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Papadimitriou K, Mousiolis AC, Mintziori G, Tarenidou C, Polyzos SA, Goulis DG. Hypogonadism and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Endocrine 2024:10.1007/s12020-024-03878-1. [PMID: 38771482 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-024-03878-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), recently proposed to be renamed to metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), is a major global public health concern, affecting approximately 25-30% of the adult population and possibly leading to cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma, and liver transplantation. The liver is involved in the actions of sex steroids via their hepatic metabolism and production of the sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG). Liver disease, including NAFLD, is associated with reproductive dysfunction in men and women, and the prevalence of NAFLD in patients with hypogonadism is considerable. A wide spectrum of possible pathophysiological mechanisms linking NAFLD and male/female hypogonadism has been investigated. As therapies targeting NAFLD may impact hypogonadism in men and women, and vice versa, treatments of the latter may affect NAFLD, and an insight into their pathophysiological pathways is imperative. This paper aims to elucidate the complex association between NAFLD and hypogonadism in men and women and discuss the therapeutic options and their impact on both conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasiani Papadimitriou
- Unit of Reproductive Endocrinology, First Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Athanasios C Mousiolis
- Unit of Reproductive Endocrinology, First Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Gesthimani Mintziori
- Unit of Reproductive Endocrinology, First Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | | | - Stergios A Polyzos
- First Laboratory of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Dimitrios G Goulis
- Unit of Reproductive Endocrinology, First Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
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Li R, Ye JJ, Gan L, Zhang M, Sun D, Li Y, Wang T, Chang P. Traumatic inflammatory response: pathophysiological role and clinical value of cytokines. Eur J Trauma Emerg Surg 2023:10.1007/s00068-023-02388-5. [PMID: 38151578 DOI: 10.1007/s00068-023-02388-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
Severe trauma is an intractable problem in healthcare. Patients have a widespread immune system response that is complex and vital to survival. Excessive inflammatory response is the main cause of poor prognosis and poor therapeutic effect of medications in trauma patients. Cytokines are signaling proteins that play critical roles in the body's response to injuries, which could amplify or suppress immune responses. Studies have demonstrated that cytokines are closely related to the severity of injuries and prognosis of trauma patients and help present cytokine-based diagnosis and treatment plans for trauma patients. In this review, we introduce the pathophysiological mechanisms of a traumatic inflammatory response and the role of cytokines in trauma patients. Furthermore, we discuss the potential of cytokine-based diagnosis and therapy for post-traumatic inflammatory response, although further clarification to elucidate the underlying mechanisms of cytokines following trauma is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Li
- Trauma Medicine Center, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, 100044, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Trauma and Neural Regeneration (Peking University) Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100044, People's Republic of China
- National Center for Trauma Medicine of China, Beijing, 100044, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Jing Ye
- Trauma Medicine Center, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, 100044, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Trauma and Neural Regeneration (Peking University) Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100044, People's Republic of China
- National Center for Trauma Medicine of China, Beijing, 100044, People's Republic of China
| | - Lebin Gan
- Trauma Medicine Center, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, 100044, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Trauma and Neural Regeneration (Peking University) Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100044, People's Republic of China
- National Center for Trauma Medicine of China, Beijing, 100044, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengwei Zhang
- Trauma Medicine Center, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, 100044, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Trauma and Neural Regeneration (Peking University) Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100044, People's Republic of China
- National Center for Trauma Medicine of China, Beijing, 100044, People's Republic of China
| | - Diya Sun
- Trauma Medicine Center, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, 100044, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Trauma and Neural Regeneration (Peking University) Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100044, People's Republic of China
- National Center for Trauma Medicine of China, Beijing, 100044, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongzheng Li
- Biomedical Pioneering Innovation Center (BIOPIC), Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
| | - Tianbing Wang
- Trauma Medicine Center, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, 100044, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Trauma and Neural Regeneration (Peking University) Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100044, People's Republic of China.
