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Aktay I, Billur D, Tuncay E, Turan B. An Overexpression of SLC30A6 Gene Contributes to Cardiomyocyte Dysfunction via Affecting Mitochondria and Inducing Activations in K-Acetylation and Epigenetic Proteins. Biochem Genet 2024; 62:3198-3214. [PMID: 38091184 DOI: 10.1007/s10528-023-10602-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/31/2024]
Abstract
Intracellular free Zn2+ ([Zn2+]i) is less than 1-nM in cardiomyocytes and its regulation is performed with Zn2+-transporters. However, the roles of Zn2+-transporters in cardiomyocytes are not defined exactly yet. Here, we aimed to examine the role of an overexpression and subcellular localization of a ZnT6 in insulin-resistance mimic H9c2 cardiomyoblasts (IR-cells; 50-μM palmitic acid for 24-h incubation). We used both IR-cells and ZnT6-overexpressed (ZnT6OE) cells in comparison to those of H9c2 cells (CON-cells). The IR-cells have higher ZnT6-protein levels than CON-cells while this level was similar to those of ZnT6OE-cells. The [Zn2+]i in IR-cells was increased significantly and mitochondrial localization of ZnT6 was demonstrated in these cells by using confocal microscopy visualization. Furthermore, electron microscopy analysis demonstrated abnormal morphological appearance in both IR-cells and ZnT6OE-cells characterized by irregular mitochondrion cristae and condensed and dilated cisterna in the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Mitochondria were similarly depolarized in both IR-cells and ZnT6OE-cells. The protein expression level of a mitofusin protein MFN2 in the IR-cells was decreased, significantly, whereas, it was found significantly upregulated in both ZnT6-OE-cells and IR-incubated ZnT6OE-cells, which demonstrates the role of ZnT6-overexpression but not IR. Additionally, the total protein level of a mitochondrial fission protein, dynamin-related protein 1, DRP1 was found to be increased over 1.5-fold in IR-cells while this increase was found to be higher in the ZnT6OE-cells than those of IR-cells, demonstrating an additional effect on IR-increase. ZnT6-overexpression induced also significant increases in K-acetylation, trimethylation of histone H3 lysine27, and mono-methylation of histone H3 lysine36, in a similar manner to those of IR-cells. Overall, our data point out an important contribution of ZnT6-overexpression to IR-induced cellular changes, such as alteration in mitochondria function and activation of epigenetic modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irem Aktay
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Deniz Billur
- Department of Histology & Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Erkan Tuncay
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Belma Turan
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, Lokman Hekim University, Ankara, Turkey.
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Elias-Llumbet A, Sharmin R, Berg-Sorensen K, Schirhagl R, Mzyk A. The Interplay between Mechanoregulation and ROS in Heart Physiology, Disease, and Regeneration. Adv Healthc Mater 2024:e2400952. [PMID: 38962858 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202400952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases are currently the most common cause of death in developed countries. Due to lifestyle and environmental factors, this problem is only expected to increase in the future. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are a key player in the onset of cardiovascular diseases but also have important functions in healthy cardiac tissue. Here, the interplay between ROS generation and cardiac mechanical forces is shown, and the state of the art and a perspective on future directions are discussed. To this end, an overview of what is currently known regarding ROS and mechanosignaling at a subcellular level is first given. There the role of ROS in mechanosignaling as well as the interplay between both factors in specific organelles is emphasized. The consequences at a larger scale across the population of heart cells are then discussed. Subsequently, the roles of ROS in embryogenesis, pathogenesis, and aging are further discussed, exemplifying some aspects of mechanoregulation. Finally, different models that are currently in use are discussed to study the topics above.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arturo Elias-Llumbet
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, Groningen, 9713AW, The Netherlands
- Laboratory of Genomic of Germ Cells, Biomedical Sciences Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Independencia, Santiago, 1027, Chile
| | - Rokshana Sharmin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, Groningen, 9713AW, The Netherlands
| | | | - Romana Schirhagl
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, Groningen, 9713AW, The Netherlands
| | - Aldona Mzyk
- DTU Health Tech, Ørsteds Plads Bldg 345C, Kongens Lyngby, 2800, Denmark
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3
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Guo Y, Que H, Chen B, Chao C, Li S, Guo S, Yin Y, Wang H, Zhu M, Li P. Citronellal improves endothelial dysfunction by affecting the stability of the GCH1 protein. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2024; 56:963-972. [PMID: 38993132 PMCID: PMC11322867 DOI: 10.3724/abbs.2024086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Endothelial dysfunction (ED) serves as the pathological basis for various cardiovascular diseases. Guanosine triphosphate cyclopyrrolone 1 (GCH1) emerges as a pivotal protein in sustaining nitric oxide (NO) production within endothelial cells, yet it undergoes degradation under oxidative stress, contributing to endothelial cell dysfunction. Citronellal (CT), a monoterpenoid, has been shown to ameliorate endothelial dysfunction induced by in atherosclerosis rats. However, whether CT can inhibit the degradation of GCH1 protein is not clear. It has been reported that ubiquitination may play a crucial role in regulating GCH1 protein levels and activities. However, the specific E3 ligase for GCH1 and the molecular mechanism of GCH1 ubiquitination remain unclear. Using data-base exploration analysis, we find that the levels of the E3 ligase Smad-ubiquitination regulatory factor 2 (Smurf2) negatively correlate with those of GCH1 in vascular tissues and HUVECs. We observe that Smurf2 interacts with GCH1 and promotes its degradation via the proteasome pathway. Interestingly, ectopic Smurf2 expression not only decreases GCH1 levels but also reduces cell proliferation and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, mostly because of increased GCH1 accumulation. Furthermore, we identify BH 4/eNOS as downstream of GCH1. Taken together, our results indicate that CT can obviously improve vascular endothelial injury in Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) rats and reverse the expressions of GCH1 and Smurf2 proteins in aorta of T1DM rats. Smurf2 promotes ubiquitination and degradation of GCH1 through proteasome pathway in HUVECs. We conclude that the Smurf2-GCH1 interaction might represent a potential target for improving endothelial injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqi Guo
- SanQuan Medical CollegeSino-UK Joint Laboratory of Brain Function and Injury and Department of Physiology and NeurobiologyHenan International Joint Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Drug InterventionSchool of Basic Medical SciencesCollege of PharmacyXinxiang Medical UniversityXinxiang453003China
| | - Huadong Que
- SanQuan Medical CollegeSino-UK Joint Laboratory of Brain Function and Injury and Department of Physiology and NeurobiologyHenan International Joint Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Drug InterventionSchool of Basic Medical SciencesCollege of PharmacyXinxiang Medical UniversityXinxiang453003China
