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Paschaei N, Müller WD, Schmidt F, Hüsker K, von Baehr V, Pandis N, Jost-Brinkmann PG, Bartzela T. Unveiling the Role of Metal Ion Concentration versus Immune Sensitization in Orthodontic Patients-A Long-Term Prospective Evaluation. J Clin Med 2024; 13:4545. [PMID: 39124811 PMCID: PMC11312833 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13154545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2024] [Revised: 07/28/2024] [Accepted: 08/01/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: This longitudinal prospective study aimed to assess orthodontic patients' immune system response to metal ion release in saliva. Methods: Thirty adult patients (18-35 years) were equally divided into three groups: groups at the end (G1) and beginning (G2) of multibracket appliances (MBA) treatment and a non-treated control group (G3). Participants were evaluated at four timepoints within 21 days, with saliva samples being analyzed for metal ion concentrations and blood for the lymphocyte transformation test (LTT). Results: There were no significant differences between groups or timepoints for saliva. LTT analyses revealed hypersensitivity in one-third of all patients and 50% of G2 for nickel, with three developing sensitizations after MBA insertion. All nickel-sensitized patients exhibited varying elevated saliva nickel concentrations. The most nickel-sensitized patients had low ion saliva loads. In borderline nickel-sensitization cases, saliva ion concentrations were up to 20 times higher than the reference. Hypersensitivity to palladium, gold, and mercury was also observed. Conclusions: These findings indicate that increased MBA ion release was not inherently linked to the immune response (Type-IV sensitization), as reactions occurred even with ion levels below thresholds. This underlines the need for a comprehensive evaluation of the immune response to metal ion release in orthodontic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nusha Paschaei
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, CharitéCenter for Oral Health Sciences CC 3, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Aßmannshauser Str. 4–6, 14197 Berlin, Germany
| | - Wolf-Dieter Müller
- Department of Prosthodontics, Geriatric Dentistry and Craniomandibular Disorders, CharitéCenter for Oral Health Sciences CC 3, Dental Materials and Biomaterial Research, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Aßmannshauser Str. 4–6, 14197 Berlin, Germany; (W.-D.M.); (F.S.)
| | - Franziska Schmidt
- Department of Prosthodontics, Geriatric Dentistry and Craniomandibular Disorders, CharitéCenter for Oral Health Sciences CC 3, Dental Materials and Biomaterial Research, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Aßmannshauser Str. 4–6, 14197 Berlin, Germany; (W.-D.M.); (F.S.)
| | - Katrin Hüsker
- Department of Immunology, IMD Institute of Medical Diagnostics Berlin-Potsdam GbR, 12247 Berlin, Germany; (K.H.); (V.v.B.)
| | - Volker von Baehr
- Department of Immunology, IMD Institute of Medical Diagnostics Berlin-Potsdam GbR, 12247 Berlin, Germany; (K.H.); (V.v.B.)
| | - Nikolaos Pandis
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Dental School/Medical Faculty, University of Bern, Freiburgstraße 7, 3010 Bern, Switzerland;
| | - Paul-Georg Jost-Brinkmann
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, CharitéCenter for Oral Health Sciences CC 3, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Aßmannshauser Str. 4–6, 14197 Berlin, Germany
| | - Theodosia Bartzela
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstr. 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
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Ingham JR, Donati GL, Douvris L, Bartzas G, Bussan DD, Douvris C. Commercially available mouthguards: Unearthing trace elements for the first time. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 930:172790. [PMID: 38677440 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
The use of mouthguards is advocated by the American Dental Association for orofacial injury prevention and teeth protection. However, the chemical environment in the mouth may cause harmful substances within the mouthguard's polymer material to leach out and be absorbed by the user. Considering this, the present study for the first time analyzed commercially available mouthguards and disclosed the presence of trace elements. Specifically, an analytical method was developed based on closed-vessel microwave-assisted digestion and plasma-based atomic spectrometry for determining toxic trace elements in mouthguard samples. Initially, 75 elements were assessed and, thereafter, quantified cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu) and lead (Pb) in each sample by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Method validation was carried out by analyzing a certified reference material of Low-Density Polyethylene, and by addition and recovery experiments. Results for copper were further validated by ICP optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). While most samples exhibited elemental levels beneath the method's limit of quantification, Cd, Cu and Pb were detected in four samples. Remarkably, one sample had Cu levels exceeding safe limits by 109 times, highlighting potential toxicity risks. This initial research underscores the need for stricter contamination control in mouthguard materials to minimize potentially health hazards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse R Ingham
- Department of Chemistry, Wake Forest University, Salem Hall, Box 7486, Winston-Salem, NC 27109, USA
| | - George L Donati
- Department of Chemistry, Wake Forest University, Salem Hall, Box 7486, Winston-Salem, NC 27109, USA
| | - Liliya Douvris
- Theobald Science Center, Department of Biological and Chemical Sciences, New York Institute of Technology, Old Westbury, NY 11568, USA
| | - Georgios Bartzas
- School of Mining and Metallurgical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, 9 Heroon Polytechniou str., 157 80 Zografos, Athens, Greece
| | - Derek D Bussan
- Nistler College of Business and Public Administration, Department of Marketing, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58202, USA
| | - Chris Douvris
- Theobald Science Center, Department of Biological and Chemical Sciences, New York Institute of Technology, Old Westbury, NY 11568, USA.
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3
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Topolska JM, Jagielska A, Motyl S, Kozub-Budzyń GA, Kępa L, Wagner B, Wątor K. Metal leakage from orthodontic appliances chemically alters enamel surface during experimental in vitro simulated treatment. Sci Rep 2024; 14:5412. [PMID: 38443566 PMCID: PMC10914722 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-56111-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Human enamel is composed mainly of apatite. This mineral of sorption properties is susceptible to chemical changes, which in turn affect its resistance to dissolution. This study aimed to investigate whether metal leakage from orthodontic appliances chemically alters the enamel surface during an in vitro simulated orthodontic treatment. Totally 107 human enamel samples were subjected to the simulation involving metal appliances and cyclic pH fluctuations over a period of 12 months in four complimentary experiments. The average concentrations and distribution of Fe, Cr, Ni, Ti and Cu within the enamel before and after the experiments were examined using ICP‒MS and LA‒ICP‒MS techniques. The samples exposed to the interaction with metal appliances exhibited a significant increase in average Fe, Cr and Ni (Kruskal-Wallis, p < 0.002) content in comparison to the control group. The outer layer, narrow fissures and points of contact with the metal components showed increased concentrations of Fe, Ti, Ni and Cr after simulated treatment, conversely to the enamel sealed with an adhesive system. It has been concluded that metal leakage from orthodontic appliances chemically alters enamel surface and microlesions during experimental in vitro simulated treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna M Topolska
- Department of Mineralogy, Petrography and Geochemistry, Faculty of Geology, Geophysics and Environmental Protection, AGH University of Krakow, 30-059, Krakow, Poland.
