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Zhao X, Li S, Xiang Z. Veratrum nigrum L.: A comprehensive review of ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry, pharmacology, pharmacokinetics and metabolism, toxicity, and incompatibility. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 331:118219. [PMID: 38663784 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2024.118219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2024] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Veratrum nigrum L. (V. nigrum) is a well-known herb with a lengthy history of use in Asian and European countries. V. nigrum has been traditionally used to treat epilepsy, hypertension, malignant sores, and stroke, and it possesses emetic and insecticide properties. AIM OF THE REVIEW This review summarized the ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry, pharmacology, pharmacokinetics and metabolism, and toxicity of V. nigrum as well as its incompatibility with other herbs. Current challenges in the use of V. nigrum and possible future research directions were also discussed. MATERIALS AND METHODS Information on V. nigrum was collected from electronic databases such as PubMed, Google Scholar, Web of Science, CNKI, and WanFang DATA; Masterpieces of Traditional Chinese Medicine; local Chinese Materia Medica Standards; and relevant documents. RESULTS In ethnomedical practice, V. nigrum has been used as an emetic and insecticide. Approximately 137 compounds have been isolated from V. nigrum, including alkaloids, stilbenes, flavonoids, organic acids, and esters. Its crude extracts and compounds have shown various effects, including anticancer, hypotensive, insecticidal, and antimicrobial activities as well as the ability to improve hemorheological abnormalities. Pharmacokinetic studies have indicated that veratramine (VAM) and jervine have high bioavailability and possibly enterohepatic circulation. In addition, the sex-related pharmacokinetic differences in V. nigrum alkaloids warrant further attention. Toxicological studies have indicated that cevanine-type alkaloids and VAM may be the main toxic components of V. nigrum, and purine metabolism disorders may be related to V. nigrum toxicity. Furthermore, the neurotoxicity and embryotoxicity of V. nigrum have also been observed. The quality control of V. nigrum and the mechanism underlying its incompatibility with other herbs also deserve further research and refinement. CONCLUSION This review summarized the existing information on V. nigrum, laying the foundation for further studies on this herb and its safe use. Among the various compounds present in V. nigrum, steroid alkaloids are the most numerous and have high content; furthermore, they are closely related to the pharmacological effects of V. nigrum, but their toxicity can not also be ignored. Given that toxicity is a critical issue limiting the clinical application of V. nigrum, more toxicological studies on V. nigrum and its active ingredients, especially steroid alkaloids, should be conducted in the future to further explore its toxicity targets and the underlying mechanisms and to provide more evidence and recommendations to enhance the safety of its clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Zhao
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Rood, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| | - Shiyang Li
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Zedong Xiang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Rood, Shanghai, 201203, China
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Guo P, Zhang R, Zhou J, Li P, Liu Y, Shi S. Intracellular tacrolimus concentration correlates with impaired renal function through regulation of the IS-AHR-ABC transporter in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 126:111233. [PMID: 37979449 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.111233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUNDS Tacrolimus (TAC) concentration in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) is regarded as a better predictor of its immunosuppressive effect than the TAC concentration in whole blood. However, whether the exposure of TAC in PBMCs or WB was altered in post-transplant recipients with renal impairment remains unclear. METHODS We investigated the relationship of trough TAC concentration in WB and PBMCs with renal functions in post-transplant recipients. The pharmacokinetic profiles of TAC in PBMCs and WB in the two chronic kidney disease (CKD) rat models were examined using UPLC-MS/MS. Western blotting and reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) were used to analyze the expression of proteins and mRNAs related to TAC metabolism and transport, respectively. In addition, the effects of uremic toxins on human PBMCs were investigated using whole-transcriptome sequencing (RNA sequencing [RNA-seq]). RESULTS We observed a decrease in the trough TAC concentration in PBMCs in the recipients with estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) < 90 mL/min, compared with those of recipients with eGFR > 90 mL/min, but there was no difference in blood based on TAC concentrations (C0Blood). In a 150-patient post-transplant cohort, no significant relationship was observed between PBMCs and WB concentrations of TAC, and the eGFR value was correlated with TAC C0PBMCs but not with TAC C0Blood. In two CKD rat models, the TAC pharmacokinetic profile in the PBMCs was significantly lower than that in the control group; however, the blood TAC pharmacokinetic profiles in the two groups were similar. Transcriptome results showed that co-incubation of human PBMCs with uremic toxins upregulated the expression of AHR, ABCB1, and ABCC2. Compared to control rats, plasma IS increased by 1.93- and 2.26-fold and the expression of AHR, P-gp, and MRP2 in PBMCs was higher in AD and 5/6 nephrectomy (NX) rats, without modifying the expression of other proteins related to TAC exposure. CONCLUSION The pharmacokinetics of TAC in PBMCs changed with a decline in renal function. Uremic toxins accumulate during renal insufficiency, which activates AHR, upregulates the expression of P-gp and MRP2, and affects their intracellular concentrations. Our findings suggest that monitoring TAC concentrations in PBMCs is more important than monitoring WB concentrations in post-transplant recipients with renal impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengpeng Guo
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Jinping Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Peixia Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Yani Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China.
| | - Shaojun Shi
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China.
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Cao P, Gan J, Wu S, Hu Y, Xia B, Li X, Zeng H, Cheng B, Yu H, Li F, Si L, Huang J. Molecular mechanisms of hepatoprotective effect of tectorigenin against ANIT-induced cholestatic liver injury: Role of FXR and Nrf2 pathways. Food Chem Toxicol 2023:113914. [PMID: 37348807 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2023.113914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
Cholestatic liver injury is caused by toxic action or allergic reaction, resulting in abnormality of bile formation and excretion. Few effective therapies have become available for the treatment of cholestasis. Herein, we found that tectorigenin (TG), a natural isoflavone, showed definite protective effects on alpha-naphthylisothiocyanate (ANIT)-induced cholestatic liver injury, significantly reversing the abnormality of plasma alanine/aspartate aminotransferase, total/direct bilirubin and alkaline phosphatase, as well as hepatic reactive oxygen species, catalase and superoxide dismutase. Importantly, the targeted metabolomic determination found that BA homeostasis could be well maintained in TG-treated cholestatic mice, especially the levels of glycocholic acid, tauromuricholic acid, taurocholic acid, taurolithocholic acid, tauroursodeoxycholic acid and taurodeoxycholic acid. Overall, primary/secondary and amidated/unamidated bile acid (BA) levels were significantly altered upon ANIT stimulation but could be restored by TG intervention to certain extents. In addition, TG boosted the expression of farnesoid x receptor (FXR), which in turn upregulated multidrug resistance protein 2 (MRP2) and bile salt export pump (BSEP) to accelerate the excretion of BA. Meanwhile, TG enhanced the expression of Nrf2 and its upstream genes PI3K/Akt and downstream target genes HO-1, NQO1, GCLC and GCLM to strengthen the antioxidant capacity. Taken together, TG plays a vital role in maintaining BA homeostasis and ameliorating cholestatic liver injury through regulating FXR-mediated BA efflux and Nrf2-mediated antioxidative pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Cao
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China; Hubei Province Clinical Research Center for Precision Medicine for Critical Illness, Wuhan, 430022, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Wudang Local Chinese Medicine Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, 442000, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Biological Targeted Therapy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, China
| | - Jun Gan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Sanlan Wu
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China; Hubei Province Clinical Research Center for Precision Medicine for Critical Illness, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Yixin Hu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Bin Xia
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Xiaoyue Li
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Hongan Zeng
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China; Hubei Province Clinical Research Center for Precision Medicine for Critical Illness, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Bingyu Cheng
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Huifan Yu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Biological Targeted Therapy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, China
| | - Fei Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Biological Targeted Therapy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, China
| | - Luqin Si
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
| | - Jiangeng Huang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
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Insights into the Cardiotoxic Effects of Veratrum Lobelianum Alkaloids: Pilot Study. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14070490. [PMID: 35878228 PMCID: PMC9315652 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14070490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Jervine, protoveratrine A (proA), and protoveratrine B (proB) are Veratrum alkaloids that are presented in some remedies obtained from Veratrum lobelianum, such as Veratrum aqua. This paper reports on a single-center pilot cardiotoxic mechanism study of jervine, proA, and proB in case series. The molecular aspects were studied via molecular dynamic simulation, molecular docking with cardiac sodium channel NaV1.5, and machine learning-based structure–activity relationship modeling. HPLC-MS/MS method in combination with clinical events were used to analyze Veratrum alkaloid cardiotoxicity in patients. Jervine demonstrates the highest docking score (−10.8 kcal/mol), logP value (4.188), and pKa value (9.64) compared with proA and proB. Also, this compound is characterized by the lowest calculated IC50. In general, all three analyzed alkaloids show the affinity to NaV1.5 that highly likely results in cardiotoxic action. The clinical data of seven cases of intoxication by Veratrum aqua confirms the results of molecular modeling. Patients exhibited nausea, muscle weakness, bradycardia, and arterial hypotension. The association between alkaloid concentrations in blood and urine and severity of patient condition is described. These experiments, while primary, confirmed that jervine, proA, and proB contribute to cardiotoxicity by NaV1.5 inhibition.