| | - Bulei Chen
- SanQuan Medical CollegeSino-UK Joint Laboratory of Brain Function and Injury and Department of Physiology and NeurobiologyHenan International Joint Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Drug InterventionSchool of Basic Medical SciencesCollege of PharmacyXinxiang Medical UniversityXinxiang453003China
| | - Chunyan Chao
- SanQuan Medical CollegeSino-UK Joint Laboratory of Brain Function and Injury and Department of Physiology and NeurobiologyHenan International Joint Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Drug InterventionSchool of Basic Medical SciencesCollege of PharmacyXinxiang Medical UniversityXinxiang453003China
- Huang Huai UniversityZhumadian463000China
| | - Shanshan Li
- SanQuan Medical CollegeSino-UK Joint Laboratory of Brain Function and Injury and Department of Physiology and NeurobiologyHenan International Joint Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Drug InterventionSchool of Basic Medical SciencesCollege of PharmacyXinxiang Medical UniversityXinxiang453003China
| | - Shuang Guo
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Diabetes and AngiopathyHubei University of Science and TechnologyXianning437100China
| | - Yaling Yin
- SanQuan Medical CollegeSino-UK Joint Laboratory of Brain Function and Injury and Department of Physiology and NeurobiologyHenan International Joint Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Drug InterventionSchool of Basic Medical SciencesCollege of PharmacyXinxiang Medical UniversityXinxiang453003China
| | - Huanhuan Wang
- SanQuan Medical CollegeSino-UK Joint Laboratory of Brain Function and Injury and Department of Physiology and NeurobiologyHenan International Joint Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Drug InterventionSchool of Basic Medical SciencesCollege of PharmacyXinxiang Medical UniversityXinxiang453003China
| | - Moli Zhu
- SanQuan Medical CollegeSino-UK Joint Laboratory of Brain Function and Injury and Department of Physiology and NeurobiologyHenan International Joint Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Drug InterventionSchool of Basic Medical SciencesCollege of PharmacyXinxiang Medical UniversityXinxiang453003China
| | - Peng Li
- SanQuan Medical CollegeSino-UK Joint Laboratory of Brain Function and Injury and Department of Physiology and NeurobiologyHenan International Joint Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Drug InterventionSchool of Basic Medical SciencesCollege of PharmacyXinxiang Medical UniversityXinxiang453003China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Diabetes and AngiopathyHubei University of Science and TechnologyXianning437100China
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Yin YL, Chen Y, Ren F, Wang L, Zhu ML, Lu JX, Wang QQ, Lu CB, Liu C, Bai YY, Wang SX, Wang JZ, Li P. Nitrosative stress induced by homocysteine thiolactone drives vascular cognitive impairments via GTP cyclohydrolase 1 S-nitrosylation in vivo. Redox Biol 2022; 58:102540. [DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2022.102540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Wu Y, Ding Y, Ramprasath T, Zou MH. Oxidative Stress, GTPCH1, and Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase Uncoupling in Hypertension. Antioxid Redox Signal 2021; 34:750-764. [PMID: 32363908 PMCID: PMC7910417 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2020.8112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Significance: Hypertension has major health consequences, which is associated with endothelial dysfunction. Endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS)-produced nitric oxide (NO) signaling in the vasculature plays an important role in maintaining vascular homeostasis. Considering the importance of NO system, this review aims to provide a brief overview of the biochemistry of members of NO signaling, including GTPCH1 [guanosine 5'-triphosphate (GTP) cyclohydrolase 1], tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4), and eNOS. Recent Advances: Being NO signaling activators and regulators of eNOS signaling, BH4 treatment is getting widespread attention either as potential therapeutic agents or as preventive agents. Recent clinical trials also support that BH4 treatment could be considered a promising therapeutic in hypertension. Critical Issues: Under conditions of BH4 depletion, eNOS-generated superoxides trigger pathological events. Abnormalities in NO availability and BH4 deficiency lead to disturbed redox regulation causing pathological events. This disturbed signaling influences the development of systemic hypertension as well as pulmonary hypertension. Future Directions: Considering the importance of BH4 and NO to improve the translational significance, it is essential to continue research on this field to manipulate BH4 to increase the efficacy for treating hypertension. Thus, this review also examines the current state of knowledge on the effects of eNOS activators on preclinical models and humans to utilize this information for potential therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Wu
- Center for Molecular and Translational Medicine, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Ye Ding
- Center for Molecular and Translational Medicine, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Tharmarajan Ramprasath
- Center for Molecular and Translational Medicine, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Ming-Hui Zou
- Center for Molecular and Translational Medicine, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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6
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Liu P, Liu J, Wu Y, Xi W, Wei Y, Yuan Z, Zhuo X. Zinc supplementation protects against diabetic endothelial dysfunction via GTP cyclohydrolase 1 restoration. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 521:1049-1054. [PMID: 31732151 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.11.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
This study explored whether zinc supplementation alleviates diabetic endothelial dysfunction and the possible mechanisms underlying. We found that high glucose exposure significantly increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) and decreased guanosine 5'-triphosphate cyclohydrolase 1 (GTPCH1) and tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) levels in bovine aortic endothelial cells (BAECs) in a time-dependent manner. High glucose increased zinc release from GTPCH1 in a similar trend. Zinc supplementation restored GTPCH1 and BH4 levels and blocked ROS accumulation in both BACEs and wild type GTPCH1 transfected HEK293 cells, but not in the zinc-free C141R mutant of GTPCH1 transfected ones. In vivo experiments showed that exogenous supplementation of zinc to streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic mice partially improved the impaired maximal endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation, reversed the aberrant reduction of GTPCH1 and BH4, and suppressed the elevation of ROS in the aortas. In conclusion, our study demonstrated a novel mechanism that via GTPCH1 restoration zinc supplementation exerts a protective benefit on diabetic endothelial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peining Liu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Junhui Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yue Wu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology, Shaanxi Province, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wen Xi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yuanyuan Wei
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zuyi Yuan
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology, Shaanxi Province, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Xiaozhen Zhuo
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.
