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Small L, Ehrlich A, Iversen J, Ashcroft SP, Trošt K, Moritz T, Hartmann B, Holst JJ, Treebak JT, Zierath JR, Barrès R. Comparative analysis of oral and intraperitoneal glucose tolerance tests in mice. Mol Metab 2022; 57:101440. [PMID: 35026435 PMCID: PMC8810558 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2022.101440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective The glucose tolerance test (GTT) is widely used in preclinical research to investigate glucose metabolism, but there is no standardised way to administer glucose. The aim of this study was to directly compare the effect of the route of glucose administration on glucose and insulin kinetics during a GTT in mice. Methods A GTT was performed in lean male and female mice and obese male mice and glucose was administered via the oral or intraperitoneal (I.P.) route. Samples were collected frequently during the GTT to provide a full time-course of the insulin and glucose excursions. In another cohort of lean male mice, plasma concentrations of insulin, c-peptide, and incretin hormones were measured at early time points after glucose administration. A stable-isotope labelled GTT (SiGTT) was then performed to delineate the contribution of exogenous and endogenous glucose to glycemia during the GTT, comparing both methods of glucose administration. Finally, we present a method to easily measure insulin from small volumes of blood during a GTT by directly assaying whole-blood insulin using ELISA and show a good concordance between whole-blood and plasma insulin measurements. Results We report that I.P. glucose administration results in an elevated blood glucose excursion and a largely absent elevation in blood insulin and plasma incretin hormones when compared to oral administration. Utilising stable-isotope labelled glucose, we demonstrate that the difference in glucose excursion between the two routes of administration is mainly due to the lack of suppression of glucose production in I.P. injected mice. Additionally, rates of exogenous glucose appearance into circulation were different between lean and obese mice after I.P., but not after oral glucose administration. Conclusion Reflecting on these data, we suggest that careful consideration be given to the route of glucose administration when planning a GTT procedure in mice and that in most circumstances the oral route of glucose administration should be preferred over the I.P. route to avoid possible artifacts originating from a non-physiological route. Intraperitoneal glucose administration does not promote insulin secretion. Exogenous glucose appearance is delayed in obese mice after intraperitoneal administration. Hepatic glucose production is suppressed after administering oral not intraperitoneal glucose. Measuring insulin from whole blood is comparable to that from plasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lewin Small
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen
| | - Amy Ehrlich
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen
| | - Jo Iversen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen
| | - Stephen P Ashcroft
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen
| | - Kajetan Trošt
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen
| | - Thomas Moritz
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen; Swedish Metabolomics Centre, Department of Plant Physiology and Forest Genetics, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences
| | - Bolette Hartmann
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen
| | - Jens J Holst
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen
| | - Jonas T Treebak
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen
| | - Juleen R Zierath
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology and Section for Integrative Physiology, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery and Karolinska Institutet
| | - Romain Barrès
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen; Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Université Côte d'Azur and CNRS.