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He L, Guo C, Peng C, Li Y. Advances of natural activators for Nrf2 signaling pathway on cholestatic liver injury protection: a review. Eur J Pharmacol 2021; 910:174447. [PMID: 34461126 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.174447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 08/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cholestasis is a common manifestation of obstruction of bile flow in various liver diseases. If the bile acid accumulation is not treated in time, it will further lead to hepatocyte damage, liver fibrosis and ultimately to cirrhosis, which seriously affects human life. The pathogenesis of cholestatic liver injury is very complicated, mainly including oxidative stress and inflammation. Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) is an important transcription factor responsible for upregulating expression of various genes with cytoprotective functions. Nrf2 activation has been proved to inhibit oxidative stress and inflammatory reaction, modulate bile acid homeostasis, and alleviate fibrosis during cholestasis. Therefore, Nrf2 emerges as a potential therapeutic target for cholestatic liver injury. In recent years, natural products with various biological activities including anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, anti-tumor and anti-fibrotic effects have received growing attention for being hepatoprotective agents. Natural products like asiatic acid, diosmin, rutin, and so forth have shown significant potential in activating Nrf2 pathway which can lead to attenuate cholestatic liver injury. Therefore, this paper emphasizes the effect of Nrf2 signaling pathway on alleviating cholestasis, and summarizes recent evidence about natural Nrf2 activators with hepatoprotective effect in various models of cholestatic liver injury, thus providing theoretical reference for the development of anti-cholestatic drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linfeng He
- National Key Laboratory of Southwest Characteristic Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu, 611137, China; School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China; Key Laboratory of Standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Chaocheng Guo
- National Key Laboratory of Southwest Characteristic Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu, 611137, China; School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China; Key Laboratory of Standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Cheng Peng
- National Key Laboratory of Southwest Characteristic Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu, 611137, China; School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China; Key Laboratory of Standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Yunxia Li
- National Key Laboratory of Southwest Characteristic Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu, 611137, China; School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China; Key Laboratory of Standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, 611137, China.
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Zheng B, Wang C, Song W, Ye X, Xiang Z. Pharmacokinetics and enterohepatic circulation of jervine, an antitumor steroidal alkaloid from Veratrum nigrum in rats. J Pharm Anal 2019; 9:367-372. [PMID: 31929946 PMCID: PMC6951481 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2019.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Jervine, a novel steroidal alkaloid from Veratrum nigrum L., exhibits both antitumor effect and potential toxicity. The aim of study was to characterize the pharmacokinetic behaviors and enterohepatic circulation of jervine in rats. A rapid and simple ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometric method was developed and validated for quantification of jervine and alpinetin (internal standard) in rat plasma. After extraction from rat plasma by a simple protein-precipitation method, the analyte was separated on a C18 column (2.1 mm × 50 mm, 1.7 μm) using water with 0.1% formic acid and acetonitrile as the mobile phase delivered at a flow rate of 0.4 mL/min. Jervine and alpinetin were determined in the positive mode with multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) of the ion transitions at m/z 426.3 → 108.8 and m/z 271.0 → 166.9, respectively. Molecular docking method was used to investigate the binding of jervine to p-glycoprotein and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfotransferase. The method was well validated within acceptance limits including specificity, matrix effect, recovery, precision, accuracy, and stability, and was successfully applied to the pharmacokinetic study of jervine after oral and intravenous administration to rats. Jervine presented a small volume of distribution, fast absorption, high oral bioavailability, and enterohepatic circulation. The enterohepatic circulation was first observed in veratrum alkaloids, and was further investigated by molecular docking studies, which was related to the binding of jervine to p-glycoprotein and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfotransferase. The pharmacokinetic properties and enterohepatic circulation of jervine in rats provided a significant basis for the drug-drug interaction and toxicity study in the future. It is the first pharmacokinetic and bioavailability study of jervine in rats. A simple protein precipitation was used for pretreatment and the LLOQ was 0.25 ng/mL. The enterohepatic circulation was first observed in veratrum alkaloids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingjing Zheng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Caihong Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Wenwen Song
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Xiaoxia Ye
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Zheng Xiang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
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Duthaler U, Suenderhauf C, Karlsson MO, Hussner J, Meyer Zu Schwabedissen H, Krähenbühl S, Hammann F. Population pharmacokinetics of oral ivermectin in venous plasma and dried blood spots in healthy volunteers. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2019; 85:626-633. [PMID: 30566757 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.13840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Revised: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS The anthelminthic ivermectin is receiving new attention as it is being repurposed for new indications such as mass drug administrations for the treatment of scabies or in malaria vector control. As its pharmacokinetics are still poorly understood, we aimed to characterize the population pharmacokinetics of ivermectin in plasma and dried blood spots (DBS), a sampling method better suited to field trials, with special focus on the influence of body composition and enterohepatic circulation. METHODS We performed a clinical trial in 12 healthy volunteers who each received a single oral dose of 12 mg ivermectin, and collected peripheral venous and capillary DBS samples. We determined ivermectin concentrations in plasma and DBS by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry using a fully automated and scalable extraction system for DBS sample processing. Pharmacokinetic data were analysed using non-linear mixed effects modelling. RESULTS A two-compartment model with a transit absorption model, first-order elimination, and weight as an influential covariate on central volume of distribution and clearance best described the data. The model estimates (inter-individual variability) for a 70 kg subject were: apparent population clearance 7.7 (25%) l h-1 , and central and peripheral volumes of distribution 89 (10%) l and 234 (20%) l, respectively. Concentrations obtained from DBS samples were strongly linearly correlated (R2 = 0.97) with plasma concentrations, and on average 30% lower. CONCLUSION The model accurately depicts population pharmacokinetics of plasma and DBS concentrations over time for oral ivermectin. The proposed analytical workflow is scalable and applicable to the requirements of mass drug administrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urs Duthaler
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland.,Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Switzerland
| | - Claudia Suenderhauf
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland.,Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Switzerland
| | - Mats O Karlsson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Janine Hussner
- Biopharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Stephan Krähenbühl
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland.,Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Switzerland
| | - Felix Hammann
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland.,Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Switzerland.,Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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Li S, Xu J, Yao Z, Hu L, Qin Z, Gao H, Krausz KW, Gonzalez FJ, Yao X. The roles of breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP/ABCG2) and multidrug resistance-associated proteins (MRPs/ABCCs) in the excretion of cycloicaritin-3-O-glucoronide in UGT1A1-overexpressing HeLa cells. Chem Biol Interact 2018; 296:45-56. [PMID: 30237061 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2018.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2018] [Revised: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Cycloicaritin is a bioactive natural phenolic compound from Epimedium species. However, the glucuronidation and excretion which would influence oral bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of cycloicaritin still remain unknown. Here we aimed to establish UGT1A1 stably transfected HeLa cells, and to determine the contributions of BCRP and MRPs transporters to excretion of cycloicaritin-3-O-glucuronide. First, β-estradiol was used to validate the expression of active UGT1A1 protein in engineered HeLa1A1 cells. Furthermore, Ko143 (5 and 20 μM) led to a significant decrease (42.4%-63.8%, p < 0.01) in CICT-3-G excretion and obvious accumulation (19.7%-54.2%, p < 0.05) of intracellular CICT-3-G, while MK571 (5 and 20 μM) caused a significant reduction (46.8%-64.8%, p < 0.05) in the excretion and obvious elevation (50.7%-85.2%, p < 0.01) of intracellular level of CICT-3-G. Furthermore, BCRP knocked-down brought marked reduction in excretion rates of CICT-3-G (26.0%-42.2%, p < 0.01), whereas MRP1 and MRP4-mediated silencing led to significant decrease in the excretion of CICT-3-G (23.8%-35.4%, p < 0.05 for MRP1 and 11.9%-16.0%, p < 0.05 for MRP4). By contrast, neither CICT-3-G excretion nor CICT-3-G accumulation altered in MRP3 knocked-down cells as compared to scramble cells. Taken together, BCRP, MRP1 and MRP4 were identified as the most important contributors for CICT-3-G excretion. Meanwhile, the UGT1A1 modified HeLa cells were a simple and practical tool to study UGT1A1-mediated glucuronidation and to characterize BCRP and MRPs-mediated glucuronide transport at a cellular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shishi Li
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, PR China
| | - Jinjin Xu
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, PR China
| | - Zhihong Yao
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, PR China.