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7
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Wang C, Chao Y, Xu W, Liang M, Deng S, Zhang D, Huang K. CTRP13 Preserves Endothelial Function by Targeting GTP Cyclohydrolase 1 in Diabetes. Diabetes 2020; 69:99-111. [PMID: 31676569 DOI: 10.2337/db19-0635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Endothelial dysfunction plays a crucial role in the progress of diabetic vasculopathy. C1q/tumor necrosis factor-related protein 13 (CTRP13) is a secreted adipokine that can ameliorate atherosclerosis and vascular calcification. However, the role of CTRP13 in regulating endothelial function in diabetes has yet to be explored. In this study, CTRP13 treatment improved endothelium-dependent relaxation in the aortae and mesenteric arteries of both db/db mice and streptozotocin-injected mice. CTRP13 supplement also rescued the impaired endothelium-dependent relaxation ex vivo in the db/db mouse aortae and in high glucose (HG)-treated mouse aortae. Additionally, CTRP13 treatment reduced reactive oxygen species overproduction and improved nitric oxide (NO) production and endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) coupling in the aortae of diabetic mice and in HG-treated human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Mechanistically, CTRP13 could increase GTP cyclohydrolase 1 (GCH1) expression and tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) levels to ameliorate eNOS coupling. More importantly, CTRP13 rescued HG-induced inhibition of protein kinase A (PKA) activity. Increased PKA activity enhanced phosphorylation of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α and its recruitment to the GCH1 promoter, thus activating GCH1 transcription and, ultimately, endothelial relaxation. Together, these results suggest that CTRP13 preserves endothelial function in diabetic mice by regulating GCH1/BH4 axis-dependent eNOS coupling, suggesting the therapeutic potential of CTRP13 against diabetic vasculopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Wang
- Clinic Center of Human Gene Research, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Department of Rheumatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuelin Chao
- Department of Cardiology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wenjing Xu
- Clinic Center of Human Gene Research, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Minglu Liang
- Clinic Center of Human Gene Research, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Shan Deng
- Clinic Center of Human Gene Research, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Donghong Zhang
- Center for Molecular and Translational Medicine, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Kai Huang
- Clinic Center of Human Gene Research, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Engineer A, Saiyin T, Greco ER, Feng Q. Say NO to ROS: Their Roles in Embryonic Heart Development and Pathogenesis of Congenital Heart Defects in Maternal Diabetes. Antioxidants (Basel) 2019; 8:antiox8100436. [PMID: 31581464 PMCID: PMC6826639 DOI: 10.3390/antiox8100436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Congenital heart defects (CHDs) are the most prevalent and serious birth defect, occurring in 1% of all live births. Pregestational maternal diabetes is a known risk factor for the development of CHDs, elevating the risk in the child by more than four-fold. As the prevalence of diabetes rapidly rises among women of childbearing age, there is a need to investigate the mechanisms and potential preventative strategies for these defects. In experimental animal models of pregestational diabetes induced-CHDs, upwards of 50% of offspring display congenital malformations of the heart, including septal, valvular, and outflow tract defects. Specifically, the imbalance of nitric oxide (NO) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) signaling is a major driver of the development of CHDs in offspring of mice with pregestational diabetes. NO from endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) is crucial to cardiogenesis, regulating various cellular and molecular processes. In fact, deficiency in eNOS results in CHDs and coronary artery malformation. Embryonic hearts from diabetic dams exhibit eNOS uncoupling and oxidative stress. Maternal treatment with sapropterin, a cofactor of eNOS, and antioxidants such as N-acetylcysteine, vitamin E, and glutathione as well as maternal exercise have been shown to improve eNOS function, reduce oxidative stress, and lower the incidence CHDs in the offspring of mice with pregestational diabetes. This review summarizes recent data on pregestational diabetes-induced CHDs, and offers insights into the important roles of NO and ROS in embryonic heart development and pathogenesis of CHDs in maternal diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anish Engineer
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, ON, N6A 5C1, Canada.
| | - Tana Saiyin
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, ON, N6A 5C1, Canada.
| | - Elizabeth R Greco
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, ON, N6A 5C1, Canada.
| | - Qingping Feng
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, ON, N6A 5C1, Canada.
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Meza CA, La Favor JD, Kim DH, Hickner RC. Endothelial Dysfunction: Is There a Hyperglycemia-Induced Imbalance of NOX and NOS? Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20153775. [PMID: 31382355 PMCID: PMC6696313 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20153775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
NADPH oxidases (NOX) are enzyme complexes that have received much attention as key molecules in the development of vascular dysfunction. NOX have the primary function of generating reactive oxygen species (ROS), and are considered the main source of ROS production in endothelial cells. The endothelium is a thin monolayer that lines the inner surface of blood vessels, acting as a secretory organ to maintain homeostasis of blood flow. The enzymatic production of nitric oxide (NO) by endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) is critical in mediating endothelial function, and oxidative stress can cause dysregulation of eNOS and endothelial dysfunction. Insulin is a stimulus for increases in blood flow and endothelium-dependent vasodilation. However, cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes are characterized by poor control of the endothelial cell redox environment, with a shift toward overproduction of ROS by NOX. Studies in models of type 2 diabetes demonstrate that aberrant NOX activation contributes to uncoupling of eNOS and endothelial dysfunction. It is well-established that endothelial dysfunction precedes the onset of cardiovascular disease, therefore NOX are important molecular links between type 2 diabetes and vascular complications. The aim of the current review is to describe the normal, healthy physiological mechanisms involved in endothelial function, and highlight the central role of NOX in mediating endothelial dysfunction when glucose homeostasis is impaired.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cesar A Meza
- Department of Nutrition, Food & Exercise Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
| | - Justin D La Favor
- Department of Nutrition, Food & Exercise Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
| | - Do-Houn Kim
- Department of Nutrition, Food & Exercise Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
| | - Robert C Hickner
- Department of Nutrition, Food & Exercise Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA.
- Institute of Sports Sciences and Medicine, College of Human Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA.
- Department of Biokinetics, Exercise and Leisure Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville 4041, South Africa.
