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Ni W, Niu Y, Cao S, Fan C, Fan J, Zhu L, Wang X. Intermittent hypoxia exacerbates anxiety in high-fat diet-induced diabetic mice by inhibiting TREM2-regulated IFNAR1 signaling. J Neuroinflammation 2024; 21:166. [PMID: 38956653 PMCID: PMC11218348 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-024-03160-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) are mutual risk factors, with both conditions inducing cognitive impairment and anxiety. However, whether OSA exacerbates cognitive impairment and anxiety in patients with T2DM remains unclear. Moreover, TREM2 upregulation has been suggested to play a protective role in attenuating microglia activation and improving synaptic function in T2DM mice. The aim of this study was to explore the regulatory mechanisms of TREM2 and the cognitive and anxiety-like behavioral changes in mice with OSA combined with T2DM. METHODS A T2DM with OSA model was developed by treating mice with a 60% kcal high-fat diet (HFD) combined with intermittent hypoxia (IH). Spatial learning memory capacity and anxiety in mice were investigated. Neuronal damage in the brain was determined by the quantity of synapses density, the number and morphology of brain microglia, and pro-inflammatory factors. For mechanism exploration, an in vitro model of T2DM combined with OSA was generated by co-treating microglia with high glucose (HG) and IH. Regulation of TREM2 on IFNAR1-STAT1 pathway was determined by RNA sequencing and qRT-PCR. RESULTS Our results showed that HFD mice exhibited significant cognitive dysfunction and anxiety-like behavior, accompanied by significant synaptic loss. Furthermore, significant activation of brain microglia and enhanced microglial phagocytosis of synapses were observed. Moreover, IH was found to significantly aggravate anxiety in the HFD mice. The mechanism of HG treatment may potentially involve the promotion of TREM2 upregulation, which in turn attenuates the proinflammatory microglia by inhibiting the IFNAR1-STAT1 pathway. Conversely, a significant reduction in TREM2 in IH-co-treated HFD mice and HG-treated microglia resulted in the further activation of the IFNAR1-STAT1 pathway and consequently increased proinflammatory microglial activation. CONCLUSIONS HFD upregulated the IFNAR1-STAT1 pathway and induced proinflammatory microglia, leading to synaptic damage and causing anxiety and cognitive deficits. The upregulated TREM2 inT2DM mice brain exerted a negative regulation of the IFNAR1-STAT1 pathway. Mice with T2DM combined with OSA exacerbated anxiety via the downregulation of TREM2, causing heightened IFNAR1-STAT1 pathway activation and consequently increasing proinflammatory microglia.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Mice
- Diet, High-Fat/adverse effects
- Membrane Glycoproteins/metabolism
- Membrane Glycoproteins/genetics
- Receptors, Immunologic/metabolism
- Receptors, Immunologic/genetics
- Anxiety/etiology
- Anxiety/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/physiology
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Hypoxia/metabolism
- Hypoxia/complications
- Male
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/complications
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/psychology
- Receptor, Interferon alpha-beta/metabolism
- Receptor, Interferon alpha-beta/genetics
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/complications
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/metabolism
- Microglia/metabolism
- STAT1 Transcription Factor/metabolism
- Sleep Apnea, Obstructive/complications
- Sleep Apnea, Obstructive/metabolism
- Sleep Apnea, Obstructive/psychology
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyu Ni
- Qidong People's Hospital, Affiliated Qidong Hospital of Nantong University, Qidong Liver Cancer Institute, No.9, Seyuan Road, Chongchuan District, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226000, China
| | - Yun Niu
- Institute of Special Environmental Medicine, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Sitong Cao
- Institute of Special Environmental Medicine, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Chunsun Fan
- Qidong People's Hospital, Affiliated Qidong Hospital of Nantong University, Qidong Liver Cancer Institute, No.9, Seyuan Road, Chongchuan District, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226000, China
| | - Jian Fan
- Qidong People's Hospital, Affiliated Qidong Hospital of Nantong University, Qidong Liver Cancer Institute, No.9, Seyuan Road, Chongchuan District, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226000, China
| | - Li Zhu
- Institute of Special Environmental Medicine, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China.
| | - Xueting Wang
- Institute of Special Environmental Medicine, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China.
- Medical Research Center Affiliated Hospital 2 of Nantong University, Nantong, China.
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Reches G, Khoon L, Ghanayiem N, Malka A, Piran R. Controlling autoimmune diabetes onset by targeting Protease-Activated Receptor 2. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 175:116622. [PMID: 38653114 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a challenging autoimmune disease, characterized by an immune system assault on insulin-producing β-cells. As insulin facilitates glucose absorption into cells and tissues, β-cell deficiency leads to elevated blood glucose levels on one hand and target-tissues starvation on the other. Despite efforts to halt β-cell destruction and stimulate recovery, success has been limited. Our recent investigations identified Protease-Activated Receptor 2 (Par2) as a promising target in the battle against autoimmunity. We discovered that Par2 activation's effects depend on its initial activation site: exacerbating the disease within the immune system but fostering regeneration in affected tissue. METHODS We utilized tissue-specific Par2 knockout mice strains with targeted Par2 mutations in β-cells, lymphocytes, and the eye retina (as a control) in the NOD autoimmune diabetes model, examining T1D onset and β-cell survival. RESULTS We discovered that Par2 expression within the immune system accelerates autoimmune processes, while its presence in β-cells offers protection against β-cell destruction and T1D onset. This suggests a dual-strategy treatment for T1D: inhibiting Par2 in the immune system while activating it in β-cells, offering a promising strategy for T1D. CONCLUSIONS This study highlights Par2's potential as a drug target for autoimmune diseases, particularly T1D. Our results pave the way for precision medicine approaches in treating autoimmune conditions through targeted Par2 modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gal Reches
- The Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Safed, Israel
| | - Lynn Khoon
- The Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Safed, Israel
| | | | - Assaf Malka
- The Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Safed, Israel
| | - Ron Piran
- The Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Safed, Israel.