| | - Agata Jagielska
- Laboratory of Theoretical Aspects of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw, 02-089, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Sylwia Motyl
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Rydygier Hospital, 31-826, Krakow, Poland
| | - Gabriela A Kozub-Budzyń
- Department of Geology of Mineral Deposits and Mining Geology, Faculty of Geology, Geophysics and Environmental Protection, AGH University of Krakow, 30-059, Krakow, Poland
| | - Luiza Kępa
- Laboratory of Theoretical Aspects of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw, 02-089, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Barbara Wagner
- Laboratory of Theoretical Aspects of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw, 02-089, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Wątor
- Department of Hydrogeology and Engineering Geology, Faculty of Geology, Geophysics and Environmental Protection, AGH University of Krakow, 30-059, Krakow, Poland
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Filipoiu DC, Bungau SG, Endres L, Negru PA, Bungau AF, Pasca B, Radu AF, Tarce AG, Bogdan MA, Behl T, Nechifor AC, Hassan SSU, Tit DM. Characterization of the Toxicological Impact of Heavy Metals on Human Health in Conjunction with Modern Analytical Methods. TOXICS 2022; 10:toxics10120716. [PMID: 36548549 PMCID: PMC9785207 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10120716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Increased environmental pollution, urbanization, and a wide variety of anthropogenic activities have led to the release of toxic pollutants into the environment, including heavy metals (HMs). It has been found that increasing concentrations of HMs lead to toxicity, mineral imbalances, and serious diseases, which are occurring more and more frequently. Therefore, testing has become imperative to detect these deficiencies in a timely manner. The detection of traces of HMs, especially toxic ones, in human tissues, various biological fluids, or hair is a complex, high-precision analysis that enables early diagnosis, addressing people under constant stress or exposed to a toxic environment; the test also targets people who have died in suspicious circumstances. Tissue mineral analysis (TMA) determines the concentration of toxic minerals/metals at the intracellular level and can therefore determine correlations between measured concentrations and imbalances in the body. Framing the already-published information on the topic, this review aimed to explore the toxicity of HMs to human health, the harmful effects of their accumulation, the advantages vs. the disadvantages of choosing different biological fluids/tissues/organs necessary for the quantitative measurement of HM in the human body, as well as the choice of the optimal method, correlated with the purpose of the analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Claudia Filipoiu
- Doctoral School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, University of Oradea, 410073 Oradea, Romania
| | - Simona Gabriela Bungau
- Doctoral School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, University of Oradea, 410073 Oradea, Romania
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410028 Oradea, Romania
- Correspondence: (S.G.B.); (L.E.)
| | - Laura Endres
- Department of Psycho-neurosciences and Recovery, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410073 Oradea, Romania
- Correspondence: (S.G.B.); (L.E.)
| | - Paul Andrei Negru
- Doctoral School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, University of Oradea, 410073 Oradea, Romania
| | - Alexa Florina Bungau
- Doctoral School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, University of Oradea, 410073 Oradea, Romania
| | - Bianca Pasca
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410028 Oradea, Romania
| | - Andrei-Flavius Radu
- Doctoral School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, University of Oradea, 410073 Oradea, Romania
| | - Alexandra Georgiana Tarce
- Medicine Program of Study, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410073 Oradea, Romania
| | - Mihaela Alexandra Bogdan
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410028 Oradea, Romania
| | - Tapan Behl
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Health Sciences & Technology (SoHST), University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Bidholi 248007, India
| | - Aurelia Cristina Nechifor
- Analytical Chemistry and Environmental Engineering Department, Polytechnic University of Bucharest, 011061 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Syed Shams ul Hassan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Delia Mirela Tit
- Doctoral School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, University of Oradea, 410073 Oradea, Romania
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410028 Oradea, Romania
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Mussabekova S, Mkhitaryan X. Person identification using the composition of elements in human hair. J Med Life 2022; 15:1419-1430. [PMID: 36567836 PMCID: PMC9762368 DOI: 10.25122/jml-2022-0100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
If an individual cannot be identified, it is necessary to conduct a forensic medical examination. In this case, all possible group indexes are investigated. In this study, the content of elements in hair was investigated to identify individuals by territory, age, profession, or gender. The level of 14 micro- and macroelements (Cu, Zn, Co, Fe, Cr, Mn, Cd, As, Pb, Ni, P, Ca, K and Mg) was determined in hair samples of men and women from five age categories (21 to >60) using inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy. The samples were analyzed taking into account the health condition, gender, place of residence, occupation, work experience, and age. A correlation between the content of elements in people's hair and their place of residence was observed. The difference in the content of elements in the hair of urban and rural residents was substantial and statistically significant (p<0.05). Moreover, there were significant differences related to age (p<0.0051) and gender (p<0.05). The current research detected significant differences in the content of the chemical elements in the hair of the groups tested, which can be used as personal identification indicators depending on occupation, work experience, and environmental factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saule Mussabekova
- Department of Pathology, Karaganda Medical University, Karaganda, Kazakhstan
| | - Xeniya Mkhitaryan
- Department of Informatics and Biostatistics, Karaganda Medical University, Karaganda, Kazakhstan,Corresponding Author: Xeniya Mkhitaryan, Department of Informatics and Biostatistics, Karaganda Medical University, Karaganda, Kazakhstan. E-mail:
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6
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Zinelis S, Polychronis G, Papadopoulos F, Kokkinos C, Economou A, Panayi N, Papageorgiou SN, Eliades T. Mechanical and electrochemical characterization of 3D printed orthodontic metallic appliances after in vivo ageing. Dent Mater 2022; 38:1721-1727. [PMID: 36123188 DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2022.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Three-dimensional (3D) printing technology is a promising technique for fabricating custom orthodontic metallic appliances. Aim of this study was to assess the effect of intraoral aging on the mechanical / electrochemical properties of 3D-printed orthodontic metallic appliances. METHODS Twelve molar orthodontic distalization appliances 3D-printed from cobalt chromium (Co-Cr) alloy were retrieved after intraoral use and twenty blocks fabricated under similar conditions were used as control. The samples' microstructural / elemental composition assessment was assessed with SEM/EDS, while their mechanical properties (modulus of elasticity [EIT], Martens hardness [HM] and the elastic index [ηIT]) were measured by instrumented indentation testing. Finally, the samples' electrochemical features were assessed with a potentiostat-connected cell arrangement in terms of open circuit potential (OCP), corrosion potential (Ez), current density (I300) and breaking potential (Epit). Results were analyzed by t-test / Mann-Whitney test (α = 0.05). RESULTS The used Co-Cr alloy was found to have a highly homogenous structure with no significant differences between retrieved and new specimens in HM (4037.7 ± 215.6 vs 4090.9 ± 259.8 N/mm2), EIT (120.0 ± 13.2 vs 123.8 ± 12.9 GPa), or nIT (28.4 ± 2.6 vs 28.6 ± 2.9 %) (P > 0.05 in all instances). Metallic surfaces retained the same oxidation tendency and oxide dissolution rate in passive region in both groups (P > 0.05 for OCP, Ez, and I300). However, intraorally-aged specimens had a significantly lower breakdown potential due to degraded protection efficacy of surface oxide (P = 0.003 for Epit). SIGNIFICANCE The tested 3D-printed Co-Cr orthodontic appliances present clinically-acceptable mechanical properties that remained unaffected by intraoral ageing, which however degraded the protection of surface oxide against pitting corrosion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spiros Zinelis
- Department of Biomaterials, School of Dentistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Georgios Polychronis
- Department of Biomaterials, School of Dentistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Frixos Papadopoulos
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Christos Kokkinos
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Anastasios Economou
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Nearchos Panayi
- Department of Dentistry, European University Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus; Clinic of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, Center of Dental Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Spyridon N Papageorgiou
- Clinic of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, Center of Dental Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Theodore Eliades
- Clinic of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, Center of Dental Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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Differences in Metal Ions Released from Orthodontic Appliances in an In Vitro and In Vivo Setting. COATINGS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/coatings12020190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
The aim was to assess the composition of released metal ions from fixed orthodontic appliances both in an in vitro and in vivo setting and to compare their quantities to evaluate any possible health risks associated with them. For the in vitro setting, a set of 24 as-received sterile SS brackets, 2 SS sterile archwires, and 2 NiTi sterile archwires were aged for 90 days in artificial saliva, and released metal ion concentrations were determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), using matrix-matched standards for calibration. For the in vivo setting, 15 brackets, 15 SS, and 15 NiTi archwires were retrieved after 90 days of intraoral exposure in 15 subjects. Debris composition on each part of the orthodontic appliance was assessed using scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM/EDS). The present study evidenced a difference in the composition of released metal ions from fixed orthodontic appliances detected in an in vitro and in vivo setting. Generally, the relative content of metal ions was higher in the retrieved debris than that released in artificial saliva. The concentration of released metal ions from all tested alloys was below the upper recommended limit of daily intake; however, possible local effects in terms of hypersensitivity due to their accumulation in the debris cannot be excluded even with such concentrations.