| | - Liufang Hu
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, PR China
| | - Zifei Qin
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, PR China; Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, PR China.
| | - Hao Gao
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, PR China
| | - Kristopher W Krausz
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Frank J Gonzalez
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Xinsheng Yao
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, PR China
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Han W, Wu Q, Zhang X, Duan Z. Innovation for hepatotoxicity in vitro research models: A review. J Appl Toxicol 2018; 39:146-162. [PMID: 30182494 DOI: 10.1002/jat.3711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Many categories of drugs can induce hepatotoxicity, so improving the prediction of toxic drugs is important. In vitro models using human hepatocytes are more accurate than in vivo animal models. Good in vitro models require an abundance of metabolic enzyme activities and normal cellular polarity. However, none of the in vitro models can completely simulate hepatocytes in the human body. There are two ways to overcome this limitation: enhancing the metabolic function of hepatocytes and changing the cultural environment. In this review, we summarize the current state of research, including the main characteristics of in vitro models and their limitations, as well as improved technology and developmental prospects. We hope that this review provides some new ideas for hepatotoxicity research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijia Han
- Artificial Liver Center, Beijing Youan Hospital; Capital Medical University; Beijing China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Liver Failure; Artificial Liver Treatment and Research; Beijing China
| | - Qiao Wu
- Artificial Liver Center, Beijing Youan Hospital; Capital Medical University; Beijing China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Liver Failure; Artificial Liver Treatment and Research; Beijing China
| | - Xiaohui Zhang
- Artificial Liver Center, Beijing Youan Hospital; Capital Medical University; Beijing China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Liver Failure; Artificial Liver Treatment and Research; Beijing China
| | - Zhongping Duan
- Artificial Liver Center, Beijing Youan Hospital; Capital Medical University; Beijing China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Liver Failure; Artificial Liver Treatment and Research; Beijing China
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Phytotherapeutics: The Emerging Role of Intestinal and Hepatocellular Transporters in Drug Interactions with Botanical Supplements. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22101699. [PMID: 29065448 PMCID: PMC6151444 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22101699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Revised: 09/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
In herbalism, botanical supplements are commonly believed to be safe remedies, however, botanical supplements and dietary ingredients interact with transport and metabolic processes, affecting drug disposition. Although a large number of studies have described that botanical supplements interfere with drug metabolism, the mode of their interaction with drug transport processes is not well described. Such interactions may result in serious undesired effects and changed drug efficacy, therefore, some studies on interaction between botanical supplement ingredients and drug transporters such as P-gp and OATPs are described here, suggesting that the interaction between botanical supplements and the drug transporters is clinically significant.
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Polymorphic Variants rs3088442 and rs2292334 in the Organic Cation Transporter 3 (OCT3) Gene and Susceptibility Against Type 2 Diabetes: Role of their Interaction. Arch Med Res 2017. [PMID: 28625319 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2017.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
AIMS In this study, we investigated whether two common variants (rs3088442G>A and rs2292334G>A) in the organic cation transporter 3 (OCT3) gene, a high-capacity transporter widely expressed in various tissues, affect susceptibility to type 2 diabetes (T2D) in patients newly diagnosed with T2D. METHODS We performed a study with 150 newly diagnosed patients with T2D and 152 controls. The genetic analyses were performed using the restricted fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) after PCR amplification. RESULTS For the rs3088442G>A variant, A allele carriers had a significantly lower odds ratio (OR) vs. GG homozygotes in the BMI <30 kg/m2 group (OR = 0.23, p <0.001) compared with the BMI ≥30 kg/m2 group (OR = 0.67, p = 0.34). When ORs were adjusted for BMI, age, sex, and blood pressure, our findings showed that the overexpression of the A allele of the rs3088442G>A variant was associated with a decreased risk of T2D (OR = 0.016, p <0.001). A Bayesian logistic model revealed that the interaction of two variants studied were significantly associated with a decreased risk of T2D (OR = 0.61, p = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS The present study has identified the protective effect of the variant rs3088442G>A in the 3'-untranslated region of the OCT3 gene in susceptibility to T2D, and that the protective role is maintained in the presence of risky alleles of the variant rs2292334G>A. The association of the A allele of rs3088442G>A with T2D become weaker in obese people than that of non-obese. If confirmed in other populations, the rs3088442G>A variant as a genetic marker may potentially assist in the identification of individuals at an increased risk of T2D.
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McIlvride S, Dixon PH, Williamson C. Bile acids and gestation. Mol Aspects Med 2017; 56:90-100. [PMID: 28506676 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2017.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Revised: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
There are numerous profound maternal physiological changes that occur from conception onwards and adapt throughout gestation in order to support a healthy pregnancy. By the time of late gestation, when circulating pregnancy hormones are at their highest concentrations, maternal adaptations include relative hyperlipidemia, hypercholanemia and insulin resistance. Bile acids have now been established as key regulators of metabolism, and their role in gestational changes in metabolism is becoming apparent. Bile acid homeostasis is tightly regulated by the nuclear receptor FXR, which has been shown to have reduced activity during pregnancy. This review focuses on the gestational alterations in bile acid homeostasis that occur in normal pregnancy, which in some women can become pathological, leading to the development of intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy. As well as their important role in maternal metabolic health, we will review bile acid metabolism in the feto-placental unit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saraid McIlvride
- Division of Women's Health, King's College London, Guy's Campus, Hodgkin Building, SE1 1UL, London, United Kingdom
| | - Peter H Dixon
- Division of Women's Health, King's College London, Guy's Campus, Hodgkin Building, SE1 1UL, London, United Kingdom
| | - Catherine Williamson
- Division of Women's Health, King's College London, Guy's Campus, Hodgkin Building, SE1 1UL, London, United Kingdom.
