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Cagnoli G, Di Paolo A, Bertelloni F, Salvucci S, Buccioni A, Marzoni Fecia di Cossato M, Ebani VV. Occurrence of Antimicrobial-Resistant Enterococcus spp. in Healthy Chickens Never Exposed to Antimicrobial Agents in Central Italy. Antibiotics (Basel) 2024; 13:417. [PMID: 38786145 PMCID: PMC11117291 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13050417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Enterococci are part of the natural flora of the gastrointestinal tract of mammals, including humans, birds and invertebrates. They can cause infection, mainly among hospitalized patients, as well as acquire and transfer antimicrobial resistance genes. The present study allowed the isolation of 98 Enterococcus (73.47% E. faecium, 23.47% E. faecalis, 3.06% E. avium) strains from 120-day-old healthy chickens that had never been treated with antimicrobials. Their antimicrobial resistance was evaluated by the agar disk diffusion method; high-level aminoglycoside (streptomycin and gentamicin) and vancomycin resistance were established using the microbroth dilution method. The highest percentages of resistant isolates were detected with quinupristin-dalfopristin (88.78%), rifampicin (64.29%), tetracyclines (45.92%), and enrofloxacin (41.84%). High percentages of susceptible strains were found with teicoplanin (100%), amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (97.96%), nitrofurantoin (94.90%), ampicillin (92.86%), chloramphenicol (90.82%), and linezolid (88.78%). About 60% of the strains were classified as MDR (multidrug-resistant). Moreover, PCR was carried out to investigate genes encoding for tetracyclines resistance determinants: tet(M), tet(L), tet(O), tet(K), and Int-Tn. Genes were detected in 68 (69.38%) strains: 36 were shown to be resistant with the agar disk diffusion method, while 28 were intermediate, and 2 were susceptible. The present study showed that chickens never treated with antimicrobials potentially harbor enterococci having phenotypic and genotypic characters of antimicrobial resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Cagnoli
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Pisa, Viale Delle Piagge 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (G.C.); (A.D.P.); (F.B.); (S.S.); (M.M.F.d.C.)
| | - Alessia Di Paolo
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Pisa, Viale Delle Piagge 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (G.C.); (A.D.P.); (F.B.); (S.S.); (M.M.F.d.C.)
| | - Fabrizio Bertelloni
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Pisa, Viale Delle Piagge 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (G.C.); (A.D.P.); (F.B.); (S.S.); (M.M.F.d.C.)
- Interdepartmental Research Center “Nutraceuticals and Food for Health”, University of Pisa, Via Del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Sonia Salvucci
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Pisa, Viale Delle Piagge 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (G.C.); (A.D.P.); (F.B.); (S.S.); (M.M.F.d.C.)
| | - Arianna Buccioni
- Department of Agriculture, Food, Environment and Forestry, University of Florence, Piazzale Delle Cascine 18, 50144 Florence, Italy;
| | - Margherita Marzoni Fecia di Cossato
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Pisa, Viale Delle Piagge 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (G.C.); (A.D.P.); (F.B.); (S.S.); (M.M.F.d.C.)
- Interdepartmental Research Center “Nutraceuticals and Food for Health”, University of Pisa, Via Del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Valentina Virginia Ebani
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Pisa, Viale Delle Piagge 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (G.C.); (A.D.P.); (F.B.); (S.S.); (M.M.F.d.C.)
- Interdepartmental Research Center “Nutraceuticals and Food for Health”, University of Pisa, Via Del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy
- Centre for Climate Change Impact, University of Pisa, Via Del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy
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Radha S, Ahamed AS, Gutmann JL, Bhavani S, Rajaraman G, Chittrarasu M. Comparative Evaluation of Antibacterial Efficacy, Molecular Docking of Ethanolic Extract of Blackseed, Seaweed and Calcium Hydroxide Intracanal Medicament with Enterococcus Faecalis Antigens. JOURNAL OF PHARMACY AND BIOALLIED SCIENCES 2024; 16:S1731-S1735. [PMID: 38882822 PMCID: PMC11174239 DOI: 10.4103/jpbs.jpbs_1152_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Aim To evaluate the inhibitory effect of ethanolic extract blackseed, seaweed, and calcium hydroxide intracanal medicament with Enterococcus faecalis biofilm. To study the binding interaction between the active components of blackseed and seaweed against the enterococcal surface protein of (E. faecalis) by molecular docking. Materials and Methods The ethanolic extracts of blackseed and seaweed were prepared using the Soxhlet apparatus. They were divided into three groups, namely, |Group I: Calcium hydroxide, Group II: Blackseed, and Group III: Seaweed. The antibacterial activity of the three groups was detected employing various concentrations ranging from 250, 125, and 62.5 μg/ml and based on the zone of inhibition. The inhibitory potential of medicaments to inhibit E. faecalis growth at various stages and kinetics plate were assessed following biofilm architecture evaluation by crystal violet biofilm assay. With the Swissdock suite, the molecular docking procedure was carried out. PyMOL version 4.1.5 was the program used for visualization. Since enterococcal surface protein (Esp) is primarily involved in the formation of biofilms, it was chosen as the target protein of E. faecalis. Based on their chromatographic investigations, Group II Thymoquinone (TQ) and Group III Ledenoxide were chosen as ligands. Results The percentage of inhibition of E. faecalis biofilm was analyzed as statistically significant observed within groups. On post-hoc analysis, significant differences were present between the groups (P < 0.05). Molecular docking reveals binding energies of thymoquinone (Group II) and ledenoxide (Group III) against the enterococcal surface protein of E. faecalis were -6.90 Kcal/mol and -6.44 Kcal/mol, respectively. Conclusion Compared to seaweed, black seed extract exhibited higher antibacterial activity against the E. faecalis biofilm in microbial inhibition and molecular interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Radha
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Government Dental College and Hospital, Cuddalor Dt, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - A Shafie Ahamed
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Government Dental College and Hospital, Cuddalor Dt, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - James L Gutmann
- Texas A & M University, College of Dentistry, Dallas Texas, USA
| | - S Bhavani
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Government Dental College and Hospital, Cuddalor Dt, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - G Rajaraman
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Government Dental College and Hospital, Cuddalor Dt, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - M Chittrarasu
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Vivekanantha Dental College for Women, Elayampalayam, Namakkal, Tamil Nadu, India