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Space Maintainers Used in Pediatric Dentistry: An Insight of Their Biosecurity Profile by Applying In Vitro Methods. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14206215. [PMID: 34683807 PMCID: PMC8541494 DOI: 10.3390/ma14206215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2021] [Revised: 10/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Space maintainers have presented an increased interest due to their chemical composition which influences the electrochemical and electrolytic processes of the oral cavity, leading to important biological activity. The present study was purported to evaluate the biological in vitro activity of three types of space maintainers (S1, S2, and S3, differing from each other in terms of metal composition) used in pediatric dentistry, in terms of their antimicrobial effect and biosecurity profile using two types of keratinocytes (PGK: primary gingival keratinocytes, and HaCaT: human immortalized keratinocytes) by assessing the morphology, viability, cytotoxicity, and gene expression of the cells. Statistical differences were calculated by the one-way ANOVA test, followed by Tukey’s post-test. Antimicrobial screening highlighted a dilution-dependent influence that, in the case of all strains tested, did not show inhibition or stimulation of bacterial growth. The in vitro evaluations revealed that the test samples did not induce important cytotoxic potential on both keratinocyte cell lines (HaCaT and PGK), with the cells manifesting no morphological alteration, a good viability rate (above 90%: PGK–S1, * p < 0.05), and a low cytotoxic activity (less than 11%: PGK, S1 *** p < 0.001 and S3 * p < 0.05; HaCaT, S1 ** p < 0.01). The data obtained in this study highlight the fact that the samples analyzed are biocompatible and do not develop the growth of the studied bacteria or encode the gene expression of primary and immortalized keratinocytes.
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Ajami S, Dadras S, Faghih Z, Shobeiri SS, Mahdian A. In Vitro evaluation of immediate cytotoxicity of resterilised orthodontic bands on HGF-1 cell line. Int Orthod 2021; 19:500-504. [PMID: 34016572 DOI: 10.1016/j.ortho.2021.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to evaluate the immediate cytotoxic effects of orthodontic molar bands, on HGF-1 cell line, after multiple times of sterilization following size selection procedure. MATERIAL AND METHODS 48 stainless steel orthodontic molar bands were divided into 4 groups according to times of sterilization (1, 2, 4 and 8 times). A liquid extract containing the ions released from each band was prepared and the HGF-1 cell line was exposed to the extracts. 2 control groups (positive and negative) were designated. An MTT assay was performed, and the absorbance was read at 492nm in a microplate reader (Antos 2020, Austria). RESULTS There was no significant difference in pure optical density (OD) among the 4 groups (P=0.749) however a statistically significant difference was seen between the positive control group and other 4 groups (P<0.001). CONCLUSION The stainless-steel orthodontic bands used in this study were inert as manufactured and even multiple times of sterilization did not decrease the biocompatibility of these bands for clinical use. The present study shows that clinicians can sterilize the tried-in molar bands for at least 8 times without any risk of cytotoxicity for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shabnam Ajami
- Orthodontic Research Centre, School of Dentistry, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Saeideh Dadras
- Orthodontic Research Centre, School of Dentistry, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Zahra Faghih
- Cancer Immunology Group, Shiraz Institute of Cancer Research, School of medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Saeideh Sadat Shobeiri
- Cellular and Molecular Research center, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran
| | - Arezoo Mahdian
- Orthodontic Research Centre, School of Dentistry, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
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Comparative efficacy of Gum Arabic ( Acacia senegal) and Tribulus terrestris on male fertility. Saudi Pharm J 2021; 28:1791-1796. [PMID: 33424268 PMCID: PMC7783220 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2020.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study the effect of Gum arabic (Acacia Senegal) was systemically targeted at male fertility with two experiments, the first comparing the effectiveness of Gum arabic (GA) and Tribulus terrestris (TT). For the first experiment, 27 adult mice Balb / c (18 females, 9 males) were divided into 3 in each group, one male and two females, group one had the usual tap water as power, group two had 5% (w / v) GA and group three had 5% (w / v) of TT for 21 days. The results showed, the number of offspring was more with GA treated when compared to TT treated. Blood measurements of testosterone showed significant increase in the GA group as compared to other groups, also Histopathological analysis showed the dose dependent 5% GA had normal seminiferous tubules with increase spermatogenesis. In this study the enhanced fertility in GA-treated mice Balb/c was observed and the experimental studies also show that GA fertility was increased.
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11
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Szuhanek CA, Watz CG, Avram Ș, Moacă EA, Mihali CV, Popa A, Campan AA, Nicolov M, Dehelean CA. Comparative Toxicological In Vitro and In Ovo Screening of Different Orthodontic Implants Currently Used in Dentistry. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13245690. [PMID: 33322183 PMCID: PMC7763890 DOI: 10.3390/ma13245690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Selecting the most biocompatible orthodontic implant available on the market may be a major challenge, given the wide array of orthodontic devices currently available on the market. The latest scientific data have suggested that in vitro evaluations using oral cell lines provide reliable data regarding the toxicity of residual particles released by different types of orthodontic devices. In this regard, the in vitro biocompatibility of three different commercially available implants (stainless steel and titanium-based implants) was assessed. METHODS As an in vitro model, human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs) were employed to evaluate the cellular morphology, cell viability, and cytotoxicity by means of 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assays at 24 h and 72 h post-exposure to test implants. RESULTS The results correlate the composition and topography of the implant surface with biological experimental evaluations related to directly affected cells (gingival fibroblasts) and toxicological results on blood vessels (hen's egg test-chorioallantoic membrane (HET-CAM) assay). The stainless steel implant exhibits a relative cytotoxicity against HGF cells, while the other two samples induced no significant alterations of HGF cells. CONCLUSION Among the three test orthodontic implants, the stainless steel implant induced slight cytotoxic effects, thus increased vigilance is required in their clinical use, especially in patients with high sensitivity to nickel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camelia A. Szuhanek
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Victor Babeş University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 9 No., Revolutiei Bv., 300041 Timişoara, Romania; (C.A.S.); (A.P.)
