1
|
Abdelmissih S. A Bitter Experience That Enlightens the Future: COVID-19 Neurological Affection and Perspectives on the Orexigenic System. Cureus 2022; 14:e30788. [DOI: 10.7759/cureus.30788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
|
2
|
Barrow K, Wang Y, Yu R, Zhu J, Yang G. H 2S protects from oxidative stress-driven ACE2 expression and cardiac aging. Mol Cell Biochem 2022; 477:1393-1403. [PMID: 35147902 PMCID: PMC8831182 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-022-04386-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Cystathionine gamma-lyase (CSE)-derived hydrogen sulfide (H2S) plays an essential role in preserving cardiac functions. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) acts as the negative regulator of the renin-angiotensin system, exerting anti-oxidative stress and anti-inflammatory properties within the body. The interplays of CSE/H2S signaling and ACE2 in cardiac aging are unclear. In this study, the regulatory roles of H2S on ACE2 expression in mouse heart tissue and rat cardiomyocytes under different stress conditions were investigated. It was found that ACE2 protein level was lower in heart tissues from old mice (56-week-old) than young mice (8-week-old), and the knockout of CSE (CSE KO) induced moderate oxidative stress and further inhibited ACE2 protein level in mouse hearts at both young and old age. Incubation of rat cardiac cells (H9C2) with a low dose of H2O2 (50 µM) suppressed ACE2 protein level and induced cellular senescence, which was completely reversed by co-incubation with 30 µM NaHS (a H2S donor). Prolonged nutrient excess is an increased risk of heart disorders by causing metabolic dysfunction and cardiac remodeling. We further found high-fat diet feeding stimulated ACE2 expression and induced severe oxidative stress in CSE KO heart in comparison with wild-type heart. Lipid overload in H9C2 cells to mimic a status of nutrient excess also enhanced the expression of ACE2 protein and induced severe oxidative stress and cell senescence, which were significantly attenuated by the supplementation of exogenous H2S. Furthermore, the manipulation of ACE2 expression partially abolished the protective role of H2S against cellular senescence. These results demonstrate the dynamic roles of H2S in the maintenance of ACE2 levels under different levels of oxidative stress, pointing to the potential implications in targeting the CSE/H2S system for the interruption of aging and diabetes-related heart disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kalem Barrow
- School of Natural Sciences, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Canada.,Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research Unit, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Canada
| | - Yuehong Wang
- School of Natural Sciences, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Canada.,Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research Unit, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Canada
| | - Ruihuan Yu
- School of Natural Sciences, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Canada.,Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research Unit, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Canada
| | - Jiechun Zhu
- School of Natural Sciences, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Canada.,Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research Unit, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Canada
| | - Guangdong Yang
- School of Natural Sciences, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Canada. .,Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research Unit, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Silveira A, Gomes J, Roque F, Fernandes T, de Oliveira EM. MicroRNAs in Obesity-Associated Disorders: The Role of Exercise Training. Obes Facts 2022; 15:105-117. [PMID: 35051942 PMCID: PMC9021631 DOI: 10.1159/000517849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a worldwide epidemic affecting over 13% of the adult population and is defined by an excess of body fat that predisposes comorbidities. It is considered a multifactorial disease in which environmental and genetic factors interact, and it is a risk marker for cardiovascular disease. Lifestyle modifications remain the mainstay of treatment for obesity based on adequate diet and physical exercise. In addition, obesity is related to cardiovascular and skeletal muscle disorders, such as cardiac hypertrophy, microvascular rarefaction, and skeletal muscle atrophy. The discovery of obesity-involved molecular pathways is an important step to improve both the prevention and management of this disease. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of gene regulators which bind most commonly, but not exclusively, to the 3'-untranslated regions of messenger RNAs of protein-coding genes and negatively regulate their expression. Considerable effort has been made to identify miRNAs and target genes that predispose to obesity. Besides their intracellular function, recent studies have demonstrated that miRNAs can be exported or released by cells and circulate within the blood in a remarkably stable form. The discovery of circulating miRNAs opens up intriguing possibilities for the use of circulating miRNA patterns as biomarkers for obesity and cardiovascular diseases. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of the recent discoveries of the role played by miRNAs in the obese phenotype and associated comorbidities. Furthermore, we will discuss the role of exercise training on regulating miRNAs, indicating the mechanisms related to these alterations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andre Silveira
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Exercise, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Endurance Performance Research Group (GEDAE-USP), School of Physical Education and Sport, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - João Gomes
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Exercise, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Roque