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De Sarkar M, Mala K, Shenoy Mala S, Kabekkodu SP, Natarajan S, Shetty N, Madhav Kamath P, Thomas M. Antimicrobial efficacy of Kerr pulp canal sealer (EWT) in combination with 10% amoxicillin on Enterococcus faecalis: A confocal laser scanning microscopic study. F1000Res 2023; 12:725. [PMID: 37521769 PMCID: PMC10382784 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.132047.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Sealers with antimicrobial properties play an important role in endodontic therapy success especially against Enterococcus faecalis infection found in failed root canal therapy. Addition of antibiotic agents to endodontic sealers may show significant increase in their antibacterial properties both against anaerobic and aerobic microbes. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate antimicrobial efficacy of Kerr pulp canal sealer (EWT) in combination with 10% amoxicillin against E. faecalis and post-root canal treatment viability of Enterococcus faecalis on the first and seventh day. Methods: A total of 60 extracted human mandibular premolar teeth were decoronated after initial decontamination with 1% NaOCl. Root length standardized to 12 mm. Canal instrumentation was done using ProTaper Universal file system till size F2 using 5.25% NaOCl. It was then infected with a pure strain of E. faecalis for a period of four days. Obturation was done using plain sealer, (n=30) and sealer-antibiotic combination, (n=30). Half of the teeth were sectioned at 24 hours (S, SA) and other half were sectioned seven days after obturation (S7, SA7). All samples were stained with SYTO9 and propidium iodide for imaging under Confocal Laser Scanning microscope. Statistical analysis was performed with the statistical software SPSS v. 17.0 (SPSS for Windows; SPSS Inc, Chicago, IL). Data was analysed using One Way ANOVA and post hoc Tukey test to determine statistical significance with p value < 0.01 considered significant. Results: Statistically significant differences were observed in green to red ratio between group S (9.561976) and S7 (0.435418) (p < 0.01). There was no difference found between SA (mean of green to red ratio, (0.70431) and SA7 (mean of green to red ratio, 0.85184). Conclusions: Antibiotics added to the sealer effectively eradicated of E. faecalis 24 hours post-obturation. However, after seven days, plain sealer was as effective as sealer-antibiotic combination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhureema De Sarkar
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 575001, India
| | - Kundabala Mala
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 575001, India
| | - Suchitra Shenoy Mala
- Department of Microbiology, Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 575001, India
| | - Shama Prasada Kabekkodu
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India
| | - Srikant Natarajan
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 575001, India
| | - Neeta Shetty
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 575001, India
| | - Priyanka Madhav Kamath
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 575001, India
| | - Manuel Thomas
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 575001, India
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De Sarkar M, Mala K, Shenoy Mala S, Kabekkodu SP, Natarajan S, Shetty N, Madhav Kamath P, Thomas M. Antimicrobial efficacy of Kerr pulp canal sealer (EWT) in combination with 10% amoxicillin on Enterococcus faecalis: A confocal laser scanning microscopic study. F1000Res 2023; 12:725. [PMID: 37521769 PMCID: PMC10382784 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.132047.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Sealers with antimicrobial properties play an important role in endodontic therapy success especially against Enterococcus faecalis infection found in failed root canal therapy. Addition of antibiotic agents to endodontic sealers may show significant increase in their antibacterial properties both against anaerobic and aerobic microbes. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate antimicrobial efficacy of Kerr pulp canal sealer (EWT) in combination with 10% amoxicillin against E. faecalis and post-root canal treatment viability of Enterococcus faecalis on the first and seventh day. Methods: A total of 60 extracted human mandibular premolar teeth were decoronated after initial decontamination with 1% NaOCl. Root length standardized to 12 mm. Canal instrumentation was done using ProTaper Universal file system till size F2 using 5.25% NaOCl. It was then infected with a pure strain of E. faecalis for a period of four days. Obturation was done using plain sealer, (n=30) and sealer-antibiotic combination, (n=30). Half of the teeth were sectioned at 24 hours (S, SA) and other half were sectioned seven days after obturation (S7, SA7). All samples were stained with SYTO9 and propidium iodide for imaging under Confocal Laser Scanning microscope. Statistical analysis was performed with the statistical software SPSS v. 17.0 (SPSS for Windows; SPSS Inc, Chicago, IL). Data was analysed using One Way ANOVA and post hoc Tukey test to determine statistical significance with p value < 0.01 considered significant. Results: Statistically significant differences were observed in green to red ratio between group S (9.561976) and S7 (0.435418) (p < 0.01). There was no difference found between SA (mean of green to red ratio, (0.70431) and SA7 (mean of green to red ratio, 0.85184). Conclusions: Antibiotics added to the sealer effectively eradicated of E. faecalis 24 hours post-obturation. However, after seven days, plain sealer was as effective as sealer-antibiotic combination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhureema De Sarkar
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 575001, India
| | - Kundabala Mala
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 575001, India
| | - Suchitra Shenoy Mala
- Department of Microbiology, Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 575001, India
| | - Shama Prasada Kabekkodu
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India
| | - Srikant Natarajan
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 575001, India
| | - Neeta Shetty
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 575001, India
| | - Priyanka Madhav Kamath
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 575001, India
| | - Manuel Thomas
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 575001, India
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Nazli A, He DL, Liao D, Khan MZI, Huang C, He Y. Strategies and progresses for enhancing targeted antibiotic delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2022; 189:114502. [PMID: 35998828 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2022.114502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance is a global health issue and a potential risk for society. Antibiotics administered through conventional formulations are devoid of targeting effect and often spread to various undesired body sites, leading to sub-lethal concentrations at the site of action and thus resulting in emergence of resistance, as well as side effects. Moreover, we have a very slim antibiotic pipeline. Drug-delivery systems have been designed to control the rate, time, and site of drug release, and innovative approaches for antibiotic delivery provide a glint of hope for addressing these issues. This review elaborates different delivery strategies and approaches employed to overcome the limitations of conventional antibiotic therapy. These include antibiotic conjugates, prodrugs, and nanocarriers for local and targeted antibiotic release. In addition, a wide range of stimuli-responsive nanocarriers and biological carriers for targeted antibiotic delivery are discussed. The potential advantages and limitations of targeted antibiotic delivery strategies are described along with possible solutions to avoid these limitations. A number of antibiotics successfully delivered through these approaches with attained outcomes and potentials are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adila Nazli
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Natural Product Synthesis and Drug Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, PR China
| | - David L He
- College of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States
| | - Dandan Liao
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Natural Product Synthesis and Drug Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, PR China
| | | | - Chao Huang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Natural Product Synthesis and Drug Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, PR China.
| | - Yun He
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Natural Product Synthesis and Drug Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, PR China.