| | - Claudia G. Watz
- Departament of Pharmaceutical Physics and Biophysics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Victor Babeş University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2nd Eftimie Murgu Sq., 300041 Timişoara, Romania;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +40-746-227-217
| | - Ștefana Avram
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Victor Babeş University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2nd Eftimie Murgu Sq., 300041 Timişoara, Romania;
| | - Elena-Alina Moacă
- Departament of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Victor Babeş University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2nd Eftimie Murgu Sq., 300041 Timişoara, Romania; (E.-A.M.); (A.A.C.); (C.A.D.)
| | - Ciprian V. Mihali
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Vasile Goldis Western University of Arad, 86 No., Liviu Rebreanu St., 310414 Arad, Romania;
- Molecular Research Department, Research and Development Station for Bovine, 32 No., Bodrogului St., 310059 Arad, Romania
| | - Adelina Popa
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Victor Babeş University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 9 No., Revolutiei Bv., 300041 Timişoara, Romania; (C.A.S.); (A.P.)
| | - Andrada A. Campan
- Departament of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Victor Babeş University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2nd Eftimie Murgu Sq., 300041 Timişoara, Romania; (E.-A.M.); (A.A.C.); (C.A.D.)
| | - Mirela Nicolov
- Departament of Pharmaceutical Physics and Biophysics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Victor Babeş University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2nd Eftimie Murgu Sq., 300041 Timişoara, Romania;
| | - Cristina A. Dehelean
- Departament of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Victor Babeş University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2nd Eftimie Murgu Sq., 300041 Timişoara, Romania; (E.-A.M.); (A.A.C.); (C.A.D.)
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12
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Shruthi DP, Patil GS, Prithviraj DR. Comparative Evaluation of Ion Release in Bonded and Nonbonded Stainless Steel Brackets with Use of Different Mouthwashes: An In vitro Study. Contemp Clin Dent 2020; 11:15-19. [PMID: 33110303 PMCID: PMC7580740 DOI: 10.4103/ccd.ccd_46_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Orthodontic treatment is a long-term procedure that involves the usage of brackets and archwires which are mainly metallic in nature. This study evaluated the levels of metal ions release from bonded and nonbonded orthodontic brackets after immersion in distilled deionized water and three different types of mouthwash. Materials and Methods Eighty premolar stainless steel brackets (3M, Unitek) were divided into Group A (bonded brackets) and Group B (nonbonded brackets). Each group was further subdivided into four subgroups to analyze the release of ions from three different types of mouthwash along with the control group. All the samples were incubated at 37°C for 45 days, and immersion solutions were tested in inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometer for the release of free metal ions. Results Mean ion release in the bonded bracket group was less than that of nonbonded bracket group. Ion release in control subgroup of both groups was 0.18 ± 0.08 μg/dl (A1) and 0.17 ± 0.06 μg/dl (B1); in Phos-Flur mouthwash subgroup was 0.12 ± 0.06 μg/dl (A2) and 0.13 ± 0.05 μg/dl (B2); in chlohex mouthwash subgroup was 0.13 ± 0.06 μg/dl (A3) and 0.14 ± 0.06 μg/dl (B3); in Hiora mouthwash subgroup was 0.10 ± 0.06 μg/dl (A4) and 0.12 ± 0.05 μg/dl (B4). Conclusions The mean ion release was the highest in deionized water (control group) followed by chlohex, Phos-Flur, and Hiora in both Group A and Group B. Ion leaching from bonded brackets was less compared to nonbonded brackets in all different mouthwashes except in the control group. However, this difference was statistically insignificant (P > 0.05) between all the groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- D P Shruthi
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopaedics, Government Dental College & Research Institute, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - G S Patil
- Dayananda Sagar College of Dental Sciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - D R Prithviraj
- Department of Prosthodontics, Government Dental College & Research Institute, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
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Kovač V, Poljšak B, Primožič J, Jamnik P. Are Metal Ions That Make up Orthodontic Alloys Cytotoxic, and Do They Induce Oxidative Stress in a Yeast Cell Model? Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21217993. [PMID: 33121155 PMCID: PMC7662645 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21217993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Compositions of stainless steel, nickel-titanium, cobalt-chromium and β-titanium orthodontic alloys were simulated with mixtures of Fe, Ni, Cr, Co, Ti and Mo metal ions as potential oxidative stress-triggering agents. Wild-type yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae and two mutants ΔSod1 and ΔCtt1 were used as model organisms to assess the cytotoxicity and oxidative stress occurrence. Metal mixtures at concentrations of 1, 10, 100 and 1000 µM were prepared out of metal chlorides and used to treat yeast cells for 24 h. Every simulated orthodontic alloy at 1000 µM was cytotoxic, and, in the case of cobalt-chromium alloy, even 100 µM was cytotoxic. Reactive oxygen species and oxidative damage were detected for stainless steel and both cobalt-chromium alloys at 1000 µM in wild-type yeast and 100 µM in the ΔSod1 and ΔCtt1 mutants. Simulated nickel-titanium and β-titanium alloy did not induce oxidative stress in any of the tested strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vito Kovač
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ljubljana, Zdravstvena pot 5, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (V.K.); (B.P.)
| | - Borut Poljšak
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ljubljana, Zdravstvena pot 5, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (V.K.); (B.P.)
| | - Jasmina Primožič
- Medical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Vrazov trg 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
| | - Polona Jamnik
- Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva ulica 101, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +386-1-3203-729
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Olszewska A, Hanć A, Barałkiewicz D, Rzymski P. Metals and Metalloids Release from Orthodontic Elastomeric and Stainless Steel Ligatures: In Vitro Risk Assessment of Human Exposure. Biol Trace Elem Res 2020; 196:646-653. [PMID: 31686396 PMCID: PMC7306017 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-019-01936-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Elastomeric ligatures are increasingly used as a part of esthetic orthodontic treatment, particularly in children. The aim of the present study was to experimentally test whether these appliances may contribute to exposure to toxic elements. In the present study, elastomeric ligatures (ELs) were incubated in artificial human saliva for 1 month (a typical period of their use) and the release of 21 metals (Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Li, Mn, Mg, Mo, Ni, Pb, Rb, Tl, Ti, Sb, Sr, Sn, Zn, U, V) and 2 metalloids (As and Ge) was studied using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. For comparison, stainless steel ligatures (SLs) were incubated for 1, 3, and 6 months (since sometimes their use is prolonged) under similar conditions. The determined metal levels were compared to the corresponding safety limits for human exposure. During 1 month, the ELs released Cd, Co, Cr, Mn, Ni, and Sn at total mean ± SD level of 0.31 ± 0.09, 0.98 ± 0.30, 3.96 ± 1.31, 14.7 ± 8.5, 13.8 ± 4.8, and 49.5 ± 27.7 μg, respectively. Other elements were always below the detection limits. In case of SL, the release of Co, Cr, Fe, Ni, Mn, and Sn was observed, and the determined values increased over the studied period. After 6 months, their total mean ± SD levels amounted to 28.6 ± 0.2, 21.7 ± 0.2, 623.5 ± 3.0, 1152.7 ± 1.8, 5.5 ± 0.3, and 22.6 ± 0.2 μg, respectively. The released metal levels from both ligature types were always below safety limits. The release of Ni from SL during 6 months would constitute 5.0 and 11.5% of tolerable intake in adults and children, respectively. The results of this in vitro study highlight that the use of ligatures in orthodontic treatment can be considered safe in terms of metal exposure although elastic ligatures replaced on a monthly basis appear to be advantageous in comparison to the prolonged use of stainless steel appliances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aneta Olszewska
- Department of Facial Malformation, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Anetta Hanć
- Department of Trace Element Analysis by Spectrometry Method, Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
| | - Danuta Barałkiewicz
- Department of Trace Element Analysis by Spectrometry Method, Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
| | - Piotr Rzymski
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland.