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Shen X, Lan C, Lin Y, Zhang F, Zhang Y, Chen M, Yan S. Suppression of TLR4 prevents diabetic bone loss by regulating FTO-mediated m 6A modification. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 122:110510. [PMID: 37413932 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
Toll-like receptor-4 (TLR4) has been implicated in the development and progression of diabetic osteoporosis. However, the mechanisms underlying TLR4-regulated bone metabolism in diabetes are yet to be fully understood. Epigenetic modifications have been indicated as a possible mechanism leading to increased risk of osteoporosis and bone fracture. As N6-methyladenosine (m6A) is the most common epigenetic modification in eukaryotic mRNAs, we hypothesized that TLR4 regulates m6A modification in bone tissues of diabetic rats, thereby potentially explaining the pathogenesis of diabetic bone loss. m6A sequencing (m6A-seq) was performed in samples of the femur of TLR4-wild type (TLR4WT) and TLR4-knockout (TLR4KO) diabetic rats to identify genes with differential m6A modifications that may be associated with the bone loss phenotype. We found that in TLR4KO rats, the rapid weight loss of diabetic rats was prevented, and bone mineral density (BMD) was significantly increased. m6A-seq and Gene Ontology enrichment analysis revealed that m6A-modified genes in the femur of TLR4KO diabetic rats were associated with regulation of biological processes such as osteoclast differentiation. qRT-PCR analysis on the expression levels of the m6A-modified methyltransferases and demethylases demonstrated that only the m6A demethylase fat mass and obesity-associated protein(FTO)was decreased. Using an osteoclast cell model, we confirmed that TLR4-mediated osteoclast differentiation was induced by glycolipid toxicity via inhibition of FTO expression. Taken together, these results suggest that inhibition of TLR4 may prevent diabetic bone loss via regulation of FTO-mediated m6A modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ximei Shen
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350005, China; Department of Endocrinology, National Regional Medical Center, Binhai Campus of the First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350212, China; Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases of Fujian Province, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350005, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Glycolipid and Bone Mineral Metabolism, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350005, China; Diabetes Research Institute of Fujian Province, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350005, China; Metabolic Diseases Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350005, China
| | - Chao Lan
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350005, China; Department of Endocrinology, National Regional Medical Center, Binhai Campus of the First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350212, China; Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases of Fujian Province, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350005, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Glycolipid and Bone Mineral Metabolism, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350005, China; Diabetes Research Institute of Fujian Province, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350005, China; Metabolic Diseases Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350005, China
| | - Youfen Lin
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350005, China; Department of Endocrinology, National Regional Medical Center, Binhai Campus of the First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350212, China; Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases of Fujian Province, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350005, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Glycolipid and Bone Mineral Metabolism, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350005, China; Diabetes Research Institute of Fujian Province, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350005, China; Metabolic Diseases Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350005, China
| | - Fuyashi Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350005, China
| | - Yongze Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350005, China; Department of Endocrinology, National Regional Medical Center, Binhai Campus of the First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350212, China; Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases of Fujian Province, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350005, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Glycolipid and Bone Mineral Metabolism, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350005, China; Diabetes Research Institute of Fujian Province, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350005, China; Metabolic Diseases Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350005, China
| | - Mingyun Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350005, China; Department of Endocrinology, National Regional Medical Center, Binhai Campus of the First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350212, China; Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases of Fujian Province, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350005, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Glycolipid and Bone Mineral Metabolism, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350005, China; Diabetes Research Institute of Fujian Province, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350005, China; Metabolic Diseases Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350005, China
| | - Sunjie Yan
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350005, China; Department of Endocrinology, National Regional Medical Center, Binhai Campus of the First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350212, China; Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases of Fujian Province, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350005, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Glycolipid and Bone Mineral Metabolism, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350005, China; Diabetes Research Institute of Fujian Province, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350005, China; Metabolic Diseases Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350005, China.
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De George DJ, Ge T, Krishnamurthy B, Kay TWH, Thomas HE. Inflammation versus regulation: how interferon-gamma contributes to type 1 diabetes pathogenesis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1205590. [PMID: 37293126 PMCID: PMC10244651 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1205590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease with onset from early childhood. The insulin-producing pancreatic beta cells are destroyed by CD8+ cytotoxic T cells. The disease is challenging to study mechanistically in humans because it is not possible to biopsy the pancreatic islets and the disease is most active prior to the time of clinical diagnosis. The NOD mouse model, with many similarities to, but also some significant differences from human diabetes, provides an opportunity, in a single in-bred genotype, to explore pathogenic mechanisms in molecular detail. The pleiotropic cytokine IFN-γ is believed to contribute to pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes. Evidence of IFN-γ signaling in the islets, including activation of the JAK-STAT pathway and upregulation of MHC class I, are hallmarks of the disease. IFN-γ has a proinflammatory role that is important for homing of autoreactive T cells into islets and direct recognition of beta cells by CD8+ T cells. We recently showed that IFN-γ also controls proliferation of autoreactive T cells. Therefore, inhibition of IFN-γ does not prevent type 1 diabetes and is unlikely to be a good therapeutic target. In this manuscript we review the contrasting roles of IFN-γ in driving inflammation and regulating the number of antigen specific CD8+ T cells in type 1 diabetes. We also discuss the potential to use JAK inhibitors as therapy for type 1 diabetes, to inhibit both cytokine-mediated inflammation and proliferation of T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J. De George
- Immunology and Diabetes Unit, St Vincent’s Institute, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medicine, St Vincent’s Hospital, University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
| | - Tingting Ge
- Immunology and Diabetes Unit, St Vincent’s Institute, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medicine, St Vincent’s Hospital, University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
| | - Balasubramaniam Krishnamurthy
- Immunology and Diabetes Unit, St Vincent’s Institute, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medicine, St Vincent’s Hospital, University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
| | - Thomas W. H. Kay
- Immunology and Diabetes Unit, St Vincent’s Institute, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medicine, St Vincent’s Hospital, University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
