1
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Shapiro MR, Peters LD, Brown ME, Cabello-Kindelan C, Posgai AL, Bayer AL, Brusko TM. Insulin-like Growth Factor-1 Synergizes with IL-2 to Induce Homeostatic Proliferation of Regulatory T Cells. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2023; 211:1108-1122. [PMID: 37594278 PMCID: PMC10511790 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2200651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
IL-2 has been proposed to restore tolerance via regulatory T cell (Treg) expansion in autoimmunity, yet off-target effects necessitate identification of a combinatorial approach allowing for lower IL-2 dosing. We recently reported reduced levels of immunoregulatory insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF1) during type 1 diabetes progression. Thus, we hypothesized that IGF1 would synergize with IL-2 to expand Tregs. We observed IGF1 receptor was elevated on murine memory and human naive Treg subsets. IL-2 and IGF1 promoted PI3K/Akt signaling in Tregs, inducing thymically-derived Treg expansion beyond either agent alone in NOD mice. Increased populations of murine Tregs of naive or memory, as well as CD5lo polyclonal or CD5hi likely self-reactive, status were also observed. Expansion was attributed to increased IL-2Rγ subunit expression on murine Tregs exposed to IL-2 and IGF1 as compared with IL-2 or IGF1 alone. Assessing translational capacity, incubation of naive human CD4+ T cells with IL-2 and IGF1 enhanced thymically-derived Treg proliferation in vitro, without the need for TCR ligation. We then demonstrated that IGF1 and IL-2 or IL-7, which is also IL-2Rγ-chain dependent, can be used to induce proliferation of genetically engineered naive human Tregs or T conventional cells, respectively. These data support the potential use of IGF1 in combination with common γ-chain cytokines to drive homeostatic T cell expansion, both in vitro and in vivo, for cellular therapeutics and ex vivo gene editing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie R. Shapiro
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, Diabetes Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Leeana D. Peters
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, Diabetes Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Matthew E. Brown
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, Diabetes Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | | | - Amanda L. Posgai
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, Diabetes Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Allison L. Bayer
- Diabetes Research Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL
| | - Todd M. Brusko
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, Diabetes Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Diabetes Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
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2
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Yang ML, Kibbey RG, Mamula MJ. Biomarkers of autoimmunity and beta cell metabolism in type 1 diabetes. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1028130. [PMID: 36389721 PMCID: PMC9647083 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1028130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Posttranslational protein modifications (PTMs) are an inherent response to physiological changes causing altered protein structure and potentially modulating important biological functions of the modified protein. Besides cellular metabolic pathways that may be dictated by PTMs, the subtle change of proteins also may provoke immune attack in numerous autoimmune diseases. Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a chronic autoimmune disease destroying insulin-producing beta cells within the pancreatic islets, a result of tissue inflammation to specific autoantigens. This review summarizes how PTMs arise and the potential pathological consequence of PTMs, with particular focus on specific autoimmunity to pancreatic beta cells and cellular metabolic dysfunction in T1D. Moreover, we review PTM-associated biomarkers in the prediction, diagnosis and in monitoring disease activity in T1D. Finally, we will discuss potential preventive and therapeutic approaches of targeting PTMs in repairing or restoring normal metabolic pathways in pancreatic islets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Ling Yang
- Section of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Richard G. Kibbey
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Mark J. Mamula
- Section of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
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3
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Alampi G, Vignali D, Centorame I, Canu A, Cosorich I, Filoni J, Di Dedda C, Monti P. Asymmetric T cell division of GAD65 specific naive T cells contribute to an early divergence in the differentiation fate into memory T cell subsets. Immunology 2022; 167:303-313. [PMID: 35752961 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoreactive T cells with the phenotype and function of different memory subsets are present in patients who developed type 1 diabetes. According to the progressive differentiation model, memory subsets generate from naïve precursors in a linear and unidirectional path depending on the strength and quality of stimulatory signals. By observing human naïve T cells in contact with GAD65 loaded autologous dendritic cells, we observed that approximately 10% of cells divided with the plane of cell division parallel to the one of the immune synapse, causing phenotypic asymmetries in the proximal and distal daughter T cells. After the first T cell division, proximal and distal daughter T cells showed different phenotype, metabolic signature and commitment to differentiate toward long-lived memory T cells or T cells with effector function. Subjects with or without T1D showed a similar frequency of asymmetric T cell division (ATCD) for autoantigens and recall antigens specific T cells, however the frequency of ATCD is significantly increased in autoreactive T cells in patients with T1D when IL-7 was added to the culture. An increased up-regulation of GLUT1 in response to IL-7 in patients with T1D was related to the rate of ATCD Our results showed that ATCD is associated with an early divergence in the differentiation fate of naïve T cells specific for GAD65 during first antigen encounter. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greta Alampi
- San Raffaele Diabetes Research Institute, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Debora Vignali
- San Raffaele Diabetes Research Institute, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Ilenia Centorame
- San Raffaele Diabetes Research Institute, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Adriana Canu
- San Raffaele Diabetes Research Institute, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Ilaria Cosorich
- San Raffaele Diabetes Research Institute, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Jessica Filoni
- San Raffaele Diabetes Research Institute, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Carla Di Dedda
- San Raffaele Diabetes Research Institute, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Monti
- San Raffaele Diabetes Research Institute, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
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4
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Jing Y, Kong Y, McGinty J, Blahnik-Fagan G, Lee T, Orozco-Figueroa S, Bettini ML, James EA, Bettini M. T-Cell Receptor/HLA Humanized Mice Reveal Reduced Tolerance and Increased Immunogenicity of Posttranslationally Modified GAD65 Epitope. Diabetes 2022; 71:1012-1022. [PMID: 35179565 PMCID: PMC9044133 DOI: 10.2337/db21-0993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence supports a critical role for posttranslationally modified (PTM) islet neoantigens in type 1 diabetes. However, our understanding regarding thymic development and peripheral activation of PTM autoantigen-reactive T cells is still limited. Using HLA-DR4 humanized mice, we observed that deamidation of GAD65115-127 generates a more immunogenic epitope that recruits T cells with promiscuous recognition of both the deamidated and native epitopes and reduced frequency of regulatory T cells. Using humanized HLA/T-cell receptor (TCR) mice, we observed that TCRs reactive to the native or deamidated GAD65115-127 led to efficient development of CD4+ effector T cells; however, regulatory T-cell development was reduced in mice expressing the PTM-reactive TCR, which was partially restored with exogenous PTM peptide. Upon priming, both the native-specific and the deamidated-specific T cells accumulated in pancreatic islets, suggesting that both specificities can recognize endogenous GAD65 and contribute to anti-β-cell responses. Collectively, our observations in polyclonal and single TCR systems suggest that while effector T-cell responses can exhibit cross-reactivity between native and deamidated GAD65 epitopes, regulatory T-cell development is reduced in response to the deamidated epitope, pointing to regulatory T-cell development as a key mechanism for loss of tolerance to PTM antigenic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Jing
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
- Section of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX
| | - Yuelin Kong
- Section of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX
| | - John McGinty
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA
| | | | - Thomas Lee
- Section of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX
| | - Stephanie Orozco-Figueroa
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Matthew L. Bettini
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
- Section of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX
| | - Eddie A. James
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA
| | - Maria Bettini
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
- Section of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX
- Corresponding author: Maria Bettini,
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5
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Nakayama M, Michels AW. Using the T Cell Receptor as a Biomarker in Type 1 Diabetes. Front Immunol 2021; 12:777788. [PMID: 34868047 PMCID: PMC8635517 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.777788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
T cell receptors (TCRs) are unique markers that define antigen specificity for a given T cell. With the evolution of sequencing and computational analysis technologies, TCRs are now prime candidates for the development of next-generation non-cell based T cell biomarkers, which provide a surrogate measure to assess the presence of antigen-specific T cells. Type 1 diabetes (T1D), the immune-mediated form of diabetes, is a prototypical organ specific autoimmune disease in which T cells play a pivotal role in targeting pancreatic insulin-producing beta cells. While the disease is now predictable by measuring autoantibodies in the peripheral blood directed to beta cell proteins, there is an urgent need to develop T cell markers that recapitulate T cell activity in the pancreas and can be a measure of disease activity. This review focuses on the potential and challenges of developing TCR biomarkers for T1D. We summarize current knowledge about TCR repertoires and clonotypes specific for T1D and discuss challenges that are unique for autoimmune diabetes. Ultimately, the integration of large TCR datasets produced from individuals with and without T1D along with computational 'big data' analysis will facilitate the development of TCRs as potentially powerful biomarkers in the development of T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maki Nakayama
- Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States.,Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Aaron W Michels
- Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States.,Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States.,Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
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6
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Linsley PS, Barahmand-Pour-Whitman F, Balmas E, DeBerg HA, Flynn KJ, Hu AK, Rosasco MG, Chen J, O'Rourke C, Serti E, Gersuk VH, Motwani K, Seay HR, Brusko TM, Kwok WW, Speake C, Greenbaum CJ, Nepom GT, Cerosaletti K. Autoreactive T cell receptors with shared germline-like α chains in type 1 diabetes. JCI Insight 2021; 6:151349. [PMID: 34806648 PMCID: PMC8663791 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.151349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Human islet antigen reactive CD4+ memory T cells (IAR T cells) play a key role in the pathogenesis of autoimmune type 1 diabetes (T1D). Using single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-Seq) to identify T cell receptors (TCRs) in IAR T cells, we have identified a class of TCRs that share TCRα chains between individuals (“public” chains). We isolated IAR T cells from blood of healthy, new-onset T1D and established T1D donors using multiplexed CD154 enrichment and identified paired TCRαβ sequences from 2767 individual cells. More than a quarter of cells shared TCR junctions between 2 or more cells (“expanded”), and 29/47 (~62%) of expanded TCRs tested showed specificity for islet antigen epitopes. Public TCRs sharing TCRα junctions were most prominent in new-onset T1D. Public TCR sequences were more germline like than expanded unique, or “private,” TCRs, and had shorter junction sequences, suggestive of fewer random nucleotide insertions. Public TCRα junctions were often paired with mismatched TCRβ junctions in TCRs; remarkably, a subset of these TCRs exhibited cross-reactivity toward distinct islet antigen peptides. Our findings demonstrate a prevalent population of IAR T cells with diverse specificities determined by TCRs with restricted TCRα junctions and germline-constrained antigen recognition properties. Since these “innate-like” TCRs differ from previously described immunodominant TCRβ chains in autoimmunity, they have implications for fundamental studies of disease mechanisms. Self-reactive restricted TCRα chains and their associated epitopes should be considered in fundamental and translational investigations of TCRs in T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Colin O'Rourke
- Center for Interventional Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | | | - Keshav Motwani
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA.,University of Florida Diabetes Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Howard R Seay
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA.,University of Florida Diabetes Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA.,FlowJo, LLC, Ashland, Oregon, USA
| | - Todd M Brusko
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA.,University of Florida Diabetes Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | | | - Cate Speake
- Center for Interventional Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Carla J Greenbaum
- Center for Interventional Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, Washington, USA
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7