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Antimicrobial Resistance, Biofilm Formation, and Virulence Genes in Enterococcus Species from Small Backyard Chicken Flocks. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11030380. [PMID: 35326843 PMCID: PMC8944505 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11030380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Backyard birds are small flocks that are more common in developing countries. They are used for poultry meat and egg production. However, they are also implicated in the maintenance and transmission of several zoonotic diseases, including multidrug-resistant bacteria. Enterococci are one of the most common zoonotic bacteria. They colonize numerous body sites and cause a wide range of serious nosocomial infections in humans. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to investigate the diversity in Enterococcus spp. in healthy birds and to determine the occurrence of multidrug resistance (MDR), multi-locus sequence types, and virulence genes and biofilm formation. From March 2019 to December 2020, cloacal swabs were collected from 15 healthy backyard broiler flocks. A total of 90 enterococci strains were recovered and classified according to the 16S rRNA sequence into Enterococcus faecalis (50%); Enterococcus faecium (33.33%), Enterococcus hirae (13.33%), and Enterococcus avium (3.33%). The isolates exhibited high resistance to tetracycline (55.6%), erythromycin (31.1%), and ampicillin (30%). However, all of the isolates were susceptible to linezolid. Multidrug resistance (MDR) was identified in 30 (33.3%) isolates. The enterococci AMR-associated genes ermB, ermA, tetM, tetL, vanA, cat, and pbp5 were identified in 24 (26.6%), 11 (12.2%), 39 (43.3%), 34 (37.7%), 1 (1.1%), 4 (4.4%), and 23 (25.5%) isolates, respectively. Of the 90 enterococci, 21 (23.3%), 27 (30%), and 36 (40%) isolates showed the presence of cylA, gelE, and agg virulence-associated genes, respectively. Seventy-three (81.1%) isolates exhibited biofilm formation. A statistically significant correlation was obtained for biofilm formation versus the MAR index and MDR. Multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) identified eleven and eight different STs for E. faecalis and E. faecium, respectively. Seven different rep-family plasmid genes (rep1–2, rep3, rep5–6, rep9, and rep11) were detected in the MDR enterococci. Two-thirds (20/30; 66.6%) of the enterococci were positive for one or two rep-families. In conclusion, the results show that healthy backyard chickens could act as a reservoir for MDR and virulent Enterococcus spp. Thus, an effective antimicrobial stewardship program and further studies using a One Health approach are required to investigate the role of backyard chickens as vectors for AMR transmission to humans.
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Woitschach F, Kloss M, Grabow N, Reisinger EC, Sombetzki M. Mimicking critical environment factors for a static in vitro biofilm formation model on blood-contact implant materials. CURRENT RESEARCH IN MICROBIAL SCIENCES 2022; 3:100156. [DOI: 10.1016/j.crmicr.2022.100156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Yoo YJ, Perinpanayagam H, Oh S, Kim AR, Han SH, Kum KY. Endodontic biofilms: contemporary and future treatment options. Restor Dent Endod 2019; 44:e7. [PMID: 30834229 PMCID: PMC6387897 DOI: 10.5395/rde.2019.44.e7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Apical periodontitis is a biofilm-mediated infection. The biofilm protects bacteria from host defenses and increase their resistance to intracanal disinfecting protocols. Understanding the virulence of these endodontic microbiota within biofilm is essential for the development of novel therapeutic procedures for intracanal disinfection. Both the disruption of biofilms and the killing of their bacteria are necessary to effectively treat apical periodontitis. Accordingly, a review of endodontic biofilm types, antimicrobial resistance mechanisms, and current and future therapeutic procedures for endodontic biofilm is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeon-Jee Yoo
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hiran Perinpanayagam
- Division of Restorative Dentistry, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada
| | - Soram Oh
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - A-Reum Kim
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, Dental Research Institute and BK21 Plus Program, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung-Hyun Han
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, Dental Research Institute and BK21 Plus Program, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kee-Yeon Kum
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
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Plutzer B, Zilm P, Ratnayake J, Cathro P. Comparative efficacy of endodontic medicaments and sodium hypochlorite againstEnterococcus faecalisbiofilms. Aust Dent J 2018; 63:208-216. [DOI: 10.1111/adj.12580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B Plutzer
- School of Dentistry; Faculty of Health Science; The University of Adelaide; Adelaide South Australia Australia
| | - P Zilm
- School of Dentistry; Faculty of Health Science; The University of Adelaide; Adelaide South Australia Australia
| | - J Ratnayake
- University of Otago; Faculty of Dentistry; Dunedin Otago New Zealand
| | - P Cathro
- School of Dentistry; Faculty of Health Science; The University of Adelaide; Adelaide South Australia Australia
- University of Otago; Faculty of Dentistry; Dunedin Otago New Zealand
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Komiyama EY, Lepesqueur LSS, Yassuda CG, Samaranayake LP, Parahitiyawa NB, Balducci I, Koga-Ito CY. Enterococcus Species in the Oral Cavity: Prevalence, Virulence Factors and Antimicrobial Susceptibility. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0163001. [PMID: 27631785 PMCID: PMC5025163 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0163001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterococci are considered as transient constituent components of the oral microbiome that may cause a variety of oral and systemic infections. As there is sparse data on the oral enterococcal prevalence, we evaluated the Enterococcus spp. and their virulence attributes including antimicrobial resistance in a healthy Brazilian cohort. A total of 240 individuals in different age groups were studied (children 4–11 yrs, adolescents 12–17 yrs, young adults 18–29 yrs, adults 30–59 yrs, elderly over 60 yrs). Oral rinses were collected and isolates were identified by API 20 Strep and confirmed by 16S rDNA sequencing. E. faecalis isolates, in particular, were evaluated for virulence attributes such as their biofilm formation potential, and susceptibility to antimicrobials and an antiseptic, chlorhexidine gluconate. A total of 40 individuals (16.6%) and 10% children, 4% adolescents, 14% young adults, 30% adults, and 25% elderly carried oral