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Nel A. Carbon nanotube pathogenicity conforms to a unified theory for mesothelioma causation by elongate materials and fibers. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 230:114580. [PMID: 36965801 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.114580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/09/2022] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this review is to elucidate how dimensional and durability characteristics of high aspect ratio nanomaterials (HARN), including carbon nanotubes (CNT) and metal nanowires (MeNW), contribute to understanding the fiber pathogenicity paradigm (FPP), including by explaining the structure-activity relationships (SAR) of a diverse range of natural and synthetic elongate materials that may or may not contribute to mesothelioma development in the lung. While the FPP was originally developed to explain the critical importance of asbestos and synthetic vitreous fiber length, width, aspect ratio and biopersistence in mesothelioma development, there are a vast number of additional inhalable materials that need to be considered in terms of pathogenic features that may contribute to mesothelioma or lack thereof. Not only does the ability to exert more exact control over the length and biopersistence of HARNs confirm the tenets of the FPP, but could be studied by implementating more appropriate toxicological tools for SAR analysis. This includes experimentation with carefully assembled libraries of CNTs and MeNWs, helping to establish more precise dimensional features for interfering in lymphatic drainage from the parietal pleura, triggering of lysosomal damage, frustrated phagocytosis and generation of chronic inflammation. The evidence includes data that long and rigid, but not short and flexible multi-wall CNTs are capable of generating mesotheliomas in rodents based on an adverse outcome pathway requiring access to pleural cavity, obstruction of pleural stomata, chronic inflammation and transformation of mesothelial cells. In addition to durability and dimensional characteristics, bending stiffness of CNTs is a critical factor in determining the shape and rigidity of pathogenic MWCNTs. While no evidence has been obtained in humans that CNT exposure leads to a mesothelioma outcome, it is important to monitor exposure levels and health effect impacts in workers to prevent adverse health outcomes in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Nel
- Distinguished Professor of Medicine and Research Director of the California Nano Systems Institute at UCLA, USA; Division of NanoMedicine, And Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 52-175 Center for the Health Sciences, 10833 LeConte Ave, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA; California Nano Systems Institute at UCLA, 570 Westwood Plaza, Building 114, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
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Yusuf A, Almotairy ARZ, Henidi H, Alshehri OY, Aldughaim MS. Nanoparticles as Drug Delivery Systems: A Review of the Implication of Nanoparticles' Physicochemical Properties on Responses in Biological Systems. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15071596. [PMID: 37050210 PMCID: PMC10096782 DOI: 10.3390/polym15071596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
In the last four decades, nanotechnology has gained momentum with no sign of slowing down. The application of inventions or products from nanotechnology has revolutionised all aspects of everyday life ranging from medical applications to its impact on the food industry. Nanoparticles have made it possible to significantly extend the shelf lives of food product, improve intracellular delivery of hydrophobic drugs and improve the efficacy of specific therapeutics such as anticancer agents. As a consequence, nanotechnology has not only impacted the global standard of living but has also impacted the global economy. In this review, the characteristics of nanoparticles that confers them with suitable and potentially toxic biological effects, as well as their applications in different biological fields and nanoparticle-based drugs and delivery systems in biomedicine including nano-based drugs currently approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) are discussed. The possible consequence of continuous exposure to nanoparticles due to the increased use of nanotechnology and possible solution is also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azeez Yusuf
- Irish Centre for Genetic Lung Disease, Department of Medicine, RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Beaumont Hospital, D02 YN77 Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Hanan Henidi
- Research Department, Health Sciences Research Center, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 84428, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ohoud Y Alshehri
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh 11564, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed S Aldughaim
- Research Center, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh Second Health Cluster, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
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Li J, Wu T, Li S, Chen X, Deng Z, Huang Y. Nanoparticles for cancer therapy: a review of influencing factors and evaluation methods for biosafety. Clin Transl Oncol 2023:10.1007/s12094-023-03117-5. [PMID: 36807057 DOI: 10.1007/s12094-023-03117-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticles are widely used in the biomedical field for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes due to their small size, high carrier capacity, and ease of modification, which enable selective targeting and as contrast agents. Over the past decades, more and more nanoparticles have received regulatory approval to enter the clinic, more nanoparticles have shown potential for clinical translation, and humans have increasing access to them. However, nanoparticles have a high potential to cause unpredictable adverse effects on human organs, tissues, and cells due to their unique physicochemical properties and interactions with DNA, lipids, cells, tissues, proteins, and biological fluids. Currently, issues, such as nanoparticle side effects and toxicity, remain controversial, and these pitfalls must be fully considered prior to their application to body systems. Therefore, it is particularly urgent and important to assess the safety of nanoparticles acting in living organisms. In this paper, we review the important factors influencing the biosafety of nanoparticles in terms of their properties, and introduce common methods to summarize the biosafety evaluation of nanoparticles through in vitro and in body systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinghua Li
- State Key Laboratory of Targeting Oncology, National Center for International Research of Biotargeting Theranostics, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Biotargeting Theranostics, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Tao Wu
- The First People's Hospital of Changde City, Changde, 415000, China
| | - Shiman Li
- School of Preclinical Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Xinyan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Medicine of Guangxi, Department of Education, Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Zhiming Deng
- The First People's Hospital of Changde City, Changde, 415000, China
| | - Yong Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Targeting Oncology, National Center for International Research of Biotargeting Theranostics, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Biotargeting Theranostics, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China. .,The First People's Hospital of Changde City, Changde, 415000, China.
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4
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Rao C, Shi S. Development of Nanomaterials to Target Articular Cartilage for Osteoarthritis Therapy. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:900344. [PMID: 36032667 PMCID: PMC9402910 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.900344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is an obstinate, degradative, and complicated disease that has drawn much attention worldwide. Characterized by its stubborn symptoms and various sequela, OA causes much financial burden on both patients and the health system. What’s more, conventional systematic therapy is not effective enough and causes multiple side effects. There’s much evidence that nanoparticles have unique properties such as high penetration, biostability, and large specific surface area. Thus, it is urgent to exploit novel medications for OA. Nanomaterials have been sufficiently studied, exploiting diverse nano-drug delivery systems (DDSs) and targeted nano therapeutical molecules. The nanomaterials are primarily intra-articular injected under the advantages of high topical concentration and low dosage. After administration, the DDS and targeted nano therapeutical molecules can specifically react with the components, including cartilage and synovium of a joint in OA, furthermore attenuate the chondrocyte apoptosis, matrix degradation, and macrophage recruitment. Thus, arthritis would be alleviated. The DDSs could load with conventional anti-inflammatory drugs, antibodies, RNA, and so on, targeting chondrocytes, synovium, or extracellular matrix (ECM) and releasing the molecules sequentially. The targeted nano therapeutical molecules could directly get to the targeted tissue, alleviating the inflammation and promoting tissue healing. This review will comprehensively collect and evaluate the targeted nanomaterials to articular cartilage in OA.
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Mittal S, Chakole CM, Sharma A, Pandey J, Chauhan MK. An Overview of Green Synthesis and Potential Pharmaceutical Applications of Nanoparticles as Targeted Drug Delivery System in Biomedicines. Drug Res (Stuttg) 2022; 72:274-283. [PMID: 35562101 DOI: 10.1055/a-1801-6793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Nanotechnology-based nanomedicine offers several benefits over conventional forms of therapeutic agents. Moreover, nanomedicine has become a potential candidate for targeting therapeutic agents at specific sites. However, nanomedicine prepared by synthetic methods may produce unwanted toxic effects. Due to their nanosize range, nanoparticles can easily reach the reticuloendothelial system and may produce unwanted systemic effects. The nanoparticles produced by the green chemistry approach would enhance the safety profile by avoiding synthetic agents and solvents in its preparations. This review encompasses toxicity consideration of nanoparticles, green synthesis techniques of nanoparticle preparation, biomedical application of nanoparticles, and future prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shweta Mittal
- NDDS Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutics, Delhi Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, DPSR-University, New Delhi, INDIA
| | - Chandrashekhar Mahadeo Chakole
- NDDS Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutics, Delhi Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, DPSR-University, New Delhi, INDIA
| | - Aman Sharma
- NDDS Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutics, Delhi Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, DPSR-University, New Delhi, INDIA
| | - Jaya Pandey
- Amity School school of Applied Sciences Lucknow, Amity University, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Meenakshi Kanwar Chauhan
- NDDS Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutics, Delhi Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, DPSR-University, New Delhi, INDIA
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Damato A, Vianello F, Novelli E, Balzan S, Gianesella M, Giaretta E, Gabai G. Comprehensive Review on the Interactions of Clay Minerals With Animal Physiology and Production. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:889612. [PMID: 35619608 PMCID: PMC9127995 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.889612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Clay minerals are naturally occurring rock and soil materials primarily composed of fine-grained aluminosilicate minerals, characterized by high hygroscopicity. In animal production, clays are often mixed with feed and, due to their high binding capacity towards organic molecules, used to limit animal absorption of feed contaminants, such as mycotoxins and other toxicants. Binding capacity of clays is not specific and these minerals can form complexes with different compounds, such as nutrients and pharmaceuticals, thus possibly affecting the intestinal absorption of important substances. Indeed, clays cannot be considered a completely inert feed additive, as they can interfere with gastro-intestinal (GI) metabolism, with possible consequences on animal physiology. Moreover, clays may contain impurities, constituted of inorganic micronutrients and/or toxic trace elements, and their ingestion can affect animal health. Furthermore, clays may also have effects on the GI mucosa, possibly modifying nutrient digestibility and animal microbiome. Finally, clays may directly interact with GI cells and, depending on their mineral grain size, shape, superficial charge and hydrophilicity, can elicit an inflammatory response. As in the near future due to climate change the presence of mycotoxins in feedstuffs will probably become a major problem, the use of clays in feedstuff, given their physico-chemical properties, low cost, apparent low toxicity and eco-compatibility, is expected to increase. The present review focuses on the characteristics and properties of clays as feed additives, evidencing pros and cons. Aims of future studies are suggested, evidencing that, in particular, possible interferences of these minerals with animal microbiome, nutrient absorption and drug delivery should be assessed. Finally, the fate of clay particles during their transit within the GI system and their long-term administration/accumulation should be clarified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Damato
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Fabio Vianello
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Enrico Novelli
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Stefania Balzan
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Matteo Gianesella
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Elisa Giaretta
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
- *Correspondence: Elisa Giaretta
| | - Gianfranco Gabai
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
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7
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Martin LMA, Gan N, Wang E, Merrill M, Xu W. Materials, surfaces, and interfacial phenomena in nanoplastics toxicology research. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 292:118442. [PMID: 34748888 PMCID: PMC8823333 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
In response to the growing worldwide plastic pollution problem, the field of nanoplastics research is attempting to determine the risk of exposure to nanoparticles amidst their ever-increasing presence in the environment. Since little is known about the attributes of environmental nanoplastics (concentration, composition, morphology, and size) due to fundamental limitations in detection and quantification of smaller plastic particles, researchers often improvise by engineering nanoplastic particles with various surface modifications as models for laboratory toxicological testing. Polystyrene and other commercially available or easily synthesized polymer materials functionalized with surfactants or fluorophores are typically used for these studies. How surfactants, additives, fluorophores, the addition of surface functional groups for conjugation, or other changes to surface attributes alter toxicological profiles remains unclear. Additionally, the limited polymers used in laboratory models do not mimic the vast range of polymer types comprising environmental pollutants. Nanomaterials are tricky materials to investigate due to their high surface area, high surface energies, and their propensity to interact with molecules, proteins, and biological probes. These unique properties can often invalidate common laboratory assays. Extreme care must be taken to ensure that results are not artefactual. We have gathered zeta potential values for various polystyrene nanoparticles with different functionalization, in different solvents, from the reported literature. We also discuss the effects of surface engineering and solvent properties on interparticle interactions, agglomeration, particle-protein interactions, corona formation, nano-bio interfaces, and contemplate how these parameters might confound results. Various toxicological exemplars are critically reviewed, and the relevance and shortfalls of the most popular models used in nanoplastics toxicity studies published in the current literature are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leisha M A Martin
- Department of Life Sciences, Texas A&M University, Corpus Christi, TX, United States
| | - Nin Gan
- Department of Life Sciences, Texas A&M University, Corpus Christi, TX, United States
| | - Erica Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Texas A&M University, Corpus Christi, TX, United States
| | - Mackenzie Merrill
- Department of Life Sciences, Texas A&M University, Corpus Christi, TX, United States
| | - Wei Xu
- Department of Life Sciences, Texas A&M University, Corpus Christi, TX, United States.