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Shi T, Roskin K, Baker BM, Woodle ES, Hildeman D. Advanced Genomics-Based Approaches for Defining Allograft Rejection With Single Cell Resolution. Front Immunol 2021; 12:750754. [PMID: 34721421 PMCID: PMC8551864 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.750754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Solid organ transplant recipients require long-term immunosuppression for prevention of rejection. Calcineurin inhibitor (CNI)-based immunosuppressive regimens have remained the primary means for immunosuppression for four decades now, yet little is known about their effects on graft resident and infiltrating immune cell populations. Similarly, the understanding of rejection biology under specific types of immunosuppression remains to be defined. Furthermore, development of innovative, rationally designed targeted therapeutics for mitigating or preventing rejection requires a fundamental understanding of the immunobiology that underlies the rejection process. The established use of microarray technologies in transplantation has provided great insight into gene transcripts associated with allograft rejection but does not characterize rejection on a single cell level. Therefore, the development of novel genomics tools, such as single cell sequencing techniques, combined with powerful bioinformatics approaches, has enabled characterization of immune processes at the single cell level. This can provide profound insights into the rejection process, including identification of resident and infiltrating cell transcriptomes, cell-cell interactions, and T cell receptor α/β repertoires. In this review, we discuss genomic analysis techniques, including microarray, bulk RNAseq (bulkSeq), single-cell RNAseq (scRNAseq), and spatial transcriptomic (ST) techniques, including considerations of their benefits and limitations. Further, other techniques, such as chromatin analysis via assay for transposase-accessible chromatin sequencing (ATACseq), bioinformatic regulatory network analyses, and protein-based approaches are also examined. Application of these tools will play a crucial role in redefining transplant rejection with single cell resolution and likely aid in the development of future immunomodulatory therapies in solid organ transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany Shi
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States.,Immunology Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States.,Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Krishna Roskin
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States.,Division of Biomedical Informatics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Brian M Baker
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Harper Cancer Research Institute, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, United States
| | - E Steve Woodle
- Division of Transplantation, Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - David Hildeman
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States.,Immunology Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
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8
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Chujo D, Kawabe A, Matsushita M, Takahashi N, Tsutsumi C, Haseda F, Imagawa A, Hanafusa T, Ueki K, Kajio H, Yagi K, Tobe K, Shimoda M. Distinct Phenotypes of Islet Antigen-Specific CD4+ T Cells Among the 3 Subtypes of Type 1 Diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2020; 105:5870364. [PMID: 32652026 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgaa447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is classified into 3 subtypes: acute-onset (AT1D), slowly progressive (SP1D), and fulminant (FT1D). The differences in the type of cellular autoimmunity within each subtype remain largely undetermined. OBJECTIVE To determine the type and frequency of islet antigen-specific CD4+ T cells in each subtype of T1D. PARTICIPANTS Twenty patients with AT1D, 17 with SP1D, 18 with FT1D, and 17 persons without diabetes (ND). METHODS We performed an integrated assay to determine cellular immune responses and T-cell repertoires specific for islet antigens. This assay included an ex vivo assay involving a 48-hour stimulation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells with antigen peptides and an expansion assay involving intracytoplasmic cytokine analysis. RESULTS The results of the ex vivo assay indicated that glutamic acid decarboxylase 65 (GAD65)-specific interleukin-6 and interferon-inducible protein-10 (IP-10) responses and preproinsulin (PPI)-specific IP-10 responses were significantly upregulated in AT1D compared with those of ND. Furthermore, GAD65- and PPI-specific granulocyte colony-stimulating factor responses were significantly upregulated in FT1D. Expansion assay revealed that GAD65- and PPI-specific CD4+ T cells were skewed toward a type 1 helper T (Th1)- cell phenotype in AT1D, whereas GAD65-specific Th2 cells were prevalent in SP1D. GAD65-specific Th1 cells were more abundant in SP1D with human leukocyte antigen-DR9 than in SP1D without DR9. FT1D displayed significantly less type 1 regulatory T (Tr1) cells specific for all 4 antigens than ND. CONCLUSIONS The phenotypes of islet antigen-specific CD4+ T cells differed among the three T1D subtypes. These distinct T-cell phenotypes may be associated with the manner of progressive β-cell destruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Chujo
- Center for Clinical Research, Toyama University Hospital, Toyama, Japan
- Islet Cell Transplantation Project, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Internal Medicine (I), Toyama University Hospital, Toyama, Japan
| | - Akitsu Kawabe
- Islet Cell Transplantation Project, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Maya Matsushita
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Takahashi
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chiharu Tsutsumi
- Department of Internal Medicine (I), Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki, Japan
| | - Fumitaka Haseda
- Department of Internal Medicine (I), Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki, Japan
| | - Akihisa Imagawa
- Department of Internal Medicine (I), Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Hanafusa
- Department of Internal Medicine (I), Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki, Japan
- Sakai City Medical Center, Sakai, Japan
| | - Kohjiro Ueki
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Diabetes Research Center, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kajio
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kunimasa Yagi
- Department of Internal Medicine (I), Toyama University Hospital, Toyama, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Tobe
- Center for Clinical Research, Toyama University Hospital, Toyama, Japan
- Department of Internal Medicine (I), Toyama University Hospital, Toyama, Japan
| | - Masayuki Shimoda
- Islet Cell Transplantation Project, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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9
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Shao F, Zheng P, Yu D, Zhou Z, Jia L. Follicular helper T cells in type 1 diabetes. FASEB J 2019; 34:30-40. [PMID: 31914661 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201901637r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 11/09/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Feng Shao
- Department of Metabolism & Endocrinology The Second Xiangya HospitalCentral South University Changsha China
- Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology Central South University, Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases Changsha China
| | - Peilin Zheng
- Department of Endocrinology, Shenzhen People’s Hospital The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, The First Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen China
| | - Di Yu
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute Brisbane Queensland Australia
- Shandong Analysis and Test Center Shandong Academy of Sciences Jinan China
- China‐Australia Centre for Personalised Immunology Shanghai Renji Hospital Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine Shanghai China
| | - Zhiguang Zhou
- Department of Metabolism & Endocrinology The Second Xiangya HospitalCentral South University Changsha China
- Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology Central South University, Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases Changsha China
| | - Lijing Jia
- Department of Endocrinology, Shenzhen People’s Hospital The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, The First Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen China
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10
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Matthis J, King V, Reijonen H. Production of Antigen-Specific Human CD4 + T Cell Lines and Clones. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1988:387-402. [PMID: 31147954 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9450-2_27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Methodologies to generate single antigen-specific T cells are based on the T cell specificity, activation, or other subsequent functional measures. One of the most powerful tools to isolate human CD4+ T cell clones is utilization of MHC Class II tetramers. Flow cytometer-based tetramer technology mimics the recognition of the specific antigenic peptide in the context of HLA class II (tetramer) by the T cell receptor. MHC class II tetramers, which can be exogenously loaded to contain any peptide of interest that binds to them (T cell epitopes), provide a valuable tool for detection of T cells in the peripheral blood or the tissue that are specific for antigens from different viruses, tumors, or self-proteins (autoimmunity). Generation of T cell clones with a defined antigen specificity allows for a deeper characterization and functional assessment at single cell level. This is important for determination of the epitope specificity and functional phenotype of the disease associated T cells. Single cell cloning can be utilized in the direct sequencing of the T cell receptor alpha/beta pairs that are prevalent in the disease and therefore provides a platform for T cell receptor engineering, which has applications in the immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Victoria King
- City of Hope Medical Center, Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Helena Reijonen
- City of Hope Medical Center, Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, CA, USA.
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11
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Renand A, Farrington M, Whalen E, Wambre E, Bajzik V, Chinthrajah S, Nadeau KC, Kwok WW. Heterogeneity of Ara h Component-Specific CD4 T Cell Responses in Peanut-Allergic Subjects. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1408. [PMID: 29988522 PMCID: PMC6026622 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the peanut-specific CD4 T cell responses in peanut-allergic (PA) subjects should provide new insights into the development of innovative immunotherapies for the treatment of peanut allergy. Although peanut-specific CD4 T cells have a TH2 profile in PA subjects, the immunogenicity of different Ara h components in eliciting specific CD4 T cell responses and the heterogeneity of these Ara h-reactive TH2 cells remains unclear. In this study, we investigated Ara h 1, 2, 3, 6, and 8-specific T cell responses in PA and sensitized non-peanut-allergic (sNPA) subjects, using the CD154 upregulation assay and the class II tetramer technology. In the PA group, T cells directed against Ara h 1, 2, 3, and 6 have a heterogeneous TH2 phenotype characterized by differential expression of CRTH2, CD27, and CCR6. Reactivity toward these different components was also distinct for each PA subject. Two dominant Ara h 2 epitopes associated with DR1501 and DR0901 were also identified. Frequencies of Ara h-specific T cell responses were also linked to the peanut specific-IgE level. Conversely, low peanut-IgE level in sNPA subjects was associated with a weak or an absence of the allergen-specific T cell reactivity. Ara h 8-specific T cell reactivity was weak in both PA and sNPA subjects. Thus, peanut-IgE level was associated with a heterogeneous Ara h (but not Ara h 8)-specific T cell reactivity only in PA patients. This suggests an important immunogenicity of each Ara h 1, 2, 3, and 6 in inducing peanut allergy. Targeting Ara h 1-, 2-, 3-, and 6-specific effector-TH2 cells can be the future way to treat peanut allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amedee Renand
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA, United States
| | | | - Elizabeth Whalen
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Erik Wambre
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Veronique Bajzik
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Sharon Chinthrajah
- Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy Research at Stanford University, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States.,Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Kari C Nadeau
- Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy Research at Stanford University, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States.,Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - William W Kwok
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA, United States.,Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
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12
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Gomez-Tourino I, Kamra Y, Baptista R, Lorenc A, Peakman M. T cell receptor β-chains display abnormal shortening and repertoire sharing in type 1 diabetes. Nat Commun 2017; 8:1792. [PMID: 29176645 PMCID: PMC5702608 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-01925-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Defects in T cell receptor (TCR) repertoire are proposed to predispose to autoimmunity. Here we show, by analyzing >2 × 108TCRB sequences of circulating naive, central memory, regulatory and stem cell-like memory CD4+ T cell subsets from patients with type 1 diabetes and healthy donors, that patients have shorter TCRB complementarity-determining region 3s (CDR3), in all cell subsets, introduced by increased deletions/reduced insertions during VDJ rearrangement. High frequency of short CDR3s is also observed in unproductive TCRB sequences, which are not subjected to thymic culling, suggesting that the shorter CDR3s arise independently of positive/negative selection. Moreover, TCRB CDR3 clonotypes expressed by autoantigen-specific CD4+ T cells are shorter compared with anti-viral T cells, and with those from healthy donors. Thus, early events in thymic T cell development and repertoire generation are abnormal in type 1 diabetes, which suggest that short CDR3s increase the potential for self-recognition, conferring heightened risk of autoimmune disease. T cell receptors are generated by somatic gene recombination, and are normally selected against autoreactivity. Here the authors show that CD4 T cells from patients with autoimmune type 1 diabetes have shorter TCRβ sequences, broader repertoire diversity, and more repertoire sharing than those from healthy individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iria Gomez-Tourino
- Department of Immunobiology, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, 2nd Floor, Borough Wing, Guy's Hospital, London, SE1 9RT, UK.,National Institute for Health Research, Biomedical Research Centre at Guy's and St Thomas' Hospital Foundation Trust and King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, SE1 9RT, UK.,Immunology Laboratory, Biomedical Research Center (CINBIO), Centro Singular de Investigación de Galicia, University of Vigo, Campus Universitario de Vigo, Pontevedra, 36310, Spain
| | - Yogesh Kamra
- Department of Immunobiology, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, 2nd Floor, Borough Wing, Guy's Hospital, London, SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Roman Baptista
- Department of Immunobiology, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, 2nd Floor, Borough Wing, Guy's Hospital, London, SE1 9RT, UK.,National Institute for Health Research, Biomedical Research Centre at Guy's and St Thomas' Hospital Foundation Trust and King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Anna Lorenc
- Department of Immunobiology, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, 2nd Floor, Borough Wing, Guy's Hospital, London, SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Mark Peakman
- Department of Immunobiology, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, 2nd Floor, Borough Wing, Guy's Hospital, London, SE1 9RT, UK. .,National Institute for Health Research, Biomedical Research Centre at Guy's and St Thomas' Hospital Foundation Trust and King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, SE1 9RT, UK.