enterococci. The oral enterococcal burden in adolescents was significantly lower than in the adults (p = 0.000) and elderly (p = 0.004). The proportion of carriers was higher among females (p = 0.001). E. faecalis was the most frequent isolate in all the age groups (p = 0.000), followed by E. durans and E. faecium. Whilst all the clinical isolates were able to form biofilms, only a proportion of them were able to produce lipase (92%), hemolysin (38%), and gelatinase (39%). Of all the isolates 53.8% were resistant to tetracycline, 12.3% to amoxicillin, 16.0% to ampicillin, 20.8% to chloramphenicol and 43.4% to erythromycin. None of the isolates were resistant to vancomycin. Our data suggest that in this Brazilian cohort the oral cavity may act as a significant reservoir of rather virulent and antibiotic resistant enterococci, with an increasing degree of carriage in the adults and elderly. Hence clinicians should be cognizant of this silent reservoir of virulent enterococci that may pose a particular threat of nosocomial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edson Yukio Komiyama
- Department of Oral Biosciences and Diagnosis, Oral Biopathology Graduate Program, Institute of Science and Technology, Universidade Estadual Paulista/UNESP, São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Laura Soares Souto Lepesqueur
- Department of Oral Biosciences and Diagnosis, Oral Biopathology Graduate Program, Institute of Science and Technology, Universidade Estadual Paulista/UNESP, São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cinthia Gomes Yassuda
- Department of Oral Biosciences and Diagnosis, Oral Biopathology Graduate Program, Institute of Science and Technology, Universidade Estadual Paulista/UNESP, São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lakshman P. Samaranayake
- UQ Oral Health Centre, School of Dentistry, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Nipuna B. Parahitiyawa
- Department of Oral Bio-Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Ivan Balducci
- Department of Social Dentistry, Institute of Science and Technology, Universidade Estadual Paulista/UNESP, São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cristiane Yumi Koga-Ito
- Department of Oral Biosciences and Diagnosis, Oral Biopathology Graduate Program, Institute of Science and Technology, Universidade Estadual Paulista/UNESP, São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Institute of Science and Technology, Universidade Estadual Paulista/UNESP, São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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Taneja S, Kumar P, Malhotra K, Dhillon J. Antimicrobial effect of an oxazolidinone, lantibiotic and calcium hydroxide against Enterococcus faecalis biofilm: An in vitro study. Indian J Dent 2016; 6:190-4. [PMID: 26752879 PMCID: PMC4691988 DOI: 10.4103/0975-962x.170372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims: The aim was to evaluate and compare the antimicrobial efficacy of an oxazolidinone (linezolid [LZ]), lantibiotic (nisin), and calcium hydroxide against Enterococcus faecalis biofilm formed on tooth substrate after 2 and 7 days. Methods: Single rooted human mandibular premolars were decoronated, biomechanically prepared, and vertically sectioned along the midsagittal plane to obtain a standardized tooth substrate. Standardized suspension of E. faecalis and tooth substrate was incubated for 3 weeks to allow growth of biofilm. At the end of 3 weeks, the grouping was done according to the medicament used – Group I - LZ, Group II - nisin, Group III - calcium hydroxide, Group IV - negative treatment. Disk of the medicaments used were prepared and placed upon Petri dishes along with bacterial emulsion on Mueller-Hinton agar. The zones of inhibition were checked after 2 and 7 days. Statistical Analysis Used: The scores were statistically analyzed using Tukey honest significant difference test and one-way analysis of variance. Results: Zone of inhibition obtained with LZ was widest followed by nisin and calcium hydroxide after a period of 2 days (P < 0.001). The size of the zone of inhibition remain unchanged for LZ and nisin group after 7 days (P > 0.001) unlike calcium hydroxide group where the zone decreased (P < 0.001). Conclusion: LZ showed maximum antimicrobial potential against E. faecalis biofilm followed by nisin and calcium hydroxide after 2 and 7 days. The antimicrobial effect of LZ and nisin was not affected with the lapse of time, but that of calcium hydroxide significantly decreased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonali Taneja
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, I.T.S-C.D.S.R, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Pragya Kumar
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, I.T.S-C.D.S.R, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Komal Malhotra
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, I.T.S-C.D.S.R, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Jaidev Dhillon
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Gian Sagar Dental College and Hospital, Patiala, Punjab, India
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Photodynamic Antimicrobial Chemotherapy for Root Canal System Asepsis: A Narrative Literature Review. Int J Dent 2015; 2015:269205. [PMID: 26783392 PMCID: PMC4689923 DOI: 10.1155/2015/269205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Revised: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim. The aim of this comprehensive literature review was to address the question: Does photodynamic therapy (PDT) improve root canal disinfection through significant bacterial reduction in the root canal system? Methodology. A comprehensive narrative literature review was performed to compare PDT effect with sodium hypochlorite as the comparative classical irrigant. Two reviewers independently conducted literature searches using a combination of medical subject heading terms and key words to identify relevant studies comparing information found in 7 electronic databases from January 2000 to May 2015. A manual search was performed on bibliography of articles collected on electronic databases. Authors were contacted to ask for references of more research not detected on the prior electronic and manual searches. Results. The literature search provided 62 titles and abstracts, from which 29 studies were related directly to the search theme. Considering all publications, 14 (48%) showed PDT to be more efficient in antimicrobial outcome than NaOCl (0.5-6% concentration) used alone and 2 (7%) revealed similar effects between them. Toluidine blue and methylene blue are the most used photosensitizers and most commonly laser has 660 nm of wavelength with a 400 nm diameter of intracanal fiber. Conclusions. PDT has been used without a well-defined protocol and still remains at an experimental stage waiting for further optimization. The level of evidence available in clinical studies to answer this question is low and at high risk of bias.