- National Center for Trauma Medicine of China, Beijing, 100044, People's Republic of China.
| | - Panpan Chang
- Trauma Medicine Center, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, 100044, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Trauma and Neural Regeneration (Peking University) Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100044, People's Republic of China.
- National Center for Trauma Medicine of China, Beijing, 100044, People's Republic of China.
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Medrano-Bosch M, Simón-Codina B, Jiménez W, Edelman ER, Melgar-Lesmes P. Monocyte-endothelial cell interactions in vascular and tissue remodeling. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1196033. [PMID: 37483594 PMCID: PMC10360188 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1196033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Monocytes are circulating leukocytes of innate immunity derived from the bone marrow that interact with endothelial cells under physiological or pathophysiological conditions to orchestrate inflammation, angiogenesis, or tissue remodeling. Monocytes are attracted by chemokines and specific receptors to precise areas in vessels or tissues and transdifferentiate into macrophages with tissue damage or infection. Adherent monocytes and infiltrated monocyte-derived macrophages locally release a myriad of cytokines, vasoactive agents, matrix metalloproteinases, and growth factors to induce vascular and tissue remodeling or for propagation of inflammatory responses. Infiltrated macrophages cooperate with tissue-resident macrophages during all the phases of tissue injury, repair, and regeneration. Substances released by infiltrated and resident macrophages serve not only to coordinate vessel and tissue growth but cellular interactions as well by attracting more circulating monocytes (e.g. MCP-1) and stimulating nearby endothelial cells (e.g. TNF-α) to expose monocyte adhesion molecules. Prolonged tissue accumulation and activation of infiltrated monocytes may result in alterations in extracellular matrix turnover, tissue functions, and vascular leakage. In this review, we highlight the link between interactions of infiltrating monocytes and endothelial cells to regulate vascular and tissue remodeling with a special focus on how these interactions contribute to pathophysiological conditions such as cardiovascular and chronic liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mireia Medrano-Bosch
- Department of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Blanca Simón-Codina
- Department of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Wladimiro Jiménez
- Department of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics Service, Hospital Clínic Universitari, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elazer R. Edelman
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Pedro Melgar-Lesmes
- Department of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics Service, Hospital Clínic Universitari, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Barcelona, Spain
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
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Kelestemur T, Nemeth Z, Pacher P, Antonioli L, Haskó G. A 2A ADENOSINE RECEPTORS REGULATE MULTIPLE ORGAN FAILURE AFTER HEMORRHAGIC SHOCK IN MICE. Shock 2022; 58:321-331. [PMID: 36018304 PMCID: PMC10292675 DOI: 10.1097/shk.0000000000001985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Trauma hemorrhagic shock (T/HS) is a clinical condition that causes multiple organ failure that needs rapid intervention. Restricted oxygen at the cellular level causes inflammation and subsequent cell death. Adenosine triphosphate is the universal intracellular energy currency and an important extracellular inflammatory signaling molecule. Adenosine, an endogenous nucleotide formed as a result of the breakdown of adenosine triphosphate, is also released during T/HS. Adenosine binds to four G protein-coupled receptors (A 1R , A 2a , A 2b , A 3R ) called adenosine receptors or P1 receptors. In the present study, we evaluated the effect of activation, inactivation, and genetic absence of A2aR (A2aR -/- mice) on T/HS-induced multiple organ failure. Wild-type mice were pretreated (30 min before shock induction) with an agonist or antagonist and then subjected to T/HS by withdrawing arterial blood and maintaining the blood pressure between 28 and 32 mm Hg. A2aR -/- mice were subjected to T/HS in the absence of pharmacologic treatment. Neutrophil sequestration was assessed by detecting myeloperoxidase, and Evans blue dye (EBD) method was used to analyze lung permeability. Blood and lung inflammatory cytokine levels were determined by sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The liver enzymes aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase were determined spectrophotometrically from plasma. Activation of the apoptotic cascade was evaluated using a mouse apoptosis array. Our results demonstrate that the selective A2aR agonist CGS21680 decreases lung neutrophil sequestration, lung proinflammatory cytokines IL-6 and TNF-α, and bronchoalveolar lavage EBD. Pretreatment with the selective antagonist ZM241385 and genetic blockade in A2aR -/- mice increased neutrophil sequestration, proinflammatory cytokine levels, and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid EBD. The myeloperoxidase level in the lung was also increased in A2aR -/- mice. We observed that antiapoptotic markers decreased significantly with the absence of A2aR in the lung and spleen after T/HS. In conclusion, our data demonstrate that activation of A2aR regulates organ injury and apoptosis in the setting of T/HS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taha Kelestemur
- Department of Anesthesiology, Columbia University, NY 10032, USA
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkiye
| | - Zoltan Nemeth
- Department of Anesthesiology, Columbia University, NY 10032, USA
- Department of Surgery, Morristown Medical Center, Morristown, NJ 07960, USA
| | - Pal Pacher
- Department of Surgery, Morristown Medical Center, Morristown, NJ 07960, USA
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology and Tissue Injury, National Institute On Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Luca Antonioli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - György Haskó
- Department of Anesthesiology, Columbia University, NY 10032, USA
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Yang P, Wei L, Tian H, Yu F, Shi Y, Gao L. Gadolinium chloride protects neurons by regulating the activation of microglia in the model of optic nerve crush. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2022; 618:119-126. [PMID: 35717906 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2022.05.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The pathological basis of optic nerve crush (ONC) is the apoptosis of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), which leads to an irreversible impairment of visual function. When stimulated by external stimuli, microglia polarize into different types and play different roles in repairing retinal injury. In this study, gadolinium chloride (GdCl3) could inhibit the excessive proliferation and activation of microglia in the retina after ONC and significantly inhibited the morphological changes of microglia in the ganglion cell layer (GCL) and inner plexiform layer (IPL). In the early stage of optic nerve injury, blood-derived immune cells did not play an essential role in retinal repair. In addition, transcriptome analysis showed that GdCl3 inhibited the expression of microglia proliferation-related factors and regulated signaling pathways related to skeletonization and inflammation. After GdCl3 treatment, M1 markers were significantly down-regulated, while M2 markers were increased. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that GdCl3 could regulate the distribution and morphological change of the retinal microglia and protect the ganglion cells by eliminating M1 microglia selectively, which provided a theoretical basis for further localizing different types of microglia in retina related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Yang
- School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Li Wei
- School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Huanbing Tian
- School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Feifei Yu
- School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Yongpeng Shi
- School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Lan Gao
- School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
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Rani R, Sharma A, Wang J, Kumar S, Polaki US, Gandhi CR. Endotoxin-Stimulated Hepatic Stellate Cells Augment Acetaminophen-Induced Hepatocyte Injury. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2022; 192:518-535. [PMID: 34954210 PMCID: PMC8895430 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2021.