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13
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Yeh WI, Seay HR, Newby B, Posgai AL, Moniz FB, Michels A, Mathews CE, Bluestone JA, Brusko TM. Avidity and Bystander Suppressive Capacity of Human Regulatory T Cells Expressing De Novo Autoreactive T-Cell Receptors in Type 1 Diabetes. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1313. [PMID: 29123516 PMCID: PMC5662552 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to alter antigen specificity by T-cell receptor (TCR) or chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) gene transfer has facilitated personalized cellular immune therapies in cancer. Inversely, this approach can be harnessed in autoimmune settings to attenuate inflammation by redirecting the specificity of regulatory T cells (Tregs). Herein, we demonstrate efficient protocols for lentiviral gene transfer of TCRs that recognize type 1 diabetes-related autoantigens with the goal of tissue-targeted induction of antigen-specific tolerance to halt β-cell destruction. We generated human Tregs expressing a high-affinity GAD555–567-reactive TCR (clone R164), as well as the lower affinity clone 4.13 specific for the same peptide. We demonstrated that de novo Treg avatars potently suppress antigen-specific and bystander responder T-cell (Tresp) proliferation in vitro in a process that requires Treg activation (P < 0.001 versus unactivated Tregs). When Tresp were also glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD)-reactive, the high-affinity R164 Tregs exhibited increased suppression (P < 0.01) with lower Tresp-division index (P < 0.01) than the lower affinity 4.13 Tregs. These data demonstrate the feasibility of rapid expansion of antigen-specific Tregs for applications in attenuating β-cell autoimmunity and emphasize further opportunities for engineering cellular specificities, affinities, and phenotypes to tailor Treg activity in adoptive cell therapies for the treatment of type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-I Yeh
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Howard R Seay
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Brittney Newby
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Amanda L Posgai
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Filipa Botelho Moniz
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Aaron Michels
- Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Clayton E Mathews
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Jeffrey A Bluestone
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Todd M Brusko
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
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14
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The genetic susceptibility and dominant protection for type 1 diabetes (T1D) associated with human leukocyte antigen (HLA) haplotypes, along with minor risk variants, have long been thought to shape the T cell receptor (TCR) repertoire and eventual phenotype of autoreactive T cells that mediate β-cell destruction. While autoantibodies provide robust markers of disease progression, early studies tracking autoreactive T cells largely failed to achieve clinical utility. RECENT FINDINGS Advances in acquisition of pancreata and islets from T1D organ donors have facilitated studies of T cells isolated from the target tissues. Immunosequencing of TCR α/β-chain complementarity determining regions, along with transcriptional profiling, offers the potential to transform biomarker discovery. Herein, we review recent studies characterizing the autoreactive TCR signature in T1D, emerging technologies, and the challenges and opportunities associated with tracking TCR molecular profiles during the natural history of T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M Jacobsen
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Florida Diabetes Institute, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Amanda Posgai
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida Diabetes Institute, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Howard R Seay
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida Diabetes Institute, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Michael J Haller
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Florida Diabetes Institute, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Todd M Brusko
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida Diabetes Institute, Gainesville, FL, USA.
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15
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Kent SC, Mannering SI, Michels AW, Babon JAB. Deciphering the Pathogenesis of Human Type 1 Diabetes (T1D) by Interrogating T Cells from the "Scene of the Crime". Curr Diab Rep 2017; 17:95. [PMID: 28864875 PMCID: PMC5600889 DOI: 10.1007/s11892-017-0915-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Autoimmune-mediated destruction of insulin-producing β-cells within the pancreas results in type 1 diabetes (T1D), which is not yet preventable or curable. Previously, our understanding of the β-cell specific T cell repertoire was based on studies of autoreactive T cell responses in the peripheral blood of patients at risk for, or with, T1D; more recently, investigations have included immunohistochemical analysis of some T cell specificities in the pancreas from organ donors with T1D. Now, we are able to examine live, islet-infiltrating T cells from donors with T1D. RECENT FINDINGS Analysis of the T cell repertoire isolated directly from the pancreatic islets of donors with T1D revealed pro-inflammatory T cells with targets of known autoantigens, including proinsulin and glutamic acid decarboxylase, as well as modified autoantigens. We have assayed the islet-infiltrating T cell repertoire for autoreactivity and function directly from the inflamed islets of T1D organ donors. Design of durable treatments for prevention of or therapy for T1D requires understanding this repertoire.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally C Kent
- Department of Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Diabetes Center of Excellence, ASC7-2041, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA.
| | - Stuart I Mannering
- Immunology and Diabetes Unit, St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, 9 Princes Street, Fitzroy, Victoria, 3065, Australia
- Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, St. Vincent's Hospital, Fitzroy, Victoria, 3065, Australia
| | - Aaron W Michels
- Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Jenny Aurielle B Babon
- Department of Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Diabetes Center of Excellence, ASC7-2041, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
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16
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Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a chronic autoimmune disease that causes severe loss of pancreatic β cells. Autoreactive T cells are key mediators of β cell destruction. Studies of organ donors with T1D that have examined T cells in pancreas, the diabetogenic insulitis lesion, and lymphoid tissues have revealed a broad repertoire of target antigens and T cell receptor (TCR) usage, with initial evidence of public TCR sequences that are shared by individuals with T1D. Neoepitopes derived from post-translational modifications of native antigens are emerging as novel targets that are more likely to evade self-tolerance. Further studies will determine whether T cell responses to neoepitopes are major disease drivers that could impact prediction, prevention, and therapy. This Review provides an overview of recent progress in our knowledge of autoreactive T cells that has emerged from experimental and clinical research as well as pathology investigations.