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Chen EW, Carey AJ, Ulett GC, George R. Characterisation of the efficacy of endodontic medications using a three-dimensional fluorescent tooth model: Anex vivostudy. AUST ENDOD J 2015; 41:88-96. [DOI: 10.1111/aej.12089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emily W. Chen
- School of Dentistry and Oral Health; Griffith University; Gold Coast Queensland Australia
| | - Alison J. Carey
- School of Medical Sciences; Griffith University; Gold Coast Queensland Australia
| | - Glen C. Ulett
- School of Medical Sciences; Griffith University; Gold Coast Queensland Australia
| | - Roy George
- School of Dentistry and Oral Health; Griffith University; Gold Coast Queensland Australia
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Ran S, Wang J, Jiang W, Zhu C, Liang J. Assessment of dentinal tubule invasion capacity of Enterococcus faecalis under stress conditions ex vivo. Int Endod J 2014; 48:362-72. [PMID: 24872016 DOI: 10.1111/iej.12322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2013] [Accepted: 05/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIM To investigate the dentinal tubule invasion capacity of Enterococcus faecalis under alkaline and energy starvation stress conditions. METHODOLOGY The root canals from human single-rooted teeth (n = 40) were infected with E. faecalis under alkaline (pH 9, 10, 11 and 12) and energy starvation (no glucose, 0.05% glucose and 0.15% glucose) stress conditions. The root canals were prepared in a standard manner and treated to remove the smear layer before incubation. After 4 weeks of cultivation, the roots were split vertically into two halves: one half was processed for biofilm formation analysis using a scanning electron microscope; the other half was stained with fluorescent DNA-binding reagents, washed thoroughly and sectioned (100 μm thick), and the depth of tubule invasion by the microorganism was examined by confocal laser-scanning microscopy. The extent of dentine tubule invasion was analysed statistically. RESULTS The E. faecalis strain resulted in biofilm formation and dentine tubules invasion under all of the stress conditions, except for pH 11 and 12 conditions. However, the tubule penetration distance was markedly reduced in these stress conditions (P < 0.01) compared with in tryptic soy broth (TSB) or pH 7 medium. The invasion depth in the middle root dentine was significantly higher than in the apical sections in TSB and energy starvation medium (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Ex vivo E. faecalis formed biofilms and colonized dentine under alkaline and glucose starvation stress conditions, but its ability to invade dentine tubules was significantly decreased.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ran
- Department of Endodontics and Operative Dentistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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15
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Winfred SB, Meiyazagan G, Panda JJ, Nagendrababu V, Deivanayagam K, Chauhan VS, Venkatraman G. Antimicrobial activity of cationic peptides in endodontic procedures. Eur J Dent 2014; 8:254-260. [PMID: 24966779 PMCID: PMC4054059 DOI: 10.4103/1305-7456.130626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The present study aimed to investigate the antimicrobial and biofilm inhibition activity of synthetic antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) against microbes such as Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, and Candida albicans which are involved in endodontic infections. MATERIALS AND METHODS Agar diffusion test was done to determine the activity of peptides. The morphological changes in E. faecalis and reduction in biofilm formation after treatment with peptides were observed using scanning electron microscope. The efficacy of peptides using an ex vivo dentinal model was determined by polymerase chain reaction and confocal laser scanning microscopy. Platelet aggregation was done to determine the biocompatibility of peptides. RESULTS Among 11 peptides, two of the amphipathic cationic peptides were found to be highly active against E. faecalis, S. aureus, C. albicans. Efficacy results using dentinal tubule model showed significant reduction in microbial load at 400 μm depth. The peptides were also biocompatible. CONCLUSION These results suggest that synthetic AMPs have the potential to be developed as antibacterial agents against microorganisms involved in dental infections and thus could prevent the spread and persistence of endodontic infections improving treatment outcomes and teeth preservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofi Beaula Winfred
- Department of Human Genetics, Sri Ramachandra University, Porur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Gowri Meiyazagan
- Department of Human Genetics, Sri Ramachandra University, Porur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Jiban J Panda
- Malaria Research Laboratory, International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Venkateshbabu Nagendrababu
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Faculty of Dental Science, Sri Ramachandra University, Porur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Kandaswamy Deivanayagam
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Faculty of Dental Science, Sri Ramachandra University, Porur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Virander S Chauhan
- Malaria Research Laboratory, International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Ganesh Venkatraman
- Department of Human Genetics, Sri Ramachandra University, Porur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
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Sirén EK, Kerosuo E, Lavonius E, Meurman JH, Haapasalo M. Ca(OH)2application modes:in vitroalkalinity and clinical effect on bacteria. Int Endod J 2013; 47:628-38. [DOI: 10.1111/iej.12199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2013] [Accepted: 10/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E. K. Sirén
- Department of Oral Infectious Diseases; University of Helsinki; Helsinki Finland
| | - E. Kerosuo
- Department of Clinical Dentistry; University of Tromso; Tromso Norway
| | - E. Lavonius
- Department of Oral Infectious Diseases; University of Helsinki; Helsinki Finland
| | - J. H. Meurman
- Department of Oral Infectious Diseases; University of Helsinki; Helsinki Finland
| | - M. Haapasalo
- Division of Endodontics, Oral Biological & Medical Sciences; Faculty of Dentistry; University of British Columbia; Vancouver BC Canada
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Horsley H, Malone-Lee J, Holland D, Tuz M, Hibbert A, Kelsey M, Kupelian A, Rohn JL. Enterococcus faecalis subverts and invades the host urothelium in patients with chronic urinary tract infection. PLoS One 2013; 8:e83637. [PMID: 24363814 PMCID: PMC3868479 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0083637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2013] [Accepted: 11/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial urinary tract infections (UTI) are a major growing concern worldwide.