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2
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Bruce CR, Hamley S, Ang T, Howlett KF, Shaw CS, Kowalski GM. Translating glucose tolerance data from mice to humans: Insights from stable isotope labelled glucose tolerance tests. Mol Metab 2021; 53:101281. [PMID: 34175474 PMCID: PMC8313600 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2021.101281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The glucose tolerance test (GTT) is widely used in human and animal biomedical and pharmaceutical research. Despite its prevalent use, particularly in mouse metabolic phenotyping, to the best of our knowledge we are not aware of any studies that have attempted to qualitatively compare the metabolic events during a GTT in mice with those performed in humans. Methods Stable isotope labelled oral glucose tolerance tests (siOGTTs; [6,6-2H2]glucose) were performed in both human and mouse cohorts to provide greater resolution into postprandial glucose kinetics. The siOGTT allows for the partitioning of circulating glucose into that derived from exogenous and endogenous sources. Young adults spanning the spectrum of normal glucose tolerance (n = 221), impaired fasting (n = 14), and impaired glucose tolerance (n = 19) underwent a 75g siOGTT, whereas a 50 mg siOGTT was performed on chow (n = 43) and high-fat high-sucrose fed C57Bl6 male mice (n = 46). Results During the siOGTT in humans, there is a long period (>3hr) of glucose absorption and, accordingly, a large, sustained insulin response and robust suppression of lipolysis and endogenous glucose production (EGP), even in the presence of glucose intolerance. In contrast, mice appear to be highly reliant on glucose effectiveness to clear exogenous glucose and experience only modest, transient insulin responses with little, if any, suppression of EGP. In addition to the impaired stimulation of glucose uptake, mice with the worst glucose tolerance appear to have a paradoxical and persistent rise in EGP during the OGTT, likely related to handling stress. Conclusions The metabolic response to the OGTT in mice and humans is highly divergent. The potential reasons for these differences and their impact on the interpretation of mouse glucose tolerance data and their translation to humans are discussed. We compared the mechanisms governing glucose handling in humans and mice. Humans and mice underwent stable isotope labelled oral glucose tolerance tests. Metabolic responses between humans and mice were highly divergent. Unlike humans, most mice exhibit little EGP suppression or insulin response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clinton R Bruce
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Science, Deakin University, Geelong, Waurn Ponds, Victoria, 3216, Australia
| | - Steven Hamley
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Science, Deakin University, Geelong, Waurn Ponds, Victoria, 3216, Australia
| | - Teddy Ang
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Science, Deakin University, Geelong, Waurn Ponds, Victoria, 3216, Australia
| | - Kirsten F Howlett
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Science, Deakin University, Geelong, Waurn Ponds, Victoria, 3216, Australia
| | - Christopher S Shaw
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Science, Deakin University, Geelong, Waurn Ponds, Victoria, 3216, Australia
| | - Greg M Kowalski
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Science, Deakin University, Geelong, Waurn Ponds, Victoria, 3216, Australia; Metabolic Research Unit, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Waurn Ponds, Victoria, 3216, Australia.
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3
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Guo J, Dou L, Meng X, Chen Z, Yang W, Fang W, Yang C, Huang X, Tang W, Yang J, Li J. Hepatic MiR-291b-3p Mediated Glucose Metabolism by Directly Targeting p65 to Upregulate PTEN Expression. Sci Rep 2017; 7:39899. [PMID: 28054586 PMCID: PMC5214750 DOI: 10.1038/srep39899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Several studies have suggested an important role of miR-291b-3p in the development of embryonic stem cells. In previous study, we found that the expression of miR-291b-3p was significantly upregulated in the liver of db/db mice. However, the role of miR-291b-3p in glucose metabolism and its underlying mechanisms remain unknown. In the present study, we demonstrated that miR-291b-3p was abundantly expressed in the liver. Of note, hepatic miR-291b-3p expression was upregulated in HFD-fed mice and induced by fasting in C57BL/6 J normal mice. Importantly, hepatic inhibition miR-291b-3p expression ameliorated hyperglycemia and insulin resistance in HFD-fed mice, whereas hepatic overexpression of miR-291b-3p led to hyperglycemia and insulin resistance in C57BL/6 J normal mice. Further study revealed that miR-291b-3p suppressed insulin-stimulated AKT/GSK signaling and increased the expression of gluconeogenic genes in hepatocytes. Moreover, we identified that p65, a subunit of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), is a target of miR-291b-3p by bioinformatics analysis and luciferase reporter assay. Silencing of p65 significantly augmented the expression of PTEN and impaired AKT activation. In conclusion, we found novel evidence suggesting that hepatic miR-291b-3p mediated glycogen synthesis and gluconeogenesis through targeting p65 to regulate PTEN expression. Our findings indicate the therapeutic potential of miR-291b-3p inhibitor in hyperglycemia and insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Guo
