, [(18)F]T808 and [(18)F]T807, have recently been reported. In the present study, the biodistribution, radiometabolite quantification, and competition-binding studies were performed in order to acquire comparative preclinical data as well as to establish the value of T808 and T807 as benchmark compounds for assessment of binding affinities of eight new/other tau tracers. Biodistribution studies in mice showed high brain uptake and fast washout.In vivoradiometabolite analysis using high-performance liquid chromatography showed the presence of polar radiometabolites in plasma and brain. No specific binding of [(18)F]T808 was found in transgenic mice expressing mutant human P301L tau. In semiquantitative autoradiography studies on human Alzheimer disease slices, we observed more than 50% tau selective blocking of [(18)F]T808 in the presence of 1 µmol/L of the novel ligands. This study provides a straightforward comparison of the binding affinity and selectivity for tau of the reported radiolabeled tracers BF-158, BF-170, THK5105, lansoprazole, astemizole, and novel tau positron emission tomography ligands against T807 and T808. Therefore, these data are helpful to identify structural requirements for selective interaction with tau and to compare the performance of new highly selective and specific radiolabeled tau tracers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lieven Declercq
- Laboratory for Radiopharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sofie Celen
- Laboratory for Radiopharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Joan Lecina
- Laboratory for Radiopharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Muneer Ahamed
- Laboratory for Radiopharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Thomas Tousseyn
- Translational Cell and Tissue Research, Department of Imaging and Pathology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Diederik Moechars
- Janssen Research and Development, Neuroscience Discovery Biology, a division of Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Jesus Alcazar
- Janssen Research and Development, Discovery Sciences, a division of Janssen-Cilag NV, Toledo, Belgium
| | - Manuela Ariza
- Janssen Research and Development, Discovery Sciences, a division of Janssen-Cilag NV, Toledo, Belgium
| | - Katleen Fierens
- Janssen Research and Development, Discovery Sciences, a division of Janssen-Cilag NV, Toledo, Belgium
| | - Astrid Bottelbergs
- Janssen Research and Development, Neuroscience Discovery Biology, a division of Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Jonas Mariën
- Janssen Research and Development, Neuroscience Discovery Biology, a division of Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Rik Vandenberghe
- Laboratory for Cognitive Neurology, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ignacio Jose Andres
- Janssen Research and Development, Discovery Sciences, a division of Janssen-Cilag NV, Toledo, Belgium
| | - Koen Van Laere
- Nuclear Medicine & Molecular Imaging, Department of Imaging and Pathology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Alfons Verbruggen
- Laboratory for Radiopharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Guy Bormans
- Laboratory for Radiopharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Characteristics of Tau and Its Ligands in PET Imaging. Biomolecules 2016; 6:7. [PMID: 26751494 PMCID: PMC4808801 DOI: 10.3390/biom6010007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Revised: 12/24/2015] [Accepted: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Tau deposition is one of the neuropathological hallmarks in Alzheimer’s disease as well as in other neurodegenerative disorders called tauopathies. Recent efforts to develop selective tau radiopharmaceuticals have allowed the visualization of tau deposits in vivo. In vivo tau imaging allows the assessment of the regional distribution of tau deposits in a single human subject over time for determining the pathophysiology of tau accumulation in aging and neurodegenerative conditions as well as for application in drug discovery of anti-dementia drugs as surrogate markers. However, tau deposits show complicated characteristics because of different isoform composition, histopathology, and ultrastructure in various neurodegenerative conditions. In addition, since tau radiopharmaceuticals possess different chemotype classes, they may show different binding characteristics with heterogeneous tau deposits. In this review, we describe the characteristics of tau deposits and their ligands that have β-sheet binding properties, and the status of tau imaging in clinical studies.
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47
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Tago T, Furumoto S, Okamura N, Harada R, Adachi H, Ishikawa Y, Yanai K, Iwata R, Kudo Y. Structure-Activity Relationship of 2-Arylquinolines as PET Imaging Tracers for Tau Pathology in Alzheimer Disease. J Nucl Med 2015; 57:608-14. [PMID: 26697966 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.115.166652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 11/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Abnormal deposition of amyloid-β and hyperphosphorylated tau protein in the brain are the pathologic hallmark of Alzheimer disease (AD). Noninvasive detection of the lesions is considered an effective tool for early diagnosis and staging of AD. In the past decade, we developed 2-arylquinoline (2-AQ) derivatives as PET tau tracers. In this study, we synthesized new derivatives and evaluated their properties. METHODS Fifteen 2-AQ derivatives were labeled with (18)F, and their binding to tau lesions was evaluated by autoradiography using AD brain sections. The binding affinity for the AD brain homogenates was assessed by an in vitro competitive binding assay with (18)F-THK-5105. (18)F-labeled derivatives were injected into mice via the tail vein, and their pharmacokinetics over the first 120 min after injection were evaluated by an ex vivo biodistribution study. Tracer metabolism analysis was also assessed in mice. RESULTS The average logP value was 2.80. This study revealed that 2-AQ derivatives having (18)F-labeled side chains on benzene or position 7 of the quinoline showed significantly lower binding affinity for tau than 6-substituted quinoline derivatives. The 2-AQ derivatives labeled with (18)F-fluoroethoxy, (18)F-fluoropropoxy, and (18)F-fluoro-polyethyleneglycol groups displayed slow clearance from blood or a high accumulation in bone, whereas derivatives labeled with the (18)F-(3-fluoro-2-hydroxy)propoxyl group did not. (18)F-THK-5151 had outstanding tau binding properties and pharmacokinetics. Furthermore, the properties of its optically pure (S)-enantiomer (THK-5351) were superior to those of the (R)-enantiomer (THK-5451), particularly in terms of its clearance from the brain and its resistance to defluorination in mice. CONCLUSION The structure-activity relationship study of 2-AQ derivatives revealed the optimal structural features for tau imaging agents. On the basis of these results, (18)F-THK-5351 ((S)-(18)F-THK-5151) was selected as a potential agent for tau imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuro Tago