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Genomic Damage Induced in Nicotiana tabacum L. Plants by Colloidal Solution with Silver and Gold Nanoparticles. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10061260. [PMID: 34205810 PMCID: PMC8234410 DOI: 10.3390/plants10061260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Tobacco seedlings (Nicotiana tabacum L cv. Wisconsin 38) were treated for 24 h with colloidal solution of silver and gold nanoparticles (AgNPs and AuNPs) of different size or cultivated for 8 weeks on soil polluted with these NPs. DNA damage in leaf and roots nuclei was evaluated by the comet assay. AgNPs of the size 22–25 nm at concentrations higher than 50 mg·L−1 significantly increased the tail moments (TM) values in leaf nuclei compared to the negative control. Ag nanoparticles of smaller size 12–15 nm caused a slight increase in tail moment without significant difference from the negative control. The opposite effect of AgNPs was observed on roots. The increasing tail moment was registered for smaller NPs. Similar results were observed for AuNPs at a concentration of 100 mg·L−1. DNA damaging effects after growing tobacco plants for 8 weeks in soil polluted with AgNPs and AuNPs of different size and concentrations were observed. While lower concentrations of both types of particles had no effect on the integrity of DNA, concentration of 30 mg·kg−1 of AgNPs caused significant DNA damage in leaves of tobacco plants. AuNPs had no effect even at the highest concentration. The content of Ag was determined by ICP–MS in above-ground part of plants (leaves) after 8 weeks of growth in soil with 30 mg·kg−1. AgNPs and was 2.720 ± 0.408 µg·g−1. Long term effect is much less harmful probably due to the plant restoration capability.
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9
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Yang C, Zhu Y, Guan C, Wang L, Xu L, Li D, Zhang S, Zhang L, Yang D, Xu Y. Crystal Phase-Related Toxicity of One-Dimensional Titanium Dioxide Nanomaterials on Kidney Cells. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2021; 4:3499-3506. [PMID: 35014434 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.1c00036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
One-dimensional (1D) nanomaterials are widely used in different fields, and the increased application of 1D nanomaterials has drawn concerns about their unknown toxicity. 1D titanium oxide (TiO2) nanomaterials in different crystal phases are commonly applied in environmental remediation and solar energy conversion fields, but these materials pose a threat to human health, especially to the kidneys, an organ with abundant blood flow. To systematically evaluate the cytotoxicity to the kidneys, TiO2 nanofibers with TiO2(B), anatase, and rutile phases, as well as nanorods with anatase and rutile phases were synthesized and added to the culture medium of HK2 cells. Cell counting kit-8 assay, 2',7'-dichlorofluorescin diacetate assay, Hoechst 33342 staining experiments, and quantitative real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction tests were used to explore the renal effects of the as-prepared TiO2 nanomaterials in the short term or long term. In the short-term evaluation, all the added TiO2 nanomaterials were toxic to HK2 cells, and the cytotoxicity was dose-dependent. Rutile TiO2 can widely attach to the cell surface and displays the most serious cell-killing and proapoptotic ability, while anatase induces the most serious oxidative stress. In long-term evaluation, all the as-prepared TiO2 nanomaterials led to epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT), a mechanism of renal fibrosis. Consistent with the short-term results, rutile induced the most serious EMT. This study indicated that the renal toxicity of 1D TiO2 nanomaterials is crystal phase-dependent and that rutile induced the most significant renal cell injury. Oxidative stress is a crucial but not the only contributor to the renal toxicity of TiO2 nanomaterials in the short term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengyu Yang
- Department of Nephrology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Yukun Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-fibers and Eco-textiles, Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center of Marine Biobased Fibers and Ecological Textiles, Institute of Marine Biobased Materials, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Chen Guan
- Department of Nephrology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Lin Wang
- Department of Nephrology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Lingyu Xu
- Department of Nephrology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Daohao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-fibers and Eco-textiles, Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center of Marine Biobased Fibers and Ecological Textiles, Institute of Marine Biobased Materials, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Shuchao Zhang
- Department of Blood Transfusion, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Lixue Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-fibers and Eco-textiles, Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center of Marine Biobased Fibers and Ecological Textiles, Institute of Marine Biobased Materials, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Dongjiang Yang
- Department of Nephrology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China.,State Key Laboratory of Bio-fibers and Eco-textiles, Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center of Marine Biobased Fibers and Ecological Textiles, Institute of Marine Biobased Materials, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Yan Xu
- Department of Nephrology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China
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10
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Halappanavar S, Nymark P, Krug HF, Clift MJD, Rothen-Rutishauser B, Vogel U. Non-Animal Strategies for Toxicity Assessment of Nanoscale Materials: Role of Adverse Outcome Pathways in the Selection of Endpoints. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2007628. [PMID: 33559363 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202007628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Faster, cheaper, sensitive, and mechanisms-based animal alternatives are needed to address the safety assessment needs of the growing number of nanomaterials (NM) and their sophisticated property variants. Specifically, strategies that help identify and prioritize alternative schemes involving individual test models, toxicity endpoints, and assays for the assessment of adverse outcomes, as well as strategies that enable validation and refinement of these schemes for the regulatory acceptance are needed. In this review, two strategies 1) the current nanotoxicology literature review and 2) the adverse outcome pathways (AOPs) framework, a systematic process that allows the assembly of available mechanistic information concerning a toxicological response in a simple modular format, are presented. The review highlights 1) the most frequently assessed and reported ad hoc in vivo and in vitro toxicity measurements in the literature, 2) various AOPs of relevance to inhalation toxicity of NM that are presently under development, and 3) their applicability in identifying key events of toxicity for targeted in vitro assay development. Finally, using an existing AOP for lung fibrosis, the specific combinations of cell types, exposure and test systems, and assays that are experimentally supported and thus, can be used for assessing NM-induced lung fibrosis, are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabina Halappanavar
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, K1A0K9, Canada
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, K1N6N5, Canada
| | - Penny Nymark
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Nobels väg 13, Stockholm, 17177, Sweden
| | - Harald F Krug
- NanoCASE GmbH, St. Gallerstr. 58, Engelburg, 9032, Switzerland
| | - Martin J D Clift
- Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, Wales, SA2 8PP, UK
| | | | - Ulla Vogel
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkallé 105, Copenhagen, DK-2100, Denmark
- DTU Health Tech, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, DK-2800 Kgs., Denmark
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11
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Juárez-Maldonado A, Tortella G, Rubilar O, Fincheira P, Benavides-Mendoza A. Biostimulation and toxicity: The magnitude of the impact of nanomaterials in microorganisms and plants. J Adv Res 2021; 31:113-126. [PMID: 34194836 PMCID: PMC8240115 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2020.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Biostimulation and toxicity constitute the continuous response spectrum of a biological organism against physicochemical or biological factors. Among the environmental agents capable of inducing biostimulation or toxicity are nanomaterials. On the < 100 nm scale, nanomaterials impose both physical effects resulting from the core’s and corona’s surface properties, and chemical effects related to the core’s composition and the corona’s functional groups. Aim of Review The purpose of this review is to describe the impact of nanomaterials on microorganisms and plants, considering two of the most studied physical and chemical properties: size and concentration. Key Scientific Concepts of Review Using a graphical analysis, the presence of a continuous biostimulation-toxicity spectrum is shown considering different biological responses. In microorganisms, the results showed high susceptibility to nanomaterials. Simultaneously, in plants, a hormetic response was found related to nanomaterials concentration and, in a few cases, a positive response in the smaller nanomaterials when these were applied at a higher level. With the above, it is concluded that: (1) microorganisms are more susceptible to nanomaterials than plants, (2) practically all nanomaterials seem to induce responses from biostimulation to toxicity in plants, and (3) the kind of response observed will depend in a complex way on the nanomateriaĺs physical and chemical characteristics, of the biological species with which they interact, and of the form and route of application and on the nature of the medium -soil, soil pore water, and biological surfaces- where the interaction occurs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gonzalo Tortella
- Centro de Excelencia en Investigación Biotecnológica Aplicada al Medio Ambiente (CIBAMA), Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Universidad de La Frontera, 4811230 Temuco, Chile
| | - Olga Rubilar
- Centro de Excelencia en Investigación Biotecnológica Aplicada al Medio Ambiente (CIBAMA), Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Universidad de La Frontera, 4811230 Temuco, Chile
| | - Paola Fincheira
- Centro de Excelencia en Investigación Biotecnológica Aplicada al Medio Ambiente (CIBAMA), Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Universidad de La Frontera, 4811230 Temuco, Chile
| | - Adalberto Benavides-Mendoza
- Departamento de Horticultura, Universidad Autónoma Agraria Antonio Narro, 25315 Saltillo, Mexico
- Corresponding author.