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Exercise, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tiago Fernandes
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Exercise, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- *Tiago Fernandes,
| | - Edilamar Menezes de Oliveira
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Exercise, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- **Edilamar Menezes de Oliveira,
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Couselo-Seijas M, Almengló C, M Agra-Bermejo R, Luis Fernandez Á, Alvarez E, R González-Juanatey J, Eiras S. Higher ACE2 expression levels in epicardial cells than subcutaneous stromal cells from patients with cardiovascular disease: Diabetes and obesity as possible enhancer. Eur J Clin Invest 2021; 51:e13463. [PMID: 33251580 PMCID: PMC7744875 DOI: 10.1111/eci.13463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Obesity, diabetes and cardiovascular disease are associated with COVID-19 risk and severity. Because epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) expresses ACE2, we wanted to identify the main factors associated with ACE2 levels and its cleavage enzyme, ADAM17, in epicardial fat. MATERIALS AND METHODS Epicardial and subcutaneous fat biopsies were obtained from 43 patients who underwent open-heart surgery. From 36 patients, biopsies were used for RNA expression analysis by real-time PCR of ACE1, ACE2 and ADAM17. From 8 patients, stromal vascular cells were submitted to adipogenesis or used for studying the treatment effects on gene expression levels. Soluble ACE2 was determined in supernatants by ELISA. RESULTS Epicardial fat biopsies expressed higher levels of ACE2 (1.53 [1.49-1.61] vs 1.51 [1.47-1.56] a.u., P < .05) and lower ADAM17 than subcutaneous fat (1.67 [1.65-1.70] vs 1.70 [1.66-1.74] a.u., P < .001). Both genes were increased in epicardial fat from patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) (1.62 [1.50-2.28] vs 1.52 [1.49-1.55] a.u., P = .05 for ACE2 and 1.68 [1.66-1.78] vs 1.66 [1.63-1.69] a.u., P < .05 for ADAM17). Logistic regression analysis determined that T2DM was the main associated factor with epicardial ACE2 levels (P < .01). The highest ACE2 levels were found on patients with diabetes and obesity. ACE1 and ACE2 levels were not upregulated by antidiabetic treatment (metformin, insulin or thiazolidinedione). Its cellular levels, which were higher in epicardial than in subcutaneous stromal cells (1.61 [1.55-1.63] vs 1 [1-1.34]), were not correlated with the soluble ACE2. CONCLUSION Epicardial fat cells expressed higher levels of ACE2 in comparison with subcutaneous fat cells, which is enhanced by diabetes and obesity presence in patients with cardiovascular disease. Both might be risk factors for SARS-CoV-2 infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marinela Couselo-Seijas
- Translational Cardiology Group, Health Research Institute, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Cristina Almengló
- University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,Cardiology Group, Health Research Institute, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Rosa M Agra-Bermejo
- Cardiology Group, Health Research Institute, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,Cardiovascular Department, University Hospital of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,CIBERCV, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ángel Luis Fernandez
- University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,CIBERCV, Madrid, Spain.,Heart Surgery Department, University Hospital of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Ezequiel Alvarez
- University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,Cardiology Group, Health Research Institute, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,CIBERCV, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose R González-Juanatey
- University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,Cardiology Group, Health Research Institute, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,Cardiovascular Department, University Hospital of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,CIBERCV, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sonia Eiras
- Translational Cardiology Group, Health Research Institute, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,CIBERCV, Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Flinn B, Royce N, Gress T, Chowdhury N, Santanam N. Dual role for angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 in Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 infection and cardiac fat. Obes Rev 2021; 22:e13225. [PMID: 33660398 PMCID: PMC8013367 DOI: 10.1111/obr.13225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) has been an increasingly prevalent target for investigation since its discovery 20 years ago. The finding that it serves a counterregulatory function within the traditional renin-angiotensin system, implicating it in cardiometabolic health, has increased its clinical relevance. Focus on ACE2's role in cardiometabolic health has largely centered on its apparent functions in the context of obesity. Interest in ACE2 has become even greater with the discovery that it serves as the cell receptor for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), opening up numerous mechanisms for deleterious effects of infection. The proliferation of ACE2 within the literature coupled with its dual role in SARS-CoV-2 infection and obesity necessitates review of the current understanding of ACE2's physiological, pathophysiological, and potential therapeutic functions. This review highlights the roles of ACE2 in cardiac dysfunction and obesity, with focus on epicardial adipose tissue, to reconcile the data in the context of SARS-CoV-2 infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brendin Flinn
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Joan C Edwards School of Medicine, Huntington, West Virginia, USA