| | - Helen E. Thomas
- Immunology and Diabetes Unit, St Vincent’s Institute, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medicine, St Vincent’s Hospital, University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
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5
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Blum SI, Taylor JP, Barra JM, Burg AR, Shang Q, Qiu S, Shechter O, Hayes AR, Green TJ, Geurts AM, Chen YG, Tse HM. MDA5-dependent responses contribute to autoimmune diabetes progression and hindrance. JCI Insight 2023; 8:157929. [PMID: 36512407 PMCID: PMC9977297 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.157929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disease resulting in pancreatic β cell destruction. Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) infection and melanoma differentiation-associated protein 5-dependent (MDA5-dependent) antiviral responses are linked with T1D development. Mutations within IFIH1, coding for MDA5, are correlated with T1D susceptibility, but how these mutations contribute to T1D remains unclear. Utilizing nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice lacking Ifih1 expression (KO) or containing an in-frame deletion within the ATPase site of the helicase 1 domain of MDA5 (ΔHel1), we tested the hypothesis that partial or complete loss-of-function mutations in MDA5 would delay T1D by impairing proinflammatory pancreatic macrophage and T cell responses. Spontaneous T1D developed in female NOD and KO mice similarly, but was significantly delayed in ΔHel1 mice, which may be partly due to a concomitant increase in myeloid-derived suppressor cells. Interestingly, KO male mice had increased spontaneous T1D compared with NOD mice. Whereas NOD and KO mice developed CVB3-accelerated T1D, ΔHel1 mice were protected partly due to decreased type I IFNs, pancreatic infiltrating TNF+ macrophages, IFN-γ+CD4+ T cells, and perforin+CD8+ T cells. Furthermore, ΔHel1 MDA5 protein had reduced ATP hydrolysis compared with wild-type MDA5. Our results suggest that dampened MDA5 function delays T1D, yet loss of MDA5 promotes T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel I. Blum
- Department of Microbiology, Comprehensive Diabetes Center, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Jared P. Taylor
- Department of Microbiology, Comprehensive Diabetes Center, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Jessie M. Barra
- Department of Microbiology, Comprehensive Diabetes Center, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Ashley R. Burg
- Department of Microbiology, Comprehensive Diabetes Center, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Qiao Shang
- Department of Microbiology, Comprehensive Diabetes Center, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Shihong Qiu
- Department of Microbiology, Comprehensive Diabetes Center, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Oren Shechter
- Department of Microbiology, Comprehensive Diabetes Center, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Aleah R. Hayes
- Department of Microbiology, Comprehensive Diabetes Center, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Todd J. Green
- Department of Microbiology, Comprehensive Diabetes Center, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | | | - Yi-Guang Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Hubert M. Tse
- Department of Microbiology, Comprehensive Diabetes Center, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
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6
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Alexopoulou L. Nucleic acid-sensing toll-like receptors: Important players in Sjögren’s syndrome. Front Immunol 2022; 13:980400. [PMID: 36389822 PMCID: PMC9659959 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.980400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Sjögren’s syndrome (SS) is a chronic systemic autoimmune disease that affects the salivary and lacrimal glands, as well as other organ systems like the lungs, kidneys and nervous system. SS can occur alone or in combination with another autoimmune disease, such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) or rheumatoid arthritis. The etiology of SS is unknown but recent studies have revealed the implication of the activation of innate immune receptors, including Toll-like receptors (TLRs), mainly through the detection of endogenous nucleic acids, in the pathogenesis of systemic autoimmune diseases. Studies on SS mouse models suggest that TLRs and especially TLR7 that detects single-stranded RNA of microbial or endogenous origin can drive the development of SS and findings in SS patients corroborate those in mouse models. In this review, we will give an overview of the function and signaling of nucleic acid-sensing TLRs, the interplay of TLR7 with TLR8 and TLR9 in the context of autoimmunity, summarize the evidence for the critical role of TLR7 in the pathogenesis of SS and present a possible connection between SARS-CoV-2 and SS.
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7
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Sun W, Liu J, Zhao R, Yang T, Zheng Z, Zhang T, Wang G. Knockdown of IFNAR2 reduces the inflammatory response in mouse model of type 1 diabetes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2022; 619:9-14. [PMID: 35728283 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2022.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND and Purpose: To investigate the biological role of interferon α/β receptor 2 (IFNAR2) in type 1 diabetes (T1D). METHODS First, IFNAR2 mRNA and protein expression levels in serum of T1D patients and healthy controls were detected by RT-qPCR and Western blot. For experimental studies, 80 male C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into 4 groups with 20 mice in each group: the control group, the T1D group, the T1D + ad-con group and the T1D + ad-si-IFNAR2 group. The T1D mouse model was generated by multiple intraperitoneal injections of small doses of streptozotocin (STZ). Body weight and blood glucose levels were measured weekly until 6 weeks. After 6 weeks, all mice were sacrificed and the levels of insulin (Ins), tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), interleukin 4 (IL-4), IL-6, and type I interferon γ (IFN-γ), IFNAR2 protein expression, the number of dendritic cells (DCs), and changes in islet β cells were assessed. RESULTS IFNAR2 mRNA and protein expression levels in serum of T1D patients were significantly higher than those in healthy controls (P < 0.05). Furthermore, IFNAR2 protein expression, number of DCs, and IFNAR2 mRNA, blood glucose, TNF-α, and IFN-γ levels were significantly upregulated in T1D mice compared with the control group (P < 0.05), while weight, and Ins, IL-6, and IL-4 levels were decreased (P < 0.05). However, knockdown of IFNAR2 reversed these trends. There was no significant difference in markers between the T1D + ad-con group and the T1D group (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Knockdown of IFNAR2 reduced the inflammatory response and improved islet function of T1D mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Sun
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Lianyungang Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, The First People's Hospital of Lianyungang, The Affiliated Hospital of Kangda College of Nanjing Medical University, Lianyungang, JiangSu, 222061, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Management of Hospital Infection, The Affiliated Lianyungang Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, The First People's Hospital of Lianyungang, The Affiliated Hospital of Kangda College of Nanjing Medical University, Lianyungang, JiangSu, 222061, China
| | - Renhao Zhao
- Department of Endocrinology, The Affiliated Lianyungang Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, The First People's Hospital of Lianyungang, The Affiliated Hospital of Kangda College of Nanjing Medical University, Lianyungang, JiangSu, 222061, China
| | - Teng Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, The Affiliated Lianyungang Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, The First People's Hospital of Lianyungang, The Affiliated Hospital of Kangda College of Nanjing Medical University, Lianyungang, JiangSu, 222061, China
| | - Zhichen Zheng
- Department of Endocrinology, The Affiliated Lianyungang Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, The First People's Hospital of Lianyungang, The Affiliated Hospital of Kangda College of Nanjing Medical University, Lianyungang, JiangSu, 222061, China
| | - Tongyu Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, The Affiliated Lianyungang Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, The First People's Hospital of Lianyungang, The Affiliated Hospital of Kangda College of Nanjing Medical University, Lianyungang, JiangSu, 222061, China
| | - Guofeng Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, The Affiliated Lianyungang Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, The First People's Hospital of Lianyungang, The Affiliated Hospital of Kangda College of Nanjing Medical University, Lianyungang, JiangSu, 222061, China.