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12
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Ogorodnik E, Karsai A, Wang KH, Liu FT, Lo SH, Pinkerton KE, Gilbert B, Haudenschild DR, Liu GY. Direct Observations of Silver Nanowire-Induced Frustrated Phagocytosis among NR8383 Lung Alveolar Macrophages. J Phys Chem B 2020; 124:11584-11592. [PMID: 33306381 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c08132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The interaction of long nanowires and living cells is directly related to nanowires' nanotoxicity and health impacts. Interactions of silver nanowires (AgNWs) and macrophage cell lines (NR8383) were investigated using laser scanning confocal microscopy and single cell compression (SCC). With high-resolution imaging and mechanics measurement of individual cells, AgNW-induced frustrated phagocytosis was clearly captured in conjunction with structural and property changes of cells. While frustrated phagocytosis is known for long microwires and long carbon nanotubes, this work reports first direct observations of frustrated phagocytosis of AgNWs among living cells in situ. In the case of partial penetration of AgNWs into NR8383 cells, confocal imaging revealed actin participation at the entry sites, whose behavior differs from microwire-induced frustrated phagocytosis. The impacts of frustrated phagocytosis on the cellular membrane and cytoskeleton were also quantified by measuring the mechanical properties using SCC. Taken collectively, this study reveals the structural and property characteristics of nanowire-induced frustrated phagocytosis, which deepens our understanding of nanowire-cell interactions and nanocytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgeny Ogorodnik
- Biophysics Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Arpad Karsai
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Kang-Hsin Wang
- Department of Dermatology, University of California Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, California 95817, United States
| | - Fu-Tong Liu
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Su Hao Lo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California 95817, United States
| | - Kent E Pinkerton
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, California 95817, United States
| | - Benjamin Gilbert
- Energy Geoscience Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Dominik R Haudenschild
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, California, 95817, United States
| | - Gang-Yu Liu
- Biophysics Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States.,Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
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13
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Kheirollahpour M, Mehrabi M, Dounighi NM, Mohammadi M, Masoudi A. Nanoparticles and Vaccine Development. Pharm Nanotechnol 2020; 8:6-21. [PMID: 31647394 DOI: 10.2174/2211738507666191024162042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In spite of the progress of conventional vaccines, improvements are required due to concerns about the low immunogenicity of the toxicity, instability, and the need for multiple administrations of the vaccines. To overcome the mentioned problems, nanotechnology has recently been incorporated into vaccine development. Nanotechnology increasingly plays an important role in vaccine development nanocarrier-based delivery systems that offer an opportunity to increase the cellular and humoral immune responses. The use of nanoparticles in vaccine formulations allows not only enhanced immunogenicity and stability of antigen, but also targeted delivery and slow release. Over the past decade, nanoscale size materials such as virus-like particles, liposomes, ISCOMs, polymeric, inorganic nanoparticles and emulsions have gained attention as potential delivery vehicles for vaccine antigens, which can both stabilize vaccine antigens and act as adjuvants. This advantage is attributable to the nanoscale particle size, which facilitates uptake by Antigen- Presenting Cells (APCs), then leading to efficient antigen recognition and presentation. Modifying the surfaces of nanoparticles with different targeting moieties permits the delivery of antigens to specific receptors on the cell surface, thereby stimulating selective and specific immune responses. This review provides an overview of recent advances in nanovaccinology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Kheirollahpour
- Department of Human Vaccine and Serum, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran.,Chemistry & Chemical Engineering Research Center of Iran, P.O. Box 14334-186, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohsen Mehrabi
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Medicine, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
| | - Naser Mohammadpour Dounighi
- Department of Human Vaccine and Serum, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran
| | - Mohsen Mohammadi
- The Persian Gulf Marine Biotechnology Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Alireza Masoudi
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
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14
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Kyriakidou K, Brasinika D, Trompeta A, Bergamaschi E, Karoussis I, Charitidis C. In vitro cytotoxicity assessment of pristine and carboxyl-functionalized MWCNTs. Food Chem Toxicol 2020; 141:111374. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2020.111374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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15
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Ge S, Zhao J, Ma G. Monochromatic Photolysis to Generate Silver Quantum Clusters in Polymer Matrices with Efficiently Antibio Property. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:4088-4097. [PMID: 32227964 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c00527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Size-control of species via wavelength to selectively synthesize Ag quantum clusters (QCs) was utilized and the synthesis conditions of this system (AgNO3, poly(methacrylic acid) (PMAA) with light) were optimized by changing a variety of parameters. Silver QCs, stabilized by PMAA with different compositions, have been synthesized in aqueous solution by tuning the irradiation monochromatic light wavelengths (300 or 365 nm) and AgNO3/MAA ratio (1 or 2). The novel preparation procedure has demonstrated a new approach to enlarge the population of the Ag QC family and proved the effectiveness of size control to prepare Ag QCs by tuning the light wavelength. Naked Ag QC species Agn (n = 2-9, 11, and 13) in polymer matrices are fully characterized by mass spectrometer, thus providing finger-printing evidence of their presence. Details regarding the photolysis reaction procedure, Ag QC optical properties, and the origins of fluorescence are discussed. Through a combination of results obtained from mass spectroscopy, fluorescence, and time-dependent density functional theory, we can assign the origin of fluorescence from a small silver cluster of Ag2 in organic scaffolds. The kinetics of the photolysis reaction follows first-order kinetics (k = 0.1/h). After thiolphenol (C6H5SH) ligand functionalization of the generated silver clusters in aqueous solution, the low or high resolution mass spectra showed the constant species composites with a molecular formula AgnLn-1 (n = 2-9 and L = C6H5S). More evidence indicated the formation of polymer-wrapped silver clusters. Their antibio property was explored, and we confirmed that they indeed show efficient activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai Ge
- Institute of Carbon Materials Science, Shanxi Datong University, Datong, Shanxi Province 037009, P.R. China
| | - Jianguo Zhao
- Institute of Carbon Materials Science, Shanxi Datong University, Datong, Shanxi Province 037009, P.R. China
| | - Guibin Ma
- Institute of Carbon Materials Science, Shanxi Datong University, Datong, Shanxi Province 037009, P.R. China
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
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16
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Sharma S, Naskar S, Kuotsu K. A review on carbon nanotubes: Influencing toxicity and emerging carrier for platinum based cytotoxic drug application. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2019.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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17
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Kabadi PK, Rodd AL, Simmons AE, Messier NJ, Hurt RH, Kane AB. A novel human 3D lung microtissue model for nanoparticle-induced cell-matrix alterations. Part Fibre Toxicol 2019; 16:15. [PMID: 30943996 PMCID: PMC6448215 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-019-0298-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) have been shown to elicit the release of inflammatory and pro-fibrotic mediators, as well as histopathological changes in lungs of exposed animals. Current standards for testing MWCNTs and other nanoparticles (NPs) rely on low-throughput in vivo studies to assess acute and chronic toxicity and potential hazard to humans. Several alternative testing approaches utilizing two-dimensional (2D) in vitro assays to screen engineered NPs have reported conflicting results between in vitro and in vivo assays. Compared to conventional 2D in vitro or in vivo animal model systems, three-dimensional (3D) in vitro platforms have been shown to more closely recapitulate human physiology, providing a relevant, more efficient strategy for evaluating acute toxicity and chronic outcomes in a tiered nanomaterial toxicity testing paradigm. RESULTS As inhalation is an important route of nanomaterial exposure, human lung fibroblasts and epithelial cells were co-cultured with macrophages to form scaffold-free 3D lung microtissues. Microtissues were exposed to multi-walled carbon nanotubes, M120 carbon black nanoparticles or crocidolite asbestos fibers for 4 or 7 days, then collected for characterization of microtissue viability, tissue morphology, and expression of genes and selected proteins associated with inflammation and extracellular matrix remodeling. Our data demonstrate the utility of 3D microtissues in predicting chronic pulmonary endpoints following exposure to MWCNTs or asbestos fibers. These test nanomaterials were incorporated into 3D human lung microtissues as visualized using light microscopy. Differential expression of genes involved in acute inflammation and extracellular matrix remodeling was detected using PCR arrays and confirmed using qRT-PCR analysis and Luminex assays of selected genes and proteins. CONCLUSION 3D lung microtissues provide an alternative testing platform for assessing nanomaterial-induced cell-matrix alterations and delineation of toxicity pathways, moving towards a more predictive and physiologically relevant approach for in vitro NP toxicity testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pranita K Kabadi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, 02912, USA.,AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, 20878, USA
| | - April L Rodd
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, 02912, USA.
| | - Alysha E Simmons
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, 02912, USA
| | - Norma J Messier
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, 02912, USA
| | - Robert H Hurt
- School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, 02912, USA
| | - Agnes B Kane
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, 02912, USA.
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18
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Mitochondrial Impairment Induced by Sub-Chronic Exposure to Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16050792. [PMID: 30841488 PMCID: PMC6427246 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16050792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Human exposure to carbon nanotubes (CNTs) can cause health issues due to their chemical-physical features and biological interactions. These nanostructures cause oxidative stress, also due to endogenous reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, which increases following mitochondrial impairment. The aim of this in vitro study was to assess the health effects, due to mitochondrial dysfunction, caused by a sub-chronic exposure to a non-acutely toxic dose of multi walled CNTs (raw and functionalised). The A549 cells were exposed to multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) (2 µg mL-1) for 36 days. Periodically, cellular dehydrogenases, pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 1 (PDK1), cytochrome c release, permeability transition pore (mPTP) opening, transmembrane potential (Δψ m), apoptotic cells, and intracellular ROS were measured. The results, compared to untreated cells and to positive control formed by cells treated with MWCNTs (20 µg mL-1), highlighted the efficiency of homeostasis to counteract ROS overproduction, but a restitutio ad integrum of mitochondrial functionality was not observed. Despite the tendency to restore, the mitochondrial impairment persisted. Overall, the results underlined the tissue damage that can arise following sub-chronic exposure to MWCNTs.
