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Collins HM, Betts NS, Dockter C, Berkowitz O, Braumann I, Cuesta-Seijo JA, Skadhauge B, Whelan J, Bulone V, Fincher GB. Genes That Mediate Starch Metabolism in Developing and Germinated Barley Grain. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:641325. [PMID: 33732278 PMCID: PMC7959180 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.641325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Starch is synthesized in the endosperm of developing barley grain, where it functions as the primary source of stored carbohydrate. In germinated grain these starch reserves are hydrolyzed to small oligosaccharides and glucose, which are transported to the embryo to support the growth of the developing seedling. Some of the mobilized glucose is transiently stored as starch in the scutellum of germinated grain. These processes are crucial for early seedling vigor, which is a key determinant of crop productivity and global food security. Several starch synthases (SS), starch-branching enzymes (SBEs), and starch debranching enzymes (isoamylases, ISA), together with a limit dextrinase (LD), have been implicated in starch synthesis from nucleotide-sugar precursors. Starch synthesis occurs both in the developing endosperm and in the scutellum of germinated grain. For the complete depolymerization of starch to glucose, α-amylase (Amy), β-amylase (Bmy), isoamylase (ISA), limit dextrinase (LD), and α-glucosidase (AGL) are required. Most of these enzymes are encoded by gene families of up to 10 or more members. Here RNA-seq transcription data from isolated tissues of intact developing and germinated barley grain have allowed us to identify the most important, specific gene family members for each of these processes in vivo and, at the same time, we have defined in detail the spatio-temporal coordination of gene expression in different tissues of the grain. A transcript dataset for 81,280 genes is publicly available as a resource for investigations into other cellular and biochemical processes that occur in the developing grain from 6 days after pollination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen M. Collins
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, SA, Australia
| | - Natalie S. Betts
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, SA, Australia
| | | | - Oliver Berkowitz
- School of Life Sciences and ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | | | | | | | - James Whelan
- School of Life Sciences and ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Vincent Bulone
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, SA, Australia
- Adelaide Glycomics, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, SA, Australia
| | - Geoffrey B. Fincher
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, SA, Australia
- *Correspondence: Geoffrey B. Fincher,
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Sultan A, Andersen B, Christensen JB, Poulsen HD, Svensson B, Finnie C. Quantitative Proteomics Analysis of Barley-Based Liquid Feed and the Effect of Protease Inhibitors and NADPH-Dependent Thioredoxin Reductase/Thioredoxin (NTR/Trx) System. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:6432-6444. [PMID: 31095381 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b01708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Liquid feeding strategies have been devised with the aim of enhancing grain nutrient availability for livestock. It is characterized by a steeping/soaking period that softens the grains and initiates mobilization of seed storage reserves. The present study uses 2D gel-based proteomics to investigate the role of proteolysis and reduction by thioredoxins over a 48 h steeping period by monitoring protein abundance dynamics in barley-based liquid feed samples supplemented with either protease inhibitors or NADPH-dependent thioredoxin reductase/thioredoxin (NTR/Trx). Several full-length storage proteins were only identified in the water-extractable fraction of feed containing protease inhibitors, illustrating significant inhibition of proteolytic activities arising during the steeping period. Application of functional NTR/Trx to liquid feed reductively increased the solubility of known and potentially new Trx-target proteins, e.g., outer membrane protein X, and their susceptibility to proteolysis. Thus, the NTR/Trx system exhibits important potential as a feed additive to enhance nutrient digestibility in monogastric animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abida Sultan
- Enzyme and Protein Chemistry, Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine , Technical University of Denmark , Søltofts Plads, Building 224 , DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby , Denmark
| | - Birgit Andersen
- Agricultural and Environmental Proteomics, Department of Systems Biology , Technical University of Denmark , Søltofts Plads, Building 224 , DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby , Denmark
| | - Jesper Bjerg Christensen
- Department of Animal Science, Animal Nutrition and Physiology , Aarhus University , Blichers Allé 20, Building S20 , DK-8830 Tjele , Denmark
| | - Hanne Damgaard Poulsen
- Department of Animal Science, Animal Nutrition and Physiology , Aarhus University , Blichers Allé 20, Building S20 , DK-8830 Tjele , Denmark
| | - Birte Svensson
- Enzyme and Protein Chemistry, Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine , Technical University of Denmark , Søltofts Plads, Building 224 , DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby , Denmark
| | - Christine Finnie
- Agricultural and Environmental Proteomics, Department of Systems Biology , Technical University of Denmark , Søltofts Plads, Building 224 , DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby , Denmark
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Osman AM, Coverdale SM, Cole N, Hamilton SE, Jersey J, Inkerman PA. Characterisation and Assessment of the Role of Barley Malt Endoproteases During Malting and Mashing1. JOURNAL OF THE INSTITUTE OF BREWING 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/j.2050-0416.2002.tb00125.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Jivotovskaya AV, Horstmann C, Vaintraub IA. Detection of the isoenzymes of wheat grain proteinase A. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 1997; 45:1549-1553. [PMID: 9254903 DOI: 10.1016/s0031-9422(97)00263-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
A new method for the purification of wheat cysteine proteinase A which plays a key role in the mobilization of seed storage proteins during germination has been developed. It consists of (NH4)2SO4 fractionation, gel filtration, and both ion-exchange and hydrophobic chromatography. Constancy of the specific activity of chromatographic fractions and their SDS-electrophoretic pattern indicates the homogeneity of the final enzyme preparation. However, electrophoresis in nondenaturing conditions revealed three protein bands of similar intensity, each showing proteolytic activity. The N-terminal sequences of all three electrophoretic components are identical. They are also identical to a segment of the amino acid sequence deduced from one of several cDNA clones derived from closely related, but non-identical mRNAs that accumulate in the aleurone layer of gibberellic acid-treated wheat. It is very likely that the three electrophoretic components found are isoenzymes encoded by cDNA clones described by these authors.
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Affiliation(s)
- A V Jivotovskaya
- Laboratory of Protein Chemistry, State University of Moldova, Germany
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