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17
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Cerosaletti K, Barahmand-Pour-Whitman F, Yang J, DeBerg HA, Dufort MJ, Murray SA, Israelsson E, Speake C, Gersuk VH, Eddy JA, Reijonen H, Greenbaum CJ, Kwok WW, Wambre E, Prlic M, Gottardo R, Nepom GT, Linsley PS. Single-Cell RNA Sequencing Reveals Expanded Clones of Islet Antigen-Reactive CD4 + T Cells in Peripheral Blood of Subjects with Type 1 Diabetes. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 199:323-335. [PMID: 28566371 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1700172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The significance of islet Ag-reactive T cells found in peripheral blood of type 1 diabetes (T1D) subjects is unclear, partly because similar cells are also found in healthy control (HC) subjects. We hypothesized that key disease-associated cells would show evidence of prior Ag exposure, inferred from expanded TCR clonotypes, and essential phenotypic properties in their transcriptomes. To test this, we developed single-cell RNA sequencing procedures for identifying TCR clonotypes and transcript phenotypes in individual T cells. We applied these procedures to analysis of islet Ag-reactive CD4+ memory T cells from the blood of T1D and HC individuals after activation with pooled immunodominant islet peptides. We found extensive TCR clonotype sharing in Ag-activated cells, especially from individual T1D subjects, consistent with in vivo T cell expansion during disease progression. The expanded clonotype from one T1D subject was detected at repeat visits spanning >15 mo, demonstrating clonotype stability. Notably, we found no clonotype sharing between subjects, indicating a predominance of "private" TCR specificities. Expanded clones from two T1D subjects recognized distinct IGRP peptides, implicating this molecule as a trigger for CD4+ T cell expansion. Although overall transcript profiles of cells from HC and T1D subjects were similar, profiles from the most expanded clones were distinctive. Our findings demonstrate that islet Ag-reactive CD4+ memory T cells with unique Ag specificities and phenotypes are expanded during disease progression and can be detected by single-cell analysis of peripheral blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Cerosaletti
- Translational Research Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA 98101;
| | | | - Junbao Yang
- Translational Research Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA 98101
| | - Hannah A DeBerg
- Systems Immunology Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA 98101
| | - Matthew J Dufort
- Systems Immunology Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA 98101
| | - Sara A Murray
- Systems Immunology Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA 98101
| | - Elisabeth Israelsson
- Systems Immunology Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA 98101
| | - Cate Speake
- Diabetes Clinical Research Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA 98101
| | - Vivian H Gersuk
- Systems Immunology Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA 98101
| | - James A Eddy
- Systems Immunology Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA 98101
| | - Helena Reijonen
- Diabetes Clinical Research Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA 98101
| | - Carla J Greenbaum
- Diabetes Clinical Research Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA 98101
| | - William W Kwok
- Translational Research Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA 98101
| | - Erik Wambre
- Translational Research Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA 98101
| | - Martin Prlic
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109; and
| | - Raphael Gottardo
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109; and
| | | | - Peter S Linsley
- Systems Immunology Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA 98101;
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18
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Michels AW, Landry LG, McDaniel KA, Yu L, Campbell-Thompson M, Kwok WW, Jones KL, Gottlieb PA, Kappler JW, Tang Q, Roep BO, Atkinson MA, Mathews CE, Nakayama M. Islet-Derived CD4 T Cells Targeting Proinsulin in Human Autoimmune Diabetes. Diabetes 2017; 66:722-734. [PMID: 27920090 PMCID: PMC5319719 DOI: 10.2337/db16-1025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes results from chronic autoimmune destruction of insulin-producing β-cells within pancreatic islets. Although insulin is a critical self-antigen in animal models of autoimmune diabetes, due to extremely limited access to pancreas samples, little is known about human antigenic targets for islet-infiltrating T cells. Here we show that proinsulin peptides are targeted by islet-infiltrating T cells from patients with type 1 diabetes. We identified hundreds of T cells from inflamed pancreatic islets of three young organ donors with type 1 diabetes with a short disease duration with high-risk HLA genes using a direct T-cell receptor (TCR) sequencing approach without long-term cell culture. Among 85 selected CD4 TCRs tested for reactivity to preproinsulin peptides presented by diabetes-susceptible HLA-DQ and HLA-DR molecules, one T cell recognized C-peptide amino acids 19-35, and two clones from separate donors responded to insulin B-chain amino acids 9-23 (B:9-23), which are known to be a critical self-antigen-driving disease progress in animal models of autoimmune diabetes. These B:9-23-specific T cells from islets responded to whole proinsulin and islets, whereas previously identified B:9-23 responsive clones from peripheral blood did not, highlighting the importance of proinsulin-specific T cells in the islet microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron W Michels
- Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
| | - Laurie G Landry
- Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
| | - Kristen A McDaniel
- Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
| | - Liping Yu
- Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
| | - Martha Campbell-Thompson
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - William W Kwok
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Kenneth L Jones
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Hematology, Oncology, and Bone Marrow Transplant, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
| | - Peter A Gottlieb
- Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
| | - John W Kappler
- Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Denver, CO
- Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO
- Program in Structural Biology and Biochemistry, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
| | - Qizhi Tang
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
- Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Bart O Roep
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
- Department of Diabetes Immunology, Diabetes & Metabolism Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA
| | - Mark A Atkinson
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Clayton E Mathews
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Maki Nakayama
- Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
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19
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Azzi J, Thueson L, Moore R, Abdoli R, Reijonen H, Abdi R. PI3Kγ Deficient NOD-Mice Are Protected from Diabetes by Restoring the Balance of Regulatory to Effector-T-Cells. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0169695. [PMID: 28081180 PMCID: PMC5231340 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0169695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
With a steady increase in its incidence and lack of curative treatment, type 1 diabetes (T1D) has emerged as a major health problem worldwide. To design novel effective therapies, there is a pressing need to identify regulatory targets controlling the balance of autoreactive to regulatory-T-cells (Tregs). We previously showed that the inhibition of the γ-subunit of the Phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K), significantly suppress autoimmune-diabetes. To further delineate the mechanisms and the selectivity of specific immune modulation by PI3Kγ-inhibition, we developed a new NOD mouse model of T1D lacking the γ-subunit of PI3K. Strikingly, the loss of PI3Kγ protected 92% of the NOD-mice from developing spontaneous diabetes. The NOD.PI3Kγ-/- mice are protected from insulitis secondary to a defect in CD4 and CD8 autoreactive-T-cells activation and survival. In addition, PI3Kγ-deficiency promoted Treg generation in-vitro and in-vivo. Furthermore, PI3Kγ-inhibitor (AS605240) inhibited proliferation and cytokine production of a human CD4+ T-cell clone specific for GAD555-567 peptide that was isolated from a patient with T1D. These studies demonstrate the key role of the PI3Kγ pathway in regulating autoimmune-diabetes and provide rationales for future devise of anti- PI3Kγ therapy in T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamil Azzi
- Transplantation Research Center, Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail: (JA); (RA)
| | - Lindsay Thueson
- Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Robert Moore
- Transplantation Research Center, Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Rozita Abdoli
- Transplantation Research Center, Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Helena Reijonen
- Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Reza Abdi
- Transplantation Research Center, Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail: (JA); (RA)
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20
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Wedgwood KCA, Richardson SJ, Morgan NG, Tsaneva-Atanasova K. Spatiotemporal Dynamics of Insulitis in Human Type 1 Diabetes. Front Physiol 2016; 7:633. [PMID: 28082906 PMCID: PMC5186767 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an auto-immune disease characterized by the selective destruction of the insulin secreting beta cells in the pancreas during an inflammatory phase known as insulitis. Patients with T1D are typically dependent on the administration of externally provided insulin in order to manage blood glucose levels. Whilst technological developments have significantly improved both the life expectancy and quality of life of these patients, an understanding of the mechanisms of the disease remains elusive. Animal models, such as the NOD mouse model, have been widely used to probe the process of insulitis, but there exist very few data from humans studied at disease onset. In this manuscript, we employ data from human pancreases collected close to the onset of T1D and propose a spatio-temporal computational model for the progression of insulitis in human T1D, with particular focus on the mechanisms underlying the development of insulitis in pancreatic islets. This framework allows us to investigate how the time-course of insulitis progression is affected by altering key parameters, such as the number of the CD20+ B cells present in the inflammatory infiltrate, which has recently been proposed to influence the aggressiveness of the disease. Through the analysis of repeated simulations of our stochastic model, which track the number of beta cells within an islet, we find that increased numbers of B cells in the peri-islet space lead to faster destruction of the beta cells. We also find that the balance between the degradation and repair of the basement membrane surrounding the islet is a critical component in governing the overall destruction rate of the beta cells and their remaining number. Our model provides a framework for continued and improved spatio-temporal modeling of human T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle C. A. Wedgwood
- Centre for Biomedical Modelling and Analysis, University of ExeterExeter, UK
| | | | - Noel G. Morgan
- University of Exeter Medical School, University of ExeterExeter, UK
| | - Krasimira Tsaneva-Atanasova
- College for Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of ExeterExeter, UK
- Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council Centre for Predictive Modelling in Healthcare, University of ExeterExeter, UK
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21
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T Cell Repertoire Diversity Is Decreased in Type 1 Diabetes Patients. GENOMICS PROTEOMICS & BIOINFORMATICS 2016; 14:338-348. [PMID: 28024918 PMCID: PMC5200939 DOI: 10.1016/j.gpb.2016.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Revised: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D) is an immune-mediated disease. The autoreactive T cells in T1D patients attack and destroy their own pancreatic cells. In order to systematically investigate the potential autoreactive T cell receptors (TCRs), we used a high-throughput immune repertoire sequencing technique to profile the spectrum of TCRs in individual T1D patients and controls. We sequenced the T cell repertoire of nine T1D patients, four type 2 diabetes (T2D) patients, and six nondiabetic controls. The diversity of the T cell repertoire in T1D patients was significantly decreased in comparison with T2D patients (P=7.0E-08 for CD4+ T cells, P=1.4E-04 for CD8+ T cells) and nondiabetic controls (P=2.7E-09 for CD4+ T cells, P=7.6E-06 for CD8+ T cells). Moreover, T1D patients had significantly more highly-expanded T cell clones than T2D patients (P=5.2E-06 for CD4+ T cells, P=1.9E-07 for CD8+ T cells) and nondiabetic controls (P=1.7E-07 for CD4+ T cells, P=3.3E-03 for CD8+ T cells). Furthermore, we identified a group of highly-expanded T cell receptor clones that are shared by more than two T1D patients. Although further validation in larger cohorts is needed, our data suggest that T cell receptor diversity measurements may become a valuable tool in investigating diabetes, such as using the diversity as an index to distinguish different types of diabetes.
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22
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Seay HR, Yusko E, Rothweiler SJ, Zhang L, Posgai AL, Campbell-Thompson M, Vignali M, Emerson RO, Kaddis JS, Ko D, Nakayama M, Smith MJ, Cambier JC, Pugliese A, Atkinson MA, Robins HS, Brusko TM. Tissue distribution and clonal diversity of the T and B cell repertoire in type 1 diabetes. JCI Insight 2016; 1:e88242. [PMID: 27942583 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.88242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The adaptive immune repertoire plays a critical role in type 1 diabetes (T1D) pathogenesis. However, efforts to characterize B cell and T cell receptor (TCR) profiles in T1D subjects have been largely limited to peripheral blood sampling and restricted to known antigens. To address this, we collected pancreatic draining lymph nodes (pLN), "irrelevant" nonpancreatic draining lymph nodes, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), and splenocytes from T1D subjects (n = 18) and control donors (n = 9) as well as pancreatic islets from 1 T1D patient; from these tissues, we collected purified CD4+ conventional T cells (Tconv), CD4+ Treg, CD8+ T cells, and B cells. By conducting high-throughput immunosequencing of the TCR β chain (TRB) and B cell receptor (BCR) immunoglobulin heavy chain (IGH) on these samples, we sought to analyze the molecular signature of the lymphocyte populations within these tissues and of T1D. Ultimately, we observed a highly tissue-restricted CD4+ repertoire, while up to 24% of CD8+ clones were shared among tissues. We surveyed our data set for previously described proinsulin- and glutamic acid decarboxylase 65-reactive (GAD65-reactive) receptors, and interestingly, we observed a TRB with homology to a known GAD65-reactive TCR (clone GAD4.13) present in 7 T1D donors (38.9%), representing >25% of all productive TRB within Tconv isolated from the pLN of 1 T1D subject. These data demonstrate diverse receptor signatures at the nucleotide level and enriched autoreactive clones at the amino acid level, supporting the utility of coupling immunosequencing data with knowledge of characterized autoreactive receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Howard R Seay
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida Diabetes Institute, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Erik Yusko
- Adaptive Biotechnologies Corporation, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Stephanie J Rothweiler
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida Diabetes Institute, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Lin Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida Diabetes Institute, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Amanda L Posgai
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida Diabetes Institute, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Martha Campbell-Thompson
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida Diabetes Institute, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Marissa Vignali
- Adaptive Biotechnologies Corporation, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Ryan O Emerson
- Adaptive Biotechnologies Corporation, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - John S Kaddis
- Department of Information Sciences, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Dave Ko
- Department of Information Sciences, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California, USA
| | | | - Mia J Smith
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - John C Cambier