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Pan Y, Lin Y, Jiang L, Lin H, Xu C, Lin D, Cheng H. Removal of dental alloys and titanium attenuates trace metals and biological effects on liver and kidney. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 243:125205. [PMID: 31726262 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
To determine whether the potential effects on liver and kidney caused by dental alloys could be reduced or terminated by the removal of nickel-chromium (Ni-Cr) alloy, cobalt-chromium (Co-Cr) alloy, and commercially pure titanium (CP-Ti), they were placed in the cheek pouches of Syrian hamsters according to ISO 10993-10. Then, the peak/plateau and end times of trace metals in the blood were determined with or without the removal of the dental alloys. Based on these time points, the trace metals and their effects on liver and kidney were examined. We found that trace metals released from these dental alloys and titanium were accumulated transiently in the blood, liver, and kidney but had no effect on the histopathology of the liver or kidney. Although the functions of the liver and kidney were compromised, the function of these tissues seemed to be clinically acceptable compared to those in control Syrian hamsters. In addition, the apoptotic effect on renal cells was terminated by removing the Ni-Cr and Co-Cr alloys, and that on hepatocytes was also eliminated by removing the Ni-Cr alloy. In contrast, the effect of the Co-Cr alloy on hepatocytes was temporary and recovered by itself. Taken together, Ni- and Co-based dental alloys and titanium have no effect on the histopathology or function of liver and kidney. Moreover, Ni-Cr and Co-Cr alloys induce transient trace metal accumulation and apoptotic effects in liver and kidney, which can be reduced or terminated by the removal of the alloys, while CP-Ti shows favorable biocompatibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Pan
- Institute of Stomatology & Research Center of Dental Esthetics and Biomechanics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, 246 Yangqiao Zhong Road, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, PR China
| | - Yunzhi Lin
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Fujian Provincial Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterial, Stomatological Key Lab of Fujian College and University, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, 246 Yangqiao Zhong Road, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, PR China
| | - Lei Jiang
- Institute of Stomatology & Research Center of Dental Esthetics and Biomechanics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, 246 Yangqiao Zhong Road, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, PR China
| | - Honglei Lin
- Institute of Stomatology & Research Center of Dental Esthetics and Biomechanics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, 246 Yangqiao Zhong Road, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, PR China
| | - Caiming Xu
- Inspection and Quarantine Technology Center, Fujian Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, 312 Hudong Road, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350003, PR China
| | - Donghong Lin
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, School of Medical Technology and Engineering, Fujian Medical University, 88 Jiaotong Road, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350004, PR China
| | - Hui Cheng
- Institute of Stomatology & Research Center of Dental Esthetics and Biomechanics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, 246 Yangqiao Zhong Road, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, PR China.
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Ntasi A, Al Jabbari YS, Mueller WD, Eliades T, Zinelis S. Electrochemical characterization of novel Ag-based brazing alloys for dental applications. Dent Mater 2019; 35:e163-e174. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2019.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2019] [Revised: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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17
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Effect of Fixed Orthodontic Treatment on Salivary Nickel and Chromium Levels: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies. Dent J (Basel) 2019; 7:dj7010021. [PMID: 30823648 PMCID: PMC6473672 DOI: 10.3390/dj7010021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 01/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Nickel and chromium ions released from fixed orthodontic appliances may act as allergens. This study aimed to systematically review the effect of fixed orthodontic treatment on salivary levels of these ions by doing a meta-analysis on cross-sectional and cohort studies. The Web of Science, Scopus, Cochrane Library, and PubMed databases were searched for articles on salivary profile of nickel or chromium in patients under fixed orthodontic treatment published from January 1983 to October 2017. A random-effect meta-analysis was done using Review Manager 5.3 to calculate mean difference (MD) and 95% confidence interval (CI), and the quality of questionnaire was evaluated by the Newcastle⁻Ottawa scale. Fourteen studies were included and analyzed in this meta-analysis. Salivary nickel level was higher in periods of 10 min or less (MD = -11.5 µg/L, 95% CI = -16.92 to -6.07; P < 0.0001) and one day (MD = -1.38 µg/L, 95% CI = -1.97 to -0.80; P < 0.00001) after initiation of treatment compared to baseline (before the insertion of appliance). Salivary chromium level was higher in periods of one day (MD = -6.25 µg/L, 95% CI = -12.00 to -0.49; P = 0.03) and one week (MD = -2.07 µg/L, 95% CI = -3.88 to -0.26; P = 0.03) after the initiation of treatment compared to baseline. Corrosion of fixed orthodontic appliances leads to elevated salivary nickel and chromium concentrations early after initiation of orthodontic treatment. Randomized clinical trials controlling for factors affecting the saliva composition are recommended on a higher number of patients and among different ethnicities.