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19
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Connolly M, Zhang Y, Mahri S, Brown DM, Ortuño N, Jordá-Beneyto M, Maciaszek K, Stone V, Fernandes TF, Johnston HJ. The influence of organic modification on the cytotoxicity of clay particles to keratinocytes, hepatocytes and macrophages; an investigation towards the safe use of polymer-clay nanocomposite packaging. Food Chem Toxicol 2019; 126:178-191. [PMID: 30797875 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2019.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Revised: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Organically modified clays can be used as nanofillers in polymer-clay nanocomposites to create bio-based packaging with improved strength and barrier properties. The impact of organic modification on the physico-chemical properties and toxicity of clays has yet to be fully investigated but is essential to ensure their safe use. Two organoclays, named N116_HDTA and N116_TMSA, were prepared using a commercially available sodium bentonite clay and the organic modifiers hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (HDTA) and octadecyl trimethyl ammonium chloride (TMSA). An in vitro hazard assessment was performed using HaCaT skin cells, C3A liver cells, and J774.1 macrophage-like cells. Organic modification with HDTA and TMSA increased the hazard potential of the organoclays in all cell models, as evidenced by the higher levels of cytotoxicity measured. N116_TMSA caused the greatest loss in viability with IC50 values of 3.2, 3.6 and 6.1 μg/cm2 calculated using J774.1, HaCaT and C3A cell lines, respectively. Cytotoxic effects were dictated by the amount of free or displaced organic modifier present in the exposure suspensions. The parent bentonite clay also caused distinct cytotoxic effects in J774.1 macrophage-like cells with associated TNF-α release. Such information on the hazard profile of organoclays, can feed into risk assessments for these materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Connolly
- Heriot-Watt University, Riccarton Campus, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, United Kingdom.
| | - Yu Zhang
- Heriot-Watt University, Riccarton Campus, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, United Kingdom.
| | - Sohaib Mahri
- Heriot-Watt University, Riccarton Campus, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, United Kingdom.
| | - David M Brown
- Heriot-Watt University, Riccarton Campus, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, United Kingdom.
| | - Natalia Ortuño
- ITENE - Packaging, Transport. & Logistics Research Institute, C/ Albert Einstein, 1, Parque Tecnológico, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Maria Jordá-Beneyto
- ITENE - Packaging, Transport. & Logistics Research Institute, C/ Albert Einstein, 1, Parque Tecnológico, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Krystyna Maciaszek
- Heriot-Watt University, Riccarton Campus, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, United Kingdom.
| | - Vicki Stone
- Heriot-Watt University, Riccarton Campus, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, United Kingdom.
| | - Teresa F Fernandes
- Heriot-Watt University, Riccarton Campus, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, United Kingdom.
| | - Helinor J Johnston
- Heriot-Watt University, Riccarton Campus, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, United Kingdom.
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20
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Kane AB, Hurt RH, Gao H. The asbestos-carbon nanotube analogy: An update. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2018; 361:68-80. [PMID: 29960000 PMCID: PMC6298811 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2018.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Revised: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Nanotechnology is an emerging industry based on commercialization of materials with one or more dimensions of 100 nm or less. Engineered nanomaterials are currently incorporated into thin films, porous materials, liquid suspensions, or filler/matrix nanocomposites with future applications predicted in energy and catalysis, microelectronics, environmental sensing and remediation, and nanomedicine. Carbon nanotubes are one-dimensional fibrous nanomaterials that physically resemble asbestos fibers. Toxicologic studies in rodents demonstrated that some types of carbon nanotubes can induce mesothelioma, and the World Health Organization evaluated long, rigid multiwall carbon nanotubes as possibly carcinogenic for humans in 2014. This review summarizes key physicochemical similarities and differences between asbestos fibers and carbon nanotubes. The "fiber pathogenicity paradigm" has been extended to include carbon nanotubes as well as other high-aspect-ratio fibrous nanomaterials including metallic nanowires. This paradigm identifies width, length, and biopersistence of high-aspect-ratio fibrous nanomaterials as critical determinants of lung disease, including mesothelioma, following inhalation. Based on recent theoretical modeling studies, a fourth factor, mechanical bending stiffness, will be considered as predictive of potential carcinogenicity. Novel three-dimensional lung tissue platforms provide an opportunity for in vitro screening of a wide range of high aspect ratio fibrous nanomaterials for potential lung toxicity prior to commercialization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnes B Kane
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States; Institute for Molecular and Nanoscale Innovation, Providence, RI, United States.
| | - Robert H Hurt
- School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States; Institute for Molecular and Nanoscale Innovation, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Huajian Gao
- School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States; Institute for Molecular and Nanoscale Innovation, Providence, RI, United States
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21
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Gubala V, Johnston LJ, Krug HF, Moore CJ, Ober CK, Schwenk M, Vert M. Engineered nanomaterials and human health: Part 2. Applications and nanotoxicology (IUPAC Technical Report). PURE APPL CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1515/pac-2017-0102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
AbstractResearch on engineered nanomaterials (ENM) has progressed rapidly from the very early stages of studying their unique, size-dependent physicochemical properties and commercial exploration to the development of products that influence our everyday lives. We have previously reviewed various methods for synthesis, surface functionalization, and analytical characterization of ENM in a publication titled ‘Engineered Nanomaterials: Preparation, Functionalization and Characterization’. In this second, inter-linked document, we first provide an overview of important applications of ENM in products relevant to human healthcare and consumer goods, such as food, textiles, and cosmetics. We then highlight the challenges for the design and development of new ENM for bio-applications, particularly in the rapidly developing nanomedicine sector. The second part of this document is dedicated to nanotoxicology studies of ENM in consumer products. We describe the various biological targets where toxicity may occur, summarize the four nanotoxicology principles, and discuss the need for careful consideration of the biodistribution, degradation, and elimination routes of nanosized materials before they can be safely used. Finally, we review expert opinions on the risk, regulation, and ethical aspects of using engineered nanomaterials in applications that may have direct or indirect impact on human health or our environment.
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22
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Visalli G, Facciolà A, Iannazzo D, Piperno A, Pistone A, Di Pietro A. The role of the iron catalyst in the toxicity of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs). J Trace Elem Med Biol 2017; 43:153-160. [PMID: 28126205 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2017.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Revised: 12/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the role of iron, used as a catalyst, in the biological response to pristine and functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes (p/fMWCNTs) with an iron content of 2.5-2.8%. Preliminarily, we assessed the pro-oxidant activity of MWCNTs-associated iron by an abiotic test. To evaluate iron bioavailability, we measured intracellular redox-active iron in A549 cells exposed to both MWCNT suspensions and to the cell medium preconditioned by MWCNTs, in order to assess the iron dissolution rate under physiological conditions. Moreover, in exposed cells, we detected ROS levels, 8-oxo-dG and mitochondrial function. The results clearly highlighted that MWCNTs- associated iron was not redox-active and that iron leakage did not occur under physiological conditions, including the oxidative burst of specialized cells. Despite this, in MWCNTs exposed cells, higher level of intracellular redox-active iron was measured in comparison to control and a significant time-dependent ROS increase was observed (P<0.01). Higher levels of 8-oxo-dG, a marker of oxidative DNA damage, and decreased mitochondrial function, confirmed the oxidative stress induced by MWCNTs. Based on the results we believe that oxidative damage could be attributable to the release of endogenous redox-active iron. This was due to the damage of acidic vacuolar compartment caused by endocytosis-mediated MWCNT internalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppa Visalli
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, Italy.
| | - Alessio Facciolà
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, Italy.
| | - Daniela Iannazzo
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Industrial Chemistry and Engineering, University of Messina, Italy.
| | - Anna Piperno
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Italy
| | - Alessandro Pistone
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Industrial Chemistry and Engineering, University of Messina, Italy.
| | - Angela Di Pietro
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, Italy.