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Alberto Pugliese
- Diabetes Research Institute and Departments of Medicine, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Mark A Atkinson
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida Diabetes Institute, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Harlan S Robins
- Adaptive Biotechnologies Corporation, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Todd M Brusko
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida Diabetes Institute, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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23
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Yeste A, Takenaka MC, Mascanfroni ID, Nadeau M, Kenison JE, Patel B, Tukpah AM, Babon JAB, DeNicola M, Kent SC, Pozo D, Quintana FJ. Tolerogenic nanoparticles inhibit T cell-mediated autoimmunity through SOCS2. Sci Signal 2016; 9:ra61. [PMID: 27330188 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aad0612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a T cell-dependent autoimmune disease that is characterized by the destruction of insulin-producing β cells in the pancreas. The administration to patients of ex vivo-differentiated FoxP3(+) regulatory T (Treg) cells or tolerogenic dendritic cells (DCs) that promote Treg cell differentiation is considered a potential therapy for T1D; however, cell-based therapies cannot be easily translated into clinical practice. We engineered nanoparticles (NPs) to deliver both a tolerogenic molecule, the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) ligand 2-(1'H-indole-3'-carbonyl)-thiazole-4-carboxylic acid methyl ester (ITE), and the β cell antigen proinsulin (NPITE+Ins) to induce a tolerogenic phenotype in DCs and promote Treg cell generation in vivo. NPITE+Ins administration to 8-week-old nonobese diabetic mice suppressed autoimmune diabetes. NPITE+Ins induced a tolerogenic phenotype in DCs, which was characterized by a decreased ability to activate inflammatory effector T cells and was concomitant with the increased differentiation of FoxP3(+) Treg cells. The induction of a tolerogenic phenotype in DCs by NPs was mediated by the AhR-dependent induction of Socs2, which resulted in inhibition of nuclear factor κB activation and proinflammatory cytokine production (properties of tolerogenic DCs). Together, these data suggest that NPs constitute a potential tool to reestablish tolerance in T1D and potentially other autoimmune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ada Yeste
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Maisa C Takenaka
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ivan D Mascanfroni
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Meghan Nadeau
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jessica E Kenison
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Bonny Patel
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ann-Marcia Tukpah
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jenny Aurielle B Babon
- Department of Medicine, Diabetes Division, Diabetes Center of Excellence, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Megan DeNicola
- Department of Medicine, Diabetes Division, Diabetes Center of Excellence, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Sally C Kent
- Department of Medicine, Diabetes Division, Diabetes Center of Excellence, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - David Pozo
- CABIMER-Andalusian Center for Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-University of Seville-Universidad Pablo de Olavide), Seville 41092, Spain. Department of Medical Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Immunology, University of Seville Medical School, Seville 41009, Spain
| | - Francisco J Quintana
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA. Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
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24
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Buckner JH, Nepom GT. Obstacles and opportunities for targeting the effector T cell response in type 1 diabetes. J Autoimmun 2016; 71:44-50. [PMID: 26948997 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2016.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Autoreactive lymphocytes display a programmed set of characteristic effector functions and phenotypic markers that, in combination with antigen-specific profiling, provide a detailed picture of the adaptive immune response in Type 1 diabetes (T1D). The CD4+ T cell effector compartment (referred to as "Teff" in this article) has been extensively analyzed, particularly because the HLA genes most strongly associated with T1D are MHC class II alleles that form restriction elements for CD4+ T cell recognition. This "guilt by association" can now be revisited in terms of specific immune mechanisms and specific forms of T cell recognition that are displayed by Teff found in subjects with T1D. In this review, we describe properties of Teff that correlate with T1D, and discuss several characteristics that advance our understanding of disease persistence and progression. Focusing on functional disease-associated immunological pathways within these Teff suggests a rationale for next-generation clinical trials with targeted interventions. Indeed, immune modulation therapies in T1D that do not address these properties of Teff are unlikely to achieve durable clinical response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane H Buckner
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, The University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Gerald T Nepom
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, The University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
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25
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Frankl JA, Thearle MS, Desmarais C, Bogardus C, Krakoff J. T-cell receptor repertoire variation may be associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus in humans. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2016; 32:297-307. [PMID: 26408818 PMCID: PMC6383518 DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.2720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Revised: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 08/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent work in Pima Indians, a population with high rates of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), demonstrated that human leukocyte antigen haplotype DRB1*02 carriers have an increased acute insulin response and decreased risk for the development of T2DM, implicating loss of self-tolerance in the pathogenesis of T2DM. Advances in genomic sequencing have made T-cell receptor repertoire analysis a practical mode of investigation. METHODS High-throughput sequencing of T-cell receptor complementarity-determining region 3 was carried out in male Pima Indians with normal glucose regulation (n = 11; age = 31 ± 8 years; %fat = 30.2 ± 8.7%) and the protective DRB1*02 haplotype versus those with T2DM without DRB1*02 (n = 7; age = 34 ± 8 years; %fat = 31.2 ± 4.7%). Findings were partially replicated in another cohort by assessing the predictive ability of T-cell receptor variation on risk of T2DM in Pima Indian men (n = 27; age = 28.9 ± 7.1 years; %fat = 28.8 ± 7.1%) and women (n = 20; age = 29 ± 7.0 years; %fat = 37.1 ± 6.8%) with baseline normal glucose regulation but without the protective haplotype who were invited to follow-up examinations as frequently as every 2 years where diabetes status was assessed by a 75-g oral glucose tolerance test. Of these subjects, 13 developed diabetes. RESULTS T-cell receptor complementarity-determining region 3 length was shorter in those with T2DM, and a one-nucleotide decrease in complementarity-determining region 3 length was associated with a nearly threefold increase in risk for future diabetes. The frequency of one variable gene, TRBV7-8, was higher in those with T2DM. A 1% increase in TRBV7-8 frequency was associated with a greater than threefold increase in diabetes risk. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that T-cell autoimmunity may be an important component in progression to T2DM in Pima Indians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph A. Frankl
- Obesity and Diabetes Clinical Research Section, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Marie S. Thearle
- Obesity and Diabetes Clinical Research Section, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | | | - Clifton Bogardus
- Obesity and Diabetes Clinical Research Section, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Jonathan Krakoff
- Obesity and Diabetes Clinical Research Section, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Phoenix, AZ, USA
- Correspondence to: Jonathan Krakoff, 5th Floor, Phoenix Indian Medical Center, 4212 N. 16th St, Phoenix, AZ 85016, USA.
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26
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Holland CJ, Dolton G, Scurr M, Ladell K, Schauenburg AJ, Miners K, Madura F, Sewell AK, Price DA, Cole DK, Godkin AJ. Enhanced Detection of Antigen-Specific CD4+ T Cells Using Altered Peptide Flanking Residue Peptide-MHC Class II Multimers. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 195:5827-36. [PMID: 26553072 PMCID: PMC4671089 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1402787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Fluorochrome-conjugated peptide–MHC (pMHC) class I multimers are staple components of the immunologist’s toolbox, enabling reliable quantification and analysis of Ag-specific CD8+ T cells irrespective of functional outputs. In contrast, widespread use of the equivalent pMHC class II (pMHC-II) reagents has been hindered by intrinsically weaker TCR affinities for pMHC-II, a lack of cooperative binding between the TCR and CD4 coreceptor, and a low frequency of Ag-specific CD4+ T cell populations in the peripheral blood. In this study, we show that peptide flanking regions, extending beyond the central nonamer core of MHC-II–bound peptides, can enhance TCR–pMHC-II binding and T cell activation without loss of specificity. Consistent with these findings, pMHC-II multimers incorporating peptide flanking residue modifications proved superior for the ex vivo detection, characterization, and manipulation of Ag-specific CD4+ T cells, highlighting an unappreciated feature of TCR–pMHC-II interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Holland
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, Wales, United Kingdom; and
| | - Garry Dolton
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, Wales, United Kingdom; and
| | - Martin Scurr
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, Wales, United Kingdom; and
| | - Kristin Ladell
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, Wales, United Kingdom; and
| | - Andrea J Schauenburg
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, Wales, United Kingdom; and
| | - Kelly Miners
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, Wales, United Kingdom; and
| | - Florian Madura
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, Wales, United Kingdom; and
| | - Andrew K Sewell
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, Wales, United Kingdom; and
| | - David A Price
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, Wales, United Kingdom; and
| | - David K Cole
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, Wales, United Kingdom; and
| | - Andrew J Godkin
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, Wales, United Kingdom; and Department of Integrated Medicine, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff CF14 4XW, Wales, United Kingdom
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27
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Xu X, Gu Y, Bian L, Shi Y, Cai Y, Chen Y, Chen H, Qian L, Wu X, Xu K, Mallone R, Davidson HW, Yu L, She J, Zhang M, Yang T. Characterization of immune response to novel HLA-A2-restricted epitopes from zinc transporter 8 in type 1 diabetes. Vaccine 2015; 34:854-62. [PMID: 26541133 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.10.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2015] [Revised: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE ZnT8-specific CD8+ T cells in human type 1 diabetes (T1D) have been reported recently, although the results from different laboratories are inconsistent. We aimed to characterize these ZnT8 specific CD8+ T cells and validate assays to screen peptide libraries. METHODS We screened HLA-A2-restricted T cell candidate peptides of ZnT8 with different methods including computer algorithms, MHC-peptide binding and dissociation assays in T2 cell line, identification in HLA-A2 transgenic (Tg) mice and in vivo CTL assays. Then ELISpot assay was used to measure peptide-reactive T cell responses in 49 HLA-A2-restricted T1D patients. RESULTS We demonstrated that ZnT8(107-116)(115), ZnT8(110-118), and ZnT8(177-186) were novel HLA-A*0201-restricted CTL epitopes in T1D patients. ZnT8(107-116)(115), ZnT8(115-123), ZnT8(153-161), ZnT8(177-186) and ZnT8(291-300) represent potentially major biomarkers for T1D. T cell responses against these epitopes showed different distributions between recently diagnosed and long-standing patients. Furthermore, they displayed discriminating performance among different ethnicities. We also compared the performance of the epitope identification strategies used herein. The epitopes which exhibited strong immunogenicity in HLA-A2 Tg mice were also well recognized by T1D patients. CONCLUSIONS The differences in autoimmune T cell responses among T1D individuals may open new avenues toward T1D prediction and prevention. It also provides efficient strategies for immune intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Xu
- Department of Endocrinology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yong Gu
- Department of Endocrinology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lingling Bian
- Department of Endocrinology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yun Shi
- Department of Endocrinology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yun Cai
- Department of Endocrinology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yang Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Heng Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Li Qian
- Department of Endocrinology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiangmei Wu
- Department of Endocrinology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Kuanfeng Xu
- Department of Endocrinology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Roberto Mallone
- INSERM, U1016, Cochin Institute, Paris, France; CNRS, UMR8104, Cochin Institute, Paris, France; Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Dept. of Diabetology, Cochin Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Howard W Davidson
- Department of Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado at Denver and Health Sciences Center, USA
| | - Liping Yu
- Department of Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado at Denver and Health Sciences Center, USA
| | - Jinxiong She
- Department of Endocrinology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China; Center for Biotechnology and Genomic Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Mei Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Tao Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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28
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McGinty JW, Marré ML, Bajzik V, Piganelli JD, James EA. T cell epitopes and post-translationally modified epitopes in type 1 diabetes. Curr Diab Rep 2015; 15:90. [PMID: 26370701 PMCID: PMC4902156 DOI: 10.1007/s11892-015-0657-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disease in which progressive loss of self-tolerance, evidenced by accumulation of auto-antibodies and auto-reactive T cells that recognize diverse self-proteins, leads to immune-mediated destruction of pancreatic beta cells and loss of insulin secretion. In this review, we discuss antigens and epitopes in T1D and the role that post-translational modifications play in circumventing tolerance mechanisms and increasing antigenic diversity. Emerging data suggest that, analogous to other autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and celiac disease, enzymatically modified epitopes are preferentially recognized in T1D. Modifying enzymes such as peptidyl deiminases and tissue transglutaminase are activated in response to beta cell stress, providing a mechanistic link between post-translational modification and interactions with the environment. Although studies of such responses in the at-risk population have been limited, current data suggests that breakdown in tolerance through post-translational modification represents an important checkpoint in the development of T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W McGinty
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, 1201 9th Ave, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Meghan L Marré
- Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh, 4401 Penn Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - Veronique Bajzik
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, 1201 9th Ave, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Jon D Piganelli
- Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh, 4401 Penn Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - Eddie A James
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, 1201 9th Ave, Seattle, WA, USA.