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Acetaminophen (APAP)-induced liver injury is influenced by inflammatory Gram-negative bacterial endotoxin [lipopolysaccharide (LPS)], mechanisms of which are not completely understood. Because LPS-stimulated perisinusoidal hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) produce cytokines that affect survival of hepatocytes, this study investigated their role in APAP-induced liver injury. Fed (nonstarved) rats were administered 5 mg/kg LPS or phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) vehicle, followed by 200 mg/kg APAP or PBS an hour later, and euthanized at 6 hours. Control rats received PBS at both time points. Both LPS and APAP caused mild hepatocyte injury (apoptosis), as assessed by histopathology, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling staining, and caspase-3 activation. The liver injury was augmented in rats administered LPS + APAP, in association with increased nuclear translocation of interferon-regulatory factor-1 (IRF1). In vitro, APAP augmented LPS/HSC-conditioned medium-induced inhibition of DNA and protein synthesis, apoptosis, and nuclear IRF1 in hepatocytes. LPS-stimulated HSCs produced interferon-β (IFN-β), and LPS/HSC + APAP-induced hepatocyte apoptosis was inhibited by anti-IFN-β antibody. Finally, HSC-depleted mice produced significantly lower IFN-β and tumor necrosis factor-α, exhibited less oxidative stress, and were protected from excessive injury due to high APAP dose (600 mg/kg), as well as LPS (5 mg/kg overnight) followed by APAP. In co-culture with or without LPS, HSCs increased expression of proinflammatory cytokines by Kupffer cells. These results suggest that HSCs play a critical role in APAP-induced liver injury without or with LPS preconditioning, and it involves INF-β-IRF1 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richa Rani
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio; Research & development, Cincinnati Veterans Administration Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Akanksha Sharma
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio; Research & development, Cincinnati Veterans Administration Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Jiang Wang
- Department of Pathology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Sudhir Kumar
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio; Research & development, Cincinnati Veterans Administration Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Usha S Polaki
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio; Research & development, Cincinnati Veterans Administration Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Chandrashekhar R Gandhi
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio; Research & development, Cincinnati Veterans Administration Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio; Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio; Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
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Liang W, Greven J, Fragoulis A, Horst K, Bläsius F, Wruck C, Pufe T, Kobbe P, Hildebrand F, Lichte P. Sulforaphane-Dependent Up-Regulation of NRF2 Activity Alleviates Both Systemic Inflammatory Response and Lung Injury After Hemorrhagic Shock/Resuscitation in Mice. Shock 2022; 57:221-229. [PMID: 34559743 DOI: 10.1097/shk.0000000000001859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Hemorrhagic shock/resuscitation (HS/R) is closely associated with overwhelming oxidative stress and systemic inflammation. As an effective activator of the nuclear factor-erythroid factor 2 related factor 2 (Nrf2) pathway, sulforaphane (SFN) exerts antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. We explored SFN's effects on alveolar macrophages (AMs), systemic inflammation, and pulmonary damage in an isolated murine HS/R model. Male C57/BL6 wild type and transgenic antioxidant response element (ARE)-luciferase (luc) mice (both n = 6 per group) were exposed to either pressure-controlled HS/R (mean arterial pressure 35-45 mm Hg for 90 min) or sham procedure (surgery without HS/R) or were sacrificed without intervention (control group). Fluid resuscitation was performed via the reinfusion of withdrawn blood and 0.9% saline. Sulforaphane or 0.9% saline (vehicle) was administrated intraperitoneally. Mice were sacrificed 6, 24, or 72 h after resuscitation. Bioluminescence imaging of ARE-luc mice was conducted to measure pulmonary Nrf2 activity. Plasma was collected to determine systemic cytokine levels. Alveolar macrophages were isolated before measuring cytokines in the supernatant and performing immunofluorescence staining, as well as Western blot for intracellular Nrf2. Histological damage was assessed via the acute lung injury score and wet/dry ratio.Hemorrhagic shock/resuscitation was associated with pulmonary Nrf2 activation. Sulforaphane enhanced pulmonary Nrf2 activity and the Nrf2 activation of AM, while it decreased lung damage. Sulforaphane exerted down-regulatory effects on AM-generated and systemic pro-inflammatory mediators, while it did not have such effects on IL-10.In conclusion, SFN beneficially enhances pulmonary Nrf2 activity and promotes Nrf2 accumulation in AMs' nuclei. This may exert not only local protective effects but also systemic effects via the down-regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines. The administration of Nrf2 activator post-HS/R may represent an innovative treatment strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiqiang Liang
