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Ren S, Yuan Y, Wang H, Zhang Y. G2-LIKE CAROTENOID REGULATOR (SlGCR) is a positive regulator of lutein biosynthesis in tomato. ABIOTECH 2022; 3:267-280. [PMID: 36533268 PMCID: PMC9755792 DOI: 10.1007/s42994-022-00088-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Lutein is an oxygen-containing carotenoid synthesized in plant chloroplasts and chromoplasts. It plays an indispensable role in promoting plant growth and maintaining eye health in humans. The rate-limiting step of lutein biosynthesis is catalyzed by the lycopene ε-cyclase enzyme (LCYE). Although great progress has been made in the identification of transcription factors involved in the lutein biosynthetic pathway, many systematic molecular mechanisms remain to be elucidated. Here, using co-expression analysis, we identified a gene, G2-LIKE CAROTENOID REGULATOR (SlGCR), encoding a GARP G2-like transcription factor, as the potential regulator of SlLCYE in tomato. Silencing of SlGCR reduced the expression of carotenoid biosynthetic genes and the accumulation of carotenoids in tomato leaves. By contrast, overexpression of SlGCR in tomato fruit significantly increased the expression of relevant genes and enhanced the accumulation of carotenoids. SlGCR can directly bind to the SlLCYE promoter and activate its expression. In addition, we also discovered that expression of SlGCR was negatively regulated by the master regulator SlRIN, thereby inhibiting lutein synthesis during tomato fruit ripening. Taken together, we identified SlGCR as a novel regulator involved in tomato lutein biosynthesis, elucidated the regulatory mechanism, and provided a potential tool for tomato lutein metabolic engineering. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s42994-022-00088-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyan Ren
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064 China
| | - Yong Yuan
- Sanya Institute of China Agricultural University, Sanya, 572025 China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Hsihua Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064 China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064 China
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2
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Carotenoid Biosynthetic Genes in Cabbage: Genome-Wide Identification, Evolution, and Expression Analysis. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12122027. [PMID: 34946976 PMCID: PMC8701174 DOI: 10.3390/genes12122027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Carotenoids are natural functional pigments produced by plants and microorganisms and play essential roles in human health. Cabbage (Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata L.) is an economically important vegetable in terms of production and consumption. It is highly nutritious and contains β-carotene, lutein, and other antioxidant carotenoids. Here, we systematically analyzed carotenoid biosynthetic genes (CBGs) on the whole genome to understand the carotenoid biosynthetic pathway in cabbage. In total, 62 CBGs were identified in the cabbage genome, which are orthologs of 47 CBGs in Arabidopsis thaliana. Out of the 62 CBGs, 46 genes in cabbage were mapped to nine chromosomes. Evolutionary analysis of carotenoid biosynthetic orthologous gene pairs among B. oleracea, B. rapa, and A. thaliana revealed that orthologous genes of B. oleracea underwent a negative selection similar to that of B. rapa. Expression analysis of the CBGs showed functional differentiation of orthologous gene copies in B. oleracea and B. rapa. Exogenous phytohormone treatment suggested that ETH, ABA, and MeJA can promote some important CBGs expression in cabbage. Phylogenetic analysis showed that BoPSYs exhibit high conservatism. Subcellular localization analysis indicated that BoPSYs are located in the chloroplast. This study is the first to study carotenoid biosynthesis genes in cabbage and provides a basis for further research on carotenoid metabolic mechanisms in cabbage.