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Chedik L, Bruyere A, Le Vee M, Stieger B, Denizot C, Parmentier Y, Potin S, Fardel O. Inhibition of Human Drug Transporter Activities by the Pyrethroid Pesticides Allethrin and Tetramethrin. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0169480. [PMID: 28099443 PMCID: PMC5242521 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0169480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyrethroids are widely-used chemical insecticides, to which humans are commonly exposed, and known to alter functional expression of drug metabolizing enzymes. Limited data have additionally suggested that drug transporters, that constitute key-actors of the drug detoxification system, may also be targeted by pyrethroids. The present study was therefore designed to analyze the potential regulatory effects of these pesticides towards activities of main ATP-binding cassette (ABC) and solute carrier (SLC) drug transporters, using transporter-overexpressing cells. The pyrethroids allethrin and tetramethrin were found to inhibit various ABC and SLC drug transporters, including multidrug resistance-associated protein (MRP) 2, breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP), organic anion transporter polypeptide (OATP) 1B1, organic anion transporter (OAT) 3, multidrug and toxin extrusion transporter (MATE) 1, organic cation transporter (OCT) 1 and OCT2, with IC50 values however ranging from 2.6 μM (OCT1 inhibition by allethrin) to 77.6 μM (OAT3 inhibition by tetramethrin) and thus much higher than pyrethroid concentrations (in the nM range) reached in environmentally pyrethroid-exposed humans. By contrast, allethrin and tetramethrin cis-stimulated OATP2B1 activity and failed to alter activities of OATP1B3, OAT1 and MATE2-K, whereas P-glycoprotein activity was additionally moderately inhibited. Twelve other pyrethoids used at 100 μM did not block activities of the various investigated transporters, or only moderately inhibited some of them (inhibition by less than 50%). In silico analysis of structure-activity relationships next revealed that molecular parameters, including molecular weight and lipophilicity, are associated with transporter inhibition by allethrin/tetramethrin and successfully predicted transporter inhibition by the pyrethroids imiprothrin and prallethrin. Taken together, these data fully demonstrated that two pyrethoids, i.e., allethrin and tetramethrin, can act as regulators of the activity of various ABC and SLC drug transporters, but only when used at high and non-relevant concentrations, making unlikely any contribution of these transporter activity alterations to pyrethroid toxicity in environmentally exposed humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Chedik
- Institut de Recherches en Santé, Environnement et Travail (IRSET), UMR INSERM U1085, Faculté de Pharmacie, 2 Avenue du Pr Léon Bernard, Rennes, France
- Pôle Pharmacie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, 2 rue Henri Le Guilloux, Rennes, France
| | - Arnaud Bruyere
- Institut de Recherches en Santé, Environnement et Travail (IRSET), UMR INSERM U1085, Faculté de Pharmacie, 2 Avenue du Pr Léon Bernard, Rennes, France
| | - Marc Le Vee
- Institut de Recherches en Santé, Environnement et Travail (IRSET), UMR INSERM U1085, Faculté de Pharmacie, 2 Avenue du Pr Léon Bernard, Rennes, France
| | - Bruno Stieger
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Rämistrasse 100, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Claire Denizot
- Centre de Pharmacocinétique, Technologie Servier, 25–27 rue Eugène Vignat, Orléans, France
| | - Yannick Parmentier
- Centre de Pharmacocinétique, Technologie Servier, 25–27 rue Eugène Vignat, Orléans, France
| | - Sophie Potin
- Institut de Recherches en Santé, Environnement et Travail (IRSET), UMR INSERM U1085, Faculté de Pharmacie, 2 Avenue du Pr Léon Bernard, Rennes, France
- Pôle Pharmacie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, 2 rue Henri Le Guilloux, Rennes, France
| | - Olivier Fardel
- Institut de Recherches en Santé, Environnement et Travail (IRSET), UMR INSERM U1085, Faculté de Pharmacie, 2 Avenue du Pr Léon Bernard, Rennes, France
- Pôle Biologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, 2 rue Henri Le Guilloux, Rennes, France
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14
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Stieger B, Mahdi ZM, Jäger W. Intestinal and Hepatocellular Transporters: Therapeutic Effects and Drug Interactions of Herbal Supplements. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2016; 57:399-416. [PMID: 27648763 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-010716-105010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Herbal supplements are generally considered safe; however, drug disposition is influenced by the interactions of herbal supplements and food constituents with transport and metabolic processes. Although the interference of herbal supplements with drug metabolism has been studied extensively, knowledge of how they interact with the drug transport processes is less advanced. Therefore, we describe here specific examples of experimental and human interaction studies of herbal supplement components with drug transporters addressing, for example, organic anion transporting polypeptides or P-glycoprotein, as such interactions may lead to severe side effects and altered drug efficacy. Hence, it is clearly necessary to increase the awareness of the clinical relevance of the interference of herbal supplements with the drug transport processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Stieger
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland;
| | - Zainab M Mahdi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland;
| | - Walter Jäger
- Division of Clinical Pharmacy and Diagnostics, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria;
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15
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Zaïr ZM, Singer DR. Efflux transporter variants as predictors of drug toxicity in lung cancer patients: systematic review and meta-analysis. Pharmacogenomics 2016; 17:1089-112. [PMID: 27269636 DOI: 10.2217/pgs-2015-0006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Chemotherapeutic drugs are underutilized in lung cancer management due in part to serious adverse drug reactions (ADRs). AIM With studies revealing an association between interindividual patient ADR variation and efflux transporter variants, we carried out a meta-analysis and systemic review, in order to highlight current knowledge regarding the strength of association between efflux transporter SNPs variants and chemotherapeutic-drug induced ADRs. MATERIALS & METHODS Papers were sourced from MEDLINE, Cochrane Library, CINHL, EMBASE, Web of Knowledge, Scopus. The Cochrane Collaboration Risk of Bias Tool v13 was used to evaluate six types of bias domains for each of the publications reviewed. RESULTS Twenty-five publications comprising three randomised control trials, two retrospective case-controls and 20 clinical observation studies, totalling 3578 patients, were deemed eligible for review. Of the known efflux drug transporters, we report findings on the ABC members ABCB1, ABCC1, ABCC2, ABCG2, ABCA1, ABCC4 and ABCC5. Meta-analysis showed an decreased risk of irinotecan-induced neutropenia in patients expressing ABCB1 2677G>T/G (odds ratio [OR]: 0.24; 95% CI: 0.1-0.59; p = 0.002) but increased risk for ABCC2 3972T>T (OR: 1.67; 95% CI: 1.01-2.74; p = 0.04). ABCG2 34G>A was associated with a threefold increased risk of irinotecan-induced diarrhea (95% CI: 1.00-6.24; p = 0.05). CONCLUSION The majority of studies have identified a role for variants in effluxdrug transporters in contributing to lung cancer treatment-associated ADRs. However, for implementation of use of these transporter genetic variants as prognostic markers for ADR risk, future studies must incorporate larger patient numbers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Donald Rj Singer
- Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA.,Fellowship of Postgraduate Medicine, 11 Chandos Street, London, UK
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16
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POLYMORPHISMS OF DRUG-METABOLIZING ENZYMES CYP1A2, CYP2D6, GST, NAT2 AND TRANSPORTER MDR1 IN POPULATION OF BELARUS: COMPARISON WITH SELECTED EUROPEAN AND ASIAN POPULATIONS. EUREKA: LIFE SCIENCES 2016. [DOI: 10.21303/2504-5695.2016.00105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug therapeutic efficiency and development of unfavorable pharmacologic responses as well as the disease predisposition are caused first of all by patient’s genetic features. Genetic variations in genes encoding drug-metabolizing enzymes and transporter proteins are essential to understand the ethnic differences in disease occurrence, development, prognosis, therapeutic response and toxicity of drugs. For that reason, it is necessary to establish the normative frequency distribution of genotypes and alleles of these genes in a particular population. Data on frequency of pharmacogenetic polymorphisms in the of Belarus population are limited. The goal of our investigation was to analyze the frequency distribution of genotypes and alleles of genes encoding drug-metabolizing enzymes (CYP1А2, CYP2D6 – I phase; GSTs, NAT2 – II phase) and transporter protein MDR1 in the population of Belarus and comparisons with other ethnic populations. Our results indicate that clinically important genes are genetically highly variable and differ considerably between populations. Differences in allele frequencies across continents should be considered when designing clinical trials of new drugs continents should be considered when designing clinical trials of new drugs.