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8
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Jhala G, Krishnamurthy B, Brodnicki TC, Ge T, Akazawa S, Selck C, Trivedi PM, Pappas EG, Mackin L, Principe N, Brémaud E, De George DJ, Boon L, Smyth I, Chee J, Kay TWH, Thomas HE. Interferons limit autoantigen-specific CD8 + T-cell expansion in the non-obese diabetic mouse. Cell Rep 2022; 39:110747. [PMID: 35476975 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferon gamma (IFNγ) is a proinflammatory cytokine implicated in autoimmune diseases. However, deficiency or neutralization of IFNγ is ineffective in reducing disease. We characterize islet antigen-specific T cells in non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice lacking all three IFN receptor genes. Diabetes is minimally affected, but at 125 days of age, antigen-specific CD8+ T cells, quantified using major histocompatibility complex class I tetramers, are present in 10-fold greater numbers in Ifngr-mutant NOD mice. T cells from Ifngr-mutant mice have increased proliferative responses to interleukin-2 (IL-2). They also have reduced phosphorylated STAT1 and its target gene, suppressor of cytokine signaling 1 (SOCS-1). IFNγ controls the expansion of antigen-specific CD8+ T cells by mechanisms which include increased SOCS-1 expression that regulates IL-2 signaling. The expanded CD8+ T cells are likely to contribute to normal diabetes progression despite reduced inflammation in Ifngr-mutant mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurang Jhala
- Immunology and Diabetes Unit, St Vincent's Institute, Fitzroy, VIC 3065, Australia
| | - Balasubramanian Krishnamurthy
- Immunology and Diabetes Unit, St Vincent's Institute, Fitzroy, VIC 3065, Australia; Department of Medicine, St Vincent's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, VIC 3065, Australia
| | - Thomas C Brodnicki
- Immunology and Diabetes Unit, St Vincent's Institute, Fitzroy, VIC 3065, Australia; Department of Medicine, St Vincent's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, VIC 3065, Australia; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Tingting Ge
- Immunology and Diabetes Unit, St Vincent's Institute, Fitzroy, VIC 3065, Australia; Department of Medicine, St Vincent's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, VIC 3065, Australia
| | - Satoru Akazawa
- Immunology and Diabetes Unit, St Vincent's Institute, Fitzroy, VIC 3065, Australia
| | - Claudia Selck
- Immunology and Diabetes Unit, St Vincent's Institute, Fitzroy, VIC 3065, Australia
| | - Prerak M Trivedi
- Immunology and Diabetes Unit, St Vincent's Institute, Fitzroy, VIC 3065, Australia
| | - Evan G Pappas
- Immunology and Diabetes Unit, St Vincent's Institute, Fitzroy, VIC 3065, Australia
| | - Leanne Mackin
- Immunology and Diabetes Unit, St Vincent's Institute, Fitzroy, VIC 3065, Australia
| | - Nicola Principe
- National Centre of Asbestos-Related Diseases, Institute of Respiratory Health, School of Biomedical Science, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Erwan Brémaud
- Immunology and Diabetes Unit, St Vincent's Institute, Fitzroy, VIC 3065, Australia
| | - David J De George
- Immunology and Diabetes Unit, St Vincent's Institute, Fitzroy, VIC 3065, Australia; Department of Medicine, St Vincent's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, VIC 3065, Australia
| | - Louis Boon
- Polpharma Biologics, 3584 CM Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Ian Smyth
- Australian Phenomics Network, Monash Genome Modification Platform, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia; Development and Stem Cells Program, Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Jonathan Chee
- National Centre of Asbestos-Related Diseases, Institute of Respiratory Health, School of Biomedical Science, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Thomas W H Kay
- Immunology and Diabetes Unit, St Vincent's Institute, Fitzroy, VIC 3065, Australia; Department of Medicine, St Vincent's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, VIC 3065, Australia.