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Zafar J, Aqeel A, Shah FI, Ehsan N, Gohar UF, Moga MA, Festila D, Ciurea C, Irimie M, Chicea R. Biochemical and Immunological implications of Lutein and Zeaxanthin. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:10910. [PMID: 34681572 PMCID: PMC8535525 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222010910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Throughout history, nature has been acknowledged for being a primordial source of various bioactive molecules in which human macular carotenoids are gaining significant attention. Among 750 natural carotenoids, lutein, zeaxanthin and their oxidative metabolites are selectively accumulated in the macular region of living beings. Due to their vast applications in food, feed, pharmaceutical and nutraceuticals industries, the global market of lutein and zeaxanthin is continuously expanding but chemical synthesis, extraction and purification of these compounds from their natural repertoire e.g., plants, is somewhat costly and technically challenging. In this regard microbial as well as microalgal carotenoids are considered as an attractive alternative to aforementioned challenges. Through the techniques of genetic engineering and gene-editing tools like CRISPR/Cas9, the overproduction of lutein and zeaxanthin in microorganisms can be achieved but the commercial scale applications of such procedures needs to be done. Moreover, these carotenoids are highly unstable and susceptible to thermal and oxidative degradation. Therefore, esterification of these xanthophylls and microencapsulation with appropriate wall materials can increase their shelf-life and enhance their application in food industry. With their potent antioxidant activities, these carotenoids are emerging as molecules of vital importance in chronic degenerative, malignancies and antiviral diseases. Therefore, more research needs to be done to further expand the applications of lutein and zeaxanthin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javaria Zafar
- Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Government College University Lahore, Lahore 54000, Pakistan; (J.Z.); (A.A.); (F.I.S.); (N.E.); (U.F.G.)
| | - Amna Aqeel
- Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Government College University Lahore, Lahore 54000, Pakistan; (J.Z.); (A.A.); (F.I.S.); (N.E.); (U.F.G.)
| | - Fatima Iftikhar Shah
- Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Government College University Lahore, Lahore 54000, Pakistan; (J.Z.); (A.A.); (F.I.S.); (N.E.); (U.F.G.)
| | - Naureen Ehsan
- Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Government College University Lahore, Lahore 54000, Pakistan; (J.Z.); (A.A.); (F.I.S.); (N.E.); (U.F.G.)
| | - Umar Farooq Gohar
- Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Government College University Lahore, Lahore 54000, Pakistan; (J.Z.); (A.A.); (F.I.S.); (N.E.); (U.F.G.)
| | - Marius Alexandru Moga
- Faculty of Medicine, Transilvania University of Brasov, 500036 Brasov, Romania; (M.A.M.); (M.I.)
| | - Dana Festila
- Radiology and Maxilo Facial Surgery Department, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj Napoca, Romania
| | - Codrut Ciurea
- Faculty of Medicine, Transilvania University of Brasov, 500036 Brasov, Romania; (M.A.M.); (M.I.)
| | - Marius Irimie
- Faculty of Medicine, Transilvania University of Brasov, 500036 Brasov, Romania; (M.A.M.); (M.I.)
| | - Radu Chicea
- Faculty of Medicine, “Lucian Blaga” University, 550169 Sibiu, Romania;
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4
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Zhao Z, Liu Z, Mao X. Biotechnological Advances in Lycopene β-Cyclases. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:11895-11907. [PMID: 33073992 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c04814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Lycopene β-cyclase is one of the key enzymes in the biosynthesis of carotenoids, which catalyzes the β-cyclization of both ends of lycopene to produce β-carotene. Lycopene β-cyclases are found in a wide range of sources, mainly plants and microorganisms. Lycopene β-cyclases have been extensively studied for their important catalytic activity, including for use in genetic engineering to modify plants and microorganisms, as a blocking target for lycopene industrial production strains, and for their genetic and physiological effects related to microorganic and plant biological traits. This review of lycopene β-cyclases summarizes the major studies on their basic classification, functional activity, metabolic engineering, and plant science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zilong Zhao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Zhen Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Xiangzhao Mao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
