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Saksena NK, Reddy SB, Miranda-Saksena M, Cardoso THS, Silva EMA, Ferreira JC, Rabeh WM. SARS-CoV-2 variants, its recombinants and epigenomic exploitation of host defenses. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2023; 1869:166836. [PMID: 37549720 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2023.166836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
Since 2003, we have seen the emergence of novel viruses, such as SARS-CoV-1, MERS, ZIKA, swine flu virus H1N1, Marburg, Monkeypox, Ebola, and SARS-CoV-2, but none of them gained pandemic proportions similar to SARS-CoV-2. This could be attributed to unique viral traits, allowing its rapid global dissemination following its emergence in October 2019 in Wuhan, China, which appears to be primarily driven by the emergence of highly transmissible and virulent variants that also associate, in some cases, with severe disease and considerable mortality caused by fatal pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in infected individuals. Mechanistically, several factors are involved in viral pathogenesis, and epigenetic alterations take the front seat in host-virus interactions. The molecular basis of all viral infections, including SARS-CoV-2, tightly hinges on the transitory silencing of the host gene machinery via epigenetic modulation. SARS-CoV-2 also hijacks and subdues the host gene machinery, leading to epigenetic modulation of the critical host elements responsible for antiviral immunity. Epigenomics is a powerful, unexplored avenue that can provide a profound understanding of virus-host interactions and lead to the development of epigenome-based therapies and vaccines to counter viruses. This review discusses current developments in SARS-CoV-2 variation and its role in epigenetic modulation in infected hosts. This review provides an overview, especially in the context of emerging viral strains, their recombinants, and their possible roles in the epigenetic exploitation of host defense and viral pathogenesis. It provides insights into host-virus interactions at the molecular, genomic, and immunological levels and sheds light on the future of epigenomics-based therapies for SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitin K Saksena
- Victoria University, Footscray Campus, Melbourne, VIC. Australia.
| | - Srinivasa Bonam Reddy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | | | - Thyago H S Cardoso
- OMICS Centre of Excellence, G42 Healthcare, Mazdar City, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Edson M A Silva
- Science Division, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Juliana C Ferreira
- Science Division, New York University Abu Dhabi, PO Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Wael M Rabeh
- Science Division, New York University Abu Dhabi, PO Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
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Decataldo F, Giovannini C, Grumiro L, Marino MM, Faccin F, Brandolini M, Dirani G, Taddei F, Lelli D, Tessarolo M, Calienni M, Cacciotto C, De Pascali AM, Lavazza A, Fraboni B, Sambri V, Scagliarini A. Organic Electrochemical Transistors as Versatile Tool for Real-Time and Automatized Viral Cytopathic Effect Evaluation. Viruses 2022; 14:1155. [PMID: 35746627 PMCID: PMC9227436 DOI: 10.3390/v14061155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In-vitro viral studies are still fundamental for biomedical research since studying the virus kinetics on cells is crucial for the determination of the biological properties of viruses and for screening the inhibitors of infections. Moreover, testing potential viral contaminants is often mandatory for safety evaluation. Nowadays, viral cytopathic effects are mainly evaluated through end-point assays requiring dye-staining combined with optical evaluation. Recently, optical-based automatized equipment has been marketed, aimed at the real-time screening of cell-layer status and obtaining further insights, which are unavailable with end-point assays. However, these technologies present two huge limitations, namely, high costs and the possibility to study only cytopathic viruses, whose effects lead to plaque formation and layer disruption. Here, we employed poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfonate) (Pedot:Pss) organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) for the real-time, electrical monitoring of the infection of cytolytic viruses, i.e., encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV), and non-cytolytic viruses, i.e., bovine coronavirus (B-CoV), on cells. OECT data on EMCV were validated using a commercially-available optical-based technology, which, however, failed in the B-CoV titration analysis, as expected. The OECTs proved to be reliable, fast, and versatile devices for viral infection monitoring, which could be scaled up at low cost, reducing the operator workload and speeding up in-vitro assays in the biomedical research field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Decataldo
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, 40127 Bologna, Italy; (F.D.); (M.T.); (M.C.)
| | - Catia Giovannini
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine—DIMES, Universtity of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (C.G.); (C.C.); (A.M.D.P.); (A.S.)
- Center for Applied Biomedical Research (CRBA), S. Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Laura Grumiro
- Unit of Microbiology, The Great Romagna Hub Laboratory, 47522 Pievesestina, Italy; (L.G.); (M.M.M.); (M.B.); (G.D.); (F.T.)
| | - Maria Michela Marino
- Unit of Microbiology, The Great Romagna Hub Laboratory, 47522 Pievesestina, Italy; (L.G.); (M.M.M.); (M.B.); (G.D.); (F.T.)
| | - Francesca Faccin
- Experimental Zooprofilactic Institute of Lombardy and Emilia Romagna“Bruno Ubertini” (IZSLER), 25124 Brescia, Italy; (F.F.); (D.L.); (A.L.)
| | - Martina Brandolini
- Unit of Microbiology, The Great Romagna Hub Laboratory, 47522 Pievesestina, Italy; (L.G.); (M.M.M.); (M.B.); (G.D.); (F.T.)
| | - Giorgio Dirani
- Unit of Microbiology, The Great Romagna Hub Laboratory, 47522 Pievesestina, Italy; (L.G.); (M.M.M.); (M.B.); (G.D.); (F.T.)
| | - Francesca Taddei
- Unit of Microbiology, The Great Romagna Hub Laboratory, 47522 Pievesestina, Italy; (L.G.); (M.M.M.); (M.B.); (G.D.); (F.T.)
| | - Davide Lelli
- Experimental Zooprofilactic Institute of Lombardy and Emilia Romagna“Bruno Ubertini” (IZSLER), 25124 Brescia, Italy; (F.F.); (D.L.); (A.L.)
| | - Marta Tessarolo
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, 40127 Bologna, Italy; (F.D.); (M.T.); (M.C.)
| | - Maria Calienni
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, 40127 Bologna, Italy; (F.D.); (M.T.); (M.C.)
| | - Carla Cacciotto
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine—DIMES, Universtity of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (C.G.); (C.C.); (A.M.D.P.); (A.S.)
| | - Alessandra Mistral De Pascali
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine—DIMES, Universtity of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (C.G.); (C.C.); (A.M.D.P.); (A.S.)
| | - Antonio Lavazza
- Experimental Zooprofilactic Institute of Lombardy and Emilia Romagna“Bruno Ubertini” (IZSLER), 25124 Brescia, Italy; (F.F.); (D.L.); (A.L.)
| | - Beatrice Fraboni
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, 40127 Bologna, Italy; (F.D.); (M.T.); (M.C.)
| | - Vittorio Sambri
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine—DIMES, Universtity of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (C.G.); (C.C.); (A.M.D.P.); (A.S.)
- Unit of Microbiology, The Great Romagna Hub Laboratory, 47522 Pievesestina, Italy; (L.G.); (M.M.M.); (M.B.); (G.D.); (F.T.)
| | - Alessandra Scagliarini
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine—DIMES, Universtity of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (C.G.); (C.C.); (A.M.D.P.); (A.S.)
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