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Malik MY, Jaiswal S, Sharma A, Shukla M, Lal J. Role of enterohepatic recirculation in drug disposition: cooperation and complications. Drug Metab Rev 2016; 48:281-327. [PMID: 26987379 DOI: 10.3109/03602532.2016.1157600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Enterohepatic recirculation (EHC) concerns many physiological processes and notably affects pharmacokinetic parameters such as plasma half-life and AUC as well as estimates of bioavailability of drugs. Also, EHC plays a detrimental role as the compounds/drugs are allowed to recycle. An in-depth comprehension of this phenomenon and its consequences on the pharmacological effects of affected drugs is important and decisive in the design and development of new candidate drugs. EHC of a compound/drug occurs by biliary excretion and intestinal reabsorption, sometimes with hepatic conjugation and intestinal deconjugation. EHC leads to prolonged elimination half-life of the drugs, altered pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. Study of the EHC of any drug is complicated due to unavailability of the apposite model, sophisticated procedures and ethical concerns. Different in vitro and in vivo methods for studies in experimental animals and humans have been devised, each having its own merits and demerits. Involvement of the different transporters in biliary excretion, intra- and inter-species, pathological and biochemical variabilities obscure the study of the phenomenon. Modeling of drugs undergoing EHC has always been intricate and exigent models have been exploited to interpret the pharmacokinetic profiles of drugs witnessing multiple peaks due to EHC. Here, we critically appraise the mechanisms of bile formation, factors affecting biliary drug elimination, methods to estimate biliary excretion of drugs, EHC, multiple peak phenomenon and its modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Yaseen Malik
- a Department of Pharmaceutics , National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) , Raebareli , India ;,b Pharmacokinetics & Metabolism Division , CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute , Lucknow , India
| | - Swati Jaiswal
- b Pharmacokinetics & Metabolism Division , CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute , Lucknow , India ;,c Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research , New Delhi , India
| | - Abhisheak Sharma
- b Pharmacokinetics & Metabolism Division , CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute , Lucknow , India ;,c Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research , New Delhi , India ;,d Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy , The University of Mississippi , Oxford , USA
| | - Mahendra Shukla
- b Pharmacokinetics & Metabolism Division , CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute , Lucknow , India ;,c Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research , New Delhi , India
| | - Jawahar Lal
- b Pharmacokinetics & Metabolism Division , CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute , Lucknow , India ;,c Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research , New Delhi , India
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18
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Lušin TT, Mrhar A, Stieger B, Kristl A, Berginc K, Trontelj J. Efflux and uptake transporters involved in the disposition of bazedoxifene. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2015; 41:251-7. [PMID: 25631963 DOI: 10.1007/s13318-015-0256-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Bazedoxifene, a novel selective estrogen receptor modulator, has complex pharmacokinetics with rapid absorption, high metabolic clearance, low oral bioavailability (6.25 %) and a slow elimination phase. Our hypothesis is that drug uptake and efflux transporters may play an important role in its disposition. To adequately cover all aspects of bazedoxifene transport, several approaches were undertaken: PAMPA assay, ATPase assay, membrane inside-out vesicles and Caco-2 and CHO cell lines. The results obtained from PAMPA experiments showed moderate passive permeability of bazedoxifene (P app ≈ 2 × 10(-6)cm/s), suggesting the existence of an active transport during the rapid absorption phase. The Caco-2 transport assay showed large and significant changes in the measured efflux ratios of bazedoxifene when selective transporter inhibitors were applied: verapamil (a Pgp inhibitor), MK571 (an MRP inhibitor), Ko143 (a BCRP inhibitor) and DIDS (an OATP inhibitor). Additionally, membrane preparation experiments demonstrated the interaction of bazedoxifene with P-gp, MRP2 and BCRP. CHO experiments did not show any interactions of bazedoxifene with OATP1B1 or OATP1B3; therefore, bazedoxifene may be a substrate of other OATP isoform(s). The comprehensive in vitro study indicates a strong involvement of Pgp, MRP, BCRP and OATP in bazedoxifene disposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Trdan Lušin
- Department of Biopharmacy and Pharmacokinetics, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 7, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Aleš Mrhar
- Department of Biopharmacy and Pharmacokinetics, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 7, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Bruno Stieger
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital, Ramistrasse 100, 8091, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Albin Kristl
- Department of Biopharmacy and Pharmacokinetics, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 7, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | | | - Jurij Trontelj
- Department of Biopharmacy and Pharmacokinetics, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 7, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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19
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Abstract
Organic anion-transporting polypeptides or OATPs are central transporters in the disposition of drugs and other xenobiotics. In addition, they mediate transport of a wide variety of endogenous substrates. The critical role of OATPs in drug disposition has spurred research both in academia and in the pharmaceutical industry. Translational aspects with clinical questions are the focus in academia, while the pharmaceutical industry tries to define and understand the role these transporters play in pharmacotherapy. The present overview summarizes our knowledge on the interaction of food constituents with OATPs and on the OATP transport mechanisms. Further, it gives an update on the available information on the structure-function relationship of the OATPs and, finally, covers the transcriptional and posttranscriptional regulation of OATPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Stieger
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital, Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Bruno Hagenbuch
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
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20
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Kell DB, Oliver SG. How drugs get into cells: tested and testable predictions to help discriminate between transporter-mediated uptake and lipoidal bilayer diffusion. Front Pharmacol 2014; 5:231. [PMID: 25400580 PMCID: PMC4215795 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2014.00231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
One approach to experimental science involves creating hypotheses, then testing them by varying one or more independent variables, and assessing the effects of this variation on the processes of interest. We use this strategy to compare the intellectual status and available evidence for two models or views of mechanisms of transmembrane drug transport into intact biological cells. One (BDII) asserts that lipoidal phospholipid Bilayer Diffusion Is Important, while a second (PBIN) proposes that in normal intact cells Phospholipid Bilayer diffusion Is Negligible (i.e., may be neglected quantitatively), because evolution selected against it, and with transmembrane drug transport being effected by genetically encoded proteinaceous carriers or pores, whose “natural” biological roles, and substrates are based in intermediary metabolism. Despite a recent review elsewhere, we can find no evidence able to support BDII as we can find no experiments in intact cells in which phospholipid bilayer diffusion was either varied independently or measured directly (although there are many papers where it was inferred by seeing a covariation of other dependent variables). By contrast, we find an abundance of evidence showing cases in which changes in the activities of named and genetically identified transporters led to measurable changes in the rate or extent of drug uptake. PBIN also has considerable predictive power, and accounts readily for the large differences in drug uptake between tissues, cells and species, in accounting for the metabolite-likeness of marketed drugs, in pharmacogenomics, and in providing a straightforward explanation for the late-stage appearance of toxicity and of lack of efficacy during drug discovery programmes despite macroscopically adequate pharmacokinetics. Consequently, the view that Phospholipid Bilayer diffusion Is Negligible (PBIN) provides a starting hypothesis for assessing cellular drug uptake that is much better supported by the available evidence, and is both more productive and more predictive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas B Kell
- School of Chemistry, The University of Manchester Manchester, UK ; Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester Manchester, UK
| | - Stephen G Oliver
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge Cambridge, UK ; Cambridge Systems Biology Centre, University of Cambridge Cambridge, UK
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21