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5
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Furtado BU, Gołębiewski M, Skorupa M, Hulisz P, Hrynkiewicz K. Bacterial and Fungal Endophytic Microbiomes of Salicornia europaea. Appl Environ Microbiol 2019; 85:e00305-19. [PMID: 31003988 PMCID: PMC6581177 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00305-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
We examined Salicornia europaea, a nonmycorrhizal halophyte associated with specific and unique endophytic bacteria and fungi. The microbial community structure was analyzed at two sites differing in salinization history (anthropogenic and naturally saline site), in contrasting seasons (spring and fall) and in two plant organs (shoots and roots) via 16S rRNA and internal transcribed spacer amplicon sequencing. We observed distinct communities at the two sites, and in shoots and roots, while the season was of no importance. The bacterial community was less diverse in shoot libraries than in roots, regardless of the site and season, whereas no significant differences were observed for the fungal community. Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes dominated bacterial assemblages, and Ascomycetes were the most frequent fungi. A root core microbiome operational taxonomic unit belonging to the genus Marinimicrobium was identified. We detected a significant influence of the Salicornia bacterial community on the fungal one by means of cocorrespondence analysis. In addition, pathways and potential functions of the bacterial community in Salicornia europaea were inferred and discussed. We can conclude that bacterial and fungal microbiomes of S. europaea are determined by the origin of salinity at the sites. Bacterial communities seemed to influence fungal ones, but not the other way around, which takes us closer to understanding of interactions between the two microbial groups. In addition, the plant organs of the halophyte filter the microbial community composition.IMPORTANCE Endophytes are particularly fascinating because of their multifaceted lifestyle, i.e., they may exist as either free-living soil microbes or saprobic ones or pathogens. Endophytic communities of halophytes may be different than those in other plants because salinity acts as an environmental filter. At the same time, they may contribute to the host's adaptation to adverse environmental conditions, which may be of importance in agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bliss Ursula Furtado
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland
- Interdisciplinary Center for Modern Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland
| | - Marcin Gołębiewski
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biotechnology, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland
- Interdisciplinary Center for Modern Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland
| | - Monika Skorupa
- Interdisciplinary Center for Modern Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland
| | - Piotr Hulisz
- Department of Soil Science and Landscape Management, Faculty of Earth Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Hrynkiewicz
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland
- Interdisciplinary Center for Modern Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland
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6
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Wang Q, Cao TJ, Zheng H, Zhou CF, Wang Z, Wang R, Lu S. Manipulation of Carotenoid Metabolic Flux by Lycopene Cyclization in Ripening Red Pepper ( Capsicum annuum var. conoides) Fruits. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:4300-4310. [PMID: 30908022 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b00756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Carotenoids are essential phytonutrients for the human body. Higher plants usually synthesize and accumulate carotenoids in their leaves, flowers, and fruits. Most carotenoids have either two β-rings on both ends or β- and ε-rings separately on two ends of their molecules and are synthesized from the acyclic lycopene as the precursor. Lycopene β- and ε-cyclases (LCYB and LCYE, respectively) catalyze the β- and ε-cyclization of lycopene, respectively, and regulate the metabolic flux from lycopene to its downstream β,β-branches (by LCYB alone) and β,ε-branches (by LCYE and LCYB). In this study, we identified and characterized genes for two LCYBs (CaLCYB1 and CaLCYB2), one LCYE (CaLCYE1), and a capsanthin/capsorubin synthase (CaCCS1) which