| | - Nicholas Royce
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Joan C Edwards School of Medicine, Huntington, West Virginia, USA
| | - Todd Gress
- Research Service, Hershel "Woody" Williams VA Medical Center, Huntington, West Virginia, USA
| | - Nepal Chowdhury
- Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, St. Mary's Heart Center, Huntington, WV, USA
| | - Nalini Santanam
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Joan C Edwards School of Medicine, Huntington, West Virginia, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Hamet P, Pausova Z, Attaoua R, Hishmih C, Haloui M, Shin J, Paus T, Abrahamowicz M, Gaudet D, Santucci L, Kotchen TA, Cowley AW, Hussin J, Tremblay J. SARS-CoV-2 Receptor ACE2 Gene Is Associated with Hypertension and Severity of COVID 19: Interaction with Sex, Obesity, and Smoking. Am J Hypertens 2021; 34:367-376. [PMID: 33386398 PMCID: PMC7799248 DOI: 10.1093/ajh/hpaa223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) has been identified as the entry receptor for coronaviruses into human cells, including severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Since hypertension (HT) is a leading comorbidity in non-survivors of COVID-19, we tested for association between ACE2 gene and HT in interaction with specific pre-existing conditions known to be associated with COVID-19 severity. METHODS Genetic analysis of ACE2 gene was conducted in French-Canadian (FC) and British populations. RESULTS In FC individuals, the T allele of the single nucleotide polymorphism rs2074192 of ACE2 gene was a risk factor for HT in adult obese males [odds ratio (OR) = 1.39, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.06-1.83)] and even more so in obese males who smoked (OR = 1.67, CI: 1.24-2.55), but not in lean males, non-smoker males or females. The T allele was significantly associated with severity of HT and with earlier penetrance of HT in obese smoking males. Significant interaction between the T allele and obesity was present in both sexes. The association of ACE2 (rs233575) genotype with blood pressure was also seen in adolescents but the interaction with obesity was present only in females. Several variants in ACE2 gene were found to be associated with HT in obese, smoking males in British individuals of the UK Biobank. In addition, we observed more severe outcomes to COVID-19 in association with ACE2 risk alleles in obese, smoking males. CONCLUSIONS This is the first report that ACE2 variants are associated with earlier penetrance and more severe HT and with more severe outcomes of COVID-19 in obese smoking males.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Hamet
- Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université
de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal,
Quebec, Canada
| | - Zdenka Pausova
- The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto,
Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto,
Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of
Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Redha Attaoua
- Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université
de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal,
Quebec, Canada
| | - Camil Hishmih
- Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université
de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal,
Quebec, Canada
| | - Mounsif Haloui
- Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université
de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal,
Quebec, Canada
| | - Jean Shin
- The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto,
Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto,
Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of
Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tomas Paus
- Clinical Lipidology and Rare Lipid Disorders Unit, Department of
Medicine, Université de Montréal Community Gene Medicine Center,
Lipid Clinic Chicoutimi Hospital and ECOGENE-21 Clinical and Translational
Research Center, Chicoutimi, Quebec,
Canada
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto,
Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto,
Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michal Abrahamowicz
- Clinical Lipidology and Rare Lipid Disorders Unit, Department of
Medicine, Université de Montréal Community Gene Medicine Center,
Lipid Clinic Chicoutimi Hospital and ECOGENE-21 Clinical and Translational
Research Center, Chicoutimi, Quebec,
Canada
| | - Daniel Gaudet
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of
Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Chicoutimi Hospital Research Unit,
Quebec, Canada
| | - Lara Santucci
- Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université
de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal,
Quebec, Canada
| | - Theodore A Kotchen
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin,
Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Allen W Cowley
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin,
Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | | | - Johanne Tremblay
- Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université
de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal,
Quebec, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Omura T, Araki A, Shigemoto K, Toba K. Geriatric practice during and after the COVID-19 pandemic. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2020; 20:735-737. [PMID: 32428997 PMCID: PMC7280712 DOI: 10.1111/ggi.13958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Omura
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Diabetes, Metabolism, and Endocrinology, Tokyo Metropolitan Geriatric Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsushi Araki
- Department of Diabetes, Metabolism, and Endocrinology, Tokyo Metropolitan Geriatric Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Shigemoto
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenji Toba
- Tokyo Metropolitan Geriatric Hospital and Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|