| | - Helen E Thomas
- Immunology and Diabetes Unit, St Vincent's Institute, Fitzroy, VIC 3065, Australia; Department of Medicine, St Vincent's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, VIC 3065, Australia
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9
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Elvira B, Vandenbempt V, Bauzá-Martinez J, Crutzen R, Negueruela J, Ibrahim H, Winder ML, Brahma MK, Vekeriotaite B, Martens PJ, Singh SP, Rossello F, Lybaert P, Otonkoski T, Gysemans C, Wu W, Gurzov EN. PTPN2 Regulates the Interferon Signaling and Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Response in Pancreatic β-Cells in Autoimmune Diabetes. Diabetes 2022; 71:653-668. [PMID: 35044456 DOI: 10.2337/db21-0443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) results from autoimmune destruction of β-cells in the pancreas. Protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) are candidate genes for T1D and play a key role in autoimmune disease development and β-cell dysfunction. Here, we assessed the global protein and individual PTP profiles in the pancreas from nonobese mice with early-onset diabetes (NOD) mice treated with an anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody and interleukin-1 receptor antagonist. The treatment reversed hyperglycemia, and we observed enhanced expression of PTPN2, a PTP family member and T1D candidate gene, and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) chaperones in the pancreatic islets. To address the functional role of PTPN2 in β-cells, we generated PTPN2-deficient human stem cell-derived β-like and EndoC-βH1 cells. Mechanistically, we demonstrated that PTPN2 inactivation in β-cells exacerbates type I and type II interferon signaling networks and the potential progression toward autoimmunity. Moreover, we established the capacity of PTPN2 to positively modulate the Ca2+-dependent unfolded protein response and ER stress outcome in β-cells. Adenovirus-induced overexpression of PTPN2 partially protected from ER stress-induced β-cell death. Our results postulate PTPN2 as a key protective factor in β-cells during inflammation and ER stress in autoimmune diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernat Elvira
- Signal Transduction and Metabolism Laboratory, Laboratoire de Gastroentérologie Expérimental et Endotools, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Valerie Vandenbempt
- Signal Transduction and Metabolism Laboratory, Laboratoire de Gastroentérologie Expérimental et Endotools, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Julia Bauzá-Martinez
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Netherlands Proteomics Centre, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Raphaël Crutzen
- Laboratory of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Javier Negueruela
- Signal Transduction and Metabolism Laboratory, Laboratoire de Gastroentérologie Expérimental et Endotools, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Hazem Ibrahim
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Matthew L Winder
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Manoja K Brahma
- Signal Transduction and Metabolism Laboratory, Laboratoire de Gastroentérologie Expérimental et Endotools, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Beata Vekeriotaite
- Signal Transduction and Metabolism Laboratory, Laboratoire de Gastroentérologie Expérimental et Endotools, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Pieter-Jan Martens
- Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism and Ageing, Campus Gasthuisberg O&N 1, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Fernando Rossello
- University of Melbourne Centre for Cancer Research, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Pascale Lybaert
- Laboratory of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Timo Otonkoski
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Conny Gysemans
- Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism and Ageing, Campus Gasthuisberg O&N 1, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Wei Wu
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Netherlands Proteomics Centre, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Esteban N Gurzov
- Signal Transduction and Metabolism Laboratory, Laboratoire de Gastroentérologie Expérimental et Endotools, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
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10
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Abstract
Despite numerous studies of immune sexual dimorphism, sexual differences are not rigorously mapped and dimorphic mechanisms are incompletely understood. Current immune research typically studies sex differences in specific cells, tissues, or diseases but without providing an integrated picture. To connect the dots, we suggest comprehensive research approaches to better our understanding of immune sexual dimorphism and its mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shani Talia Gal-Oz
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Tal Shay
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
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11
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Miller KM, Hart PH, Lucas RM, Davis EA, de Klerk NH. Higher ultraviolet radiation during early life is associated with lower risk of childhood type 1 diabetes among boys. Sci Rep 2021; 11:18597. [PMID: 34545118 PMCID: PMC8452739 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-97469-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Population-level ecological studies show type 1 diabetes incidence is inversely correlated with ambient ultraviolet radiation (UVR) levels. We conducted a nested case-control study using administrative datasets to test this association at the individual level. Cases (n = 1819) were children born in Western Australia (WA) from 1980-2014, diagnosed with type 1 diabetes at ≤ 16 years. Controls (n = 27,259) were randomly selected from all live births in WA, matched to cases by sex and date of birth. Total ambient erythemal ultraviolet radiation (UVR) doses for each trimester of pregnancy and first year of life were estimated for each individual, using daily NASA satellite data that were date- and geographically-specific. Conditional logistic regression tested the association between UVR dose and case-control status. Type 1 diabetes risk was 42% lower in boys of mothers with third-trimester UVR dose in the highest (compared to the lowest) quartile (p = 0.04). Higher UVR in the first year of life was associated with lower type 1 diabetes risk among boys (p = 0.01). UVR dose was not associated with type 1 diabetes risk in girls. Higher UVR in late pregnancy and early life appear to interact with sex-specific factors to lower type 1 diabetes risk among boys in Western Australia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate M. Miller
- grid.414659.b0000 0000 8828 1230Telethon Kids Institute, Nedlands, 6009 Australia
| | - Prue H. Hart
- grid.414659.b0000 0000 8828 1230Telethon Kids Institute, Nedlands, 6009 Australia
| | - Robyn M. Lucas
- grid.1001.00000 0001 2180 7477National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Research School of Population Health, Australian National University, Australian Capital Territory, 0200 Australia
| | - Elizabeth A. Davis
- grid.410667.20000 0004 0625 8600Perth Children’s Hospital, Nedlands, 6009 Australia
| | - Nicholas H. de Klerk
- grid.1012.20000 0004 1936 7910University of Western Australia, Crawley, 6009 Australia
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12
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Akazawa S, Mackin L, Jhala G, Fynch S, Catterall T, Selck C, Graham KL, Krishnamurthy B, Pappas EG, Kwong CTJ, Sutherland APR, Kay TWH, Brodnicki TC, Thomas HE. Deficiency of the innate immune adaptor STING promotes autoreactive T cell expansion in NOD mice. Diabetologia 2021; 64:878-889. [PMID: 33483762 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-020-05378-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Stimulator of IFN genes (STING) is a central hub for cytosolic nucleic acid sensing and its activation results in upregulation of type I IFN production in innate immune cells. A type I IFN gene signature seen before the onset of type 1 diabetes has been suggested as a driver of disease initiation both in humans and in the NOD mouse model. A possible source of type I IFN is through activation of the STING pathway. Recent studies suggest that STING also has antiproliferative and proapoptotic functions in T cells that are independent of IFN. To investigate whether STING is involved in autoimmune diabetes, we examined the impact of genetic deletion of STING in NOD mice. METHODS CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing was used to generate STING-deficient NOD mice. Quantitative real-time PCR was used to assess the level of type I IFN-regulated genes in islets from wild-type and STING-deficient NOD mice. The number of islet-specific glucose-6-phosphatase catalytic subunit-related protein (IGRP)206-214-specific CD8+ T cells was determined by magnetic bead-based MHC tetramer enrichment and flow cytometry. The incidence of spontaneous diabetes and diabetes after adoptive transfer of T cells was determined. RESULTS STING deficiency partially attenuated the type I IFN gene signature in islets but did not suppress insulitis. STING-deficient NOD mice accumulated an increased number of IGRP206-214-specific CD8+ T cells (2878 ± 642 cells in NOD.STING-/- mice and 728.8 ± 196 cells in wild-type NOD mice) in peripheral lymphoid tissue, associated with a higher incidence of spontaneous diabetes (95.5% in NOD.STING-/- mice and 86.2% in wild-type NOD mice). Splenocytes from STING-deficient mice rapidly induced diabetes after adoptive transfer into irradiated NOD recipients (median survival 75 days for NOD recipients of NOD.STING-/- mouse splenocytes and 121 days for NOD recipients of NOD mouse splenocytes). CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Data suggest that sensing of endogenous nucleic acids through the STING pathway may be partially responsible for the type I IFN gene signature but not autoimmunity in NOD mice. Our results show that the STING pathway may play an unexpected intrinsic role in suppressing the number of diabetogenic T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoru Akazawa