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23
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Kuempel ED, Jaurand MC, Møller P, Morimoto Y, Kobayashi N, Pinkerton KE, Sargent LM, Vermeulen RCH, Fubini B, Kane AB. Evaluating the mechanistic evidence and key data gaps in assessing the potential carcinogenicity of carbon nanotubes and nanofibers in humans. Crit Rev Toxicol 2017; 47:1-58. [PMID: 27537422 PMCID: PMC5555643 DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2016.1206061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In an evaluation of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) for the IARC Monograph 111, the Mechanisms Subgroup was tasked with assessing the strength of evidence on the potential carcinogenicity of CNTs in humans. The mechanistic evidence was considered to be not strong enough to alter the evaluations based on the animal data. In this paper, we provide an extended, in-depth examination of the in vivo and in vitro experimental studies according to current hypotheses on the carcinogenicity of inhaled particles and fibers. We cite additional studies of CNTs that were not available at the time of the IARC meeting in October 2014, and extend our evaluation to include carbon nanofibers (CNFs). Finally, we identify key data gaps and suggest research needs to reduce uncertainty. The focus of this review is on the cancer risk to workers exposed to airborne CNT or CNF during the production and use of these materials. The findings of this review, in general, affirm those of the original evaluation on the inadequate or limited evidence of carcinogenicity for most types of CNTs and CNFs at this time, and possible carcinogenicity of one type of CNT (MWCNT-7). The key evidence gaps to be filled by research include: investigation of possible associations between in vitro and early-stage in vivo events that may be predictive of lung cancer or mesothelioma, and systematic analysis of dose-response relationships across materials, including evaluation of the influence of physico-chemical properties and experimental factors on the observation of nonmalignant and malignant endpoints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eileen D Kuempel
- a National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health , Cincinnati , OH , USA
| | - Marie-Claude Jaurand
- b Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité Mixte de Recherche , UMR 1162 , Paris , France
- c Labex Immuno-Oncology, Sorbonne Paris Cité, University of Paris Descartes , Paris , France
- d University Institute of Hematology, Sorbonne Paris Cité, University of Paris Diderot , Paris , France
- e University of Paris 13, Sorbonne Paris Cité , Saint-Denis , France
| | - Peter Møller
- f Department of Public Health , University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Yasuo Morimoto
- g Department of Occupational Pneumology , University of Occupational and Environmental Health , Kitakyushu City , Japan
| | | | - Kent E Pinkerton
- i Center for Health and the Environment, University of California , Davis , California , USA
| | - Linda M Sargent
- j National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health , Morgantown , West Virginia , USA
| | - Roel C H Vermeulen
- k Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University , Utrecht , The Netherlands
| | - Bice Fubini
- l Department of Chemistry and "G.Scansetti" Interdepartmental Center , Università degli Studi di Torino , Torino , Italy
| | - Agnes B Kane
- m Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine , Brown University , Providence , RI , USA
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Shen Y, Shuhendler AJ, Ye D, Xu JJ, Chen HY. Two-photon excitation nanoparticles for photodynamic therapy. Chem Soc Rev 2016; 45:6725-6741. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cs00442c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 365] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Integration of the two-photon excitation (TPE) technique and nanomaterials to construct TPE nanoparticle-based photosensitizers for PDT is summarized and reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yizhong Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University
- Nanjing 210093
- P. R. China
| | - Adam J. Shuhendler
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences
- University of Ottawa
- Ottawa
- Canada
| | - Deju Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University
- Nanjing 210093
- P. R. China
| | - Jing-Juan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University
- Nanjing 210093
- P. R. China
| | - Hong-Yuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University
- Nanjing 210093
- P. R. China
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Tsuruoka S, Matsumoto H, Castranova V, Porter DW, Yanagisawa T, Saito N, Kobayashi S, Endo M. Differentiation of chemical reaction activity of various carbon nanotubes using redox potential: Classification by physical and chemical structures. CARBON 2015; 95:302-308. [PMID: 26783369 PMCID: PMC4714795 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbon.2015.08.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The present study systematically examined the kinetics of a hydroxyl radical scavenging reaction of various carbon nanotubes (CNTs) including double-walled and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (DWCNTs and MWCNTs), and carbon nano peapods (AuCl3@DWCNT). The theoretical model that we recently proposed based on the redox potential of CNTs was used to analyze the experimental results. The reaction kinetics for DWCNTs and thin MWCNTs agreed well with the theoretical model and was consistent with each other. On the other hand, thin and thick MWCNTs behaved differently, which was consistent with the theory. Additionally, surface morphology of CNTs substantially influenced the reaction kinetics, while the doped particles in the center hollow parts of CNTs (AuCl3@DWCNT) shifted the redox potential in a different direction. These findings make it possible to predict the chemical and biological reactivity of CNTs based on the structural and chemical nature and their influence on the redox potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuji Tsuruoka
- Aquatic Innovation Center, Shinshu University, 4-17-1 Wakasato, Nagano 380-8553, Japan
| | - Hidetoshi Matsumoto
- Department of Organic and Polymeric Materials, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
| | | | - Dale W. Porter
- Pathology & Physiology Research Branch, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1095 Willowdale Rd. (M/S2015), Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Takashi Yanagisawa
- GSI Creos Corporation, 1-12, Minami-Watarida-cho, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-0855, Japan
| | - Naoto Saito
- Department of Applied Physical Therapy, Shinshu University, School of Health Sciences, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, Nagano, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Kobayashi
- Department of Applied Physical Therapy, Shinshu University, School of Health Sciences, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, Nagano, Japan
| | - Morinobu Endo
- Institute of Carbon Science and Technology, Shinshu University, Nagano 380-8553, Japan
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Sengupta B, Gregory WE, Zhu J, Dasetty S, Karakaya M, Brown JM, Rao AM, Barrows JK, Sarupria S, Podila R. Influence of carbon nanomaterial defects on the formation of protein corona. RSC Adv 2015; 5:82395-82402. [PMID: 26877870 DOI: 10.1039/c5ra15007h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In any physiological media, carbon nanomaterials (CNM) strongly interact with biomolecules leading to the formation of biocorona, which subsequently dictate the physiological response and the fate of CNMs. Defects in CNMs play an important role not only in material properties but also in the determination of how materials interact at the nano-bio interface. In this article, we probed the influence of defect-induced hydrophilicity on the biocorona formation using micro-Raman, photoluminescence, infrared spectroscopy, electrochemistry, and molecular dynamics simulations. Our results show that the interaction of proteins (albumin and fibrinogen) with CNMs is strongly influenced by charge-transfer between them, inducing protein unfolding which enhances conformational entropy and higher protein adsorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bishwambhar Sengupta
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Clemson Nanomaterials Center, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, United States ; Laboratory of nano-biophysics, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, United States
| | - Wren E Gregory
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Clemson Nanomaterials Center, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, United States ; Laboratory of nano-biophysics, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, United States
| | - Jingyi Zhu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Clemson Nanomaterials Center, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, United States
| | - Siva Dasetty
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, United States
| | - Mehmet Karakaya
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Clemson Nanomaterials Center, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, United States
| | - Jared M Brown
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, United States
| | - Apparao M Rao
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Clemson Nanomaterials Center, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, United States ; COMSET, Clemson University, Anderson, SC 29625, United States
| | - John K Barrows
- Department of Genetics and Biochemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, United States
| | - Sapna Sarupria
- Laboratory of nano-biophysics, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, United States
| | - Ramakrishna Podila
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Clemson Nanomaterials Center, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, United States ; Laboratory of nano-biophysics, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, United States. ; COMSET, Clemson University, Anderson, SC 29625, United States
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Tsai DH, Lu YF, DelRio FW, Cho TJ, Guha S, Zachariah MR, Zhang F, Allen A, Hackley VA. Orthogonal analysis of functional gold nanoparticles for biomedical applications. Anal Bioanal Chem 2015; 407:8411-22. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-9011-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Revised: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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28
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Lai DY. Approach to using mechanism-based structure activity relationship (SAR) analysis to assess human health hazard potential of nanomaterials. Food Chem Toxicol 2015; 85:120-6. [PMID: 26111809 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2015.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Revised: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
With the increasing use and development of engineered nanoparticles in electronics, consumer products, pesticides, food and pharmaceutical industries, there is a growing concern about potential human health hazards of these materials. A number of studies have demonstrated that nanoparticle toxicity is extremely complex, and that the biological activity of nanoparticles will depend on a variety of physicochemical properties such as particle size, shape, agglomeration state, crystal structure, chemical composition, surface area and surface properties. Nanoparticle toxicity can be attributed to nonspecific interaction with biological structures due to their physical properties (e.g., size and shape) and biopersistence, or to specific interaction with biomolecules through their surface properties (e.g., surface chemistry and reactivity) or release of toxic ions. The toxic effects of most nanomaterials have not been adequately characterized and currently, there are many issues and challenges in toxicity testing and risk assessment of nanoparticles. Based on the possible mechanisms of action and available in vitro and in vivo toxicity database, this paper proposes an approach to using mechanism-based SAR analysis to assess the relative human health hazard/risk potential of various types of nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Y Lai
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, Risk Assessment Division, 1200 Pennsylvania Ave. N.W., Washington, DC, USA.