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18
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Ntasi A, Al Jabbari YS, Silikas N, Eliades T, Zinelis S. Multitechnique characterization of conventional and experimental Ag-based brazing alloys for orthodontic applications. Dent Mater 2018; 34:e25-e35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2018.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Revised: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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19
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Trace Elements in Living Systems: From Beneficial to Toxic Effects. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:8297814. [PMID: 28386564 PMCID: PMC5366219 DOI: 10.1155/2017/8297814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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20
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Rachmawati D, von Blomberg BME, Kleverlaan CJ, Scheper RJ, van Hoogstraten IMW. Immunostimulatory capacity of dental casting alloys on endotoxin responsiveness. J Prosthet Dent 2016; 117:677-684. [PMID: 27881328 DOI: 10.1016/j.prosdent.2016.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2015] [Revised: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
STATEMENT OF PROBLEM Oral metal exposure has been associated with systemic and local adverse reactions, probably due to elemental release from the alloys. Although supraphysiological concentrations of salts from dentally applied metals can activate innate cells through TLR4 (Ni, Co, Pd) and TLR3 (Au), whether direct exposure to solid alloys can also trigger innate immune reactivity is still unknown. PURPOSE The purpose of this in vitro study was to determine whether dental cast alloy specimens can activate innate cells and influence their responsiveness to bacterial endotoxin. MATERIAL AND METHODS Human monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MoDC) and THP-1 cells were cultured on top of different alloy specimens (Ni-Cr, Co-Cr, Pd-Cu, Pd-Ag, Ti-6Al-4V, amalgam, gold, and stainless steel) or in alloy-exposed culture medium with or without endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide [LPS]; Escherichia coli 055:B5). Interleukin-8 (IL-8) production was used as the parameter for innate stimulation and evaluated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay after 24 hours of culture. The statistical significance of the effects of various casting alloys on the secretion of IL-8 was analyzed by using the nonparametric Wilcoxon rank sum test (α=.05). RESULTS Dental cast alloys induced IL-8 production in MoDC and THP-1 cells, with Au and Pd-Cu providing the strongest stimulation. The alloy-exposed culture media tested contained sufficient stimulatory metal ions to induce detectable IL-8 production in THP-1 cells, except for the Ni-Cr and stainless steel exposed media. Au and Pd-Cu alloys were also most effective in potentiating LPS responsiveness as measured by IL-8 production. CONCLUSIONS Using an in vitro culture system to expose MoDC and THP-1 cells to different alloy specimens this study showed that contact with the solid alloys, in particular when they contain Pd or Au, can trigger innate immune responses and augment responsiveness to bacterial endotoxin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dessy Rachmawati
- Postgraduate student, Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; and Lecturer, Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Jember, Jember, Indonesia.
| | - B Mary E von Blomberg
- Medical Immunologist, Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Cornelis J Kleverlaan
- Professor, Department of Dental Materials Science, Academic Center for Dentistry Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam and University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rik J Scheper
- Professor, Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ingrid M W van Hoogstraten
- Associate Professor, Medical Immunologist, Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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21
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Rachmawati D, Peferoen LA, Vogel DY, Alsalem IW, Amor S, Bontkes HJ, von Blomberg BME, Scheper RJ, van Hoogstraten IM. Metal ions potentiate microglia responsiveness to endotoxin. J Neuroimmunol 2016; 291:89-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2015.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Revised: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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22
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Martín-Cameán A, Jos A, Puerto M, Calleja A, Iglesias-Linares A, Solano E, Cameán AM. In vivo determination of aluminum, cobalt, chromium, copper, nickel, titanium and vanadium in oral mucosa cells from orthodontic patients with mini-implants by Inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). J Trace Elem Med Biol 2015; 32:13-20. [PMID: 26302907 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2015.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Revised: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Miniscrews are used as orthodontic anchorage devices in the dentistry clinical practice but the in vivo metallic release from these structures has been not previously investigated. The aim of this study was to determine the content of Al, Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, Ti and V in oral mucosa cells of control subjects, patients under orthodontic treatment and with both, orthodontic treatment and miniscrew, in order to know the contribution of these mini-implants to the total metallic content. ICP-MS measurements revealed the following ascending order: Cr<Ni<Ti<Cu<Al, and Co and V were practically undetected. Significant differences in comparison to the control group were found for Cu in the orthodontic group, and for Ni in both, orthodontic and orthodontic+miniscrew groups. Potential correlations among metallic elements and with some clinical factors were also explored. These findings suggest that miniscrews do not increase significantly the metal release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Martín-Cameán
- Stomatology Department, School of Dentistry, University of Seville, Spain
| | - Angeles Jos
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Seville, Spain
| | - Maria Puerto
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Seville, Spain
| | - Ana Calleja
- Investigation, Technology and Innovation Center, University of Seville, Spain
| | | | - Enrique Solano
- Stomatology Department, School of Dentistry, University of Seville, Spain
| | - Ana M Cameán
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Seville, Spain.
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Martín-Cameán A, Jos Á, Mellado-García P, Iglesias-Linares A, Solano E, Cameán AM. In vitro and in vivo evidence of the cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of metal ions released by orthodontic appliances: A review. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2015; 40:86-113. [PMID: 26093195 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2015.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Revised: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/16/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Intraoral fixed orthodontic appliances are frequently used in the clinical practice of dentistry. They are made from alloys containing different metals at various percentages. The use of these appliances leads to the long-term exposure of patients to these materials, and the potential toxic effects of this exposure raises concerns about patient safety. Thus, the biocompatibility (corrosion behaviour and toxicity) of these materials has to be evaluated prior to clinical use. In the present report, the most recent studies in the scientific literature examining metal ion release from orthodontic appliances and the toxic effects of these ions have been reviewed with a special focus on cytotoxicity and genotoxicity. Previous studies suggest that a case-by-case safety evaluation is required to take into account the increasing variability of materials, their composition and the manufacturing processes. Moreover, in vivo toxicity studies in regard to metal release, cytotoxicity and genotoxicity are still scarce. Therefore, in vitro and in vivo monitoring studies are needed to establish cause-effect relationships between metal ion release and biomarkers of cytotoxicity and genotoxicity. Further investigations could be performed to elucidate the toxic mechanisms involved in the observed effects with a special emphasis on oxidative damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Martín-Cameán
- Stomatology Department, School of Dentistry, University of Sevilla, Spain.
| | - Ángeles Jos
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sevilla, Spain
| | | | | | - Enrique Solano
- Stomatology Department, School of Dentistry, University of Sevilla, Spain
| | - Ana M Cameán
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sevilla, Spain
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Ghazal ARA, Hajeer MY, Al-Sabbagh R, Alghoraibi I, Aldiry A. An evaluation of two types of nickel-titanium wires in terms of micromorphology and nickel ions' release following oral environment exposure. Prog Orthod 2015; 16:9. [PMID: 26061986 PMCID: PMC4437993 DOI: 10.1186/s40510-015-0081-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This study aimed to compare superelastic and heat-activated nickel-titanium orthodontic wires’ surface morphology and potential release of nickel ions following exposure to oral environment conditions. Methods Twenty-four 20-mm-length distal cuts of superelastic (NiTi Force I®) and 24 20-mm-length distal cuts of heat-activated (Therma-Ti Lite®) nickel-titanium wires (American Orthodontics, Sheboygan, WI, USA) were divided into two equal groups: 12 wire segments left unused and 12 segments passively exposed to oral environment for 1 month. Scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy were used to analyze surface morphology of the wires which were then immersed in artificial saliva for 1 month to determine potential nickel ions’ release by means of atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Results Heat-activated nickel-titanium (NiTi) wires were rougher than superelastic wires, and both types of wires released almost the same amount of Ni ions. After clinical exposure, more surface roughness was recorded for superelastic NiTi wires and heat-activated NiTi wires. However, retrieved superelastic NiTi wires released less Ni ions in artificial saliva after clinical exposure, and the same result was recorded regarding heat-activated wires. Conclusions Both types of NiTi wires were obviously affected by oral environment conditions; their surface roughness significantly increased while the amount of the released Ni ions significantly declined.