- St Vincent's Institute, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Unit of Translational Medicine, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Kate L Graham
- St Vincent's Institute, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
- The University of Melbourne, Department of Medicine, St Vincent's Hospital, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
| | - Balasubramanian Krishnamurthy
- St Vincent's Institute, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
- The University of Melbourne, Department of Medicine, St Vincent's Hospital, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Chun-Ting J Kwong
- St Vincent's Institute, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
- The University of Melbourne, Department of Medicine, St Vincent's Hospital, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
| | - Andrew P R Sutherland
- St Vincent's Institute, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
- The University of Melbourne, Department of Medicine, St Vincent's Hospital, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
| | - Thomas W H Kay
- St Vincent's Institute, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
- The University of Melbourne, Department of Medicine, St Vincent's Hospital, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
| | - Thomas C Brodnicki
- St Vincent's Institute, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
- The University of Melbourne, Department of Medicine, St Vincent's Hospital, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
| | - Helen E Thomas
- St Vincent's Institute, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia.
- The University of Melbourne, Department of Medicine, St Vincent's Hospital, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia.
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13
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Zakharov PN, Hu H, Wan X, Unanue ER. Single-cell RNA sequencing of murine islets shows high cellular complexity at all stages of autoimmune diabetes. J Exp Med 2021; 217:151619. [PMID: 32251514 PMCID: PMC7971127 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20192362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue-specific autoimmune diseases are driven by activation of diverse immune cells in the target organs. However, the molecular signatures of immune cell populations over time in an autoimmune process remain poorly defined. Using single-cell RNA sequencing, we performed an unbiased examination of diverse islet-infiltrating cells during autoimmune diabetes in the nonobese diabetic mouse. The data revealed a landscape of transcriptional heterogeneity across the lymphoid and myeloid compartments. Memory CD4 and cytotoxic CD8 T cells appeared early in islets, accompanied by regulatory cells with distinct phenotypes. Surprisingly, we observed a dramatic remodeling in the islet microenvironment, in which the resident macrophages underwent a stepwise activation program. This process resulted in polarization of the macrophage subpopulations into a terminal proinflammatory state. This study provides a single-cell atlas defining the staging of autoimmune diabetes and reveals that diabetic autoimmunity is driven by transcriptionally distinct cell populations specialized in divergent biological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel N Zakharov
- Division of Immunobiology, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Hao Hu
- Division of Immunobiology, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Xiaoxiao Wan
- Division of Immunobiology, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Emil R Unanue
- Division of Immunobiology, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
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14
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Debreceni IL, Chimenti MS, Serreze DV, Geurts AM, Chen YG, Lieberman SM. Toll-Like Receptor 7 Is Required for Lacrimal Gland Autoimmunity and Type 1 Diabetes Development in Male Nonobese Diabetic Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E9478. [PMID: 33322152 PMCID: PMC7764018 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21249478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Sjögren syndrome (SS) is an immunologically complex, chronic autoimmune disease targeting lacrimal and salivary glands. Nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice spontaneously develop inflammation of lacrimal and salivary glands with histopathological features similar to SS in humans including focal lymphocytic infiltrates in the affected glands. The innate immune signals driving lymphocytic infiltration of these glands are not well-defined. Here we evaluate the role of Toll-like receptor (TLR) 7 in the development of SS-like manifestations in NOD mice. We created a Tlr7 knockout NOD mouse strain and performed histological and gene expression studies to characterize the effects of TLR7 on autoimmunity development. TLR7 was required for male-specific lacrimal gland inflammation but not for female-specific salivary gland inflammation. Moreover, TLR7 was required for type 1 diabetes development in male but not female NOD mice. RNA sequencing demonstrated that TLR7 was associated with a type I interferon (IFN) response and a type I IFN-independent B cell response in the lacrimal glands. Together these studies identify a previously unappreciated pathogenic role for TLR7 in lacrimal gland autoimmunity and T1D development in male NOD mice adding to the growing body of evidence supporting sex differences in mechanisms of autoimmune disease in NOD mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivy L. Debreceni
- Stead Family Department of Pediatrics, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA;
- Immunology Graduate Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Michael S. Chimenti
- Iowa Institute of Human Genetics, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA;
| | | | - Aron M. Geurts
- Department of Physiology and Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA;
| | - Yi-Guang Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA;
- Max McGee National Research Center for Juvenile Diabetes, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Scott M. Lieberman
- Stead Family Department of Pediatrics, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA;
- Immunology Graduate Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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15
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Cytocidal macrophages in symbiosis with CD4 and CD8 T cells cause acute diabetes following checkpoint blockade of PD-1 in NOD mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:31319-31330. [PMID: 33229539 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2019743117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune diabetes is one of the complications resulting from checkpoint blockade immunotherapy in cancer patients, yet the underlying mechanisms for such an adverse effect are not well understood. Leveraging the diabetes-susceptible nonobese diabetic (NOD) mouse model, we phenocopy the diabetes progression induced by programmed death 1 (PD-1)/PD-L1 blockade and identify a cascade of highly interdependent cellular interactions involving diabetogenic CD4 and CD8 T cells and macrophages. We demonstrate that exhausted CD8 T cells are the major cells that respond to PD-1 blockade producing high levels of IFN-γ. Most importantly, the activated T cells lead to the recruitment of monocyte-derived macrophages that become highly activated when responding to IFN-γ. These macrophages acquire cytocidal activity against β-cells via nitric oxide and induce autoimmune diabetes. Collectively, the data in this study reveal a critical role of macrophages in the PD-1 blockade-induced diabetogenesis, providing new insights for the understanding of checkpoint blockade immunotherapy in cancer and infectious diseases.