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Tuncay E, Bitirim CV, Olgar Y, Durak A, Rutter GA, Turan B. Zn2+-transporters ZIP7 and ZnT7 play important role in progression of cardiac dysfunction via affecting sarco(endo)plasmic reticulum-mitochondria coupling in hyperglycemic cardiomyocytes. Mitochondrion 2019; 44:41-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2017.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Revised: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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11
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Li J, Liu S, Cao G, Sun Y, Chen W, Dong F, Xu J, Zhang C, Zhang W. Nicotine induces endothelial dysfunction and promotes atherosclerosis via GTPCH1. J Cell Mol Med 2018; 22:5406-5417. [PMID: 30091833 PMCID: PMC6201367 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.13812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Smoking is a major preventable risk factor for atherosclerosis. However, the causative link between cigarette smoke and atherosclerosis remains to be established. The objective of this study is to characterize the role of GTP cyclohydrolase 1 (GTPCH1), the rate-limiting enzyme for de novo tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) synthesis, in the smoking-accelerated atherosclerosis and the mechanism involved. In vitro, human umbilical vein endothelial cells were treated with nicotine, a major component of cigarette smoke, which reduced the mRNA and protein levels of GTPCH1 and led to endothelial dysfunction. GTPCH1 overexpression or sepiapterin could attenuate nicotine-reduced nitric oxide and -increased reactive oxygen species levels. Mechanistically, human antigen R (HuR) bound with the adenylateuridylate-rich elements of the GTPCH1 3' untranslated region and increased its stability; nicotine inhibited HuR translocation from the nucleus to cytosol, which downregulated GTPCH1. In vivo, nicotine induced endothelial dysfunction and promoted atherosclerosis in ApoE-/- mice, which were attenuated by GTPCH1 overexpression or BH4 supplement. Our findings may provide a novel and promising approach to atherosclerosis treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyuan Li
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Health; The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular MedicineQilu Hospital of Shandong UniversityJinanShandongChina
| | - Shangming Liu
- Department of Histology and EmbryologyShandong University School of MedicineJinanChina
| | - Guangqing Cao
- Department of Cardiovascular SurgeryQilu Hospital of Shandong UniversityJinanShandongChina
| | - Yuanyuan Sun
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Health; The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular MedicineQilu Hospital of Shandong UniversityJinanShandongChina
| | - Weiqian Chen
- Departmen of Cardiovascular Surgery of the First Affiliated Hospital & Institute for Cardiovascular ScienceSoochow UniversitySuzhouChina
| | - Fajin Dong
- Department of UltrasonographySecond Clinical College of Jinan UniversityShenzhen People's HospitalShenzhenChina
| | - Jinfeng Xu
- Department of UltrasonographySecond Clinical College of Jinan UniversityShenzhen People's HospitalShenzhenChina
| | - Cheng Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Health; The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular MedicineQilu Hospital of Shandong UniversityJinanShandongChina
| | - Wencheng Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Health; The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular MedicineQilu Hospital of Shandong UniversityJinanShandongChina
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12
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Mendes Garrido Abregú F, Gobetto MN, Juriol LV, Caniffi C, Elesgaray R, Tomat AL, Arranz C. Developmental programming of vascular dysfunction by prenatal and postnatal zinc deficiency in male and female rats. J Nutr Biochem 2018. [PMID: 29525532 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2018.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Micronutrient malnutrition during intrauterine and postnatal growth may program cardiovascular diseases in adulthood. We examined whether moderate zinc restriction in male and female rats throughout fetal life, lactation and/or postweaning growth induces alterations that can predispose to the onset of vascular dysfunction in adulthood. Female Wistar rats were fed low- or control zinc diets from pregnancy to offspring weaning. After weaning, offspring were fed either a low- or a control zinc diet until 81 days. We evaluated systolic blood pressure (SBP), thoracic aorta morphology, nitric oxide (NO) system and vascular reactivity in 6- and/or 81-day-old offspring. At day 6, zinc-deficient male and female offspring showed a decrease in aortic NO synthase (NOS) activity accompanied by an increase in oxidative stress. Zinc-deficient 81-day-old male rats exhibited an increase in collagen deposition in tunica media, as well as lower activity of endothelial NOS (eNOS) that could not be reversed with an adequate zinc diet during postweaning life. Zinc deficiency programmed a reduction in eNOS protein expression and higher SBP only in males. Adult zinc-deficient rats of both sexes showed reduced vasodilator response dependent on eNOS activity and impaired aortic vasoconstrictor response to angiotensin-II associated with alterations in intracellular calcium mobilization. Female rats were less sensitive to the effects of zinc deficiency and exhibited higher eNOS activity and/or expression than males, without alterations in SBP or aortic histology. This work strengthens the importance of a balanced intake of micronutrients during perinatal growth to ensure adequate vascular function in adult life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Facundo Mendes Garrido Abregú
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Cátedra de Fisiología, Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET, Universidad de Buenos Aires Instituto de la Química y Metabolismo del Fármaco (IQUIMEFA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Natalia Gobetto
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Cátedra de Fisiología, Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET, Universidad de Buenos Aires Instituto de la Química y Metabolismo del Fármaco (IQUIMEFA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Lorena Vanesa Juriol
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Cátedra de Fisiología, Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET, Universidad de Buenos Aires Instituto de la Química y Metabolismo del Fármaco (IQUIMEFA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carolina Caniffi
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Cátedra de Fisiología, Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET, Universidad de Buenos Aires Instituto de la Química y Metabolismo del Fármaco (IQUIMEFA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Rosana Elesgaray
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Cátedra de Fisiología, Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET, Universidad de Buenos Aires Instituto de la Química y Metabolismo del Fármaco (IQUIMEFA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Analía Lorena Tomat
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Cátedra de Fisiología, Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET, Universidad de Buenos Aires Instituto de la Química y Metabolismo del Fármaco (IQUIMEFA), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Cristina Arranz
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Cátedra de Fisiología, Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET, Universidad de Buenos Aires Instituto de la Química y Metabolismo del Fármaco (IQUIMEFA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
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13
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Liu Y, Baumgardt SL, Fang J, Shi Y, Qiao S, Bosnjak ZJ, Vásquez-Vivar J, Xia Z, Warltier DC, Kersten JR, Ge ZD. Transgenic overexpression of GTP cyclohydrolase 1 in cardiomyocytes ameliorates post-infarction cardiac remodeling. Sci Rep 2017; 7:3093. [PMID: 28596578 PMCID: PMC5465102 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-03234-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
GTP cyclohydrolase 1 (GCH1) and its product tetrahydrobiopterin play crucial roles in cardiovascular health and disease, yet the exact regulation and role of GCH1 in adverse cardiac remodeling after myocardial infarction are still enigmatic. Here we report that cardiac GCH1 is degraded in remodeled hearts after myocardial infarction, concomitant with increases in the thickness of interventricular septum, interstitial fibrosis, and phosphorylated p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase and decreases in left ventricular anterior wall thickness, cardiac contractility, tetrahydrobiopterin, the dimers of nitric oxide synthase, sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ release, and the expression of sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ handling proteins. Intriguingly, transgenic overexpression of GCH1 in cardiomyocytes reduces the thickness of interventricular septum and interstitial fibrosis and increases anterior wall thickness and cardiac contractility after infarction. Moreover, we show that GCH1 overexpression decreases phosphorylated p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase and elevates tetrahydrobiopterin levels, the dimerization and phosphorylation of neuronal nitric oxide synthase, sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ release, and sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ handling proteins in post-infarction remodeled hearts. Our results indicate that the pivotal role of GCH1 overexpression in post-infarction cardiac remodeling is attributable to preservation of neuronal nitric oxide synthase and sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ handling proteins, and identify a new therapeutic target for cardiac remodeling after infarction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Liu
- Departments of Anesthesiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, 53226, USA.,Department of Medicine, Columbia University, 630 W. 168th Street, New York, New York, 10032, USA
| | - Shelley L Baumgardt
- Departments of Anesthesiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, 53226, USA
| | - Juan Fang
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, 53226, USA
| | - Yang Shi
- Aurora Research Institute, Aurora Health Care, 750 W. Virginia Street, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, 53234, USA
| | - Shigang Qiao
- Departments of Anesthesiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, 53226, USA
| | - Zeljko J Bosnjak
- Departments of Anesthesiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, 53226, USA.,Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wiscosin, Milwaukee, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, 53226, USA
| | - Jeannette Vásquez-Vivar
- Department of Biophysics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, 53226, USA
| | - Zhengyuan Xia
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - David C Warltier
- Departments of Anesthesiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, 53226, USA
| | - Judy R Kersten
- Departments of Anesthesiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, 53226, USA
| | - Zhi-Dong Ge
- Departments of Anesthesiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, 53226, USA.