- Department of Orthopedics, Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
- Department of Bone and Joint Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Jinan City, Shandong Province, PR China
| | - Johannes Greven
- Department of Orthopedics, Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Athanassios Fragoulis
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, RWTH Aachen University, Wendlingweg 2, Aachen, Germany
| | - Klemens Horst
- Department of Orthopedics, Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Felix Bläsius
- Department of Orthopedics, Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Christoph Wruck
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, RWTH Aachen University, Wendlingweg 2, Aachen, Germany
| | - Thomas Pufe
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, RWTH Aachen University, Wendlingweg 2, Aachen, Germany
| | - Philipp Kobbe
- Department of Orthopedics, Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Frank Hildebrand
- Department of Orthopedics, Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Philipp Lichte
- Department of Orthopedics, Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
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Selective Inhibition of IL-6 Trans-Signaling Has No Beneficial Effect on the Posttraumatic Cytokine Release after Multiple Trauma in Mice. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11111252. [PMID: 34833127 PMCID: PMC8617644 DOI: 10.3390/life11111252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
While improvements in pre-hospital and in-hospital care allow more multiple trauma patients to advance to intensive care, the incidence of posttraumatic multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) is on the rise. Herein, the influence of a selective IL-6 trans-signaling inhibition on posttraumatic cytokine levels was investigated as an approach to prevent MODS caused by a dysbalanced posttraumatic immune reaction. Therefore, the artificial IL-6 trans-signaling inhibitor sgp130Fc was deployed in a murine multiple trauma model (femoral fracture plus bilateral chest trauma). The traumatized mice were treated with sgp130Fc (FP) and compared to untreated mice (WT) and IL-6 receptor knockout mice (RKO), which received the same traumas. The overall trauma mortality was 4.4%. Microscopic pulmonary changes were apparent after multiple trauma and after isolated bilateral chest trauma. Elevated IL-6, MCP-3 and RANTES plasma levels were measured after trauma, indicating a successful induction of a systemic inflammatory reaction. Significantly reduced IL-6 and RANTES plasma levels were visible in RKO compared to WT. Only a little effect was visible in FP compared to WT. Comparable cytokine levels in WT and FP indicate neither a protective nor an adverse effect of sgp130Fc on the cytokine release after femoral fracture and bilateral chest trauma.
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Valade G, Libert N, Martinaud C, Vicaut E, Banzet S, Peltzer J. Therapeutic Potential of Mesenchymal Stromal Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles in the Prevention of Organ Injuries Induced by Traumatic Hemorrhagic Shock. Front Immunol 2021; 12:749659. [PMID: 34659252 PMCID: PMC8511792 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.749659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe trauma is the principal cause of death among young people worldwide. Hemorrhagic shock is the leading cause of death after severe trauma. Traumatic hemorrhagic shock (THS) is a complex phenomenon associating an absolute hypovolemia secondary to a sudden and significant extravascular blood loss, tissue injury, and, eventually, hypoxemia. These phenomena are responsible of secondary injuries such as coagulopathy, endotheliopathy, microcirculation failure, inflammation, and immune activation. Collectively, these dysfunctions lead to secondary organ failures and multi-organ failure (MOF). The development of MOF after severe trauma is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality, where immunological dysfunction plays a central role. Damage-associated molecular patterns induce an early and exaggerated activation of innate immunity and a suppression of adaptive immunity. Severe complications are associated with a prolonged and dysregulated immune–inflammatory state. The current challenge in the management of THS patients is preventing organ injury, which currently has no etiological treatment available. Modulating the immune response is a potential therapeutic strategy for preventing the complications of THS. Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are multipotent cells found in a large number of adult tissues and used in clinical practice as therapeutic agents for immunomodulation and tissue repair. There is growing evidence that their efficiency is mainly attributed to the secretion of a wide range of bioactive molecules and extracellular vesicles (EVs). Indeed, different experimental studies revealed that MSC-derived EVs (MSC-EVs) could modulate local and systemic deleterious immune response. Therefore, these new cell-free therapeutic products, easily stored and available immediately, represent a tremendous opportunity in the emergency context of shock. In this review, the pathophysiological environment of THS and, in particular, the crosstalk between the immune system and organ function are described. The potential therapeutic benefits of MSCs or their EVs in treating THS are discussed based on the current knowledge. Understanding the key mechanisms of immune deregulation leading to organ damage is a crucial element in order to optimize the preparation of EVs and potentiate their therapeutic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Valade
- Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées (IRBA), Inserm UMRS-MD-1197, Clamart, France
| | - Nicolas Libert
- Service d'Anesthésie-Réanimation, Hôpital d'instruction des armées Percy, Clamart, France
| | - Christophe Martinaud
- Unité de Médicaments de Thérapie Innovante, Centre de Transfusion Sanguine des Armées, Clamart, France
| | - Eric Vicaut
- Laboratoire d'Etude de la Microcirculation, Université de Paris, UMRS 942 INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Sébastien Banzet
- Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées (IRBA), Inserm UMRS-MD-1197, Clamart, France
| | - Juliette Peltzer
- Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées (IRBA), Inserm UMRS-MD-1197, Clamart, France
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The Influence of Macrophage-Activating Lipopeptide-2 in Regard to Liver-Specific Changes Within a Murine Two-Hit Model. Inflammation 2021; 45:143-155. [PMID: 34396465 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-021-01534-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Trauma hemorrhage (TH) and subsequent sepsis are well known to frequently result in severe organ damage. Although macrophage-activating lipopeptide-2 (MALP-2) has been described to exert beneficial effects on organ damage, and further clinical course after both isolated trauma and sepsis, little is known about the impact of MALP-2 in a clinically realistic two-hit scenario of TH and subsequent sepsis. As the liver represents a key organ for the posttraumatic immune response and development of complications, the effects of MALP-2 on the posttraumatic hepatic immunologic response and tissue damage were investigated in a murine "two-hit" model. In C57BL/6 mice, blood pressure-controlled (35 ± 5 mm Hg) TH was induced. Cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) was performed 48 h after TH. Mice were divided into two control groups (control 1, TH and laparotomy without CLP; control 2, TH and CLP) and three experimental groups (TH + CLP) treated with MALP-2 at different timepoints (ETH, end of TH; ECLP, end of CLP; 6CLP, 6 h after CLP). The observation time lasted for 168 h after induction of TH. Kupffer cells (KC) were isolated and cultured, and MPO activity was analyzed. Cell culture supernatants were taken for cytokine analysis (TNF-α, IL-6, MCP-1, GM-CSF, IL-10). Histological analysis was performed using the Hepatic Injury Severity Scoring (HISS). Statistical evaluation was carried out using SPSS (version 24.0.0; IBM, Armonk, NY, USA). MPO activity of control 1 group was lowest compared with all the other groups (p < 0.01). MPO activity of control 2 group was significantly higher than that in all experimental groups (ETH (p < 0.01), ECLP (p < 0.01), and 6CLP (p = 0.03)). Within the experimental groups, MPO activity was significantly reduced in the ETH (p = 0.04) and the ECLP (p < 0.01) groups compared with the 6CLP group. Moreover, ETH was also associated with the most pronounced reduction of cytokine expression by KC (p < 0.05). HISS revealed the largest damage in the group control 2. TH and subsequent sepsis lead to a distinct immunologic reaction in the liver with an increase of cytokine expression of KC and pronounced infiltration of granulocytes with associated severe tissue damage. MALP application decreases the hepatic immune response and liver damage, with the most pronounced effects if applied at the end of TH.