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Döring B, Petzinger E. Phase 0 and phase III transport in various organs: combined concept of phases in xenobiotic transport and metabolism. Drug Metab Rev 2014; 46:261-82. [PMID: 24483608 DOI: 10.3109/03602532.2014.882353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The historical phasing concept of drug metabolism and elimination was introduced to comprise the two phases of metabolism: phase I metabolism for oxidations, reductions and hydrolyses, and phase II metabolism for synthesis. With this concept, biological membrane barriers obstructing the accessibility of metabolism sites in the cells for drugs were not considered. The concept of two phases was extended to a concept of four phases when drug transporters were detected that guided drugs and drug metabolites in and out of the cells. In particular, water soluble or charged drugs are virtually not able to overcome the phospholipid membrane barrier. Drug transporters belong to two main clusters of transporter families: the solute carrier (SLC) families and the ATP binding cassette (ABC) carriers. The ABC transporters comprise seven families with about 20 carriers involved in drug transport. All of them operate as pumps at the expense of ATP splitting. Embedded in the former phase concept, the term "phase III" was introduced by Ishikawa in 1992 for drug export by ABC efflux pumps. SLC comprise 52 families, from which many carriers are drug uptake transporters. Later on, this uptake process was referred to as the "phase 0 transport" of drugs. Transporters for xenobiotics in man and animal are most expressed in liver, but they are also present in extra-hepatic tissues such as in the kidney, the adrenal gland and lung. This review deals with the function of drug carriers in various organs and their impact on drug metabolism and elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Döring
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Biomedical Research Center Seltersberg, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen , Giessen , Germany
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22
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Pastor CM, Müllhaupt B, Stieger B. The Role of Organic Anion Transporters in Diagnosing Liver Diseases by Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Drug Metab Dispos 2014; 42:675-84. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.113.055707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
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23
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Anwer MS, Stieger B. Sodium-dependent bile salt transporters of the SLC10A transporter family: more than solute transporters. PFLUGERS ARCHIV : EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY 2013. [PMID: 24196564 DOI: 10.1007/s00424‐013‐1367‐0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The SLC10A transporter gene family consists of seven members and substrates transported by three members (SLC10A1, SLC10A2 and SLC10A6) are Na(+)-dependent. SLC10A1 (sodium taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide [NTCP]) and SLC10A2 (apical sodium-dependent bile salt transporter [ASBT]) transport bile salts and play an important role in maintaining enterohepatic circulation of bile salts. Solutes other than bile salts are also transported by NTCP. However, ASBT has not been shown to be a transporter for non-bile salt substrates. While the transport function of NTCP can potentially be used as liver function test, interpretation of such a test may be complicated by altered expression of NTCP in diseases and presence of drugs that may inhibit NTCP function. Transport of bile salts by NTCP and ASBT is inhibited by a number of drugs and it appears that ASBT is more permissive to drug inhibition than NTCP. The clinical significance of this inhibition in drug disposition and drug-drug interaction remains to be determined. Both NCTP and ASBT undergo post-translational regulations that involve phosphorylation/dephosphorylation, translocation to and retrieval from the plasma membrane and degradation by the ubiquitin-proteasome system. These posttranslational regulations are mediated via signaling pathways involving cAMP, calcium, nitric oxide, phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K), protein kinase C (PKC) and protein phosphatases. There appears to be species difference in the substrate specificity and the regulation of plasma membrane localization of human and rodent NTCP. These differences should be taken into account when extrapolating rodent data for human clinical relevance and developing novel therapies. NTCP has recently been shown to play an important role in HBV and HDV infection by serving as a receptor for entry of these viruses into hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Sawkat Anwer
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, 200 Westboro Road, North Grafton, MA, 01536, USA,
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24
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Pfeifer ND, Hardwick RN, Brouwer KLR. Role of hepatic efflux transporters in regulating systemic and hepatocyte exposure to xenobiotics. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2013; 54:509-35. [PMID: 24160696 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-011613-140021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Hepatic efflux transporters include numerous well-known and emerging proteins localized to the canalicular or basolateral membrane of the hepatocyte that are responsible for the excretion of drugs into the bile or blood, respectively. Altered function of hepatic efflux transporters due to drug-drug interactions, genetic variation, and/or disease states may lead to changes in xenobiotic exposure in the hepatocyte and/or systemic circulation. This review focuses on transport proteins involved in the hepatocellular efflux of drugs and metabolites, discusses mechanisms of altered transporter function as well as the interplay between multiple transport pathways, and highlights the importance of considering intracellular unbound concentrations of transporter substrates and/or inhibitors. Methods to evaluate hepatic efflux transport and predict the effects of impaired transporter function on systemic and hepatocyte exposure are discussed, and the sandwich-cultured hepatocyte model to evaluate comprehensively the role of hepatic efflux in the hepatobiliary disposition of xenobiotics is characterized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan D Pfeifer
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599; ,
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25
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Sodium-dependent bile salt transporters of the SLC10A transporter family: more than solute transporters. Pflugers Arch 2013; 466:77-89. [PMID: 24196564 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-013-1367-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2013] [Revised: 09/16/2013] [Accepted: 09/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The SLC10A transporter gene family consists of seven members and substrates transported by three members (SLC10A1, SLC10A2 and SLC10A6) are Na(+)-dependent. SLC10A1 (sodium taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide [NTCP]) and SLC10A2 (apical sodium-dependent bile salt transporter [ASBT]) transport bile salts and play an important role in maintaining enterohepatic circulation of bile salts. Solutes other than bile salts are also transported by NTCP. However, ASBT has not been shown to be a transporter for non-bile salt substrates. While the transport function of NTCP can potentially be used as liver function test, interpretation of such a test may be complicated by altered expression of NTCP in diseases and presence of drugs that may inhibit NTCP function. Transport of bile salts by NTCP and ASBT is inhibited by a number of drugs and it appears that ASBT is more permissive to drug inhibition than NTCP. The clinical significance of this inhibition in drug disposition and drug-drug interaction remains to be determined. Both NCTP and ASBT undergo post-translational regulations that involve phosphorylation/dephosphorylation, translocation to and retrieval from the plasma membrane and degradation by the ubiquitin-proteasome system. These posttranslational regulations are mediated via signaling pathways involving cAMP, calcium, nitric oxide, phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K), protein kinase C (PKC) and protein phosphatases. There appears to be species difference in the substrate specificity and the regulation of plasma membrane localization of human and rodent NTCP. These differences should be taken into account when extrapolating rodent data for human clinical relevance and developing novel therapies. NTCP has recently been shown to play an important role in HBV and HDV infection by serving as a receptor for entry of these viruses into hepatocytes.
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Hagenbuch B, Stieger B. The SLCO (former SLC21) superfamily of transporters. Mol Aspects Med 2013; 34:396-412. [PMID: 23506880 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2012.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 260] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2012] [Accepted: 09/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The members of the organic anion transporting polypeptide superfamily (OATPs) are classified within the SLCO solute carrier family. All functionally well characterized members are predicted to have 12 transmembrane domains and are sodium-independent transport systems that mediate the transport of a broad range of endo- as well as xenobiotics. Substrates are mainly amphipathic organic anions with a molecular weight of more than 300Da, but some of the known transported substrates are also neutral or even positively charged. Among the well characterized substrates are numerous drugs including statins, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, antibiotics, antihistaminics, antihypertensives and anticancer drugs. Based on their amino acid sequence identities, the different OATPs cluster into families (in general with more than 40% amino acid sequence identity) and subfamilies (more than 60% amino acid identity). With the sequencing of genomes from different species and the computerized prediction of encoded proteins more than 300 OATPs can be found in the databases, however only a fraction of them have been identified in humans, rodents, and some additional species important for pharmaceutical research like the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta), the dog (Canis lupus familiaris) and the pig (Sus scrofa). These OATPs form 6 families (OATP1-OATP6) and 13 subfamilies. In this review we try to summarize what is currently known about OATPs with respect to endogenous substrates, tissue distribution, transport mechanisms, regulation of expression, structure-function relationship and mutations and polymorphisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Hagenbuch
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA.