Uropathogenic Escherichia coli has been shown to invade the
urothelium during acute UTI in mice and humans, forming intracellular reservoirs
that can evade antibiotics and the immune response, allowing recurrence at a
later date. Other bacterial species, such as Staphylococcus
saprophyticus, Klebsiella pneumonia and
Salmonella enterica have also been shown to be invasive in
acute UTI. However, the role of intracellular infection in chronic UTI causing
more subtle lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS), a particular problem in the
elderly population, is poorly understood. Moreover, the species of bacteria
involved remains largely unknown. A previous study of a large cohort of
non-acute LUTS patients found that Enterococcus faecalis was
frequently found in urine specimens. E. faecalis accounts for a
significant proportion of chronic bladder infections worldwide, although the
invasive lifestyle of this uropathogen has yet to be reported. Here, we wanted
to explore this question in more detail. We harvested urothelial cells shed in
response to inflammation and, using advanced imaging techniques, inspected them
for signs of bacterial pathology and invasion. We found strong evidence of
intracellular E. faecalis harboured within urothelial cells
shed from the bladder of LUTS patients. Furthermore, using a culture model
system, these patient-isolated strains of E. faecalis were able
to invade a transitional carcinoma cell line. In contrast, we found no evidence
of cellular invasion by E. coli in the patient cells or the
culture model system. Our data show that E. faecalis is highly
competent to invade in this context; therefore, these results have implications
for both the diagnosis and treatment of chronic LUTS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry Horsley
- Centre for Clinical Science and Technology, Research Department of
Clinical Physiology, Division of Medicine, University College London, London,
United Kingdom
| | - James Malone-Lee
- Centre for Clinical Science and Technology, Research Department of
Clinical Physiology, Division of Medicine, University College London, London,
United Kingdom
| | - David Holland
- Centre for Clinical Science and Technology, Research Department of
Clinical Physiology, Division of Medicine, University College London, London,
United Kingdom
| | - Madeleine Tuz
- Centre for Clinical Science and Technology, Research Department of
Clinical Physiology, Division of Medicine, University College London, London,
United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Hibbert
- Imaging Suite, Royal Veterinary College, London, United
Kingdom
| | - Michael Kelsey
- Department of Microbiology, The Whittington Hospital NHS Trust, London,
United Kingdom
| | - Anthony Kupelian
- Centre for Clinical Science and Technology, Research Department of
Clinical Physiology, Division of Medicine, University College London, London,
United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer L. Rohn
- Centre for Clinical Science and Technology, Research Department of
Clinical Physiology, Division of Medicine, University College London, London,
United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Subbiya A, Mahalakshmi K, Pushpangadan S, Padmavathy K, Vivekanandan P, Sukumaran VG. Antibacterial efficacy of Mangifera indica L. kernel and Ocimum sanctum L. leaves against Enterococcus faecalis dentinal biofilm. J Conserv Dent 2013; 16:454-7. [PMID: 24082577 PMCID: PMC3778630 DOI: 10.4103/0972-0707.117507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2013] [Revised: 04/25/2013] [Accepted: 07/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The Enterococcus faecalis biofilm in the root canal makes it difficult to be eradicated by the conventional irrigants with no toxicity to the tissues. Hence, plant products with least side effects are explored for their use as irrigants in the root canal therapy. Aim: To evaluate and compare the antibacterial efficacy of Mangifera indica L. kernel (mango kernel) and Ocimum sanctum L. leaves (tulsi) extracts with conventional irrigants (5% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and 2% chlorhexidine) against E. faecalis dentinal biofilm. Materials and Methods: Agar diffusion and broth microdilution assay was performed with the herbal extracts and conventional irrigants (2% chlorhexidine and 5% NaOCl) against E. faecalis planktonic cells. The assay was extended onto 3 week E. faecalis dentinal biofilm. Results: Significant reduction of colony forming units (CFU)/mL was observed for the herbal groups and the antibacterial activity of the herbal groups was at par with 5% NaOCl. Conclusions: The antibacterial activity of these herbal extracts is found to be comparable with that of conventional irrigants both on the biofilm and planktonic counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arunajatesan Subbiya
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Sree Balaji Dental College and Hospital, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
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Mohammadi Z, Shalavi S, Yazdizadeh M. Antimicrobial activity of calcium hydroxide in endodontics: a review. Chonnam Med J 2012; 48:133-40. [PMID: 23323217 PMCID: PMC3539092 DOI: 10.4068/cmj.2012.48.3.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2012] [Revised: 09/25/2012] [Accepted: 09/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of endodontic therapy is to preserve the patient's natural teeth without compromising the patient's local or systemic health. Calcium hydroxide has been included in several materials and antimicrobial formulations that are used in several treatment modalities in endodontics, such as inter-appointment intracanal medicaments. The purpose of this article was to review the antimicrobial properties of calcium hydroxide in endodontics. Calcium hydroxide has a high pH (approximately 12.5-12.8) and is classified chemically as a strong base. The lethal effects of calcium hydroxide on bacterial cells are probably due to protein denaturation and damage to DNA and cytoplasmic membranes. Calcium hydroxide has a wide range of antimicrobial activity against common endodontic pathogens but is less effective against Enterococcus faecalis and Candida albicans. Calcium hydroxide is also a valuable anti-endotoxin agent. However, its effect on microbial biofilms is controversial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Mohammadi
- Department of Endodontics, School of Dentistry, Hamedan University of Medical Sciences, Hamedan, Iran. ; Iranian Center for Endodontic Research (ICER), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Lin J, Shen Y, Haapasalo M. A comparative study of biofilm removal with hand, rotary nickel-titanium, and self-adjusting file instrumentation using a novel in vitro biofilm model. J Endod 2012; 39:658-63. [PMID: 23611386 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2012.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2012] [Revised: 11/03/2012] [Accepted: 11/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study sought to present a standardized biofilm model in extracted teeth with an artificial apical groove to quantify the efficacy of hand, rotary nickel-titanium, and self-adjusting file (SAF) instrumentation in biofilm bacteria removal. METHODS Thirty-six extracted single-rooted teeth with oblong canals were selected. Each tooth was split longitudinally, and a 0.2-mm-wide groove was placed in the apical 2 to 5 mm of the canal. After growing mixed bacteria biofilm inside the canal under an anaerobic condition, the split halves were reassembled in a custom block, creating an apical vapor lock. Teeth were randomly divided into 3 treatment groups (n = 10 per group) using the K-file, ProFile (Dentsply Tulsa Dental Products, Tulsa, OK), and the SAF (ReDent-Nova, Ra'anana, Israel). Irrigation consisted of 10 mL 3% NaOCl and 4 mL 17% EDTA. Six teeth received no treatment. Areas inside and outside the groove were examined using a scanning electron microscope. RESULTS The scanning electron microscope showed a consistently thick layer of biofilm grown in the canals of the control group after 4 weeks. Within the groove, a smaller area remained occupied by bacteria after the use of the SAF compared with the ProFile and the K-file (3.25%, 19.25%, and 26.98%, respectively; P < .05). For all groups, significantly more bacteria were removed outside the groove than inside (P < .05). No statistical differences were found outside the groove (P > .05). CONCLUSIONS Although all techniques equally removed bacteria outside the groove, the SAF reduced significantly more bacteria within the apical groove. No technique was able to remove all bacteria. This biofilm model represents a potentially useful tool for the future study of root canal disinfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Lin