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14
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Billur D, Tuncay E, Okatan EN, Olgar Y, Durak AT, Degirmenci S, Can B, Turan B. Interplay Between Cytosolic Free Zn 2+ and Mitochondrion Morphological Changes in Rat Ventricular Cardiomyocytes. Biol Trace Elem Res 2016; 174:177-188. [PMID: 27107885 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-016-0704-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The Zn2+ in cardiomyocytes is buffered by structures near T-tubulus and/or sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum (S(E)R) while playing roles as either an antioxidant or a toxic agent, depending on the concentration. Therefore, we aimed first to examine a direct effect of ZnPO4 (extracellular exposure) or Zn2+ pyrithione (ZnPT) (intracellular exposure) application on the structure of the mitochondrion in ventricular cardiomyocytes by using histological investigations. The light microscopy data demonstrated that Zn2+ exposure induced marked increases on cellular surface area, an indication of hypertrophy, in a concentration-dependent manner. Furthermore, a whole-cell patch-clamp measurement of cell capacitance also supported the hypertrophy in the cells. We observed marked increases in mitochondrial matrix/cristae area and matrix volume together with increased lysosome numbers in ZnPO4- or ZnPT-incubated cells by using transmission electron microscopy, again in a concentration-dependent manner. Furthermore, we observed notable clustering and vacuolated mitochondrion, markedly disrupted and damaged myofibrils, and electron-dense small granules in Zn2+-exposed cells together with some implications of fission-fusion defects in the mitochondria. Moreover, we observed marked depolarization in mitochondrial membrane potential during 1-μM ZnPT minute applications by using confocal microscopy. We also showed that 1-μM ZnPT incubation induced significant increases in the phosphorylation levels of GSK3β (Ser21 and Ser9), Akt (Ser473), and NFκB (Ser276 and Thr254) together with increased expression levels in ER stress proteins such as GRP78 and calregulin. Furthermore, a new key player at ER-mitochondria sites, promyelocytic leukemia protein (PML) level, was markedly increased in ZnPT-incubated cells. As a summary, our present data suggest that increased cytosolic free Zn2+ can induce marked alterations in mitochondrion morphology as well as depolarization in mitochondrion membrane potential and changes in some cytosolic signaling proteins as well as a defect in ER-mitochondria cross talk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deniz Billur
- Department of Histology-Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Ankara University, 06100, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Erkan Tuncay
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, Ankara University, 06100, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Esma Nur Okatan
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, Ankara University, 06100, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Yusuf Olgar
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, Ankara University, 06100, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Aysegul Toy Durak
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, Ankara University, 06100, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Sinan Degirmenci
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, Ankara University, 06100, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Belgin Can
- Department of Histology-Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Ankara University, 06100, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Belma Turan
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, Ankara University, 06100, Ankara, Turkey.
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15
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Li P, Yin YL, Guo T, Sun XY, Ma H, Zhu ML, Zhao FR, Xu P, Chen Y, Wan GR, Jiang F, Peng QS, Liu C, Liu LY, Wang SX. Inhibition of Aberrant MicroRNA-133a Expression in Endothelial Cells by Statin Prevents Endothelial Dysfunction by Targeting GTP Cyclohydrolase 1 in Vivo. Circulation 2016; 134:1752-1765. [PMID: 27765794 PMCID: PMC5120771 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.116.017949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text. Background: GTP cyclohydrolase 1 (GCH1) deficiency is critical for endothelial nitric oxide synthase uncoupling in endothelial dysfunction. MicroRNAs (miRs) are a class of regulatory RNAs that negatively regulate gene expression. We investigated whether statins prevent endothelial dysfunction via miR-dependent GCH1 upregulation. Methods: Endothelial function was assessed by measuring acetylcholine-induced vasorelaxation in the organ chamber. MiR-133a expression was assessed by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and fluorescence in situ hybridization. Results: We first demonstrated that GCH1 mRNA is a target of miR-133a. In endothelial cells, miR-133a was robustly induced by cytokines/oxidants and inhibited by lovastatin. Furthermore, lovastatin upregulated GCH1 and tetrahydrobiopterin, and recoupled endothelial nitric oxide synthase in stressed endothelial cells. These actions of lovastatin were abolished by enforced miR-133a expression and were mirrored by a miR-133a antagomir. In mice, hyperlipidemia- or hyperglycemia-induced ectopic miR-133a expression in the vascular endothelium, reduced GCH1 protein and tetrahydrobiopterin levels, and impaired endothelial function, which were reversed by lovastatin or miR-133a antagomir. These beneficial effects of lovastatin in mice were abrogated by in vivo miR-133a overexpression or GCH1 knockdown. In rats, multiple cardiovascular risk factors including hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, and hyperhomocysteinemia resulted in increased miR-133a vascular expression, reduced GCH1 expression, uncoupled endothelial nitric oxide synthase function, and induced endothelial dysfunction, which were prevented by lovastatin. Conclusions: Statin inhibits aberrant miR-133a expression in the vascular endothelium to prevent endothelial dysfunction by targeting GCH1. Therefore, miR-133a represents an important therapeutic target for preventing cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Li
- From School of Pharmacy and School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, China (P.L., Y.-L.Y., M.-L.Z., F.-R.Z., P.X., G.-R.W., S.-X.W.); The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China (T.G., H.M., Y.C., F.J., S.-X.W.); Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha, China (X.-Y.S., L.-Y.L.); The Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research, Institute of Zoonosis, Jilin University, Changchun, China (Q.-S.P.); and Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular, Cerebrovascular, and Metabolic Disorders, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, China (C.L.)