- The MOH Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Beijing, 100730, P. R. China
| | - Lin Dou
- The MOH Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Beijing, 100730, P. R. China
| | - Xiangyu Meng
- The MOH Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Beijing, 100730, P. R. China
| | - Zhenzhen Chen
- Department of physiology and pathophysiology, key laboratory of molecular cardiovascular science of the ministry of education, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Weili Yang
- Department of physiology and pathophysiology, key laboratory of molecular cardiovascular science of the ministry of education, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Weiwei Fang
- The MOH Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Beijing, 100730, P. R. China
| | - Chunxiao Yang
- The MOH Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Beijing, 100730, P. R. China
| | - Xiuqing Huang
- The MOH Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Beijing, 100730, P. R. China
| | - Weiqing Tang
- The MOH Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Beijing, 100730, P. R. China
| | - Jichun Yang
- Department of physiology and pathophysiology, key laboratory of molecular cardiovascular science of the ministry of education, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Jian Li
- The MOH Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Beijing, 100730, P. R. China
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Overexpression of sphingosine kinase 1 in liver reduces triglyceride content in mice fed a low but not high-fat diet. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2014; 1851:210-9. [PMID: 25490466 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2014.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Revised: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Hepatic insulin resistance is a major risk factor for the development of type 2 diabetes and is associated with the accumulation of lipids, including diacylglycerol (DAG), triacylglycerols (TAG) and ceramide. There is evidence that enzymes involved in ceramide or sphingolipid metabolism may have a role in regulating concentrations of glycerolipids such as DAG and TAG. Here we have investigated the role of sphingosine kinase (SphK) in regulating hepatic lipid levels. We show that mice on a high-fat high-sucrose diet (HFHS) displayed glucose intolerance, elevated liver TAG and DAG, and a reduction in total hepatic SphK activity. Reduced SphK activity correlated with downregulation of SphK1, but not SphK2 expression, and was not associated with altered ceramide levels. The role of SphK1 was further investigated by overexpressing this isoform in the liver of mice in vivo. On a low-fat diet (LFD) mice overexpressing liver SphK1, displayed reduced hepatic TAG synthesis and total TAG levels, but with no change to DAG or ceramide. These mice also exhibited no change in gluconeogenesis, glycogenolysis or glucose tolerance. Similarly, overexpression of SphK1 had no effect on the pattern of endogenous glucose production determined during a glucose tolerance test. Under HFHS conditions, normalization of liver SphK activity to levels observed in LFD controls did not alter hepatic TAG concentrations. Furthermore, DAG, ceramide and glucose tolerance were also unaffected. In conclusion, our data suggest that SphK1 plays an important role in regulating TAG metabolism under LFD conditions.
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5
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Haeusler RA, Hartil K, Vaitheesvaran B, Arrieta-Cruz I, Knight CM, Cook JR, Kammoun HL, Febbraio MA, Gutierrez-Juarez R, Kurland IJ, Accili D. Integrated control of hepatic lipogenesis versus glucose production requires FoxO transcription factors. Nat Commun 2014; 5:5190. [PMID: 25307742 PMCID: PMC4197140 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms6190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin integrates hepatic glucose and lipid metabolism, directing nutrients to storage as glycogen and triglyceride. In type 2 diabetes, levels of the former are low and the latter are exaggerated, posing a pathophysiologic and therapeutic conundrum. A branching model of insulin signaling, with FoxO1 presiding over glucose production and Srebp–1c regulating lipogenesis, provides a potential explanation. Here we illustrate an alternative mechanism that integrates glucose production and lipogenesis under the unifying control of FoxO. Liver–specific ablation of three FoxOs (L–FoxO1,3,4) prevents the induction of glucose–6–phosphatase and the repression of glucokinase during fasting, thus increasing lipogenesis at the expense of glucose production. We document a similar pattern in the early phases of diet-induced insulin resistance, and propose that FoxOs are required to enable the liver to direct nutritionally derived carbons to glucose vs. lipid metabolism. Our data underscore the heterogeneity of hepatic insulin resistance during progression from the metabolic syndrome to overt diabetes, and the conceptual challenge of designing therapies that curtail glucose production without promoting hepatic lipid accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A Haeusler