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Chujo D, Nguyen TS, Foucat E, Blankenship D, Banchereau J, Nepom GT, Chaussabel D, Ueno H. Adult-onset type 1 diabetes patients display decreased IGRP-specific Tr1 cells in blood. Clin Immunol 2015; 161:270-7. [PMID: 26341315 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2015.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Revised: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The breakdown of immune tolerance against islet antigens causes type 1 diabetes (T1D). The antigens associated with adult-onset T1D (AT1D) remain largely undefined. It is possible that AT1D patients display a unique type of CD4(+) T cells specific for a certain islet antigen. Here we analyzed the cytokine production profiles of CD4(+) helper T (Th) cells that are specific for three islet antigens; GAD65, preproinsulin, and IGRP in patients with AT1D, juvenile-onset T1D (JT1D), and age-, gender- and human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-matched control adults. While IGRP-specific Th cells in AT1D patients were dominantly Th1 cells, IGRP-specific Th cells in control adults and JT1D patients were dominantly Th2 and T regulatory type 1 (Tr1) cells. Notably, the frequency of IGRP-specific Tr1 cells was significantly lower in AT1D patients than in control adults and JT1D patients. In conclusion, our study suggests that IGRP-specific Th cells play a unique pathogenic role in AT1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Chujo
- Baylor Institute for Immunology Research, Dallas, TX, USA; National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Emile Foucat
- Baylor Institute for Immunology Research, Dallas, TX, USA
| | | | | | - Gerald T Nepom
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Hideki Ueno
- Baylor Institute for Immunology Research, Dallas, TX, USA.
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30
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Jaberi-Douraki M, Pietropaolo M, Khadra A. Continuum model of T-cell avidity: Understanding autoreactive and regulatory T-cell responses in type 1 diabetes. J Theor Biol 2015; 383:93-105. [PMID: 26271890 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2015.07.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Revised: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disease that results from the destruction of insulin-secreting pancreatic β cells, leading to abolition of insulin secretion and onset of diabetes. Cytotoxic CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells, activated by antigen presenting cells (APCs), are both implicated in disease onset and progression. Regulatory T cells (Tregs), on the other hand, play a leading role in regulating immunological tolerance and resistant homoeostasis in T1D by suppressing effector T cells (Teffs). Recent data indicates that after activation, conventional Teffs transiently produce interleukin IL-2, a cytokine that acts as a growth factor for both Teffs and Tregs. Tregs suppress Teffs through IL-2 deprivation, competition and Teff conversion into inducible Tregs (iTregs). To investigate the interactions of these components during T1D progression, a mathematical model of T-cell dynamics is developed as a predictor of β-cell loss, with the underlying hypothesis that avidity of Teffs and Tregs, i.e., the binding affinity of T-cell receptors to peptide-major histocompatibility complexes on host cells, is continuum. The model is used to infer a set of criteria that determines susceptibility to T1D in high risk subjects. Our findings show that diabetes onset is guided by the absence of Treg-to-Teff dominance at specific high avidities, rather than over the whole range of avidity, and that the lack of overall dominance of Teffs-to-Tregs over time is the underlying cause of the "honeymoon period", the remission phase observed in some T1D patients. The model also suggests that competition between Teffs and Tregs is more effective than Teff-induction into iTregs in suppressing Teffs, and that a prolonged full width at half maximum of IL-2 release is a necessary condition for curbing disease onset. Finally, the model provides a rationale for observing rapid and slow progressors of T1D based on modest heterogeneity in the kinetic parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Massimo Pietropaolo
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston 77030, Texas, USA
| | - Anmar Khadra
- Department of Physiology, McGill University, H3G 1Y6, Quebec, Montreal, Canada.
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31
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Riedhammer C, Weissert R. Antigen Presentation, Autoantigens, and Immune Regulation in Multiple Sclerosis and Other Autoimmune Diseases. Front Immunol 2015; 6:322. [PMID: 26136751 PMCID: PMC4470263 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Antigen presentation is in the center of the immune system, both in host defense against pathogens, but also when the system is unbalanced and autoimmune diseases like multiple sclerosis (MS) develop. It is not just by chance that a major histocompatibility complex gene is the major genetic susceptibility locus in MS; a feature that MS shares with other autoimmune diseases. The exact etiology of the disease, however, has not been fully understood yet. T cells are regarded as the major players in the disease, but most probably a complex interplay of altered central and peripheral tolerance mechanisms, T-cell and B-cell functions, characteristics of putative autoantigens, and a possible interference of environmental factors like microorganisms are at work. In this review, new data on all these different aspects of antigen presentation and their role in MS will be discussed, probable autoantigens will be summarized, and comparisons to other autoimmune diseases will be drawn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Riedhammer
- Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, University of Regensburg , Regensburg , Germany
| | - Robert Weissert
- Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, University of Regensburg , Regensburg , Germany
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32
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Eugster A, Lindner A, Catani M, Heninger AK, Dahl A, Klemroth S, Kühn D, Dietz S, Bickle M, Ziegler AG, Bonifacio E. High diversity in the TCR repertoire of GAD65 autoantigen-specific human CD4+ T cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 194:2531-8. [PMID: 25681349 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1403031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Autoreactive CD4(+) T cells are an essential feature of type 1 diabetes mellitus. We applied single-cell TCR α- and β-chain sequencing to peripheral blood GAD65-specific CD4(+) T cells, and TCR α-chain next-generation sequencing to bulk memory CD4(+) T cells to provide insight into TCR diversity in autoimmune diabetes mellitus. TCRs obtained for 1650 GAD65-specific CD4(+) T cells isolated from GAD65 proliferation assays and/or GAD65 557I tetramer staining in 6 patients and 10 islet autoantibody-positive children showed large diversity with 1003 different TCRs identified. TRAV and TRBV gene usage was broad, and the TRBV5.1 gene was most prominent within the GAD65 557I tetramer(+) cells. Limited overlap (<5%) was observed between TCRs of GAD65-proliferating and GAD65 557I tetramer(+) CD4(+) T cells. Few TCRs were repeatedly found in GAD65-specific cells at different time points from individual patients, and none was seen in more than one subject. However, single chains were often shared between patients and used in combination with different second chains. Next-generation sequencing revealed a wide frequency range (<0.00001-1.62%) of TCR α-chains corresponding to GAD65-specific T cells. The findings support minor selection of genes and TCRs for GAD65-specific T cells, but fail to provide strong support for TCR-targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Eugster
- German Research Foundation Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Dresden University of Technology, 01307 Dresden, Germany;
| | - Annett Lindner
- German Research Foundation Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Dresden University of Technology, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Mara Catani
- German Research Foundation Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Dresden University of Technology, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Anne-Kristin Heninger
- German Research Foundation Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Dresden University of Technology, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Andreas Dahl
- Deep Sequencing Group, Collaborative Research Center 655/BIOTEC, Biotechnology Center, Dresden University of Technology, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Sylvia Klemroth
- Deep Sequencing Group, Collaborative Research Center 655/BIOTEC, Biotechnology Center, Dresden University of Technology, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Denise Kühn
- German Research Foundation Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Dresden University of Technology, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Sevina Dietz
- German Research Foundation Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Dresden University of Technology, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Marc Bickle
- Technology Development Studio, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Anette-Gabrielle Ziegler
- Institute of Diabetes Mellitus Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Forschergruppe Diabetes Mellitus, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, 81664 Munich, Germany
| | - Ezio Bonifacio
- German Research Foundation Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Dresden University of Technology, 01307 Dresden, Germany; Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden, German Center for Diabetes Mellitus Research, Dresden University of Technology, 01307 Dresden, Germany; and Institute for Diabetes Mellitus and Obesity, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany Germany
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Law SC, Benham H, Reid HH, Rossjohn J, Thomas R. Identification of Self-antigen–specific T Cells Reflecting Loss of Tolerance in Autoimmune Disease Underpins Preventative Immunotherapeutic Strategies in Rheumatoid Arthritis. Rheum Dis Clin North Am 2014; 40:735-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rdc.2014.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Ko H, Chee J, Sutherland RM, Thomas HE, Zhan Y, Krishnamurthy B, Kay TWH, Lew AM. Functional cytotoxic T lymphocytes against IGRP
206‐214
predict diabetes in the non‐obese diabetic mouse. Immunol Cell Biol 2014; 92:640-4. [DOI: 10.1038/icb.2014.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Revised: 03/23/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hyun‐Ja Ko
- Immunology Division, Walter and Eliza Hall InstituteParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of MelbourneParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
| | - Jonathan Chee
- Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, St Vincent's InstituteFitzroyVictoriaAustralia
| | - Robyn M Sutherland
- Immunology Division, Walter and Eliza Hall InstituteParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of MelbourneParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
| | - Helen E Thomas
- Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, St Vincent's InstituteFitzroyVictoriaAustralia
| | - Yifan Zhan
- Immunology Division, Walter and Eliza Hall InstituteParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of MelbourneParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
| | | | - Thomas W H Kay
- Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, St Vincent's InstituteFitzroyVictoriaAustralia