- Division of Endodontics, Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Wang Z, Shen Y, Haapasalo M. Effectiveness of Endodontic Disinfecting Solutions against Young and Old Enterococcus faecalis Biofilms in Dentin Canals. J Endod 2012; 38:1376-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2012.06.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2012] [Revised: 06/26/2012] [Accepted: 06/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Elsaka SE, Elnaghy AM. Antibacterial activity of calcium hydroxide combined with chitosan solutions and the outcomes on the bond strength of RealSeal sealer to radicular dentin. J Biomed Res 2012; 26:193-9. [PMID: 23554749 PMCID: PMC3596069 DOI: 10.7555/jbr.26.20110136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2011] [Revised: 01/15/2012] [Accepted: 03/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the antibacterial activity of calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)2] combined with chitosan solutions against Enterococcus faecalis-infected root canal dentin and the effect of this new intracanal medicament on the bond strength of RealSeal sealer to radicular dentin. An experimental intracanal medicament was prepared by mixing different concentrations of chitosan solution (25%, 50%, and 100%, W/V) to Ca(OH)2 powder. Antibacterial activity was evaluated and the total numbers of colony forming units were determined. Bonding ability of RealSeal sealer to radicular dentin was evaluated using push-out bond strength test. Data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey's multiple comparison tests. We found that Ca(OH)2 combined with different concentrations of chitosan solutions showed better antibacterial activity than Ca(OH)2 mixed with saline, without significantly affecting the bond strength of RealSeal sealer to radicular dentin (P > 0.05). The findings suggest that Ca(OH)2 combined with chitosan is a promising intracanal medicament and may be effective in endodontic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaymaa Elsayed Elsaka
- Department of Dental Biomaterials, Faculty of Dentistry, Mansoura University, Mansoura, PC 35516, Egypt
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An In Vitro Study Comparing the Intracanal Effectiveness of Calcium Hydroxide– and Linezolid-based Medicaments against Enterococcus faecalis. J Endod 2012; 38:95-100. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2011.09.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2011] [Revised: 09/30/2011] [Accepted: 09/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Mohammadi Z, Dummer PMH. Properties and applications of calcium hydroxide in endodontics and dental traumatology. Int Endod J 2011; 44:697-730. [PMID: 21535021 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2591.2011.01886.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 339] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Calcium hydroxide has been included within several materials and antimicrobial formulations that are used in a number of treatment modalities in endodontics. These include, inter-appointment intracanal medicaments, pulp-capping agents and root canal sealers. Calcium hydroxide formulations are also used during treatment of root perforations, root fractures and root resorption and have a role in dental traumatology, for example, following tooth avulsion and luxation injuries. The purpose of this paper is to review the properties and clinical applications of calcium hydroxide in endodontics and dental traumatology including its antibacterial activity, antifungal activity, effect on bacterial biofilms, the synergism between calcium hydroxide and other agents, its effects on the properties of dentine, the diffusion of hydroxyl ions through dentine and its toxicity. Pure calcium hydroxide paste has a high pH (approximately 12.5-12.8) and is classified chemically as a strong base. Its main actions are achieved through the ionic dissociation of Ca(2+) and OH(-) ions and their effect on vital tissues, the induction of hard-tissue deposition and the antibacterial properties. The lethal effects of calcium hydroxide on bacterial cells are probably due to protein denaturation and damage to DNA and cytoplasmic membranes. It has a wide range of antimicrobial activity against common endodontic pathogens but is less effective against Enterococcus faecalis and Candida albicans. Calcium hydroxide is also an effective anti-endotoxin agent. However, its effect on microbial biofilms is controversial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Mohammadi
- Department of Endodontics, Hamedan University of Medical Sciences, Hamedan, Iran.
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Wang J, Zhu Y, Bawa HK, Ng G, Wu Y, Libera M, van der Mei HC, Busscher HJ, Yu X. Oxygen-generating nanofiber cell scaffolds with antimicrobial properties. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2011; 3:67-73. [PMID: 21155527 DOI: 10.1021/am100862h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Many next-generation biomaterials will need the ability to not only promote healthy tissue integration but to simultaneously resist bacterial colonization and resulting biomaterials-associated infection. For this purpose, antimicrobial nanofibers of polycaprolactone (PCL) were fabricated by incorporating calcium peroxide. PCL nanofibers containing different ratios of calcium peroxide (1%, 5% and 10% (w/w)) with or without ascorbic acid were fabricated using an electrospinning technique. Antimicrobial evaluations confirmed the inhibitory properties of the nanofibers on the growth of E. coli and S. epidemidis because of a significant burst release of calcium peroxide from the nanofibers. Analysis of tissue cell response showed that despite an initial toxic effect over the first 24 h, after 4 days of culture, osteoblast viability and morphology were both healthy. These results demonstrate that oxygen-generating nanofibers can be designed and developed to provide a short-term peroxide-based antimicrobial response while still maintaining attractive tissue-integration properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junping Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Biology, and Biomedical Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, New Jersey 07030, United States
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Resazurin metabolism assay for root canal disinfectant evaluation on dual-species biofilms. J Endod 2010; 37:31-5. [PMID: 21146072 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2010.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2010] [Revised: 09/08/2010] [Accepted: 09/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Endodontic infections are caused by polymicrobial biofilms. Therefore, novel root canal disinfectants should be evaluated not only on single-species biofilms but also on dual- or mixed-species biofilms. A simple, high-throughput assay is urgently needed for this. In this study, the application of the resazurin metabolism assay was investigated for the evaluation of a root canal disinfectant on dual-species biofilms. METHODS Enterococcus faecalis with or without Streptococcus mutans in biofilms were formed in an active attachment biofilm model for 24 hours. Subsequently, the biofilms were treated with various concentrations of NaOCl for 1 minute. After resazurin metabolism by both organisms was confirmed, treatment efficacies using 0.0016% resazurin were evaluated. RESULTS During NaOCl treatments, resazurin metabolism displays a clear dose response, not only in single-species E. faecalis (or S. mutans) biofilms but also in dual-species biofilms. Notably, the assay revealed that the resistance of dual-species biofilms to NaOCl was 30-fold higher than in single-species E. faecalis biofilms. Viability counts on a selected NaOCl treatment (0.004%) confirmed this result and showed the increased resistance of E. faecalis in dual-species biofilms. CONCLUSIONS Clearly, the high-throughput and low cost resazurin metabolism assay has a great potential for testing novel root canal antimicrobial agents in mixed-species biofilms.