- 1] Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA [2] Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA
| | - Kirsten Hartil
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein University, Bronx, New York 10461, USA
| | | | - Isabel Arrieta-Cruz
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein University, Bronx, New York 10461, USA
| | - Colette M Knight
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein University, Bronx, New York 10461, USA
| | - Joshua R Cook
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA
| | - Helene L Kammoun
- Cellular and Molecular Metabolism Laboratory, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia
| | - Mark A Febbraio
- Cellular and Molecular Metabolism Laboratory, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia
| | | | - Irwin J Kurland
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein University, Bronx, New York 10461, USA
| | - Domenico Accili
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA
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Castro MC, Francini F, Gagliardino JJ, Massa ML. Lipoic acid prevents fructose-induced changes in liver carbohydrate metabolism: role of oxidative stress. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2013; 1840:1145-51. [PMID: 24361606 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2013.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2013] [Revised: 11/29/2013] [Accepted: 12/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fructose administration rapidly induces oxidative stress that triggers compensatory hepatic metabolic changes. We evaluated the effect of an antioxidant, R/S-α-lipoic acid on fructose-induced oxidative stress and carbohydrate metabolism changes. METHODS Wistar rats were fed a standard commercial diet, the same diet plus 10% fructose in drinking water, or injected with R/S-α-lipoic acid (35mg/kg, i.p.) (control+L and fructose+L). Three weeks thereafter, blood samples were drawn to measure glucose, triglycerides, insulin, and the homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and Matsuda indices. In the liver, we measured gene expression, protein content and activity of several enzymes, and metabolite concentration. RESULTS Comparable body weight changes and calorie intake were recorded in all groups after the treatments. Fructose fed rats had hyperinsulinemia, hypertriglyceridemia, higher HOMA-IR and lower Matsuda indices compared to control animals. Fructose fed rats showed increased fructokinase gene expression, protein content and activity, glucokinase and glucose-6-phosphatase gene expression and activity, glycogen storage, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase mRNA and enzyme activity, NAD(P)H oxidase subunits (gp91(phox) and p22(phox)) gene expression and protein concentration and phosphofructokinase-2 protein content than control rats. All these changes were prevented by R/S-α-lipoic acid co-administration. CONCLUSIONS Fructose induces hepatic metabolic changes that presumably begin with increased fructose phosphorylation by fructokinase, followed by adaptive changes that attempt to switch the substrate flow from mitochondrial metabolism to energy storage. These changes can be effectively prevented by R/S-α-lipoic acid co-administration. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Control of oxidative stress could be a useful strategy to prevent the transition from impaired glucose tolerance to type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- María C Castro
- CENEXA -Centro de Endocrinología Experimental y Aplicada (UNLP-CONICET LA PLATA, Centro Colaborador OPS/OMS), Facultad de Ciencias Médicas UNLP, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Flavio Francini
- CENEXA -Centro de Endocrinología Experimental y Aplicada (UNLP-CONICET LA PLATA, Centro Colaborador OPS/OMS), Facultad de Ciencias Médicas UNLP, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Juan J Gagliardino
- CENEXA -Centro de Endocrinología Experimental y Aplicada (UNLP-CONICET LA PLATA, Centro Colaborador OPS/OMS), Facultad de Ciencias Médicas UNLP, La Plata, Argentina
| | - María L Massa
- CENEXA -Centro de Endocrinología Experimental y Aplicada (UNLP-CONICET LA PLATA, Centro Colaborador OPS/OMS), Facultad de Ciencias Médicas UNLP, La Plata, Argentina.