| | - Andrew M Lew
- Immunology Division, Walter and Eliza Hall InstituteParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of MelbourneParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
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35
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Martins LS, Henriques AC, Fonseca IM, Rodrigues AS, Oliverira JC, Dores JM, Dias LS, Cabrita AM, Silva JD, Noronha IL. Pancreatic autoantibodies after pancreas-kidney transplantation - do they matter? Clin Transplant 2014; 28:462-9. [PMID: 24655222 DOI: 10.1111/ctr.12337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/06/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes recurrence has been documented in simultaneous pancreas-kidney transplants (SPKT), but this diagnosis may be underestimated. Antibody monitoring is the most simple, noninvasive, screening test for pancreas autoimmune activity. However, the impact of the positive autoimmune markers on pancreas graft function remains controversial. In our cohort of 105 SPKT, we studied the cases with positive pancreatic autoantibodies. They were immunosuppressed with antithymocyte globulin, tacrolimus, mycophenolate, and steroids. The persistence or reappearance of these autoantibodies after SPKT and factors associated with their evolution and with graft outcome were analyzed. Pancreatic autoantibodies were prospectively monitored. Serum samples were collected before transplantation and at least once per year thereafter. At the end of the follow-up (maximum 138 months), 43.8% of patients were positive (from pre-transplant or after recurrence) for at least one autoantibody - the positive group. Antiglutamic acid decarboxylase was the most prevalent (31.4%), followed by anti-insulin (8.6%) and anti-islet cell autoantibodies (3.8%). Bivariate analysis showed that the positive group had higher fasting glucose, higher glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), lower C-peptide levels, and a higher number of HLA-matches. Analyzing the sample divided into four groups according to pre-/post-transplant autoantibodies profile, the negative/positive group tended to present the higher HbA1c values. Multivariate analysis confirmed the significant association between pancreas autoimmunity and HbA1c and C-peptide levels. Positivity for these autoantibodies pre-transplantation did not influence pancreas survival. The unfavorable glycemic profile observed in the autoantibody-positive SPKT is a matter of concern, which deserves further attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- La Salete Martins
- Nephrology Department, Hospital Santo António, Centro Hospitalar do Porto, Porto, Portugal; Transplantation Department, Hospital Santo António, Centro Hospitalar do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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36
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Chee J, Ko HJ, Skowera A, Jhala G, Catterall T, Graham KL, Sutherland RM, Thomas HE, Lew AM, Peakman M, Kay TWH, Krishnamurthy B. Effector-Memory T Cells Develop in Islets and Report Islet Pathology in Type 1 Diabetes. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 192:572-80. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1302100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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37
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Eugster A, Lindner A, Heninger AK, Wilhelm C, Dietz S, Catani M, Ziegler AG, Bonifacio E. Measuring T cell receptor and T cell gene expression diversity in antigen-responsive human CD4+ T cells. J Immunol Methods 2013; 400-401:13-22. [PMID: 24239865 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2013.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 11/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
T cells have diversity in TCR, epitope recognition, and cytokine production, and can be used for immune monitoring. Furthermore, clonal expansion of TCR families in disease may provide opportunities for TCR-directed therapies. We developed methodology for sequencing expressed genes of TCR alpha and beta chains from single cells and applied this to vaccine (tetanus-toxoid)-responsive CD4(+) T cells. TCR alpha and beta chains were both successfully sequenced in 1309 (43%) of 3038 CD4(+) T cells yielding 677 different receptors. TRAV and TRBV gene usage differed between tetanus-toxoid-responsive and non-responsive cells (p=0.004 and 0.0002), and there was extensive TCR diversity in tetanus-toxoid-responsive cells within individuals. Identical TCRs could be recovered in different samples from the same subject: TCRs identified after booster vaccination were frequent in pre-booster memory T cells (31% of pre-booster TCR), and also identified in pre-booster vaccination naïve cells (6.5%). No TCR was shared between subjects, but tetanus toxoid-responsive cells sharing one of their TCR chains were observed within and between subjects. Coupling single-cell gene expression profiling to TCR sequencing revealed examples of distinct cytokine profiles in cells bearing identical TCR. Novel molecular methodology demonstrates extensive diversity of Ag-responsive CD4(+) T cells within and between individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Eugster
- DFG Research Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany; Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden, German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD).
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38
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Estorninho M, Gibson VB, Kronenberg-Versteeg D, Liu YF, Ni C, Cerosaletti K, Peakman M. A Novel Approach to Tracking Antigen-Experienced CD4 T Cells into Functional Compartments via Tandem Deep and Shallow TCR Clonotyping. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 191:5430-40. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1300622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Dahan R, Gebe JA, Preisinger A, James EA, Tendler M, Nepom GT, Reiter Y. Antigen-specific immunomodulation for type 1 diabetes by novel recombinant antibodies directed against diabetes-associates auto-reactive T cell epitope. J Autoimmun 2013; 47:83-93. [PMID: 24090977 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2013.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2013] [Revised: 08/19/2013] [Accepted: 08/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The trimolecular complex composed of autoreactive T-cell receptor, MHC class II, and an autoantigenic peptide plays a central role in the activation of pathogenic Islet-specific CD4+ T cells in type 1 diabetes (T1D). We isolated and characterized novel antibodies against autoreactive T-cell epitopes associated with T1D. Our antibodies mimic the specificity of the T-cell receptor (TCR), while binding MHC class II/peptide complexes in an autoantigen peptide specific, MHC-restricted manner. The isolated TCR-like antibodies were directed against the minimal T-cell epitope GAD-555-567 in the context of the HLA-DR4-diabetic-associated molecule. A representative high-affinity TCR-like antibody clone (G3H8) enabled the detection of intra- and extra-cellular DR4/GAD-555-567 complexes in antigen presenting cells. I561M single mutation at the central position (P5) of the GAD-555-567 peptide abolished the binding of G3H8 to the DR4/GAD complex, demonstrating its high fine TCR-like specificity. The G3H8 TCR-like antibody significantly inhibited GAD-555-567 specific, DR4 restricted T-cell response in vitro and in vivo in HLA-DR4 transgenic mice. Our findings constitute a proof-of-concept for the utility of TCR-like antibodies as antigen-specific immunomodulation agents for regulating pathogenic T-cells and suggest that TCR-like antibodies targeting autoreactive MHC class II epitopes are valuable research tools that enable studies related to antigen presentation as well as novel therapeutic agents that may be used to modulate autoimmune disorders such as T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rony Dahan
- Faculty of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.
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40
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Chujo D, Foucat E, Nguyen TS, Chaussabel D, Banchereau J, Ueno H. ZnT8-Specific CD4+ T cells display distinct cytokine expression profiles between type 1 diabetes patients and healthy adults. PLoS One 2013; 8:e55595. [PMID: 23390544 PMCID: PMC3563599 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0055595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2012] [Accepted: 12/27/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Determination of antigen-specific T cell repertoires in human blood has been a challenge. Here, we show a novel integrated approach that permits determination of multiple parameters of antigen-specific T cell repertoires. The approach consists of two assays: the Direct assay and the Cytokine-driven assay. Briefly, human PBMCs are first stimulated with overlapping peptides encoding a given antigen for 48 hours to measure cytokine secretion (Direct assay). Peptide-reactive T cells are further expanded by IL-2 for 5 days; and after overnight starvation, expanded cells are stimulated with the same peptides from the initial culture to analyze cytokine secretion (Cytokine-driven assay). We first applied this integrated approach to determine the type of islet-antigen-specific T cells in healthy adults. Out of ten donors, the Direct assay identified GAD65-specific CD4+ T cells in three adults and zinc transporter 8 (ZnT8)-specific CD4+ T cells in five adults. The intracytoplasmic cytokine staining assay showed that these islet-antigen-specific CD4+ T cells belonged to the CD45RO+ memory compartment. The Cytokine-driven assay further revealed that islet-antigen-specific CD4+ T cells in healthy adults were capable of secreting various types of cytokines including type 1 and type 2 cytokines as well as IL-10. We next applied our integrated assay to determine whether the type of ZnT8-specific CD4+ T cells is different between Type 1 diabetes patients and age/gender/HLA-matched healthy adults. We found that ZnT8-specific CD4+ T cells were skewed towards Th1 cells in T1D patients, while Th2 and IL-10-producing cells were prevalent in healthy adults. In conclusion, the Direct assay and the Cytokine-driven assay complement each other, and the combination of the two assays provides information of antigen-specific T cell repertoires on the breadth, type, and avidity. This strategy is applicable to determine the differences in the quality of antigen-specific T cells between health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Chujo
- Baylor Institute for Immunology Research, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Emile Foucat
- Baylor Institute for Immunology Research, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Thien-Son Nguyen
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Damien Chaussabel
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Jacques Banchereau
- Baylor Institute for Immunology Research, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Hideki Ueno
- Baylor Institute for Immunology Research, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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41
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Production of primary human CD4⁺ T cell lines and clones. Methods Mol Biol 2013. [PMID: 23329513 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-218-6_40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
Tetramer staining of CD4(+) T cells is a valuable technique in immunology for detecting rare autoreactive T cells. Generating clones or cell lines from autoantigen tetramer-positive CD4(+) T cells allows further characterization and phenotyping of autoreactive cells.