| | - Ya-Ling Yin
- From School of Pharmacy and School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, China (P.L., Y.-L.Y., M.-L.Z., F.-R.Z., P.X., G.-R.W., S.-X.W.); The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China (T.G., H.M., Y.C., F.J., S.-X.W.); Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha, China (X.-Y.S., L.-Y.L.); The Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research, Institute of Zoonosis, Jilin University, Changchun, China (Q.-S.P.); and Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular, Cerebrovascular, and Metabolic Disorders, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, China (C.L.)
| | - Tao Guo
- From School of Pharmacy and School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, China (P.L., Y.-L.Y., M.-L.Z., F.-R.Z., P.X., G.-R.W., S.-X.W.); The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China (T.G., H.M., Y.C., F.J., S.-X.W.); Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha, China (X.-Y.S., L.-Y.L.); The Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research, Institute of Zoonosis, Jilin University, Changchun, China (Q.-S.P.); and Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular, Cerebrovascular, and Metabolic Disorders, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, China (C.L.)
| | - Xue-Ying Sun
- From School of Pharmacy and School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, China (P.L., Y.-L.Y., M.-L.Z., F.-R.Z., P.X., G.-R.W., S.-X.W.); The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China (T.G., H.M., Y.C., F.J., S.-X.W.); Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha, China (X.-Y.S., L.-Y.L.); The Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research, Institute of Zoonosis, Jilin University, Changchun, China (Q.-S.P.); and Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular, Cerebrovascular, and Metabolic Disorders, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, China (C.L.)
| | - Hui Ma
- From School of Pharmacy and School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, China (P.L., Y.-L.Y., M.-L.Z., F.-R.Z., P.X., G.-R.W., S.-X.W.); The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China (T.G., H.M., Y.C., F.J., S.-X.W.); Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha, China (X.-Y.S., L.-Y.L.); The Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research, Institute of Zoonosis, Jilin University, Changchun, China (Q.-S.P.); and Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular, Cerebrovascular, and Metabolic Disorders, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, China (C.L.)
| | - Mo-Li Zhu
- From School of Pharmacy and School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, China (P.L., Y.-L.Y., M.-L.Z., F.-R.Z., P.X., G.-R.W., S.-X.W.); The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China (T.G., H.M., Y.C., F.J., S.-X.W.); Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha, China (X.-Y.S., L.-Y.L.); The Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research, Institute of Zoonosis, Jilin University, Changchun, China (Q.-S.P.); and Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular, Cerebrovascular, and Metabolic Disorders, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, China (C.L.)
| | - Fan-Rong Zhao
- From School of Pharmacy and School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, China (P.L., Y.-L.Y., M.-L.Z., F.-R.Z., P.X., G.-R.W., S.-X.W.); The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China (T.G., H.M., Y.C., F.J., S.-X.W.); Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha, China (X.-Y.S., L.-Y.L.); The Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research, Institute of Zoonosis, Jilin University, Changchun, China (Q.-S.P.); and Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular, Cerebrovascular, and Metabolic Disorders, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, China (C.L.)
| | - Ping Xu
- From School of Pharmacy and School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, China (P.L., Y.-L.Y., M.-L.Z., F.-R.Z., P.X., G.-R.W., S.-X.W.); The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China (T.G., H.M., Y.C., F.J., S.-X.W.); Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha, China (X.-Y.S., L.-Y.L.); The Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research, Institute of Zoonosis, Jilin University, Changchun, China (Q.-S.P.); and Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular, Cerebrovascular, and Metabolic Disorders, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, China (C.L.)
| | - Yuan Chen
- From School of Pharmacy and School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, China (P.L., Y.-L.Y., M.-L.Z., F.-R.Z., P.X., G.-R.W., S.-X.W.); The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China (T.G., H.M., Y.C., F.J., S.-X.W.); Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha, China (X.-Y.S., L.-Y.L.); The Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research, Institute of Zoonosis, Jilin University, Changchun, China (Q.-S.P.); and Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular, Cerebrovascular, and Metabolic Disorders, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, China (C.L.)
| | - Guang-Rui Wan
- From School of Pharmacy and School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, China (P.L., Y.-L.Y., M.-L.Z., F.-R.Z., P.X., G.-R.W., S.-X.W.); The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China (T.G., H.M., Y.C., F.J., S.-X.W.); Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha, China (X.-Y.S., L.-Y.L.); The Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research, Institute of Zoonosis, Jilin University, Changchun, China (Q.-S.P.); and Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular, Cerebrovascular, and Metabolic Disorders, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, China (C.L.)
| | - Fan Jiang
- From School of Pharmacy and School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, China (P.L., Y.-L.Y., M.-L.Z., F.-R.Z., P.X., G.-R.W., S.-X.W.); The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China (T.G., H.M., Y.C., F.J., S.-X.W.); Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha, China (X.-Y.S., L.-Y.L.); The Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research, Institute of Zoonosis, Jilin University, Changchun, China (Q.-S.P.); and Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular, Cerebrovascular, and Metabolic Disorders, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, China (C.L.)
| | - Qi-Sheng Peng
- From School of Pharmacy and School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, China (P.L., Y.-L.Y., M.-L.Z., F.-R.Z., P.X., G.-R.W., S.-X.W.); The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China (T.G., H.M., Y.C., F.J., S.-X.W.); Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha, China (X.-Y.S., L.-Y.L.); The Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research, Institute of Zoonosis, Jilin University, Changchun, China (Q.-S.P.); and Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular, Cerebrovascular, and Metabolic Disorders, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, China (C.L.)