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7
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Yang Y, Tarabra E, Yang GS, Vaitheesvaran B, Palacios G, Kurland IJ, Pessin JE, Bastie CC. Alteration of de novo glucose production contributes to fasting hypoglycaemia in Fyn deficient mice. PLoS One 2013; 8:e81866. [PMID: 24312371 PMCID: PMC3842980 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0081866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2013] [Accepted: 10/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated that glucose disposal is increased in the Fyn knockout (FynKO) mice due to increased insulin sensitivity. FynKO mice also display fasting hypoglycaemia despite decreased insulin levels, which suggested that hepatic glucose production was unable to compensate for the increased basal glucose utilization. The present study investigates the basis for the reduction in plasma glucose levels and the reduced ability for the liver to produce glucose in response to gluconeogenic substrates. FynKO mice had a 5-fold reduction in phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) gene and protein expression and a marked reduction in pyruvate, pyruvate/lactate-stimulated glucose output. Remarkably, de novo glucose production was also blunted using gluconeogenic substrates that bypass the PEPCK step. Impaired conversion of glycerol to glucose was observed in both glycerol tolerance test and determination of the conversion of (13)C-glycerol to glucose in the fasted state. α-glycerol phosphate levels were reduced but glycerol kinase protein expression levels were not changed. Fructose-driven glucose production was also diminished without alteration of fructokinase expression levels. The normal levels of dihydroxyacetone phosphate and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate observed in the FynKO liver extracts suggested normal triose kinase function. Fructose-bisphosphate aldolase (aldolase) mRNA or protein levels were normal in the Fyn-deficient livers, however, there was a large reduction in liver fructose-6-phosphate (30-fold) and fructose-1,6-bisphosphate (7-fold) levels as well as a reduction in glucose-6-phosphate (2-fold) levels. These data suggest a mechanistic defect in the allosteric regulation of aldolase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingjuan Yang
- Laboratory of Animal Fat Deposition and Muscle Development, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Elena Tarabra
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Gong-She Yang
- Laboratory of Animal Fat Deposition and Muscle Development, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail: (CCB); (GSY)
| | - Bhavapriya Vaitheesvaran
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Gustavo Palacios
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Irwin J. Kurland
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey E. Pessin
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Claire C. Bastie
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
- Division of Metabolic and Vascular Health, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (CCB); (GSY)
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Harasym AC, Thrush AB, Harper ME, Wright DC, Chan CB. Enhanced glucose homeostasis in BHE/cdb rats with mutated ATP synthase. Mitochondrion 2013; 13:320-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2013.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2012] [Revised: 03/06/2013] [Accepted: 04/03/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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9
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Nunes PM, Jarak I, Heerschap A, Jones JG. Resolving futile glucose cycling and glycogenolytic contributions to plasma glucose levels following a glucose load. Magn Reson Med 2013; 71:1368-73. [DOI: 10.1002/mrm.24789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2013] [Revised: 03/15/2013] [Accepted: 04/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Patricia M. Nunes
- Department of Radiology; Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre; Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Ivana Jarak
- Intermediary Metabolism Group, Center for Neurosciences and Cell Biology; University of Coimbra; Coimbra Portugal
| | - Arend Heerschap
- Department of Radiology; Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre; Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - John G. Jones
- Intermediary Metabolism Group, Center for Neurosciences and Cell Biology; University of Coimbra; Coimbra Portugal
- Portuguese Diabetes Association; Lisbon Portugal