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Mikulewicz M, Wołowiec P, Loster B, Chojnacka K. Metal ions released from fixed orthodontic appliance affect hair mineral content. Biol Trace Elem Res 2015; 163:11-8. [PMID: 25326780 PMCID: PMC4297305 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-014-0152-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The objective was to evaluate metal ion accumulation in hair of patients undergoing orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances in time. The patients (N = 47) participated in a questionnaire survey. Hair sampling was performed at the beginning and in the 4th, 8th, and 12th month of the treatment. The content of metals (Cr, Ni, Fe) in hair was analyzed by ICP-OES equipped with USN nebulizer. The peak release of Cr and Fe occurred after 4 months of the treatment, and the peak release of Ni gradually increased throughout the whole year of the therapy. During 1 year treatment, an average accumulation of metals in hair tissue was 7.42 ± 14.19 μg of Ni, 8.94 ± 13.1 μg of Cr, and 131 ± 279 μg of Fe. The mean content of Cr was higher than the 90th percentile value for this element. The upper limit of literature reference ranges for Cr, Ni, and Fe in hair was not exceeded. The value of exposure (kinetics and dose) of orthodontic patients to metal ions released from orthodontic appliances can be assessed by hair mineral analysis. The content of Cr was statistically significantly higher during the treatment than before the beginning of therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Mikulewicz
- Department of Dentofacial Orthopaedics and Orthodontics, Division of Facial Abnormalities, Medical University of Wrocław, Krakowska 26, Wrocław, 50-425 Poland
| | - Paulina Wołowiec
- Institute of Inorganic Technology and Mineral Fertilizers, Wrocław University of Technology, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Bartłomiej Loster
- Department of Orthodontics, Medical College, Jagiellonian University, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Chojnacka
- Institute of Inorganic Technology and Mineral Fertilizers, Wrocław University of Technology, Wrocław, Poland
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Mikulewicz M, Wołowiec P, Loster BW, Chojnacka K. Do soft drinks affect metal ions release from orthodontic appliances? J Trace Elem Med Biol 2015; 31:74-7. [PMID: 26004895 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2015.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2014] [Revised: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The effect of orange juice and Coca Cola(®) on the release of metal ions from fixed orthodontic appliances. MATERIALS AND METHODS A continuous flow system designed for in vitro testing of orthodontic appliances was used. Orange juice/Coca Cola(®) was flowing through the system alternately with artificial saliva for 5.5 and 18.5h, respectively. The collected samples underwent a multielemental ICP-OES analysis in order to determine the metal ions release pattern in time. RESULTS The total mass of ions released from the appliance into orange juice and Coca Cola(®) (respectively) during the experiment was calculated (μg): Ni (15.33; 37.75), Cr (3.604; 1.052), Fe (48.42; ≥ 156.1), Cu (57.87, 32.91), Mn (9.164; 41.16), Mo (9.999; 30.12), and Cd (0.5967; 2.173). CONCLUSIONS It was found that orange juice did not intensify the release of metal ions from orthodontic appliances, whereas Coca Cola(®) caused increased release of Ni ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Mikulewicz
- Department of Dentofacial Orthopeadics and Orthodontics, Division of Facial Abnormalities, Medical University of Wrocław, ul. Krakowska 25, 50-425 Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Paulina Wołowiec
- Department of Advanced Material Technologies, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Technology, ul. Smoluchowskiego 25, 50-372 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Bartłomiej W Loster
- Department of Orthodontics, Dental Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Medical College, Jagiellonian University, Cracow, ul. Montelupich 4/108, 30-383 Kraków, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Chojnacka
- Department of Advanced Material Technologies, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Technology, ul. Smoluchowskiego 25, 50-372 Wrocław, Poland
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Amini F, Harandi S, Mollaei M, Rakhshan V. Effects of fixed orthodontic treatment using conventional versus metal-injection molding brackets on salivary nickel and chromium levels: a double-blind randomized clinical trial. Eur J Orthod 2014; 37:522-30. [PMID: 25518997 DOI: 10.1093/ejo/cju079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Despite the importance of nickel and chromium release from orthodontic brackets, there are no in vivo or in vitro studies on this issue in the case of metal-injection molding (MIM) brackets. METHODS Saliva samples were collected from 30 orthodontic patients divided randomly into two groups of conventional and MIM brackets, before treatment and 2 months later. Approved attendees with odd and even numbers were, respectively, assigned to the control and treatment groups. For blinding, the patients were not informed of their bracket types, and the saliva samples were coded. Nickel and chromium levels were determined using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Data were analysed using repeated-measures two-way analysis of covariance, independent-samples t-test, chi-squared, Spearman and point-biserial correlation coefficients, Mann-Whitney, and Wilcoxon tests (α = 0.05). RESULTS Mean nickel level increased from 7.87±8.14 (pre-treatment) to 12.57±9.96 (2nd month) in the control group, and from 8.62±9.85 (pre-treatment) to 8.86±6.42 µg/l in the MIM group. Both of these increases were significant (Wilcoxon P < 0.03). Average chromium level changed from 0.25±0.56 (pre-treatment) to 0.35±0.62 and from 0.42±0.48 to 0.26±0.57 µg/l in the MIM group. Only the reduction observed in the MIM group was significant (Wilcoxon P = 0.0438). Age and gender had no significant influence on ion levels (P > 0.1). The differences between both ions' levels measured in the 60th day in both bracket groups were not significant (Mann-Whitney P > 0.05). The extents of changes over time were not significantly different between the bracket types (Mann-Whitney P > 0.05). LIMITATIONS The sample size was not predetermined based on power calculations. The spectrophotometer was limited to detecting chromium concentrations above 0.25 µg/l. Ion discharge from brackets might continuously change. The current in vivo methods are unable to take such fluctuations into account. CONCLUSION Nickel might increase in patients undergoing treatment with both bracket types, although the rate of increase might be greater in patients under treatment with conventional brackets. Using MIM brackets might reduce salivary chromium for a trivial but generalizable amount. Still, ion levels leached from conventional versus MIM brackets might not show a difference after 2 months. Age and gender might not affect the ion levels in normal people or orthodontic patients. REGISTRATION The protocol is registered offline at the university library. PROTOCOL The protocol was not published before the trail commencement. FUNDING Self-funded (S. H.). CONFLICT OF INTEREST None to declare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fariborz Amini
- *Department of Orthodontics, Dental Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran
| | - Saghar Harandi
- *Department of Orthodontics, Dental Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran,
| | - Mobina Mollaei
- *Department of Orthodontics, Dental Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran
| | - Vahid Rakhshan
- Iranian Tissue Bank and Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, and Department of Dental Anatomy and Morphology, Dental Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
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Chojnacka K, Mikulewicz M. Modelling of Cr and Ni ions release during orthodontic treatment: in vitro and in vivo methods. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2014; 38:932-937. [PMID: 25461553 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2014.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Revised: 10/13/2014] [Accepted: 10/18/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The kinetics of metal ions release from orthodontic appliances in in vitro, in in vivo on pigs, and in vivo trials on patients (where hair samples were taken) was discussed. We have evaluated (by means of ICP-OES and ISO 17025) and compared the mass of Cr and Ni ions released. Not all the metal ions released from the appliance were transferred to hair tissue. The transfer factor was expressed as coefficient ω and evaluated as: ωCr(patients) 33.0%, ωCr(pigs) 17.2%, ωNi(patients) 49.8%, ωNi(pigs) 0.553%. The kinetics was described by a power function. Coefficient ω was used to combine the models: the in vitro and in vivo on animals on the one hand and the in vitro and in vivo on human on the other, which enabled the extrapolation of in vitro and translation of the results into in vivo conditions. The dose of metal ions released during orthodontic treatment was estimated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Chojnacka
- Institute of Inorganic Technology and Mineral Fertilizers, Wrocław University of Technology, Poland.