is also able to β-cyclize lycopene from the red pepper ( Capsicum annuum var. conoides) genome. By quantifying transcript abundances of these genes and contents of different carotenoid components in ripening fruits, we observed a correlation between the induction of both CaLCYBs and the accumulation of carotenoids of the β,β-branch during ripening. Although capsanthin was accumulated in ripened fruits, our quantification demonstrated a strong induction of CaCCS1 at the breaker stage, together with the simultaneous repression of CaLCYE1 and the decrease of lutein content, suggesting the involvement of CaCCS1 in competing against CaLCYE1 for synthesizing carotenoids of the β,β-branch. Our results provide important information for future metabolic engineering studies to manipulate carotenoid biosynthesis and accumulation in fruits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023 , China
| | - Tian-Jun Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023 , China
| | - Hui Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023 , China
| | - Chang-Fang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023 , China
| | - Zhong Wang
- Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute , Zhengzhou 450001 , China
| | - Ran Wang
- Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute , Zhengzhou 450001 , China
| | - Shan Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023 , China
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7
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Takino J, Kozaki T, Sato Y, Liu C, Ozaki T, Minami A, Oikawa H. Unveiling Biosynthesis of the Phytohormone Abscisic Acid in Fungi: Unprecedented Mechanism of Core Scaffold Formation Catalyzed by an Unusual Sesquiterpene Synthase. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:12392-12395. [PMID: 30226766 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b08925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Abscisic acid (ABA) is a well-known phytohormone that regulates abiotic stresses. ABA produced by fungi is also proposed to be a virulence factor of fungal pathogens. Although its biosynthetic pathway in fungi was proposed by a series of feeding experiments, the enzyme catalyzing the reaction from farnesyl diphosphate to α-ionylideneethane remains to be identified. In this work, we identified the novel type of sesquiterpene synthase BcABA3 and its unprecedented three-step reaction mechanism involving two neutral intermediates, β-farnesene and allofarnesene. Database searches showed that BcABA3 has no homology with typical sesquiterpene synthases and that the homologous enzyme genes are found in more than 100 bacteria, suggesting that these enzymes form a new family of sesquiterpene synthases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junya Takino
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science , Hokkaido University , Kita-ku Kita 10 Jo Nishi 8 Chome , Sapporo 060-0810 , Japan
| | - Takuto Kozaki
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science , Hokkaido University , Kita-ku Kita 10 Jo Nishi 8 Chome , Sapporo 060-0810 , Japan
| | - Yoshiro Sato
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science , Hokkaido University , Kita-ku Kita 10 Jo Nishi 8 Chome , Sapporo 060-0810 , Japan
| | - Chengwei Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science , Hokkaido University , Kita-ku Kita 10 Jo Nishi 8 Chome , Sapporo 060-0810 , Japan
| | - Taro Ozaki
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science , Hokkaido University , Kita-ku Kita 10 Jo Nishi 8 Chome , Sapporo 060-0810 , Japan
| | - Atsushi Minami
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science , Hokkaido University , Kita-ku Kita 10 Jo Nishi 8 Chome , Sapporo 060-0810 , Japan
| | - Hideaki Oikawa
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science , Hokkaido University , Kita-ku Kita 10 Jo Nishi 8 Chome , Sapporo 060-0810 , Japan
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8
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Lao YM, Jin H, Zhou J, Zhang HJ, Cai ZH. Functional Characterization of a Missing Branch Component in Haematococcus pluvialis for Control of Algal Carotenoid Biosynthesis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1341. [PMID: 28824677 PMCID: PMC5539077 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Cyclization of acyclic lycopene by cyclases marks an important regulatory point in carotenoid biosynthesis. Though some algal lycopene epsilon cyclases (LCYEs) have been predicted computationally, very few have been functionally identified. Little is known about the regulation mechanisms of algal LCYEs. Recent comparative genomic analysis suggested that Haematococcus pluvialis