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Kurland IJ, Accili D, Burant C, Fischer SM, Kahn BB, Newgard CB, Ramagiri S, Ronnett GV, Ryals JA, Sanders M, Shambaugh J, Shockcor J, Gross SS. Application of combined omics platforms to accelerate biomedical discovery in diabesity. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2013; 1287:1-16. [PMID: 23659636 PMCID: PMC3709136 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.12116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Diabesity has become a popular term to describe the specific form of diabetes that develops late in life and is associated with obesity. While there is a correlation between diabetes and obesity, the association is not universally predictive. Defining the metabolic characteristics of obesity that lead to diabetes, and how obese individuals who develop diabetes different from those who do not, are important goals. The use of large-scale omics analyses (e.g., metabolomic, proteomic, transcriptomic, and lipidomic) of diabetes and obesity may help to identify new targets to treat these conditions. This report discusses how various types of omics data can be integrated to shed light on the changes in metabolism that occur in obesity and diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irwin J Kurland
- Department of Medicine, Stable Isotope and Metabolomics Core Facility, Albert Einstein College of Medicine Diabetes Center, Bronx, New York 10461, USA
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11
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Vaitheesvaran B, Yang L, Hartil K, Glaser S, Yazulla S, Bruce JE, Kurland IJ. Peripheral effects of FAAH deficiency on fuel and energy homeostasis: role of dysregulated lysine acetylation. PLoS One 2012; 7:e33717. [PMID: 22442717 PMCID: PMC3307749 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0033717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2011] [Accepted: 02/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background FAAH (fatty acid amide hydrolase), primarily expressed in the liver, hydrolyzes the endocannabinoids fatty acid ethanolamides (FAA). Human FAAH gene mutations are associated with increased body weight and obesity. In our present study, using targeted metabolite and lipid profiling, and new global acetylome profiling methodologies, we examined the role of the liver on fuel and energy homeostasis in whole body FAAH−/− mice. Methodology/Principal Findings FAAH−/− mice exhibit altered energy homeostasis demonstrated by decreased oxygen consumption (Indirect calorimetry). FAAH−/− mice are hyperinsulinemic and have adipose, skeletal and hepatic insulin resistance as indicated by stable isotope phenotyping (SIPHEN). Fed state skeletal muscle and liver triglyceride levels was increased 2–3 fold, while glycogen was decreased 42% and 57% respectively. Hepatic cholesterol synthesis was decreased 22% in FAAH−/− mice. Dysregulated hepatic FAAH−/− lysine acetylation was consistent with their metabolite profiling. Fasted to fed increases in hepatic FAAH−/− acetyl-CoA (85%, p<0.01) corresponded to similar increases in citrate levels (45%). Altered FAAH−/− mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase (MDH2) acetylation, which can affect the malate aspartate shuttle, was consistent with our observation of a 25% decrease in fed malate and aspartate levels. Decreased fasted but not fed dihydroxyacetone-P and glycerol-3-P levels in FAAH−/− mice was consistent with a compensating contribution from decreased acetylation of fed FAAH−/− aldolase B. Fed FAAH−/− alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) acetylation was also decreased. Conclusions/Significance Whole body FAAH deletion contributes to a pre-diabetic phenotype by mechanisms resulting in impairment of hepatic glucose and lipid metabolism. FAAH−/− mice had altered hepatic lysine acetylation, the pattern sharing similarities with acetylation changes reported with chronic alcohol treatment. Dysregulated hepatic lysine acetylation seen with impaired FAA hydrolysis could support the liver's role in fostering the pre-diabetic state, and may reflect part of the mechanism underlying the hepatic effects of endocannabinoids in alcoholic liver disease mouse models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhavapriya Vaitheesvaran
- Department of Medicine, Stable Isotope and Metabolomics Core Facility, Albert Einstein College of Medicine Diabetes Center, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Li Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
| | - Kirsten Hartil
- Department of Medicine, Stable Isotope and Metabolomics Core Facility, Albert Einstein College of Medicine Diabetes Center, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Sherrye Glaser
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Stephen Yazulla
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - James E. Bruce
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Irwin J. Kurland