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Abreu JRF, Martina S, Verrijn Stuart AA, Fillié YE, Franken KLMC, Drijfhout JW, Roep BO. CD8 T cell autoreactivity to preproinsulin epitopes with very low human leucocyte antigen class I binding affinity. Clin Exp Immunol 2012; 170:57-65. [PMID: 22943201 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2012.04635.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Beta cells presenting islet epitopes are recognized and destroyed by autoreactive CD8 T cells in type 1 diabetes. These islet-specific T cells are believed to react with epitopes binding with high affinity to human leucocyte antigen (HLA) expressed on beta cells. However, this assumption might be flawed in case of islet autoimmunity. We evaluated T cell recognition of the complete array of preproinsulin (PPI) peptides with regard to HLA binding affinity and T cell recognition. In a comprehensive approach, 203 overlapping 9-10mer PPI peptides were tested for HLA-A2 binding and subjected to binding algorithms. Subsequently, a high-throughput assay was employed to detect PPI-specific T cells in patient blood, in which conditional HLA ligands were destabilized by ultraviolet irradiation and HLA molecules refolded with arrays of PPI peptides, followed by quantum-dot labelling and T cell staining. Analysis of patient blood revealed high frequencies of CD8 T cells recognizing very low HLA binding peptides. Of 28 peptides binding to HLA-A2, a majority was predicted not to bind. Unpredicted peptides bound mainly with low affinities. HLA binding affinity and immunogenicity may not correlate in autoimmunity. Algorithms used to predict high-affinity HLA peptide binders discount the majority of low-affinity HLA binding epitopes. Appreciation that peptides binding HLA with very low affinity can act as targets of autoreactive T cells may help to understand loss of tolerance and disease pathogenesis and possibly point to tissue-specific immune intervention targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R F Abreu
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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43
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Pietropaolo M, Towns R, Eisenbarth GS. Humoral autoimmunity in type 1 diabetes: prediction, significance, and detection of distinct disease subtypes. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2012; 2:a012831. [PMID: 23028135 PMCID: PMC3475400 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a012831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D) is an autoimmune disease encompassing the T-cell-mediated destruction of pancreatic β cells and the production of autoantibodies against islet proteins. In humoral autoimmunity in T1D, the detection of islet autoantibodies and the examination of their associations with genetic factors and cellular autoimmunity constitute major areas in both basic research and clinical practice. Although insulin is a key autoantigen and may be primus inter pares in importance among T1D autoantigens, an abundant body of research has also revealed other autoantigens associated with the disease process. Solid evidence indicates that autoantibodies against islet targets serve as key markers to enroll newly diagnosed T1D patients and their family members in intervention trials aimed at preventing or halting the disease process. The next challenge is perfecting mechanistic bioassays to be used as end points for disease amelioration following immunomodulatory therapies aimed at blocking immune-mediated β-cell injury and, in turn, preserving β-cell function in type 1 diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Pietropaolo
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, The Brehm Center for Diabetes Research, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105, USA
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44
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Coppieters KT, von Herrath MG. Viruses and cytotoxic T lymphocytes in type 1 diabetes. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2012; 41:169-78. [PMID: 21181304 DOI: 10.1007/s12016-010-8220-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Histopathological studies on pancreas tissues from individuals with recent-onset type 1 diabetes (T1D) consistently find that CD8 T cells substantially contribute to the formation of islet lesions. CD8 T cells reactive against islet-associated antigens can also be found in blood samples from T1D patients. Mechanistic studies on the pathogenic role of this T cell subset have mostly focused on two animal models, i.e., the non-obese diabetic mouse and the virally induced rat insulin promoter-lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus model. Data were obtained in support of a role for viral infection in expanding a population of diabetogenic cytotoxic T lymphocytes. In view of the theorized association of viral infection with initiation of islet autoimmunity and progression to clinically overt disease, CD8 T cells thus represent an attractive target for immunotherapy. We will review here arguments in favor of a pivotal role for CD8 T cells in driving T1D development and speculate on etiologic agents that may provoke their aberrant activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken T Coppieters
- Type 1 Diabetes Center, The La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, CA, 92037, USA
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45
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Schubert DA, Gordo S, Sabatino JJ, Vardhana S, Gagnon E, Sethi DK, Seth NP, Choudhuri K, Reijonen H, Nepom GT, Evavold BD, Dustin ML, Wucherpfennig KW. Self-reactive human CD4 T cell clones form unusual immunological synapses. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 209:335-52. [PMID: 22312112 PMCID: PMC3280872 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20111485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Compared with influenza-specific T cells, self-reactive T cells from patients with multiple sclerosis or type 1 diabetes fail to slow down and do not form normal immunological synapses upon encounter with cognate self-peptide presented by MHC. Recognition of self–peptide-MHC (pMHC) complexes by CD4 T cells plays an important role in the pathogenesis of many autoimmune diseases. We analyzed formation of immunological synapses (IS) in self-reactive T cell clones from patients with multiple sclerosis and type 1 diabetes. All self-reactive T cells contained a large number of phosphorylated T cell receptor (TCR) microclusters, indicative of active TCR signaling. However, they showed little or no visible pMHC accumulation or transport of TCR–pMHC complexes into a central supramolecular activation cluster (cSMAC). In contrast, influenza-specific T cells accumulated large quantities of pMHC complexes in microclusters and a cSMAC, even when presented with 100-fold lower pMHC densities. The self-reactive T cells also maintained a high degree of motility, again in sharp contrast to virus-specific T cells. 2D affinity measurements of three of these self-reactive T cell clones demonstrated a normal off-rate but a slow on-rate of TCR binding to pMHC. These unusual IS features may facilitate escape from negative selection by self-reactive T cells encountering very small amounts of self-antigen in the thymus. However, these same features may enable acquisition of effector functions by self-reactive T cells encountering large amounts of self-antigen in the target organ of the autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Schubert
- Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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Autoantigen-specific memory CD4+ T cells are prevalent early in progression to Type 1 diabetes. Cell Immunol 2012; 273:133-9. [PMID: 22270037 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2011.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2011] [Revised: 12/12/2011] [Accepted: 12/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Autoreactive CD4(+) T cells contribute to the destruction of insulin producing beta cells in Type 1 diabetes (T1D). Using MHC class II tetramers, we have analyzed the frequency of GAD65- (274-286; 555-567) and insulin- (A1-15; A6-21) specific CD4(+) T cells in 31 children with T1D, 65 multiple autoantibody-positive children and 93 HLA- and age-matched controls. In a smaller group of children T-cell responses of memory origin to the same autoantigens were investigated. We observed a higher response to GAD65 555-567 in the autoantibody-positive children than in the controls (P=0.017). Memory T-cell responses to GAD65 555-567 were more frequent among T1D patients (P=0.025) and autoantibody-positive (P=0.054), while all controls were negative (n=28). In summary, the presence of antigen experienced GAD65-specific T cells in the subjects with diabetes-associated autoimmunity is encouraging for further directions in the prediction of T1D.
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47
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Raddassi K, Kent SC, Yang J, Bourcier K, Bradshaw EM, Seyfert-Margolis V, Nepom GT, Kwok WW, Hafler DA. Increased frequencies of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein/MHC class II-binding CD4 cells in patients with multiple sclerosis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 187:1039-46. [PMID: 21653833 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1001543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease characterized by infiltration of pathogenic immune cells in the CNS resulting in destruction of the myelin sheath and surrounding axons. We and others have previously measured the frequency of human myelin-reactive T cells in peripheral blood. Using T cell cloning techniques, a modest increase in the frequency of myelin-reactive T cells in patients as compared with control subjects was observed. In this study, we investigated whether myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)-specific T cells could be detected and their frequency was measured using DRB1*0401/MOG(97-109(107E-S)) tetramers in MS subjects and healthy controls expressing HLA class II DRB1*0401. We defined the optimal culture conditions for expansion of MOG-reactive T cells upon MOG peptide stimulation of PMBCs. MOG(97-109)-reactive CD4(+) T cells, isolated with DRB1*0401/MOG(97-109) tetramers, and after a short-term culture of PMBCs with MOG(97-109) peptides, were detected more frequently from patients with MS as compared with healthy controls. T cell clones from single cell cloning of DRB1*0401/MOG(97-109(107E-S)) tetramer(+) cells confirmed that these T cell clones were responsive to both the native and the substituted MOG peptide. These data indicate that autoantigen-specific T cells can be detected and enumerated from the blood of subjects using class II tetramers, and the frequency of MOG(97-109)-reactive T cells is greater in patients with MS as compared with healthy controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khadir Raddassi
- Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510-8018, USA
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48
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Khadra A, Pietropaolo M, Nepom GT, Sherman A. Investigating the role of T-cell avidity and killing efficacy in relation to type 1 diabetes prediction. PLoS One 2011; 6:e14796. [PMID: 21573001 PMCID: PMC3091860 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0014796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2010] [Accepted: 03/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
During the progression of the clinical onset of Type 1 Diabetes (T1D), high-risk individuals exhibit multiple islet autoantibodies and high-avidity T cells which progressively destroy beta cells causing overt T1D. In particular, novel autoantibodies, such as those against IA-2 epitopes (aa1-577), had a predictive rate of 100% in a 10-year follow up (rapid progressors), unlike conventional autoantibodies that required 15 years of follow up for a 74% predictive rate (slow progressors). The discrepancy between these two groups is thought to be associated with T-cell avidity, including CD8 and/or CD4 T cells. For this purpose, we build a series of mathematical models incorporating first one clone then multiple clones of islet-specific and pathogenic CD8 and/or CD4 T cells, together with B lymphocytes, to investigate the interaction of T-cell avidity with autoantibodies in predicting disease onset. These models are instrumental in examining several experimental observations associated with T-cell avidity, including the phenomenon of avidity maturation (increased average T-cell avidity over time), based on intra- and cross-clonal competition between T cells in high-risk human subjects. The model shows that the level and persistence of autoantibodies depends not only on the avidity of T cells, but also on the killing efficacy of these cells. Quantification and modeling of autoreactive T-cell avidities can thus determine the level of risk associated with each type of autoantibodies and the timing of T1D disease onset in individuals that have been tested positive for these autoantibodies. Such studies may lead to early diagnosis of the disease in high-risk individuals and thus potentially serve as a means of staging patients for clinical trials of preventive or interventional therapies far before disease onset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anmar Khadra
- Laboratory of Biological Modeling, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Massimo Pietropaolo
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Gerald T. Nepom
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Arthur Sherman
- Laboratory of Biological Modeling, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
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Dahan R, Tabul M, Chou YK, Meza-Romero R, Andrew S, Ferro AJ, Burrows GG, Offner H, Vandenbark AA, Reiter Y. TCR-like antibodies distinguish conformational and functional differences in two- versus four-domain auto reactive MHC class II-peptide complexes. Eur J Immunol 2011; 41:1465-79. [PMID: 21469129 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201041241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2010] [Revised: 01/02/2011] [Accepted: 02/11/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Antigen-presenting cell-associated four-domain MHC class II (MHC-II) molecules play a central role in activating autoreactive CD4(+) T cells involved in multiple sclerosis (MS) and type 1 diabetes (T1D). In contrast, two-domain MHC-II structures with the same covalently attached self-peptide (recombinant T-cell receptor ligands (RTLs)) can regulate pathogenic CD4(+) T cells and reverse clinical signs of experimental autoimmune diseases. RTL1000, which is composed of the β1α1 domains of human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DR2 linked to the encephalitogenic human myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)-35-55 peptide, was recently shown to be safe and well tolerated in a phase I clinical trial in MS. To evaluate the opposing biological effects of four- versus two-domain MHC-II structures, we screened phage Fab antibodies (Abs) for the neutralizing activity of RTL1000. Five different TCR-like Abs were identified that could distinguish between the two- versus four-domain MHC-peptide complexes while the cognate TCR was unable to make such a distinction. Moreover, Fab detection of native two-domain HLA-DR structures in human plasma implies that there are naturally occurring regulatory MHC-peptide complexes. These results demonstrate for the first time distinct conformational determinants characteristic of activating versus tolerogenic MHC-peptide complexes involved in human autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rony Dahan
- Faculty of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
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Bonifacio E, Ziegler AG. Advances in the prediction and natural history of type 1 diabetes. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 2010; 39:513-25. [PMID: 20723817 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecl.2010.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) has the hallmark characteristics of autoimmunity superimposed on genetic susceptibility. Both genes (HLA) and immune markers (autoantibodies) have been validated as predictive markers of the subsequent development of the disease in higher-risk relatives and the lower-risk general population. Over the last three decades, using a combination of genes, immune, and metabolic markers, clinicians are now able to quantify an individual's disease risk from 1 in 100,000 to more than 1 in 2. This article reviews these biomarkers and T1D prediction strategies, and discusses potential implications of prediction and natural history for the pathogenesis of T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ezio Bonifacio
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Tatzberg 47/49, 01307 Dresden, Germany.
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