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16
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Integrative Analyses of Genes Associated with Fulminant Type 1 Diabetes. J Immunol Res 2020; 2020:1025857. [PMID: 33083497 PMCID: PMC7559223 DOI: 10.1155/2020/1025857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Fulminant type 1 diabetes (FT1D) is a type of type 1 diabetes, which is characterized by rapid onset of disease and severe metabolic disorders. We intend to screen for crucial genes and potential molecular mechanisms in FT1D in this study. Method We downloaded GSE44314, which includes six healthy controls and five patients with FT1D, from the GEO database. Identification of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) was performed by NetworkAnalyst. The Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analyses of DEGs were screened by an online tool-Database for Annotation, Visualization, and Integration Discovery (DAVID). Protein-protein interaction (PPI) network and hub genes among DEGs were analyzed by NetworkAnalyst. And we also use NetworkAnalyst to find out the microRNAs (miRNAs) and transcription factors (TFs) which regulate the expression of DEGs. Result We identified 130 DEGs (60 upregulated and 70 downregulated DEGs) between healthy controls and FT1D patients. GO analysis results revealed that DEGs were mostly enriched in generation of precursor metabolites and energy, neurohypophyseal hormone activity, and mitochondrial inner membrane. KEGG pathway analysis demonstrated that DEGs were mostly involved in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Results indicated that NCOA1, SRF, ERBB3, EST1, TOP1, UBE2S, INO80, COX7C, ITGAV, and COX6C were the top hub genes in the PPI network. Furthermore, we recognized that LDLR, POTEM, IFNAR2, BAZ2A, and SRF were the top hub genes in the miRNA-target gene network, and SRF, TSPAN4, CD59, ETS1, and SLC25A25 were the top hub genes in the TF-target gene network. Conclusion Our study pinpoints key genes and pathways associated with FT1D by a sequence of bioinformatics analysis on DEGs. These identified genes and pathways provide more detailed molecular mechanisms of FT1D and may provide novel therapeutic targets.
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17
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UBASH3A deficiency accelerates type 1 diabetes development and enhances salivary gland inflammation in NOD mice. Sci Rep 2020; 10:12019. [PMID: 32694640 PMCID: PMC7374577 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-68956-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in genetic analyses have significantly refined human type 1 diabetes (T1D) associated loci. The goal of such effort is to identify the causal genes and have a complete understanding of the molecular pathways that independently or interactively influence cellular processes leading to the destruction of insulin producing pancreatic β cells. UBASH3A has been suggested as the underlying gene for a human T1D associated region on chromosome 21. To further evaluate the role of UBASH3A in T1D, we targeted Ubash3a in NOD mice using zinc-finger nuclease mediated mutagenesis. In both 10-week-old females and males, significantly more advanced insulitis was observed in UBASH3A-deficient than in wild-type NOD mice. Consistently, UBASH3A-deficient NOD mice developed accelerated T1D in both sexes, which was associated with increased accumulation of β-cell autoreactive T cells in the spleen and pancreatic lymph node. Adoptive transfer of splenic T cells into NOD.Rag1-/- mice demonstrated that UBASH3A deficiency in T cells was sufficient to promote T1D development. Our results provide strong evidence to further support a role of UBASH3A in T1D. In addition to T1D, UBASH3A deficiency also promoted salivary gland inflammation in females, demonstrating its broad impact on autoimmunity.
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18
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Blum SI, Tse HM. Innate Viral Sensor MDA5 and Coxsackievirus Interplay in Type 1 Diabetes Development. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8070993. [PMID: 32635205 PMCID: PMC7409145 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8070993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a polygenic autoimmune disease characterized by immune-mediated destruction of insulin-producing β-cells. The concordance rate for T1D in monozygotic twins is ≈30-50%, indicating that environmental factors also play a role in T1D development. Previous studies have demonstrated that enterovirus infections such as coxsackievirus type B (CVB) are associated with triggering T1D. Prior to autoantibody development in T1D, viral RNA and antibodies against CVB can be detected within the blood, stool, and pancreata. An innate pathogen recognition receptor, melanoma differentiation-associated protein 5 (MDA5), which is encoded by the IFIH1 gene, has been associated with T1D onset. It is unclear how single nucleotide polymorphisms in IFIH1 alter the structure and function of MDA5 that may lead to exacerbated antiviral responses contributing to increased T1D-susceptibility. Binding of viral dsRNA via MDA5 induces synthesis of antiviral proteins such as interferon-alpha and -beta (IFN-α/β). Viral infection and subsequent IFN-α/β synthesis can lead to ER stress within insulin-producing β-cells causing neo-epitope generation, activation of β-cell-specific autoreactive T cells, and β-cell destruction. Therefore, an interplay between genetics, enteroviral infections, and antiviral responses may be critical for T1D development.