contained only the β type cyclase (HpLCYB). However, in this study, carotenoid profiling found trace α-carotene in the salt-treated cells, indicating the in vivo activity of HpLCYE, a missing component for α-branch carotenoids. Thus, genes coding for HpLCYB and HpLCYE were isolated and functionally complemented in Escherichia coli. Substrate specificity assays revealed an exclusive cyclization order of HpLCYE to HpLCYB for the biosynthesis of heterocyclic carotenoids. Expression pattern studies and bioinformatic analysis of promoter regions showed that both cyclases were differentially regulated by the regulatory cis-acting elements in promoters to correlate with primary and secondary carotenoid biosynthesis under environmental stresses. Characterization of the branch components in algal carotenoid biosynthesis revealed a mechanism for control of metabolic flux into α- and β-branch by the competition and cooperation between HpLCYE and HpLCYB; and supplied a promising route for molecular breeding of cyclic carotenoid biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong M. Lao
- Shenzhen Public Platform of Screening and Application of Marine Microbial ResourcesGuangdong, China
- The Division of Ocean Science and Technology, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua UniversityShenzhen, China
| | - Hui Jin
- Shenzhen Public Platform of Screening and Application of Marine Microbial ResourcesGuangdong, China
- The Division of Ocean Science and Technology, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua UniversityShenzhen, China
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua UniversityBeijing, China
| | - Jin Zhou
- Shenzhen Public Platform of Screening and Application of Marine Microbial ResourcesGuangdong, China
- The Division of Ocean Science and Technology, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua UniversityShenzhen, China
| | - Huai J. Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua UniversityBeijing, China
| | - Zhong H. Cai
- Shenzhen Public Platform of Screening and Application of Marine Microbial ResourcesGuangdong, China
- The Division of Ocean Science and Technology, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua UniversityShenzhen, China
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9
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Tong Y, Su P, Zhao Y, Zhang M, Wang X, Liu Y, Zhang X, Gao W, Huang L. Molecular Cloning and Characterization of DXS and DXR Genes in the Terpenoid Biosynthetic Pathway of Tripterygium wilfordii. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:25516-35. [PMID: 26512659 PMCID: PMC4632813 DOI: 10.3390/ijms161025516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2015] [Revised: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
1-Deoxy-d-xylulose-5-phosphate synthase (DXS) and 1-deoxy-d-xylulose-5-phosphate reductoisomerase (DXR) genes are the key enzyme genes of terpenoid biosynthesis but still unknown in Tripterygium wilfordii Hook. f. Here, three full-length cDNA encoding DXS1, DXS2 and DXR were cloned from suspension cells of T. wilfordii with ORF sizes of 2154 bp (TwDXS1, GenBank accession no.KM879187), 2148 bp (TwDXS2, GenBank accession no.KM879186), 1410 bp (TwDXR, GenBank accession no.KM879185). And, the TwDXS1, TwDXS2 and TwDXR were characterized by color complementation in lycopene accumulating strains of Escherichia coli, which indicated that they encoded functional proteins and promoted lycopene pathway flux. TwDXS1 and TwDXS2 are constitutively expressed in the roots, stems and leaves and the expression level showed an order of roots > stems > leaves. After the suspension cells were induced by methyl jasmonate, the mRNA expression level of TwDXS1, TwDXS2, and TwDXR increased, and triptophenolide was rapidly accumulated to 149.52 µg·g−1, a 5.88-fold increase compared with the control. So the TwDXS1, TwDXS2, and TwDXR could be important genes involved in terpenoid biosynthesis in Tripterygium wilfordii Hook. f.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuru Tong
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China.
| | - Ping Su
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China.
| | - Yujun Zhao
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China.
| | - Meng Zhang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China.
| | - Xiujuan Wang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China.
| | - Yujia Liu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China.
| | - Xianan Zhang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China.
| | - Wei Gao
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China.
| | - Luqi Huang
- National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China.