- Division of Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry, Cyclotron and Radioisotope Center, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan Department of Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Shozo Furumoto
- Division of Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry, Cyclotron and Radioisotope Center, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan Department of Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Okamura
- Department of Pharmacology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan; and
| | - Ryuichi Harada
- Division of Neuro-Imaging, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hajime Adachi
- Division of Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry, Cyclotron and Radioisotope Center, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan Department of Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yoichi Ishikawa
- Division of Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry, Cyclotron and Radioisotope Center, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Yanai
- Division of Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry, Cyclotron and Radioisotope Center, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan Department of Pharmacology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan; and
| | - Ren Iwata
- Division of Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry, Cyclotron and Radioisotope Center, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yukitsuka Kudo
- Division of Neuro-Imaging, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Sendai, Japan
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Dani M, Brooks DJ, Edison P. Tau imaging in neurodegenerative diseases. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2015; 43:1139-50. [PMID: 26572762 PMCID: PMC4844651 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-015-3231-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Aggregated tau protein is a major neuropathological substrate central to the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), frontotemporal dementia, progressive supranuclear palsy, corticobasal degeneration and chronic traumatic encephalopathy. In AD, it has been shown that the density of hyperphosphorylated tau tangles correlates closely with neuronal dysfunction and cell death, unlike β-amyloid. Until now, diagnostic and pathologic information about tau deposition has only been available from invasive techniques such as brain biopsy or autopsy. The recent development of selective in-vivo tau PET imaging ligands including [(18)F]THK523, [(18)F]THK5117, [(18)F]THK5105 and [(18)F]THK5351, [(18)F]AV1451(T807) and [(11)C]PBB3 has provided information about the role of tau in the early phases of neurodegenerative diseases, and provided support for diagnosis, prognosis, and imaging biomarkers to track disease progression. Moreover, the spatial and longitudinal relationship of tau distribution compared with β - amyloid and other pathologies in these diseases can be mapped. In this review, we discuss the role of aggregated tau in tauopathies, the challenges posed in developing selective tau ligands as biomarkers, the state of development in tau tracers, and the new clinical information that has been uncovered, as well as the opportunities for improving diagnosis and designing clinical trials in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Dani
- Neurology Imaging Unit, Division of Neuroscience, Imperial College London, 1st Floor, B Block, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - D J Brooks
- Neurology Imaging Unit, Division of Neuroscience, Imperial College London, 1st Floor, B Block, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - P Edison
- Neurology Imaging Unit, Division of Neuroscience, Imperial College London, 1st Floor, B Block, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK.
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Gunn RN, Slifstein M, Searle GE, Price JC. Quantitative imaging of protein targets in the human brain with PET. Phys Med Biol 2015; 60:R363-411. [DOI: 10.1088/0031-9155/60/22/r363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Sundman M, Doraiswamy PM, Morey RA. Neuroimaging assessment of early and late neurobiological sequelae of traumatic brain injury: implications for CTE. Front Neurosci 2015; 9:334. [PMID: 26441507 PMCID: PMC4585087 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2015.00334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) has been increasingly accepted as a major external risk factor for neurodegenerative morbidity and mortality. Recent evidence indicates that the resultant chronic neurobiological sequelae following head trauma may, at least in part, contribute to a pathologically distinct disease known as Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (CTE). The clinical manifestation of CTE is variable, but the symptoms of this progressive disease include impaired memory and cognition, affective disorders (i.e., impulsivity, aggression, depression, suicidality, etc.), and diminished motor control. Notably, mounting evidence suggests that the pathology contributing to CTE may be caused by repetitive exposure to subconcussive hits to the head, even in those with no history of a clinically evident head injury. Given the millions of athletes and military personnel with potential exposure to repetitive subconcussive insults and TBI, CTE represents an important public health issue. However, the incidence rates and pathological mechanisms are still largely unknown, primarily due to the fact that there is no in vivo diagnostic tool. The primary objective of this manuscript is to address this limitation and discuss potential neuroimaging modalities that may be capable of diagnosing CTE in vivo through the detection of tau and other known pathological features. Additionally, we will discuss the challenges of TBI research, outline the known pathology of CTE (with an emphasis on Tau), review current neuroimaging modalities to assess the potential routes for in vivo diagnosis, and discuss the future directions of CTE research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Sundman
- Duke-UNC Brain Imaging and Analysis Center, Duke University Medical Center Durham, NC, USA
| | - P Murali Doraiswamy
- Department of Psychiatry, Duke University Medical Center Durham, NC, USA ; Duke Institute for Brain Sciences, Duke University Medical Center Durham, NC, USA
| | - Rajendra A Morey
- Duke-UNC Brain Imaging and Analysis Center, Duke University Medical Center Durham, NC, USA
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