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19
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Autoimmune Mechanisms of Interferon Hypersensitivity and Neurodegenerative Diseases: Down Syndrome. Autoimmune Dis 2020; 2020:6876920. [PMID: 32566271 PMCID: PMC7285398 DOI: 10.1155/2020/6876920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Down syndrome (DS), also known as trisomy 21 (T21), is associated with interferon (IFN) hypersensitivity, as well as predilections for Alzheimer's dementia (AD) and various autoimmune diseases. IFN-α and IFN-γ receptors are encoded on chromosome 21 (Ch21). It remains unclear how other Ch21 genes contribute to the neuropathological features of DS/T21. This study tests the hypothesis that identifying IFN-stimulated response element (ISRE) control sites on Ch21 will mark novel candidate genes for DS/T21-related IFN hypersensitivity and neuropathology not previously reported to be associated with IFN functions. We performed whole chromosome searches of online databases. The general ISRE consensus and gamma interferon activation consensus sequences (GAS) were used for identifying IFN-stimulated response elements. Candidate genes were defined as those possessing two or more ISRE and/or GAS control sites within and/or upstream of the transcription start site. A literature search of gene functions was used to select the candidate genes most likely to explain neuropathology associated with IFN hypersensitivity. DOPEY2, TMEM50B, PCBP3, RCAN1, and SIM2 were found to meet the aforementioned gene search and functional criteria. These findings suggest that DOPEY2, TMEM50B, PCBP3, RCAN1, and SIM2 are genes which may be dysregulated in DS/T21 and may therefore serve as novel targets for treatments aimed at ameliorating the neuropathological features of DS/T21. Future studies should determine whether these genes are dysregulated in patients with DS, DS-related AD, and autoimmune diseases.
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20
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Ciecko AE, Foda B, Barr JY, Ramanathan S, Atkinson MA, Serreze DV, Geurts AM, Lieberman SM, Chen YG. Interleukin-27 Is Essential for Type 1 Diabetes Development and Sjögren Syndrome-like Inflammation. Cell Rep 2019; 29:3073-3086.e5. [PMID: 31801074 PMCID: PMC6914223 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Human genetic studies implicate interleukin-27 (IL-27) in the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes (T1D), but the underlying mechanisms remain largely unexplored. To further define the role of IL-27 in T1D, we generated non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice deficient in IL-27 or IL-27Rα. In contrast to wild-type NOD mice, both NOD.Il27-/- and NOD.Il27ra-/- strains are completely resistant to T1D. IL-27 from myeloid cells and IL-27 signaling in T cells are critical for T1D development. IL-27 directly alters the balance of regulatory T cells (Tregs) and T helper 1 (Th1) cells in pancreatic islets, which in turn modulates the diabetogenic activity of CD8 T cells. IL-27 also directly enhances the effector function of CD8 T cells within pancreatic islets. In addition to T1D, IL-27 signaling in T cells is also required for lacrimal and salivary gland inflammation in NOD mice. Our study reveals that IL-27 contributes to autoimmunity in NOD mice through multiple mechanisms and provides substantial evidence to support its pathogenic role in human T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley E Ciecko
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Bardees Foda
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA; Max McGee National Research Center for Juvenile Diabetes, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA; Department of Molecular Genetics and Enzymology, National Research Centre, Dokki, Egypt
| | - Jennifer Y Barr
- Stead Family Department of Pediatrics, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52240, USA
| | - Sheela Ramanathan
- Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Mark A Atkinson
- Departments of Pediatrics, and Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida Diabetes Institute, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - David V Serreze
- The Jackson Laboratory, 600 Main Street, Bar Harbor, ME 04609, USA
| | - Aron M Geurts
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Scott M Lieberman
- Stead Family Department of Pediatrics, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52240, USA
| | - Yi-Guang Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA; Max McGee National Research Center for Juvenile Diabetes, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA.
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Chronic adolescent stress sex-specifically alters the hippocampal transcriptome in adulthood. Neuropsychopharmacology 2019; 44:1207-1215. [PMID: 30710108 PMCID: PMC6785712 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-019-0321-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Revised: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Chronic adolescent stress alters behavior in a sex-specific manner at the end of adolescence and in adulthood. Although prolonged behavioral repercussions of chronic adolescent stress have been documented, the potential underlying mechanisms are incompletely understood. In this study we demonstrate that a history of chronic adolescent stress modified the adult stress response, as measured by corticosterone concentration, such that a history of chronic adolescent stress resulted in a blunted response to a novel acute stressor. In order to begin to address potential mechanistic underpinnings, we assessed the extent to which chronic adolescent stress impacted global DNA methylation. Reduced global hippocampal methylation was evident in females with a history of chronic adolescent stress; thus, it was possible that chronic adolescent stress altered global transcription in the whole hippocampi of adult male and female rats. In addition, because acute stress can stimulate a genomic response, we assessed the transcriptome following exposure to an acute novel stressor to determine the extent to which a history of chronic adolescent stress modifies the adult transcriptional response to an acute stressor in males and females. In addition to the reduction in global methylation, chronic adolescent stress resulted in distinct patterns of gene expression in the adult hippocampus that differentiated by sex. Furthermore, both sex and a history of chronic adolescent stress influenced the transcriptional response to an acute novel stressor in adulthood, suggesting both latent and functional effects of chronic adolescent stress at the level of gene transcription. Pathway analysis indicated that ESR1 and IFN-α may be particularly influential transcription factors mediating these transcriptional differences and suggest candidate mechanisms for future studies. Collectively, these studies demonstrate sex-specific and enduring effects of adolescent stress exposure that are more pronounced in females than in males.
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