- Department of Medicine, Stable Isotope and Metabolomics Core Facility, Albert Einstein College of Medicine Diabetes Center, Bronx, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Zong H, Wang CC, Vaitheesvaran B, Kurland IJ, Hong W, Pessin JE. Enhanced energy expenditure, glucose utilization, and insulin sensitivity in VAMP8 null mice. Diabetes 2011; 60:30-8. [PMID: 20876717 PMCID: PMC3012186 DOI: 10.2337/db10-0231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Previous studies have demonstrated that the VAMP8 protein plays a complex role in the control of granule secretion, transport vesicle trafficking, phagocytosis, and endocytosis. The present study was aimed to investigate the role of VAMP8 in mediating GLUT4 trafficking and therefore insulin action in mice. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Physiological parameters were measured using Oxymax indirect calorimetry system in 12-week-old VAMP8 null mice. Dynamic analysis of glucose homeostasis was assessed using euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamp coupled with tracer radioactively labeled 2-deoxyglucose. Insulin stimulated GLUT4 protein expressions on muscle cell surface were examined by immunofluorescence microscopy. RESULTS VAMP8 null mice display reduced adiposity with increased energy expenditure despite normal food intake and reduced spontaneous locomotor activity. In parallel, the VAMP8 null mice also had fasting hypoglycemia (84 ± 11 vs. 115 ± 4) and enhanced glucose tolerance with increased insulin sensitivity due to increases in both basal and insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in skeletal muscle (0.19 ± 0.04 vs. 0.09 ± 0.01 mmol/kg/min during basal, 0.6 ± 0.04 vs. 0.31 ± 0.06 mmol/kg/min during clamp in red-gastrocnemius muscle, P < 0.05). Consistent with a role for VAMP8 in the endocytosis of the insulin-responsive GLUT4, sarcolemma GLUT4 protein levels were increased in both the basal and insulin-stimulated states without any significant change in the total amount of GLUT4 protein or related facilitative glucose transporters present in skeletal muscle, GLUT1, GLUT3, and GLUT11. CONCLUSIONS These data demonstrate that, in the absence of VAMP8, the relative subcellular distribution of GLUT4 is altered, resulting in increased sarcolemma levels that can account for increased glucose clearance and insulin sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haihong Zong
- Department of Medicine and Molecular Pharmacology, The Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Cheng-Chun Wang
- Membrane Biology Laboratory, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Singapore
| | - Bhavapriya Vaitheesvaran
- Department of Medicine and Molecular Pharmacology, The Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Irwin J. Kurland
- Department of Medicine and Molecular Pharmacology, The Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Wanjin Hong
- Membrane Biology Laboratory, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Singapore
| | - Jeffrey E. Pessin
- Department of Medicine and Molecular Pharmacology, The Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
- Corresponding author: Jeffrey E. Pessin,
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Vaitheesvaran B, LeRoith D, Kurland IJ. MKR mice have increased dynamic glucose disposal despite metabolic inflexibility, and hepatic and peripheral insulin insensitivity. Diabetologia 2010; 53:2224-32. [PMID: 20577711 PMCID: PMC5322278 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-010-1827-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2009] [Accepted: 04/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Recent work has shown that there can be significant differences when glucose disposal is assessed for high-fat induced insulin resistance by static clamp methods vs dynamic assessment during a stable isotope i.p. glucose tolerance test. MKR mice, though lean, have severe insulin resistance and decreased muscle fatty acid oxidation. Our goal was to assess dynamic vs static glucose disposal in MKR mice, and to correlate glucose disposal and muscle-adipose-liver flux interactions with metabolic flexibility (indirect calorimetry) and muscle characteristics. METHODS Stable isotope flux phenotyping was performed using [6,6-(2)H(2)]glucose, [U-(13)C(6)]glucose and [2-(13)C]glycerol. Muscle triacylglycerol (TAG) and diacylglycerol (DAG) content was assessed by thin layer chromatography, and histological determination of fibre type and cytochrome c activity performed. Metabolic flexibility was assessed by indirect calorimetry. RESULTS Indirect calorimetry showed that MKR mice used more glucose than FVB/N mice during fasting (respiratory exchange ratio [RER] 0.88 vs 0.77, respectively). Compared with FVB/N mice, MKR mice had faster dynamic glucose disposal, despite increased whole-muscle DAG and TAG, and similar hepatic glucose production with higher fasting insulin and unchanged basal glucose. Fed MKR muscle had more glycogen, and increased levels of GLUT1 and GLUT4 than FVB/N muscle. Histology indicated that MKR soleus had mildly decreased cytochrome c activity overall and more type II (glycolytic) fibres compared with that in FVB/N mice. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION MKR muscle adapts to using glucose, with more type II fibres present in red muscle. Fasting RER is elevated and glucose disposal during an i.p. glucose tolerance test is accelerated despite increased muscle DAG and TAG. Metabolic inflexibility may result from the compensatory use of fuel that can be best utilised for energy requirements; static vs dynamic glucose disposal assessments may measure complementary aspects of metabolic flexibility and insulin sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Vaitheesvaran