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Wang X, Duch MC, Mansukhani N, Ji Z, Liao YP, Wang M, Zhang H, Sun B, Chang CH, Li R, Lin S, Meng H, Xia T, Hersam MC, Nel AE. Use of a pro-fibrogenic mechanism-based predictive toxicological approach for tiered testing and decision analysis of carbonaceous nanomaterials. ACS NANO 2015; 9:3032-43. [PMID: 25646681 PMCID: PMC4539018 DOI: 10.1021/nn507243w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Engineered carbonaceous nanomaterials (ECNs), including single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs), multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), graphene, and graphene oxide (GO), are potentially hazardous to the lung. With incremental experience in the use of predictive toxicological approaches, seeking to relate ECN physicochemical properties to adverse outcome pathways (AOPs), it is logical to explore the existence of a common AOP that allows comparative analysis of broad ECN categories. We established an ECN library comprising three different types of SWCNTs, graphene, and graphene oxide (two sizes) for comparative analysis according to a cell-based AOP that also plays a role in the pathogenesis of pulmonary fibrosis. SWCNTs synthesized by Hipco, arc discharge and Co-Mo catalyst (CoMoCAT) methods were obtained in their as-prepared (AP) state, following which they were further purified (PD) or coated with Pluronic F108 (PF108) or bovine serum albumin (BSA) to improve dispersal and colloidal stability. GO was prepared as two sizes, GO-small (S) and GO-large (L), while the graphene samples were coated with BSA and PF108 to enable dispersion in aqueous solution. In vitro screening showed that AP- and PD-SWCNTs, irrespective of the method of synthesis, as well as graphene (BSA) and GO (S and L) could trigger interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) production in myeloid (THP-1) and epithelial (BEAS-2B) cell lines, respectively. Oropharyngeal aspiration in mice confirmed that AP-Hipco tubes, graphene (BSA-dispersed), GO-S and GO-L could induce IL-1β and TGF-β1 production in the lung in parallel with lung fibrosis. Notably, GO-L was the most pro-fibrogenic material based on rapid kinetics of pulmonary injury. In contrast, PF108-dispersed SWCNTs and -graphene failed to exert fibrogenic effects. Collectively, these data indicate that the dispersal state and surface reactivity of ECNs play key roles in triggering a pro-fibrogenic AOP, which could prove helpful for hazard ranking and a proposed tiered testing approach for large ECN categories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Wang
- Division of NanoMedicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
| | - Matthew C. Duch
- Departments of Materials Science and Engineering, Chemistry, and Medicine, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Nikhita Mansukhani
- Departments of Materials Science and Engineering, Chemistry, and Medicine, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Zhaoxia Ji
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
| | - Yu-Pei Liao
- Division of NanoMedicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
| | - Meiying Wang
- Division of NanoMedicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
| | - Haiyuan Zhang
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
| | - Bingbing Sun
- Division of NanoMedicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
| | - Chong Hyun Chang
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
| | - Ruibin Li
- Division of NanoMedicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
| | - Sijie Lin
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
| | - Huan Meng
- Division of NanoMedicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
| | - Tian Xia
- Division of NanoMedicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
| | - Mark C. Hersam
- Departments of Materials Science and Engineering, Chemistry, and Medicine, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - André E. Nel
- Division of NanoMedicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
- Corresponding Author: André E. Nel, M.D./Ph.D., Department of Medicine, Division of NanoMedicine, UCLA School of Medicine, 52-175 CHS, 10833 Le Conte Ave, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1680. Tel: (310) 825-6620, Fax: (310) 206-8107,
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Kansara K, Patel P, Shah D, Shukla RK, Singh S, Kumar A, Dhawan A. TiO2 nanoparticles induce DNA double strand breaks and cell cycle arrest in human alveolar cells. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2015; 56:204-17. [PMID: 25524809 DOI: 10.1002/em.21925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Revised: 10/19/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
TiO2 nanoparticles (NPs) have the second highest global annual production (∼3000 tons) among the metal-containing NPs. These NPs are used as photocatalysts for bacterial disinfection, and in various other consumer products including sunscreen, food packaging, therapeutics, biosensors, surface cleaning agents, and others. Humans are exposed to these NPs during synthesis (laboratory), manufacture (industry), and use (consumer products, devices, medicines, etc.), as well as through environmental exposures (disposal). Hence, there is great concern regarding the health effects caused by exposure to NPs and, in particular, to TiO2 NPs. In the present study, the genotoxic potential of TiO2 NPs in A549 cells was examined, focusing on their potential to induce ROS, different types of DNA damage, and cell cycle arrest. We show that TiO2 NPs can induce DNA damage and a corresponding increase in micronucleus frequency, as evident from the comet and cytokinesis-block micronucleus assays. We demonstrate that DNA damage may be attributed to increased oxidative stress and ROS generation. Furthermore, genomic and proteomic analyses showed increased expression of ATM, P53, and CdC-2 and decreased expression of ATR, H2AX, and Cyclin B1 in A549 cells, suggesting induction of DNA double strand breaks. The occurrence of double strand breaks was correlated with cell cycle arrest in G2/M phase. Overall, the results indicate the potential for genotoxicity following exposure to these TiO2 NPs, suggesting that use should be carefully monitored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krupa Kansara
- Institute of Life Sciences, Ahmedabad University, University Road, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
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31
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Chellini E, Martino G, Grillo A, Fedi A, Martini A, Indiani L, Mauro L. Malignant mesotheliomas in textile rag sorters. ANNALS OF OCCUPATIONAL HYGIENE 2015; 59:547-53. [PMID: 25701019 DOI: 10.1093/annhyg/meu114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To analyse the asbestos exposure characteristics and mesothelioma trend in textile workers operating in the larger Tuscan textile industrial province of Prato between 1988 and 2012. METHODS All cases of textile workers recorded by the Tuscan mesothelioma register are considered. The demographic and clinical characteristics and asbestos exposure of cases working in the province of Prato are examined. Crude incidence rates between 1988 and 2012 and their 95% confidence intervals (CI) are calculated in rag sorters and other textile workers. The trends of standardized rates are also evaluated, as well as the sources of occupational asbestos exposure from occupational histories of cases affected by other asbestos-related diseases in rag sorters. RESULTS One hundred and seventy-two malignant mesotheliomas (MMs) have been diagnosed in textile workers in Tuscany. Among these, 46.5% were residents in the province of Prato at the time of diagnosis, half of whom working as rag sorters. All rag sorters with MM are classified as occupationally asbestos exposed, while 71.7% are other textile workers exposed to asbestos. The estimated crude incidence rate in rag sorters in Prato ranges from 74.1×100000 (95% CI: 52.5-101.8) to 166.8×100000 (95% CI: 118.1-229.0). The standardized rates in Prato rag sorters appeared higher throughout the 1990s while in other Prato textile workers the rates increased later on, at the very end of the 1990s. Another 40 cases of asbestos-related diseases in rag sorters were also collected. CONCLUSIONS A very high incidence of MMs was observed in textile workers in Prato, especially among rag sorters. This result, together with the high number of other asbestos-related diseases in rag sorters, strongly supports the hypothesis of diffuse asbestos exposure in rag sorting, in the absence of any other relevant aetiological factor for malignant mesothelioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Chellini
- 1.Unit of Environmental and Occupational Epidemiology, Cancer Prevention and Research Institute, Firenze I-50141, Italy;
| | - Gianrocco Martino
- 2.Specialization School in Hygiene and Public Health, University of Florence, Florence I-50139, Italy
| | - Annalisa Grillo
- 3.Occupational Health Service, Local Health Authority of Prato, Prato I-59100, Italy
| | - Aldo Fedi
- 3.Occupational Health Service, Local Health Authority of Prato, Prato I-59100, Italy
| | - Andrea Martini
- 1.Unit of Environmental and Occupational Epidemiology, Cancer Prevention and Research Institute, Firenze I-50141, Italy
| | - Laura Indiani
- 2.Specialization School in Hygiene and Public Health, University of Florence, Florence I-50139, Italy
| | - Luigi Mauro
- 3.Occupational Health Service, Local Health Authority of Prato, Prato I-59100, Italy
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32
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Physicochemical properties of nanomaterials: implication in associated toxic manifestations. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:498420. [PMID: 25165707 PMCID: PMC4140132 DOI: 10.1155/2014/498420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 293] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Nanotechnology has emerged as one of the leading fields of the science having tremendous application in diverse disciplines. As nanomaterials are increasingly becoming part of everyday consumer products, it is imperative to assess their impact on living organisms and on the environment. Physicochemical characteristics of nanoparticles and engineered nanomaterials including size, shape, chemical composition, physiochemical stability, crystal structure, surface area, surface energy, and surface roughness generally influence the toxic manifestations of these nanomaterials. This compels the research fraternity to evaluate the role of these properties in determining associated toxicity issues. Reckoning with this fact, in this paper, issues pertaining to the physicochemical properties of nanomaterials as it relates to the toxicity of the nanomaterials are discussed.
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Shvedova AA, Kisin ER, Murray AR, Mouithys-Mickalad A, Stadler K, Mason RP, Kadiiska M. ESR evidence for in vivo formation of free radicals in tissue of mice exposed to single-walled carbon nanotubes. Free Radic Biol Med 2014; 73:154-65. [PMID: 24863695 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2014.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2014] [Revised: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Nanomaterials are being utilized in an increasing variety of manufactured goods. Because of their unique physicochemical, electrical, mechanical, and thermal properties, single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) have found numerous applications in the electronics, aerospace, chemical, polymer, and pharmaceutical industries. Previously, we have reported that pharyngeal exposure of C57BL/6 mice to SWCNTs caused dose-dependent formation of granulomatous bronchial interstitial pneumonia, fibrosis, oxidative stress, acute inflammatory/cytokine responses, and a decrease in pulmonary function. In the current study, we used electron spin resonance (ESR) to directly assess whether exposure to respirable SWCNTs caused formation of free radicals in the lungs and in two distant organs, the heart and liver. Here we report that exposure to partially purified SWCNTs (HiPco technique, Carbon Nanotechnologies, Inc., Houston, TX, USA) resulted in the augmentation of oxidative stress as evidenced by ESR detection of α-(4-pyridyl-1-oxide)-N-tert-butylnitrone spin-trapped carbon-centered lipid-derived radicals recorded shortly after the treatment. This was accompanied by a significant depletion of antioxidants and elevated biomarkers of inflammation presented by recruitment of inflammatory cells and an increase in proinflammatory cytokines in the lungs, as well as development of multifocal granulomatous pneumonia, interstitial fibrosis, and suppressed pulmonary function. Moreover, pulmonary exposure to SWCNTs also caused the formation of carbon-centered lipid-derived radicals in the heart and liver at later time points (day 7 postexposure). Additionally, SWCNTs induced a significant accumulation of oxidatively modified proteins, increase in lipid peroxidation products, depletion of antioxidants, and inflammatory response in both the heart and the liver. Furthermore, the iron chelator deferoxamine noticeably reduced lung inflammation and oxidative stress, indicating an important role for metal-catalyzed species in lung injury caused by SWCNTs. Overall, we provide direct evidence that lipid-derived free radicals are a critical contributor to tissue damage induced by SWCNTs not only in the lungs, but also in distant organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Shvedova
- Pathology and Physiology Research Branch, HELD, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA; Physiology and Pharmacology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA.