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Athanassiadis B, Abbott PV, George N, Walsh LJ. An in vitro study of the antimicrobial activity of some endodontic medicaments against Enteroccus faecalis biofilms. Aust Dent J 2010; 55:150-5. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1834-7819.2010.01222.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Oliveira M, Santos V, Fernandes A, Bernardo F, Vilela C. Antimicrobial resistance and in vitro biofilm-forming ability of enterococci from intensive and extensive farming broilers. Poult Sci 2010; 89:1065-9. [DOI: 10.3382/ps.2008-00436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Flanagan D. Calcium hydroxide paste as a surface detoxifying agent for infected dental implants: two case reports. J ORAL IMPLANTOL 2009; 35:204-9. [PMID: 19813427 DOI: 10.1563/1548-1336-35.4.204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Dental implant treatment is successful; however, an implant can become infected during or after osseointegration. The two case reports presented here demonstrate, anecdotally, the effectiveness of endodontic calcium hydroxide paste for the surface treatment of infected, healing, or osseointegrated dental implants. Calcium hydroxide may be an appropriate surface detoxifying agent for local dental implant infections. A sequence of calcium hydroxide and 0.2% chlorhexidine gluconate surface treatment may provide a broad range of antimicrobial action for detoxifying recalcitrant infections. Calcium hydroxide should not be left in the surgical site.
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Denotti G, Piga R, Montaldo C, Erriu M, Pilia F, Piras A, Luca MD, Orrù G. In Vitro evaluation of Enterococcus faecalis adhesion on various endodontic medicaments. Open Dent J 2009; 3:120-4. [PMID: 19557151 PMCID: PMC2701317 DOI: 10.2174/1874210600903010120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2008] [Revised: 01/12/2009] [Accepted: 04/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
E. faecalis in endodontic infection represents a biofilm type of disease, which explains the bacteria's resistance to various antimicrobial compounds and the subsequent failure after endodontic treatment. The purpose of this study was to compare antimicrobial activities and bacteria kinetic adhesion in vitro for three endodontic medicaments with a clinical isolate of E. faecalis. We devised a shake culture which contained the following intracanalar preparations: CPD, Endoidrox (EIX), PulpCanalSealer (PCS); these were immersed in a liquid culture medium inoculated with the microorganism. The shake system velocity was able to prevent non-specific bacteria adhesion and simulated the salivary flow. Specimens were collected daily (from both the medium and medicaments) for 10 days; the viable cells were counted by plate count, while the adhesion index AI ° [E. faecalis fg DNA] /mm² was evaluated in the pastes after DNA extraction, by quantitative real time PCR for the 16S rRNA gene. A partial growth inhibition, during the first 24 hours, was observed in the liquid medium and on the medicaments for EIX and subsequently for CPD (six logs). EIX showed the lowest adhesion coefficient (5*10² [fg DNA]/mm²) for nine days and was similar to the control. PCS showed no antimicrobial/antibiofilm properties. This showed that "calcium oxide" base compounds could be active against biofilm progression and at least in the short term (2-4 days) on E. faecalis cells growing in planktonic cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria Denotti
- Oral Biotechnology Laboratory (OBL), Dipartimento di Chirurgia e Scienze Odontostomatologiche, Universita' Degli Studi di Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
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Gião MS, Wilks S, Azevedo NF, Vieira MJ, Keevil CW. Incorporation of natural uncultivable Legionella pneumophila into potable water biofilms provides a protective niche against chlorination stress. BIOFOULING 2009; 25:335-341. [PMID: 19241230 DOI: 10.1080/08927010902802232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Legionella pneumophila is a waterborne pathogen that has been isolated sporadically from drinking water distribution systems (DWDS). Resistance to disinfectants is mainly attributed to the association of cells with amoebae, but biofilms are also thought to provide some degree of protection. In the present work, a two-stage chemostat was used to form heterotrophic biofilms from drinking water to study the influence of chlorine on the presence of naturally occurring L. pneumophila. The pathogen was tracked in planktonic and sessile biofilm phases using standard culture recovery techniques for cultivable cells and a peptide nucleic acid fluorescence in situ hybridisation assay for total cells. The results showed that the total number of L. pneumophila cells in biofilms was not affected by the concentrations of chlorine tested, and the presence of L. pneumophila could not be detected by culturing. To restrict the outbreaks of disease caused by this bacterium, efforts need to be concentrated on preventing L. pneumophila from re-entering an infectious state by maintaining residual disinfectant levels through the entire DWDS network so that the resuscitation of cells via contact with amoebae is prevented.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Gião
- IBB-Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Centre of Biological Engineering, Universidade do Minho, Braga, Portugal.
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Ebert J, Roggendorf MJ, Frank K, Petschelt A. Antimicrobial activity of various ‘active’ gutta-percha points against Enterococcus faecalis in simulated root canals. Int Endod J 2008; 41:249-57. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2591.2007.01349.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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