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1301 Morris Park Ave, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
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Vaitheesvaran B, Chueh FY, Xu J, Trujillo C, Saad MF, Lee WNP, McGuinness OP, Kurland IJ. Advantages of dynamic "closed loop" stable isotope flux phenotyping over static "open loop" clamps in detecting silent genetic and dietary phenotypes. Metabolomics 2010; 6:180-190. [PMID: 20445758 PMCID: PMC2862950 DOI: 10.1007/s11306-009-0190-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2009] [Accepted: 10/29/2009] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
In vivo insulin sensitivity can be assessed using "open loop" clamp or "closed loop" methods. Open loop clamp methods are static, and fix plasma glucose independently from plasma insulin. Closed loop methods are dynamic, and assess glucose disposal in response to a stable isotope labeled glucose tolerance test. Using PPARalpha(-/-) mice, open and closed loop assessments of insulin sensitivity/glucose disposal were compared. Indirect calorimetry done for the assessment of diurnal substrate utilization/metabolic flexibility showed that chow fed PPARalpha(-/-) mice had increased glucose utilization during the light (starved) cycle. Euglycemic clamps showed no differences in insulin stimulated glucose disposal, whether for chow or high fat diets, but did show differences in basal glucose clearance for chow fed PPARalpha(-/-) versus SV129J-wt mice. In contrast, the dynamic stable isotope labeled glucose tolerance tests reveal enhanced glucose disposal for PPARalpha(-/-) versus SV129J-wt, for chow and high fat diets. Area under the curve for plasma labeled and unlabeled glucose for PPARalpha(-/-) was approximately 1.7-fold lower, P < 0.01 during the stable isotope labeled glucose tolerance test for both diets. Area under the curve for plasma insulin was 5-fold less for the chow fed SV129J-wt (P < 0.01) but showed no difference on a high fat diet (0.30 +/- 0.1 for SV129J-wt vs. 0.13 +/- 0.10 for PPARalpha(-/-), P = 0.28). This study demonstrates that dynamic stable isotope labeled glucose tolerance test can assess "silent" metabolic phenotypes, not detectable by the static, "open loop", euglycemic or hyperglycemic clamps. Both open loop and closed loop methods may describe different aspects of metabolic inflexibility and insulin sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhavapriya Vaitheesvaran
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1301 Morris Park Ave, Bronx, NY 10461 USA
| | - Fu-Yu Chueh
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN USA
| | - Jun Xu
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1301 Morris Park Ave, Bronx, NY 10461 USA
| | - Chuck Trujillo
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1301 Morris Park Ave, Bronx, NY 10461 USA
| | - M. F. Saad
- Department of Preventative Medicine, State University of New York, Stony Brook, NY USA
| | - W. N. P. Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, LA Biomed Centre, Torrance, CA USA
| | - Owen P. McGuinness
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN USA
| | - Irwin J. Kurland
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1301 Morris Park Ave, Bronx, NY 10461 USA
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Burgess SC, He T, Yan Z, Lindner J, Sherry AD, Malloy CR, Browning JD, Magnuson MA. Cytosolic phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase does not solely control the rate of hepatic gluconeogenesis in the intact mouse liver. Cell Metab 2007; 5:313-20. [PMID: 17403375 PMCID: PMC2680089 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2007.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2006] [Revised: 01/04/2007] [Accepted: 03/12/2007] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
When dietary carbohydrate is unavailable, glucose required to support metabolism in vital tissues is generated via gluconeogenesis in the liver. Expression of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK), commonly considered the control point for liver gluconeogenesis, is normally regulated by circulating hormones to match systemic glucose demand. However, this regulation fails in diabetes. Because other molecular and metabolic factors can also influence gluconeogenesis, the explicit role of PEPCK protein content in the control of gluconeogenesis was unclear. In this study, metabolic control of liver gluconeogenesis was quantified in groups of mice with varying PEPCK protein content. Surprisingly, livers with a 90% reduction in PEPCK content showed only a approximately 40% reduction in gluconeogenic flux, indicating a lower than expected capacity for PEPCK protein content to control gluconeogenesis. However, PEPCK flux correlated tightly with TCA cycle activity, suggesting that under some conditions in mice, PEPCK expression must coordinate with hepatic energy metabolism to control gluconeogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawn C Burgess
- The Advanced Imaging Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75235-9085, USA.
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