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27
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Godoy P, Hewitt NJ, Albrecht U, Andersen ME, Ansari N, Bhattacharya S, Bode JG, Bolleyn J, Borner C, Böttger J, Braeuning A, Budinsky RA, Burkhardt B, Cameron NR, Camussi G, Cho CS, Choi YJ, Craig Rowlands J, Dahmen U, Damm G, Dirsch O, Donato MT, Dong J, Dooley S, Drasdo D, Eakins R, Ferreira KS, Fonsato V, Fraczek J, Gebhardt R, Gibson A, Glanemann M, Goldring CEP, Gómez-Lechón MJ, Groothuis GMM, Gustavsson L, Guyot C, Hallifax D, Hammad S, Hayward A, Häussinger D, Hellerbrand C, Hewitt P, Hoehme S, Holzhütter HG, Houston JB, Hrach J, Ito K, Jaeschke H, Keitel V, Kelm JM, Kevin Park B, Kordes C, Kullak-Ublick GA, LeCluyse EL, Lu P, Luebke-Wheeler J, Lutz A, Maltman DJ, Matz-Soja M, McMullen P, Merfort I, Messner S, Meyer C, Mwinyi J, Naisbitt DJ, Nussler AK, Olinga P, Pampaloni F, Pi J, Pluta L, Przyborski SA, Ramachandran A, Rogiers V, Rowe C, Schelcher C, Schmich K, Schwarz M, Singh B, Stelzer EHK, Stieger B, Stöber R, Sugiyama Y, Tetta C, Thasler WE, Vanhaecke T, Vinken M, Weiss TS, Widera A, Woods CG, Xu JJ, Yarborough KM, Hengstler JG. Recent advances in 2D and 3D in vitro systems using primary hepatocytes, alternative hepatocyte sources and non-parenchymal liver cells and their use in investigating mechanisms of hepatotoxicity, cell signaling and ADME. Arch Toxicol 2013; 87:1315-530. [PMID: 23974980 PMCID: PMC3753504 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-013-1078-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1051] [Impact Index Per Article: 95.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Accepted: 05/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
This review encompasses the most important advances in liver functions and hepatotoxicity and analyzes which mechanisms can be studied in vitro. In a complex architecture of nested, zonated lobules, the liver consists of approximately 80 % hepatocytes and 20 % non-parenchymal cells, the latter being involved in a secondary phase that may dramatically aggravate the initial damage. Hepatotoxicity, as well as hepatic metabolism, is controlled by a set of nuclear receptors (including PXR, CAR, HNF-4α, FXR, LXR, SHP, VDR and PPAR) and signaling pathways. When isolating liver cells, some pathways are activated, e.g., the RAS/MEK/ERK pathway, whereas others are silenced (e.g. HNF-4α), resulting in up- and downregulation of hundreds of genes. An understanding of these changes is crucial for a correct interpretation of in vitro data. The possibilities and limitations of the most useful liver in vitro systems are summarized, including three-dimensional culture techniques, co-cultures with non-parenchymal cells, hepatospheres, precision cut liver slices and the isolated perfused liver. Also discussed is how closely hepatoma, stem cell and iPS cell-derived hepatocyte-like-cells resemble real hepatocytes. Finally, a summary is given of the state of the art of liver in vitro and mathematical modeling systems that are currently used in the pharmaceutical industry with an emphasis on drug metabolism, prediction of clearance, drug interaction, transporter studies and hepatotoxicity. One key message is that despite our enthusiasm for in vitro systems, we must never lose sight of the in vivo situation. Although hepatocytes have been isolated for decades, the hunt for relevant alternative systems has only just begun.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricio Godoy
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IFADO), 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | | | - Ute Albrecht
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Melvin E. Andersen
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | - Nariman Ansari
- Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (BMLS), Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 15, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Sudin Bhattacharya
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | - Johannes Georg Bode
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jennifer Bolleyn
- Department of Toxicology, Centre for Pharmaceutical Research, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Christoph Borner
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jan Böttger
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Albert Braeuning
- Department of Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Wilhelmstr. 56, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Robert A. Budinsky
- Toxicology and Environmental Research and Consulting, The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, MI USA
| | - Britta Burkhardt
- BG Trauma Center, Siegfried Weller Institut, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Neil R. Cameron
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, Durham, DH1 3LE UK
| | - Giovanni Camussi
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Chong-Su Cho
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-921 Korea
| | - Yun-Jaie Choi
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-921 Korea
| | - J. Craig Rowlands
- Toxicology and Environmental Research and Consulting, The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, MI USA
| | - Uta Dahmen
- Experimental Transplantation Surgery, Department of General Visceral, and Vascular Surgery, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Georg Damm
- Department of General-, Visceral- and Transplantation Surgery, Charité University Medicine Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Olaf Dirsch
- Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - María Teresa Donato
- Unidad de Hepatología Experimental, IIS Hospital La Fe Avda Campanar 21, 46009 Valencia, Spain
- CIBERehd, Fondo de Investigaciones Sanitarias, Barcelona, Spain
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Jian Dong
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | - Steven Dooley
- Department of Medicine II, Section Molecular Hepatology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Dirk Drasdo
- Interdisciplinary Center for Bioinformatics (IZBI), University of Leipzig, 04107 Leipzig, Germany
- INRIA (French National Institute for Research in Computer Science and Control), Domaine de Voluceau-Rocquencourt, B.P. 105, 78153 Le Chesnay Cedex, France
- UPMC University of Paris 06, CNRS UMR 7598, Laboratoire Jacques-Louis Lions, 4, pl. Jussieu, 75252 Paris cedex 05, France
| | - Rowena Eakins
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Drug Safety Science, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Karine Sá Ferreira
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- GRK 1104 From Cells to Organs, Molecular Mechanisms of Organogenesis, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Valentina Fonsato
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Joanna Fraczek
- Department of Toxicology, Centre for Pharmaceutical Research, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Rolf Gebhardt
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Andrew Gibson
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Drug Safety Science, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Matthias Glanemann
- Department of General-, Visceral- and Transplantation Surgery, Charité University Medicine Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Chris E. P. Goldring
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Drug Safety Science, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - María José Gómez-Lechón
- Unidad de Hepatología Experimental, IIS Hospital La Fe Avda Campanar 21, 46009 Valencia, Spain
- CIBERehd, Fondo de Investigaciones Sanitarias, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Geny M. M. Groothuis
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmacokinetics Toxicology and Targeting, University of Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Lena Gustavsson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine (Malmö), Center for Molecular Pathology, Lund University, Jan Waldenströms gata 59, 205 02 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Christelle Guyot
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - David Hallifax
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research (CAPKR), School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT UK
| | - Seddik Hammad
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Veterinary Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt
| | - Adam Hayward
- Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Durham University, Durham, DH13LE UK
| | - Dieter Häussinger
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Claus Hellerbrand
- Department of Medicine I, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | | | - Stefan Hoehme
- Interdisciplinary Center for Bioinformatics (IZBI), University of Leipzig, 04107 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Hermann-Georg Holzhütter
- Institut für Biochemie Abteilung Mathematische Systembiochemie, Universitätsmedizin Berlin (Charité), Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - J. Brian Houston
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research (CAPKR), School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT UK
| | | | - Kiyomi Ito
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Musashino University, 1-1-20 Shinmachi, Nishitokyo-shi, Tokyo, 202-8585 Japan
| | - Hartmut Jaeschke
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160 USA
| | - Verena Keitel
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | | | - B. Kevin Park
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Drug Safety Science, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Claus Kordes
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Gerd A. Kullak-Ublick
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Edward L. LeCluyse
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | - Peng Lu
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | | | - Anna Lutz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Daniel J. Maltman
- Reinnervate Limited, NETPark Incubator, Thomas Wright Way, Sedgefield, TS21 3FD UK
| | - Madlen Matz-Soja
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Patrick McMullen
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | - Irmgard Merfort
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - Christoph Meyer
- Department of Medicine II, Section Molecular Hepatology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Jessica Mwinyi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Dean J. Naisbitt
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Drug Safety Science, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Andreas K. Nussler
- BG Trauma Center, Siegfried Weller Institut, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Peter Olinga
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Department of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Francesco Pampaloni
- Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (BMLS), Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 15, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Jingbo Pi
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | - Linda Pluta
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | - Stefan A. Przyborski
- Reinnervate Limited, NETPark Incubator, Thomas Wright Way, Sedgefield, TS21 3FD UK
- Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Durham University, Durham, DH13LE UK
| | - Anup Ramachandran
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160 USA
| | - Vera Rogiers
- Department of Toxicology, Centre for Pharmaceutical Research, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Cliff Rowe
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Drug Safety Science, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Celine Schelcher
- Department of Surgery, Liver Regeneration, Core Facility, Human in Vitro Models of the Liver, Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Kathrin Schmich
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Michael Schwarz
- Department of Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Wilhelmstr. 56, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Bijay Singh
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-921 Korea
| | - Ernst H. K. Stelzer
- Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (BMLS), Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 15, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Bruno Stieger
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Regina Stöber
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IFADO), 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Yuichi Sugiyama
- Sugiyama Laboratory, RIKEN Innovation Center, RIKEN, Yokohama Biopharmaceutical R&D Center, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045 Japan
| | - Ciro Tetta
- Fresenius Medical Care, Bad Homburg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang E. Thasler
- Department of Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich Hospital Grosshadern, Munich, Germany
| | - Tamara Vanhaecke
- Department of Toxicology, Centre for Pharmaceutical Research, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Mathieu Vinken
- Department of Toxicology, Centre for Pharmaceutical Research, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Thomas S. Weiss
- Department of Pediatrics and Juvenile Medicine, University of Regensburg Hospital, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Agata Widera
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IFADO), 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Courtney G. Woods
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | | | | | - Jan G. Hengstler
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IFADO), 44139 Dortmund, Germany
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Abu-Hayyeh S, Papacleovoulou G, Williamson C. Nuclear receptors, bile acids and cholesterol homeostasis series - bile acids and pregnancy. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2013; 368:120-8. [PMID: 23159988 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2012.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2012] [Revised: 08/28/2012] [Accepted: 10/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Bile acids have been traditionally thought of as having an important role in fat emulsification. It is now emerging that they act as important signalling molecules that not only autoregulate their own synthesis but also influence lipid and glucose metabolism. Although, the mechanisms that underlie the regulation of bile acid homeostasis have been well characterised in normal physiology, the impact of pregnancy on bile acid regulation is still poorly understood. This review summarises the main regulatory mechanisms underlying bile acid homeostasis and discusses how pregnancy, a unique physiological state, can modify them. The fetoplacental adaptations that protect against fetal bile acid toxicity are reviewed. We highlight the importance of bile acid regulation during gestation by discussing the liver disease of pregnancy, intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy (ICP) and how genetic, endocrine and environmental factors contribute to the disease aetiology at a cellular and molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shadi Abu-Hayyeh
- Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Dept. of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
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Trdan Lušin T, Mrhar A, Stieger B, Kullak-Ublick GA, Marc J, Ostanek B, Zavratnik A, Kristl A, Berginc K, Delić K, Trontelj J. Influence of hepatic and intestinal efflux transporters and their genetic variants on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of raloxifene in osteoporosis treatment. Transl Res 2012; 160:298-308. [PMID: 22683417 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2012.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2011] [Revised: 02/29/2012] [Accepted: 03/01/2012] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Raloxifene exhibits a large and unexplained interindividual variability in its pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. The aim of our study was to identify transporters involved in the efflux of raloxifene and its glucuronide metabolites by various in vitro models and by an in vivo study to explore the possible involvement of P-glycoprotein (Pgp), multidrug resistance-associated protein (MRP)1, MRP2, MRP3, and breast cancer resistance protein in the observed high interindividual variability. Experiments with the parallel artificial membrane permeability assay showed the highest passive permeability for raloxifene, followed by raloxifene-6-β-glucuronide (M1), raloxifene-4'-β-glucuronide (M2), and raloxifene-6,4'-diglucuronide (M3). Caco-2 cell monolayer experiments indicated an interaction of raloxifene with Pgp. The ATPase assay confirmed the raloxifene interaction with Pgp and indicated interactions of all raloxifene species with MRP1, MRP2, MRP3, and breast cancer resistance protein, except for M1, which did not show any interactions with MRP2. Furthermore, the vesicular experiments confirmed the interaction of M2 and M3 with MRP2. Although the in vivo study on osteoporotic postmenopausal women on raloxifene could not confirm a significant influence of ABCB1 and ABCC2 genetic polymorphisms on its pharmacokinetics, a clear trend toward higher total raloxifene concentrations was observed in carriers of at least 1 ABCB1 c.3435T allele. Moreover, the same polymorphism effect was also observed as a significant increase in total hip bone mineral density after 1 year of treatment. The results of our study support the involvement of efflux transporters in disposition of raloxifene and its metabolites and may partially explain the observed raloxifene variability by the influence of the ABCB1 c.3435C>T polymorphism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Trdan Lušin
- Department of Biopharmacy and Pharmacokinetics, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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30
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Lai Y, Varma M, Feng B, Stephens JC, Kimoto E, El-Kattan A, Ichikawa K, Kikkawa H, Ono C, Suzuki A, Suzuki M, Yamamoto Y, Tremaine L. Impact of drug transporter pharmacogenomics on pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic variability - considerations for drug development. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2012; 8:723-43. [PMID: 22509796 DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2012.678048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Drug transporter proteins are expressed on the cell membrane, regulating substrate exposure in systemic circulation and/or peripheral tissues. Genetic polymorphism of drug transporter genes encoding these proteins could alter the functional activity and/or protein expression, having effects on absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion (ADME), efficacy and adverse effects. AREAS COVERED The authors provide the reader with an overview of the pharmacogenetics (PGx) of 12 membrane transporters. The clinical literature is summarized as to the quantitative significance on pharmacokinetics (PK) and implications on pharmacodynamics (PD) and adverse effects, due to transporter influence on intracellular drug concentrations. EXPERT OPINION Unlike polymorphisms for cytochrome P450s (CYPs) resulting in large magnitude of PK variation, genetic mutations for membrane transporters are typically less than threefold alteration in systemic PK for drugs with a few exceptions. However, substantially greater changes in intracellular drug levels may result. We are aware of 1880 exome variants in 12 of the best-studied transporters to date, and nearly 40% of these change the amino acid. However, the functional consequences of most of these variants remain to be determined, and have only been empirically evaluated for a handful. To the extent that genetic polymorphisms impact ADME, it is a variable that will contribute to ethnic differences due to substantial frequency differences for the known variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yurong Lai
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Department of Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Groton, CT 06340, USA
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Stieger B, Heger M, de Graaf W, Paumgartner G, van Gulik T. The emerging role of transport systems in liver function tests. Eur J Pharmacol 2011; 675:1-5. [PMID: 22173125 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2011.11.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2011] [Revised: 11/15/2011] [Accepted: 11/27/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Liver function tests are of critical importance for the management of patients with severe or terminal liver disease. They are also used as prognostic tools for planning liver resections. In recent years many transport systems have been identified that also transport substances employed in liver function tests. Such substances include endogenous bilirubin or exogenously administered indocyanine green, agents for magnetic resonance imaging, agents for single photon emission computed tomography or agents for breath tests. The increasing functional and molecular information on the respective transport systems should improve the management and as a result the outcome of patients scheduled for liver surgery or transplantation. To achieve the latter goal, clinical studies that assess individual patients' liver function over the course of their disease with liver function tests are needed to firmly establish and validate recently introduced and novel liver function markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Stieger
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland.
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