| | - E R Kisin
- Pathology and Physiology Research Branch, HELD, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
| | - A R Murray
- Pathology and Physiology Research Branch, HELD, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA; Physiology and Pharmacology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | | | - K Stadler
- National Institute of Environmental Health Science, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - R P Mason
- National Institute of Environmental Health Science, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - M Kadiiska
- National Institute of Environmental Health Science, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
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Rotoli BM, Guidi P, Bonelli B, Bernardeschi M, Bianchi MG, Esposito S, Frenzilli G, Lucchesi P, Nigro M, Scarcelli V, Tomatis M, Zanello PP, Fubini B, Bussolati O, Bergamaschi E. Imogolite: An Aluminosilicate Nanotube Endowed with Low Cytotoxicity and Genotoxicity. Chem Res Toxicol 2014; 27:1142-54. [DOI: 10.1021/tx500002d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Patrizia Guidi
- Department
of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Barbara Bonelli
- Department
of Applied Science and Technology and INSTM, Unit of Torino Politecnico, Politecnico di Torino, 10129 Turin, Italy
| | | | | | - Serena Esposito
- Department
of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, 03043 Cassino, Italy
| | - Giada Frenzilli
- Department
of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Paolo Lucchesi
- Department
of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Marco Nigro
- Department
of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Vittoria Scarcelli
- Department
of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Maura Tomatis
- Department
of Chemistry and “G. Scansetti” Interdepartmental Center
for Studies on Asbestos and Other Toxic Particulates, University of Torino, 10125 Turin, Italy
| | | | - Bice Fubini
- Department
of Chemistry and “G. Scansetti” Interdepartmental Center
for Studies on Asbestos and Other Toxic Particulates, University of Torino, 10125 Turin, Italy
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Wang P, Nie X, Wang Y, Li Y, Ge C, Zhang L, Wang L, Bai R, Chen Z, Zhao Y, Chen C. Multiwall carbon nanotubes mediate macrophage activation and promote pulmonary fibrosis through TGF-β/Smad signaling pathway. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2013; 9:3799-3811. [PMID: 23650105 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201300607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) have been widely used in many disciplines due to their unique physical and chemical properties, but have also raised great concerns about their possible negative health impacts, especially through occupational exposure. Although recent studies have demonstrated that MWCNTs induce granuloma formation and/or fibrotic responses in the lungs of rats or mice, their cellular and molecular mechanisms remain largely unaddressed. Here, it is reported that the TGF-β/Smad signaling pathway can be activated by MWCNTs and play a critical role in MWCNT-induced pulmonary fibrosis. Firstly, in vivo data show that spontaneously hypertensive (SH) rats administered long MWCNTs (20-50 μm) but not short MWCNTs (0.5-2 μm) exhibit increased fibroblast proliferation, collagen deposition and granuloma formation in lung tissue. Secondly, the in vivo experiments also indicate that only long MWCNTs can significantly activate macrophages and increase the production of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1, which induces the phosphorylation of Smad2 and then the expression of collagen I/III and extracellular matrix (ECM) protease inhibitors in lung tissues. Finally, the present in vitro studies further demonstrate that the TGF-β/Smad signaling pathway is indeed necessary for the expression of collagen III in fibroblast cells. Together, these data demonstrate that MWCNTs stimulate pulmonary fibrotic responses such as fibroblast proliferation and collagen deposition in a TGF-β/Smad-dependent manner. These observations also suggest that tube length acts as an important factor in MWCNT-induced macrophage activation and subsequent TGF-β1 secretion. These in vivo and in vitro studies further highlight the potential adverse health effects that may occur following MWCNT exposure and provide a better understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms by which MWCNTs induce pulmonary fibrotic reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials & Nanosafety, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, China
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Ribeiro T, Motta A, Marcus P, Gaigeot MP, Lopez X, Costa D. Formation of the OOH radical at steps of the boehmite surface and its inhibition by gallic acid: A theoretical study including DFT-based dynamics. J Inorg Biochem 2013; 128:164-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2013.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2013] [Revised: 07/15/2013] [Accepted: 07/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Vietti G, Ibouraadaten S, Palmai-Pallag M, Yakoub Y, Bailly C, Fenoglio I, Marbaix E, Lison D, van den Brule S. Towards predicting the lung fibrogenic activity of nanomaterials: experimental validation of an in vitro fibroblast proliferation assay. Part Fibre Toxicol 2013; 10:52. [PMID: 24112397 PMCID: PMC3852297 DOI: 10.1186/1743-8977-10-52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2013] [Accepted: 09/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Carbon nanotubes (CNT) can induce lung inflammation and fibrosis in rodents. Several studies have identified the capacity of CNT to stimulate the proliferation of fibroblasts. We developed and validated experimentally here a simple and rapid in vitro assay to evaluate the capacity of a nanomaterial to exert a direct pro-fibrotic effect on fibroblasts. Methods The activity of several multi-wall (MW)CNT samples (NM400, the crushed form of NM400 named NM400c, NM402 and MWCNTg 2400) and asbestos (crocidolite) was investigated in vitro and in vivo. The proliferative response to MWCNT was assessed on mouse primary lung fibroblasts, human fetal lung fibroblasts (HFL-1), mouse embryonic fibroblasts (BALB-3T3) and mouse lung fibroblasts (MLg) by using different assays (cell counting, WST-1 assay and propidium iodide PI staining) and dispersion media (fetal bovine serum, FBS and bovine serum albumin, BSA). C57BL/6 mice were pharyngeally aspirated with the same materials and lung fibrosis was assessed after 2 months by histopathology, quantification of total collagen lung content and pro-fibrotic cytokines in broncho-alveolar lavage fluid (BALF). Results MWCNT (NM400 and NM402) directly stimulated fibroblast proliferation in vitro in a dose-dependent manner and induced lung fibrosis in vivo. NM400 stimulated the proliferation of all tested fibroblast types, independently of FBS- or BSA- dispersion. Results obtained by WST1 cell activity were confirmed with cell counting and cell cycle (PI staining) assays. Crocidolite also stimulated fibroblast proliferation and induced pulmonary fibrosis, although to a lesser extent than NM400 and NM402. In contrast, shorter CNT (NM400c and MWCNTg 2400) did not induce any fibroblast proliferation or collagen accumulation in vivo, supporting the idea that CNT structure is an important parameter for inducing lung fibrosis. Conclusions In this study, an optimized proliferation assay using BSA as a dispersant, MLg cells as targets and an adaptation of WST-1 as readout was developed. The activity of MWCNT in this test strongly reflects their fibrotic activity in vivo, supporting the predictive value of this in vitro assay in terms of lung fibrosis potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Vietti
- Louvain centre for Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, Université catholique de Louvain, Avenue E, Mounier, 52 - bte B1,52,12, 1200 Brussels, Belgium.
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38
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Turci F, Peira E, Corazzari I, Fenoglio I, Trotta M, Fubini B. Crystalline Phase Modulates the Potency of Nanometric TiO2 to Adhere to and Perturb the Stratum Corneum of Porcine Skin under Indoor Light. Chem Res Toxicol 2013; 26:1579-90. [DOI: 10.1021/tx400285j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Turci
- Dip.
Chimica, “G. Scansetti” Interdepartmental
Center and NIS Excellence Center, University of Torino, via P. Giuria
7, 10125, Torino, Italy
| | - Elena Peira
- Dip.
Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, University of Torino, via P. Giuria
9, 10125, Torino, Italy
| | - Ingrid Corazzari
- Dip.
Chimica, “G. Scansetti” Interdepartmental
Center and NIS Excellence Center, University of Torino, via P. Giuria
7, 10125, Torino, Italy
| | - Ivana Fenoglio
- Dip.
Chimica, “G. Scansetti” Interdepartmental
Center and NIS Excellence Center, University of Torino, via P. Giuria
7, 10125, Torino, Italy
| | - Michele Trotta
- Dip.
Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, University of Torino, via P. Giuria
9, 10125, Torino, Italy
| | - Bice Fubini
- Dip.
Chimica, “G. Scansetti” Interdepartmental
Center and NIS Excellence Center, University of Torino, via P. Giuria
7, 10125, Torino, Italy
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39
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Tsuruoka S, Takeuchi K, Koyama K, Noguchi T, Endo M, Tristan F, Terrones M, Matsumoto H, Saito N, Usui Y, Porter DW, Castranova V. ROS evaluation for a series of CNTs and their derivatives using an ESR method with DMPO. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 429. [PMID: 26300949 DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/429/1/012029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are important materials in advanced industries. It is a concern that pulmonary exposure to CNTs may induce carcinogenic responses. It has been recently reported that CNTs scavenge ROS though non-carbon fibers generate ROS. A comprehensive evaluation of ROS scavenging using various kinds of CNTs has not been demonstrated well. The present work specifically investigates ROS scavenging capabilities with a series of CNTs and their derivatives that were physically treated, and with the number of commercially available CNTs. CNT concentrations were controlled at 0.2 through 0.6 wt%. The ROS scavenging rate was measured by ESR with DMPO. Interestingly, the ROS scavenging rate was not only influenced by physical treatments, but was also dependent on individual manufacturing methods. Ratio of CNTs to DMPO/ hydrogen peroxide is a key parameter to obtain appropriate ROS quenching results for comparison of CNTs. The present results suggest that dangling bonds are not a sole factor for scavenging, and electron transfer on the CNT surface is not clearly determined to be the sole mechanism to explain ROS scavenging.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Tsuruoka
- Shinshu University, Research Center for Exotic Nanocarbons, 4-17-1 Wakasato, Nagano, Japan
| | - K Takeuchi
- Shinshu University, Faculty of Engineering, Research Center for Exotic Nanocarbons, 4-17-1 Wakasato, Nagano, Japan
| | - K Koyama
- Shinshu University, Faculty of Engineering, Research Center for Exotic Nanocarbons, 4-17-1 Wakasato, Nagano, Japan
| | - T Noguchi
- Shinshu University, Research Center for Exotic Nanocarbons, 4-17-1 Wakasato, Nagano, Japan
| | - M Endo
- Shinshu University, Research Center for Exotic Nanocarbons, 4-17-1 Wakasato, Nagano, Japan
| | - F Tristan
- Shinshu University, Research Center for Exotic Nanocarbons, 4-17-1 Wakasato, Nagano, Japan
| | - M Terrones
- Shinshu University, Research Center for Exotic Nanocarbons, 4-17-1 Wakasato, Nagano, Japan
| | - H Matsumoto
- Department of Organic and Polymeric Materials Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, JAPAN
| | - N Saito
- Department of Applied Physical Therapy, Shinshu University, School of Health Sciences, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, Nagano, Japan
| | - Y Usui
- Shinshu University, Faculty of Engineering, Research Center for Exotic Nanocarbons, 4-17-1 Wakasato, Nagano, Japan
| | - D W Porter
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - V Castranova
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
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40
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Behrendt JM, Nagel D, Chundoo E, Alexander LM, Dupin D, Hine AV, Bradley M, Sutherland AJ. Synthesis and characterization of dual-functionalized core-shell fluorescent microspheres for bioconjugation and cellular delivery. PLoS One 2013; 8:e50713. [PMID: 23526923 PMCID: PMC3602537 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0050713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2012] [Accepted: 10/23/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The efficient transport of micron-sized beads into cells, via a non-endocytosis mediated mechanism, has only recently been described. As such there is considerable scope for optimization and exploitation of this procedure to enable imaging and sensing applications to be realized. Herein, we report the design, synthesis and characterization of fluorescent microsphere-based cellular delivery agents that can also carry biological cargoes. These core-shell polymer microspheres possess two distinct chemical environments; the core is hydrophobic and can be labeled with fluorescent dye, to permit visual tracking of the microsphere during and after cellular delivery, whilst the outer shell renders the external surfaces of the microspheres hydrophilic, thus facilitating both bioconjugation and cellular compatibility. Cross-linked core particles were prepared in a dispersion polymerization reaction employing styrene, divinylbenzene and a thiol-functionalized co-monomer. These core particles were then shelled in a seeded emulsion polymerization reaction, employing styrene, divinylbenzene and methacrylic acid, to generate orthogonally functionalized core-shell microspheres which were internally labeled via the core thiol moieties through reaction with a thiol reactive dye (DY630-maleimide). Following internal labeling, bioconjugation of green fluorescent protein (GFP) to their carboxyl-functionalized surfaces was successfully accomplished using standard coupling protocols. The resultant dual-labeled microspheres were visualized by both of the fully resolvable fluorescence emissions of their cores (DY630) and shells (GFP). In vitro cellular uptake of these microspheres by HeLa cells was demonstrated conventionally by fluorescence-based flow cytometry, whilst MTT assays demonstrated that 92% of HeLa cells remained viable after uptake. Due to their size and surface functionalities, these far-red-labeled microspheres are ideal candidates for in vitro, cellular delivery of proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M. Behrendt