| | - Chao Liu
- From School of Pharmacy and School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, China (P.L., Y.-L.Y., M.-L.Z., F.-R.Z., P.X., G.-R.W., S.-X.W.); The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China (T.G., H.M., Y.C., F.J., S.-X.W.); Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha, China (X.-Y.S., L.-Y.L.); The Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research, Institute of Zoonosis, Jilin University, Changchun, China (Q.-S.P.); and Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular, Cerebrovascular, and Metabolic Disorders, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, China (C.L.)
| | - Li-Ying Liu
- From School of Pharmacy and School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, China (P.L., Y.-L.Y., M.-L.Z., F.-R.Z., P.X., G.-R.W., S.-X.W.); The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China (T.G., H.M., Y.C., F.J., S.-X.W.); Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha, China (X.-Y.S., L.-Y.L.); The Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research, Institute of Zoonosis, Jilin University, Changchun, China (Q.-S.P.); and Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular, Cerebrovascular, and Metabolic Disorders, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, China (C.L.)
| | - Shuang-Xi Wang
- From School of Pharmacy and School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, China (P.L., Y.-L.Y., M.-L.Z., F.-R.Z., P.X., G.-R.W., S.-X.W.); The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China (T.G., H.M., Y.C., F.J., S.-X.W.); Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha, China (X.-Y.S., L.-Y.L.); The Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research, Institute of Zoonosis, Jilin University, Changchun, China (Q.-S.P.); and Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular, Cerebrovascular, and Metabolic Disorders, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, China (C.L.).
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16
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Peroxynitrite: From interception to signaling. Arch Biochem Biophys 2016; 595:153-60. [PMID: 27095233 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2015.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Peroxynitrite is a strong oxidant and nitrating species that mediates certain biological effects of superoxide and nitrogen monoxide. These biological effects include oxidative damage to proteins as well as the formation of 3-nitrotyrosyl moieties in proteins. As a consequence, such proteins may lose their activity, gain altered function, or become prone to proteolytic degradation - resulting in modulation of cellular protein turnover and in the modulation of signaling cascades. In analogy to hydrogen peroxide, peroxynitrite may be scavenged by selenoproteins like glutathione peroxidase-1 (GPx-1) or by selenocompounds with a GPx-like activity, such as ebselen; in further analogy to H2O2, peroxiredoxins have also been established as contributors to peroxynitrite reduction. This review covers three aspects of peroxynitrite biochemistry, (i) the interaction of selenocompounds/-proteins with peroxynitrite, (ii) peroxynitrite-induced modulation of cellular proteolysis, and (iii) peroxynitrite-induced modulation of cellular signaling.
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17
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Sethumadhavan S, Whitsett J, Bennett B, Ionova IA, Pieper GM, Vasquez-Vivar J. Increasing tetrahydrobiopterin in cardiomyocytes adversely affects cardiac redox state and mitochondrial function independently of changes in NO production. Free Radic Biol Med 2016; 93:1-11. [PMID: 26826575 PMCID: PMC5498285 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Revised: 12/31/2015] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) represents a potential strategy for the treatment of cardiac remodeling, fibrosis and/or diastolic dysfunction. The effects of oral treatment with BH4 (Sapropterin™ or Kuvan™) are however dose-limiting with high dose negating functional improvements. Cardiomyocyte-specific overexpression of GTP cyclohydrolase I (mGCH) increases BH4 several-fold in the heart. Using this model, we aimed to establish the cardiomyocyte-specific responses to high levels of BH4. Quantification of BH4 and BH2 in mGCH transgenic hearts showed age-based variations in BH4:BH2 ratios. Hearts of mice (<6 months) have lower BH4:BH2 ratios than hearts of older mice while both GTPCH activity and tissue ascorbate levels were higher in hearts of young than older mice. No evident changes in nitric oxide (NO) production assessed by nitrite and endogenous iron-nitrosyl complexes were detected in any of the age groups. Increased BH4 production in cardiomyocytes resulted in a significant loss of mitochondrial function. Diminished oxygen consumption and reserve capacity was verified in mitochondria isolated from hearts of 12-month old compared to 3-month old mice, even though at 12 months an improved BH4:BH2 ratio is established. Accumulation of 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) and decreased glutathione levels were found in the mGCH hearts and isolated mitochondria. Taken together, our results indicate that the ratio of BH4:BH2 does not predict changes in neither NO levels nor cellular redox state in the heart. The BH4 oxidation essentially limits the capacity of cardiomyocytes to reduce oxidant stress. Cardiomyocyte with chronically high levels of BH4 show a significant decline in redox state and mitochondrial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Savitha Sethumadhavan
- Department of Biophysics, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Jennifer Whitsett
- Department of Biophysics, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Brian Bennett
- Department of Biophysics, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA; Department of Physics, Marquette University, Milwaukee, 1250 W Wisconsin Ave, Milwaukee, WI 53233, USA
| | - Irina A Ionova
- Department of Surgery Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Galen M Pieper
- Department of Surgery Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Jeannette Vasquez-Vivar
- Department of Biophysics, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
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18
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Cai Z, Lu Q, Ding Y, Wang Q, Xiao L, Song P, Zou MH. Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase-Derived Nitric Oxide Prevents Dihydrofolate Reductase Degradation via Promoting S-Nitrosylation. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2015; 35:2366-73. [PMID: 26381869 PMCID: PMC4758687 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.115.305796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) is a key protein involved in tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) regeneration from 7,8-dihydrobiopterin (BH2). Dysfunctional DHFR may induce endothelial nitric oxide (NO) synthase (eNOS) uncoupling resulting in enzyme production of superoxide anions instead of NO. The mechanism by which DHFR is regulated is unknown. Here, we investigate whether eNOS-derived NO maintains DHFR stability. APPROACH AND RESULTS DHFR activity, BH4 content, eNOS activity, and S-nitrosylation were assessed in human umbilical vein endothelial cells and in aortas isolated from wild-type and eNOS knockout mice. In human umbilical vein endothelial cells, depletion of intracellular NO by transfection with eNOS-specific siRNA or by the NO scavenger 2-(4-carboxyphenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide (PTIO)-both of which had no effect on DHFR mRNA levels-markedly reduced DHFR protein levels in parallel with increased DHFR polyubiquitination. Supplementation of S-nitroso-l-glutathione (GSNO), a NO donor, or MG132, a potent inhibitor of the 26S proteasome, prevented eNOS silencing and PTIO-induced DHFR reduction in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. PTIO suppressed S-nitrosylation of DHFR, whereas GSNO promoted DHFR S-nitrosylation. Mutational analysis confirmed that cysteine 7 of DHFR was S-nitrosylated. Cysteine 7 S-nitrosylation stabilized DHFR from ubiquitination and degradation. Experiments performed in aortas confirmed that PTIO or eNOS deficiency reduces endothelial DHFR, which can be abolished by MG132 supplementation. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that S-nitrosylation of DHFR at cysteine 7 by eNOS-derived NO is crucial for DHFR stability. We also conclude that NO-induced stabilization of DHFR prevents eNOS uncoupling via regeneration of BH4, an essential eNOS cofactor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhejun Cai
- From the Center for Molecular and Translational Medicine, Georgia State University, Atlanta (Z.C., Q.L., Y.D., Q.W., L.X., P.S., M.-H.Z.); and Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University College of Medicine, Zhejiang, China (Z.C.)