| | - Marcin Mikulewicz
- Department of Dentofacial Orthopeadics and Orthodontics, Division of Facial Abnormalities, Medical University of Wrocław, Poland
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Ntasi A, Al Jabbari YS, Silikas N, Al Taweel SM, Zinelis S. Metallurgical characterization of experimental Ag-based soldering alloys. Saudi Dent J 2014; 26:139-44. [PMID: 25382945 PMCID: PMC4223816 DOI: 10.1016/j.sdentj.2014.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Revised: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To characterize microstructure, hardness and thermal properties of experimental Ag-based soldering alloys for dental applications. MATERIALS AND METHODS Ag12Ga (AgGa) and Ag10Ga5Sn (AgGaSn) were fabricated by induction melting. Six samples were prepared for each alloy and microstructure, hardness and their melting range were determined by, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) microanalysis, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Vickers hardness testing and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). RESULTS Both alloys demonstrated a gross dendritic microstructure while according to XRD results both materials consisted predominately of a Ag-rich face centered cubic phase The hardness of AgGa (61 ± 2) was statistically lower than that of AgGaSn (84 ± 2) while the alloys tested showed similar melting range of 627-762 °C for AgGa and 631-756 °C for AgGaSn. CONCLUSION The experimental alloys tested demonstrated similar microstructures and melting ranges. Ga and Sn might be used as alternative to Cu and Zn to modify the selected properties of Ag based soldering alloys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Argyro Ntasi
- Department of Biomaterials, School of Dentistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Youssef S. Al Jabbari
- Dental Biomaterials Research and Development Chair, Saudi Arabia
- Prosthetic Dental Sciences Department, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nick Silikas
- Biomaterials Unit, School of Dentistry, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Sara M. Al Taweel
- Dental Biomaterials Research and Development Chair, Saudi Arabia
- Prosthetic Dental Sciences Department, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Spiros Zinelis
- Department of Biomaterials, School of Dentistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
- Dental Biomaterials Research and Development Chair, Saudi Arabia
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Mikulewicz M, Wołowiec P, Michalak I, Chojnacka K, Czopor W, Berniczei-Royko A, Vegh A, Gedrange T. Mapping chemical elements on the surface of orthodontic appliance by SEM-EDX. Med Sci Monit 2014; 20:860-5. [PMID: 24857929 PMCID: PMC4043564 DOI: 10.12659/msm.890769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background During orthodontic treatment, the various elements that constitute the fixed appliance undergo different processes. As a result of a change of the surface, elution/coverage of metals on the surface can be observed in the process of corrosion/passivation. Material/Methods Scanning electron microscopy with an energy-dispersive X-ray analytical system (SEM-EDX) was used to analyze the composition of stainless steel elements of orthodontic fixed appliances (before and after orthodontic treatment), to obtain the composition of the surface of the elements. The analyzed elements were: brackets (Victory Series APC PLUS 022, 3M Unitek, Monrovia, CA, USA); wires (0.017×0.025, 3M Unitek, Monrovia, CA, USA); and bands (37+, 3M Unitek, Monrovia, CA, USA). Results The results showed a decrease of chromium and iron contribution to the surface, with increase of oxygen content in used vs. new elements of the appliance. Conclusions Our results confirm the formation of oxides (passivation layer) on the surface of stainless steel as a result of the presence of the orthodontic appliance in patients’ oral cavities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Mikulewicz
- Department of Dentofacial Orthopedics and Orthodontics, Division of Facial Abnormalities, Wrocław Medical University, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Paulina Wołowiec
- Institute of Inorganic Technology and Mineral Fertilizers, Wrocław University of Technology, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Izabela Michalak
- Institute of Inorganic Technology and Mineral Fertilizers, Wrocław University of Technology, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Chojnacka
- Institute of Inorganic Technology and Mineral Fertilizers, Wrocław University of Technology, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Wojciech Czopor
- Department of Dentofacial Orthopedics and Orthodontics, Division for Facial Esthetics, University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | | | - Andras Vegh
- Department of Orthodontics, Heim Pal Children Hospital, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Thomas Gedrange
- Department of Orthodontics, Technische Universität, Dresden, Germany
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Ntasi A, Jabbari YA, Mueller WD, Eliades G, Zinelis S. Metallurgical and electrochemical characterization of contemporary silver-based soldering alloys. Angle Orthod 2014; 84:508-15. [PMID: 24199746 PMCID: PMC8667485 DOI: 10.2319/073013-569.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Accepted: 09/01/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the microstructure, hardness, and electrochemical behavior of four contemporary Ag-based soldering alloys used for manufacturing orthodontic appliances. MATERIALS AND METHODS The Ag-based alloys tested were Dentaurum Universal Silver Solder (DEN), Orthodontic Solders (LEO), Ortho Dental Universal Solder (NOB), and Silver Solder (ORT). Five disk-shaped specimens were produced for each alloy, and after metallographic preparation their microstructural features, elemental composition, and hardness were determined by scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) microanalysis, X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, and Vickers hardness testing. The electrochemical properties were evaluated by anodic potentiodynamic scanning in 0.9% NaCl and Ringer's solutions. Hardness, corrosion current (Icorr), and corrosion potential (Ecorr) were statistically analyzed by one-way analysis of variance and Tukey test (α=.05). RESULTS EDX analysis showed that all materials belong to the Ag-Zn-Cu ternary system. Three different mean atomic contrast phases were identified for LEO and ORT and two for DEN and NOB. According to XRD analysis, all materials consisted of Ag-rich and Cu-rich face-centered cubic phases. Hardness testing classified the materials in descending order as follows: DEN, 155±3; NOB, 149±3; ORT, 141±4; and LEO, 136±8. Significant differences were found for Icorr of NOB in Ringer's solution and Ecorr of DEN in 0.9% NaCl solution. CONCLUSION Ag-based soldering alloys demonstrate great diversity in their elemental composition, phase size and distribution, hardness, and electrochemical properties. These differences may anticipate variations in their clinical performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Argyro Ntasi
- PhD Graduate Student, Department of Biomaterials, School of Dentistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Youssef Al Jabbari
- Director, Dental Biomaterials Research and Development Chair, Associate Professor, Prosthetic Dental Sciences Department, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wolf Dieter Mueller
- Director, Dental and Biomaterials Research Group Dental School, “Charite” Medical University of Berlin, Germany
| | - George Eliades
- Professor and Director, Department of Biomaterials, School of Dentistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Spiros Zinelis
- Assistant Professor, Department of Biomaterials, School of Dentistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece, and Consultant, Dental Biomaterials Research and Development Chair, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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