- Chemical Engineering & Applied Chemistry, School of Engineering & Applied Science, Aston University, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - David Nagel
- School of Life & Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Evita Chundoo
- Chemical Engineering & Applied Chemistry, School of Engineering & Applied Science, Aston University, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Lois M. Alexander
- School of Chemistry, Edinburgh University, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Damien Dupin
- Department of Chemistry, Dainton Building, the University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Anna V. Hine
- School of Life & Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Bradley
- School of Chemistry, Edinburgh University, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew J. Sutherland
- Chemical Engineering & Applied Chemistry, School of Engineering & Applied Science, Aston University, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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41
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Abstract
Because of their unique physical, chemical, electrical, and mechanical properties, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have attracted a great deal of research interest and have many potential applications. As large-scale production and application of CNTs increases, the general population is more likely to be exposed to CNTs either directly or indirectly, which has prompted considerable attention about human health and safety issues related to CNTs. Although considerable experimental data related to CNT toxicity at the molecular, cellular, and whole animal levels have been published, the results are often conflicting. Therefore, a systematic understanding of CNT toxicity is needed but has not yet been developed. In this Account, we highlight recent investigations into the basis of CNT toxicity carried out by our team and by other laboratories. We focus on several important factors that explain the disparities in the experimental results of nanotoxicity, such as impurities, amorphous carbon, surface charge, shape, length, agglomeration, and layer numbers. The exposure routes, including inhalation, intravenous injection, or dermal or oral exposure, can also influence the in vivo behavior and fate of CNTs. The underlying mechanisms of CNT toxicity include oxidative stress, inflammatory responses, malignant transformation, DNA damage and mutation (errors in chromosome number as well as disruption of the mitotic spindle), the formation of granulomas, and interstitial fibrosis. These findings provide useful insights for de novo design and safe application of carbon nanotubes and their risk assessment to human health. To obtain reproducible and accurate results, researchers must establish standards and reliable detection methods, use standard CNT samples as a reference control, and study the impact of various factors systematically. In addition, researchers need to examine multiple types of CNTs, different cell lines and animal species, multidimensional evaluation methods, and exposure conditions. To make results comparable among different institutions and countries, researchers need to standardize choices in toxicity testing such as that of cell line, animal species, and exposure conditions. The knowledge presented here should lead to a better understanding of the key factors that can influence CNT toxicity so that their unwanted toxicity might be avoided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Yuliang Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Beijing 100190, China
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100049, China
| | - Baoyun Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chunying Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Beijing 100190, China
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42
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Aldieri E, Fenoglio I, Cesano F, Gazzano E, Gulino G, Scarano D, Attanasio A, Mazzucco G, Ghigo D, Fubini B. The role of iron impurities in the toxic effects exerted by short multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) in murine alveolar macrophages. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2013; 76:1056-1071. [PMID: 24188191 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2013.834855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Lung toxicity mediated by multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) has been widely demonstrated and recently associated with induction of carcinogenic asbestos-like effects, but the chemical features that drive this toxic effect have still not been well elucidated. The presence of metals as trace contaminants during MWCNT preparation, in particular iron (Fe) impurities, plays an important role in determining a different cellular response to MWCNT. Our goal was to clarify the mechanisms underlying MWCNT-induced toxicity with correlation to the presence of Fe impurities by exposing murine alveolar macrophages to two different MWCNT samples, which differed only in the presence or absence of Fe. Data showed that only Fe-rich MWCNT were significantly cytotoxic and genotoxic and induced a potent cellular oxidative stress, while Fe-free MWCNT did not exert any of these adverse effects. These results confirm that Fe content represents an important key constituent in promoting MWCNT-induced toxicity, and this needs to be taken into consideration when planning new, safer preparation routes.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Aldieri
- a Department of Oncology , University of Torino , Torino , Italy
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43
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Bussy C, Pinault M, Cambedouzou J, Landry MJ, Jegou P, Mayne-L'hermite M, Launois P, Boczkowski J, Lanone S. Critical role of surface chemical modifications induced by length shortening on multi-walled carbon nanotubes-induced toxicity. Part Fibre Toxicol 2012. [PMID: 23181604 PMCID: PMC3515433 DOI: 10.1186/1743-8977-9-46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Given the increasing use of carbon nanotubes (CNT) in composite materials and their possible expansion to new areas such as nanomedicine which will both lead to higher human exposure, a better understanding of their potential to cause adverse effects on human health is needed. Like other nanomaterials, the biological reactivity and toxicity of CNT were shown to depend on various physicochemical characteristics, and length has been suggested to play a critical role. We therefore designed a comprehensive study that aimed at comparing the effects on murine macrophages of two samples of multi-walled CNT (MWCNT) specifically synthesized following a similar production process (aerosol-assisted CVD), and used a soft ultrasonic treatment in water to modify the length of one of them. We showed that modification of the length of MWCNT leads, unavoidably, to accompanying structural (i.e. defects) and chemical (i.e. oxidation) modifications that affect both surface and residual catalyst iron nanoparticle content of CNT. The biological response of murine macrophages to the two different MWCNT samples was evaluated in terms of cell viability, pro-inflammatory cytokines secretion and oxidative stress. We showed that structural defects and oxidation both induced by the length reduction process are at least as responsible as the length reduction itself for the enhanced pro-inflammatory and pro-oxidative response observed with short (oxidized) compared to long (pristine) MWCNT. In conclusion, our results stress that surface properties should be considered, alongside the length, as essential parameters in CNT-induced inflammation, especially when dealing with a safe design of CNT, for application in nanomedicine for example.
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44
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Liu YL, Zhang JL, Cheng G, Hong GY, Ni JZ. A facile fabrication of spherical and beanpod-like magnetic-fluorescent particles with targeting functionalities. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2012; 23:425702. [PMID: 23037970 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/23/42/425702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic-fluorescent particles with targeting functionalities were fabricated by a modified Stöber method and two shapes (spherical and beanpod-like) were obtained by simply tuning the reaction temperature. The two multifunctional probes combined the useful functions of magnetism, fluorescence and FA (folic acid)-targeting recognition into one entity. The products were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, photoluminescence spectroscopy, confocal laser scanning microscopy, by a superconducting quantum interference device and by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The experimental results show that the products possessed rapid magnetic response, relatively strong fluorescent signal, higher photostability and FA-targeting recognition as well as good water-dispersibility, suggesting that they would have potential medical applications in biolabeling and bioimaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Lin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, People's Republic of China
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45
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Turci F, Colonna M, Tomatis M, Mantegna S, Cravotto G, Gulino G, Aldieri E, Ghigo D, Fubini B. Surface reactivity and cell responses to chrysotile asbestos nanofibers. Chem Res Toxicol 2012; 25:884-94. [PMID: 22452331 DOI: 10.1021/tx2005019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
High aspect-ratio nanomaterials (HARNs) have recently attracted great attention from nanotoxicologists because of their similarity to asbestos. However, the actual risk associated with the exposure to nanosized asbestos, which escapes most regulations worldwide, is still unknown. Nanometric fibers of chrysotile asbestos have been prepared from two natural sources to investigate whether nanosize may modulate asbestos toxicity and gain insight on the hazard posed by naturally occurring asbestos, which may be defined as HARNs because of their dimensions. Power ultrasound was used to obtain nanofibers from two different chrysotile specimens, one from the dismissed asbestos mine in Balangero (Italian Western Alps) and the other from a serpentine outcrop in the Italian Central Alps. Electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and fluorescence spectroscopy revealed that the procedure does not affect mineralogical and chemical composition. Surface reactions related to oxidative stress, free radical generation, bioavailability of iron, and antioxidant depletion, revealed a consistent reduction in reactivity upon reduction in size. When tested on A549 human epithelial cells, the pristine but not the nanosized fibers proved cytotoxic (LDH release), induced NO production, and caused lipid peroxidation. However, nanofibers still induced some toxicity relevant oxidative stress activity (ROS production) in a dose-dependent fashion. The reduction in length and a lack of poorly coordinated bioavailable iron in nanochrysotile may explain this behavior. The present study provides a one-step procedure for the preparation of a homogeneous batch of natural asbestos nanofibers and shows how a well-known toxic material might not necessarily become more toxic than its micrometric counterpart when reduced to the nanoscale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Turci
- “G.
Scansetti”
Interdepartmental Center for Studies on Asbestos and other Toxic Particulates, Università di Torino, Torino, Italy
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Colonna
- “G.
Scansetti”
Interdepartmental Center for Studies on Asbestos and other Toxic Particulates, Università di Torino, Torino, Italy
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Maura Tomatis
- “G.
Scansetti”
Interdepartmental Center for Studies on Asbestos and other Toxic Particulates, Università di Torino, Torino, Italy
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Stefano Mantegna
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia
del Farmaco, Università di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Cravotto
- “G.
Scansetti”
Interdepartmental Center for Studies on Asbestos and other Toxic Particulates, Università di Torino, Torino, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia
del Farmaco, Università di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Giulia Gulino
- “G.
Scansetti”
Interdepartmental Center for Studies on Asbestos and other Toxic Particulates, Università di Torino, Torino, Italy
- Dipartimento
di Genetica, Biologia
e Biochimica, Università di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Aldieri
- “G.
Scansetti”
Interdepartmental Center for Studies on Asbestos and other Toxic Particulates, Università di Torino, Torino, Italy
- Dipartimento
di Genetica, Biologia
e Biochimica, Università di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Dario Ghigo
- “G.
Scansetti”
Interdepartmental Center for Studies on Asbestos and other Toxic Particulates, Università di Torino, Torino, Italy
- Dipartimento
di Genetica, Biologia
e Biochimica, Università di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Bice Fubini
- “G.
Scansetti”
Interdepartmental Center for Studies on Asbestos and other Toxic Particulates, Università di Torino, Torino, Italy
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Torino, Torino, Italy
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46
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Arce VB, Bertolotti SG, Oliveira FJVE, Airoldi C, Arques A, Santos-Juanes L, Gonzalez MC, Cobos CJ, Allegretti PE, Mártire DO. Triplet state of 4-methoxybenzyl alcohol chemisorbed on silica nanoparticles. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2012; 11:1032-40. [DOI: 10.1039/c2pp05370e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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47
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Lee SB. Nanotoxicology: toxicity and biological effects of nanoparticles for new evaluation standards. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2011; 6:759-61. [DOI: 10.2217/nnm.11.97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sang Bok Lee
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA and Graduate School of Nanoscience & Technology (WCU), Korea Advanced Institute of Science & Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 305-701, Korea
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