| | - Qiulun Lu
- From the Center for Molecular and Translational Medicine, Georgia State University, Atlanta (Z.C., Q.L., Y.D., Q.W., L.X., P.S., M.-H.Z.); and Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University College of Medicine, Zhejiang, China (Z.C.)
| | - Ye Ding
- From the Center for Molecular and Translational Medicine, Georgia State University, Atlanta (Z.C., Q.L., Y.D., Q.W., L.X., P.S., M.-H.Z.); and Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University College of Medicine, Zhejiang, China (Z.C.)
| | - Qilong Wang
- From the Center for Molecular and Translational Medicine, Georgia State University, Atlanta (Z.C., Q.L., Y.D., Q.W., L.X., P.S., M.-H.Z.); and Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University College of Medicine, Zhejiang, China (Z.C.)
| | - Lei Xiao
- From the Center for Molecular and Translational Medicine, Georgia State University, Atlanta (Z.C., Q.L., Y.D., Q.W., L.X., P.S., M.-H.Z.); and Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University College of Medicine, Zhejiang, China (Z.C.)
| | - Ping Song
- From the Center for Molecular and Translational Medicine, Georgia State University, Atlanta (Z.C., Q.L., Y.D., Q.W., L.X., P.S., M.-H.Z.); and Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University College of Medicine, Zhejiang, China (Z.C.)
| | - Ming-Hui Zou
- From the Center for Molecular and Translational Medicine, Georgia State University, Atlanta (Z.C., Q.L., Y.D., Q.W., L.X., P.S., M.-H.Z.); and Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University College of Medicine, Zhejiang, China (Z.C.).
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19
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Zhao Y, Majid MC, Soll JM, Brickner JR, Dango S, Mosammaparast N. Noncanonical regulation of alkylation damage resistance by the OTUD4 deubiquitinase. EMBO J 2015; 34:1687-703. [PMID: 25944111 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201490497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2014] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Repair of DNA alkylation damage is critical for genomic stability and involves multiple conserved enzymatic pathways. Alkylation damage resistance, which is critical in cancer chemotherapy, depends on the overexpression of alkylation repair proteins. However, the mechanisms responsible for this upregulation are unknown. Here, we show that an OTU domain deubiquitinase, OTUD4, is a positive regulator of ALKBH2 and ALKBH3, two DNA demethylases critical for alkylation repair. Remarkably, we find that OTUD4 catalytic activity is completely dispensable for this function. Rather, OTUD4 is a scaffold for USP7 and USP9X, two deubiquitinases that act directly on the AlkB proteins. Moreover, we show that loss of OTUD4, USP7, or USP9X in tumor cells makes them significantly more sensitive to alkylating agents. Taken together, this work reveals a novel, noncanonical mechanism by which an OTU family deubiquitinase regulates its substrates, and provides multiple new targets for alkylation chemotherapy sensitization of tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhao
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Division of Laboratory and Genomic Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO USA
| | - Mona C Majid
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Division of Laboratory and Genomic Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO USA
| | - Jennifer M Soll
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Division of Laboratory and Genomic Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO USA
| | - Joshua R Brickner
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Division of Laboratory and Genomic Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO USA
| | - Sebastian Dango
- Division of General, Visceral and Pediatric Surgery, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Nima Mosammaparast
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Division of Laboratory and Genomic Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO USA
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20
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Modulation of Radiation Response by the Tetrahydrobiopterin Pathway. Antioxidants (Basel) 2015; 4:68-81. [PMID: 26785338 PMCID: PMC4665563 DOI: 10.3390/antiox4010068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Revised: 01/07/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Ionizing radiation (IR) is an integral component of our lives due to highly prevalent sources such as medical, environmental, and/or accidental. Thus, understanding of the mechanisms by which radiation toxicity develops is crucial to address acute and chronic health problems that occur following IR exposure. Immediate formation of IR-induced free radicals as well as their persistent effects on metabolism through subsequent alterations in redox mediated inter- and intracellular processes are globally accepted as significant contributors to early and late effects of IR exposure. This includes but is not limited to cytotoxicity, genomic instability, fibrosis and inflammation. Damage to the critical biomolecules leading to detrimental long-term alterations in metabolic redox homeostasis following IR exposure has been the focus of various independent investigations over last several decades. The growth of the "omics" technologies during the past decade has enabled integration of "data from traditional radiobiology research", with data from metabolomics studies. This review will focus on the role of tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4), an understudied redox-sensitive metabolite, plays in the pathogenesis of post-irradiation normal tissue injury as well as how the metabolomic readout of BH4 metabolism fits in the overall picture of disrupted oxidative metabolism following IR exposure.
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21
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Song P, Zou MH. Redox regulation of endothelial cell fate. Cell Mol Life Sci 2014; 71:3219-39. [PMID: 24633153 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-014-1598-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Revised: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 02/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Endothelial cells (ECs) are present throughout blood vessels and have variable roles in both physiological and pathological settings. EC fate is altered and regulated by several key factors in physiological or pathological conditions. Reactive nitrogen species and reactive oxygen species derived from NAD(P)H oxidases, mitochondria, or nitric oxide-producing enzymes are not only cytotoxic but also compose a signaling network in the redox system. The formation, actions, key molecular interactions, and physiological and pathological relevance of redox signals in ECs remain unclear. We review the identities, sources, and biological actions of oxidants and reductants produced during EC function or dysfunction. Further, we discuss how ECs shape key redox sensors and examine the biological functions, transcriptional responses, and post-translational modifications evoked by the redox system in ECs. We summarize recent findings regarding the mechanisms by which redox signals regulate the fate of ECs and address the outcome of altered EC fate in health and disease. Future studies will examine if the redox biology of ECs can be targeted in pathophysiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Song
- Section of Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 941 Stanton L Young Blvd., Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA,
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