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10
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Cazzonelli CI. Carotenoids in nature: insights from plants and beyond. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2011; 38:833-847. [PMID: 32480941 DOI: 10.1071/fp11192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 231] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2011] [Accepted: 08/30/2011] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Carotenoids are natural isoprenoid pigments that provide leaves, fruits, vegetables and flowers with distinctive yellow, orange and some reddish colours as well as several aromas in plants. Their bright colours serve as attractants for pollination and seed dispersal. Carotenoids comprise a large family of C40 polyenes and are synthesised by all photosynthetic organisms, aphids, some bacteria and fungi alike. In animals carotenoid derivatives promote health, improve sexual behaviour and are essential for reproduction. As such, carotenoids are commercially important in agriculture, food, health and the cosmetic industries. In plants, carotenoids are essential components required for photosynthesis, photoprotection and the production of carotenoid-derived phytohormones, including ABA and strigolactone. The carotenoid biosynthetic pathway has been extensively studied in a range of organisms providing an almost complete pathway for carotenogenesis. A new wave in carotenoid biology has revealed implications for epigenetic and metabolic feedback control of carotenogenesis. Developmental and environmental signals can regulate carotenoid gene expression thereby affecting carotenoid accumulation. This review highlights mechanisms controlling (1) the first committed step in phytoene biosynthesis, (2) flux through the branch to synthesis of α- and β-carotenes and (3) metabolic feedback signalling within and between the carotenoid, MEP and ABA pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher I Cazzonelli
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, College of Medicine, Biology and Environment, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Building 134, Linnaeus Way, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia. Email
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11
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Cao X, Zong Z, Ju X, Sun Y, Dai C, Liu Q, Jiang J. Molecular cloning, characterization and function analysis of the gene encoding HMG-CoA reductase from Euphorbia Pekinensis Rupr. Mol Biol Rep 2009; 37:1559-67. [PMID: 19437136 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-009-9558-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2008] [Accepted: 04/30/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
A new full-length cDNA encoding 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutoryl-Coenzyme A reductase (HMGR; EC1.1.1.34), which catalyzes the first committed step of isoprenoids biosynthesis in MVA pathway, was isolated from young leaves of Euphorbia Pekinensis Rupr. by rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) for the first time. The full-length cDNA of HMGR (designated as EpHMGR, GenBank Accession NO. EF062569) was 2,200 bp containing a 1,752 bp ORF encoding 583 amino acids. Bioinformatic analyzes revealed that the deduced EpHMGR had extensive homology with other plant HMGRs and contained two transmembrane domains and a catalytic domain. The predicted 3-D model of EpHMGR had a typical spatial structure of HMGRs. Southern blot analysis indicated that at most two copies of EpHMGR gene existed in E. Pekinensis genome. Tissue expression analysis revealed that EpHMGR expressed strongly in roots, weakly in stems and leaves. The functional colour complementation assay indicated that EpHMGR could accelerate the biosynthesis of carotenoids in the Escherichia coli transformant, demonstrating that EpHMGR plays an influential role in isoprenoid biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoying Cao
- School of Chemical Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, People's Republic of China
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12
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Ravanello MP, Ke D, Alvarez J, Huang B, Shewmaker CK. Coordinate expression of multiple bacterial carotenoid genes in canola leading to altered carotenoid production. Metab Eng 2004; 5:255-63. [PMID: 14642353 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2003.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Carotenoids have drawn much attention recently because of their potentially positive benefits to human health as well as their utility in both food and animal feed. Previous work in canola (Brassica napus) seed over-expressing the bacterial phytoene synthase gene (crtB) demonstrated a change in carotenoid content, such that the total levels of carotenoids, including phytoene and downstream metabolites like beta-carotene, were elevated 50-fold, with the ratio of beta- to alpha-carotene being 2:1. This result raised the possibility that the composition of metabolites in this pathway could be modified further in conjunction with the increased flux obtained with crtB. Here we report on the expression of additional bacterial genes for the enzymes geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase (crtE), phytoene desaturase (crtI) and lycopene cyclase (crtY and the plant B. napus lycopene beta-cyclase) engineered in conjunction with phytoene synthase (crtB) in transgenic canola seed. Analysis of the carotenoid levels by HPLC revealed a 90% decrease in phytoene levels for the double construct expressing crtB in conjunction with crtI. The transgenic seed from all the double constructs, including the one expressing the bacterial crtB and the plant lycopene beta-cyclase showed an increase in the levels of total carotenoid similar to that previously observed by expressing crtB alone but minimal effects were observed with respect to the ratio of beta- to alpha-carotene compared to the original construct. However, the beta- to alpha-carotene ratio was increased from 2:1 to 3:1 when a triple construct consisting of the bacterial phytoene synthase, phytoene desaturase and lycopene cyclase genes were expressed together. This result suggests that the bacterial genes may form an aggregate complex that allows in vivo activity of all three proteins through substrate channeling. This finding should allow further manipulation of the carotenoid biosynthetic pathway for downstream products with enhanced agronomic, animal feed and human nutritional values.
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