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Ma Y, Liu Y, Ruan X, Liu X, Zheng J, Teng H, Shao L, Yang C, Wang D, Xue Y. Gene Expression Signature of Traumatic Brain Injury. Front Genet 2021; 12:646436. [PMID: 33859672 PMCID: PMC8042258 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.646436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a brain function change caused by external forces, which is one of the main causes of death and disability worldwide. The aim of this study was to identify early diagnostic markers and potential therapeutic targets for TBI. Methods: Differences between TBI and controls in GSE89866 and GSE104687 were analyzed. The two groups of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were combined for coexpression analysis, and the modules of interest were performed using enrichment analysis. Hub genes were identified by calculating area under curve (AUC) values of module genes, PPI network analysis, and functional similarity. Finally, the difference in immune cell infiltration between TBI and control was calculated by ssGSEA. Results: A total of 4,817 DEGs were identified in GSE89866 and 1,329 DEGs in GSE104687. They were clustered into nine modules. The genes of modules 1, 4, and 7 had the most crosstalk and were identified as important modules. Enrichment analysis revealed that they were mainly associated with neurodevelopment and immune inflammation. In the PPI network constructed by genes with top 50 AUC values in module genes, we identified the top 10 genes with the greatest connectivity. Among them, down-regulated RPL27, RPS4X, RPL23A, RPS15A, and RPL7A had similar functions and were identified as hub genes. In addition, DC and Tem were significantly up-regulated and down-regulated between TBI and control, respectively. Conclusion: We found that hub genes may have a diagnostic role for TBI. Molecular dysregulation mechanisms of TBI are associated with neurological and immune inflammation. These results may provide new ideas for the diagnosis and treatment of TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yawen Ma
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Life Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Neuro-Oncology in Liaoning Province, Shenyang, China
| | - Yunhui Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Neuro-Oncology in Liaoning Province, Shenyang, China
| | - Xuelei Ruan
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Life Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Neuro-Oncology in Liaoning Province, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiaobai Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Neuro-Oncology in Liaoning Province, Shenyang, China
| | - Jian Zheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Neuro-Oncology in Liaoning Province, Shenyang, China
| | - Hao Teng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Neuro-Oncology in Liaoning Province, Shenyang, China
| | - Lianqi Shao
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Life Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Neuro-Oncology in Liaoning Province, Shenyang, China
| | - Chunqing Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Neuro-Oncology in Liaoning Province, Shenyang, China
| | - Di Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Neuro-Oncology in Liaoning Province, Shenyang, China
| | - Yixue Xue
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Life Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Neuro-Oncology in Liaoning Province, Shenyang, China
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12
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Fan J, He M, Wang CJ, Zhang M. Gadolinium Chloride Inhibits the Production of Liver Interleukin-27 and Mitigates Liver Injury in the CLP Mouse Model. Mediators Inflamm 2021; 2021:2605973. [PMID: 33564275 PMCID: PMC7867451 DOI: 10.1155/2021/2605973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Liver macrophages play an important regulatory role in the inflammatory response of liver injury after severe infection. Interleukin- (IL-) 27 is an inflammatory cytokine that plays an important role in diseases caused by bacterial infection. However, the relationship between IL-27 and liver macrophages in liver injury after severe infection is not yet clear. METHODS A cecal ligation puncture (CLP) model was established in wild-type (WT) and IL-27 receptor- (WSX-1-) deficient (IL-27r-/-) mice, and recombinant IL-27 and gadolinium chloride (GdCl3) were injected into WT mice in the designated groups. The serum and liver IL-27, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), and IL-1β expression levels were evaluated by ELISA, quantitative PCR, or Western blotting; serum ALT and AST were detected by detection kits; and the severity of liver damage was evaluated by hematoxylin and eosin staining and the TUNEL assay of the liver tissue from the different groups. Liver macrophage polarization was evaluated by immunofluorescence. In addition, the polarization of peritoneal macrophage was evaluated by flow cytometry. RESULTS The serum and liver IL-27 expression levels were elevated in WT mice after CLP-induced severe infection, which were consistent with the changes in HE scores in the liver tissue. The levels of serum ALT, AST, liver IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-1β mRNA and liver pathological injury scores were further increased when pretreated with recombinant IL-27 in WT mice, but these levels were decreased in IL-27r-/- mice after CLP-induced severe infection compared to WT mice. In WT mice pretreated with GdCl3, liver pathological scores, serum ALT and AST, TUNEL-positive cell proportion from liver tissues, liver IL-27 expression, and the liver macrophages M1 polarization proportion decreased after CLP; however, the serum IL-27, IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-1β levels and the pathological lung and kidney scores were not significantly changed. When supplemented with exogenous IL-27, the liver pathological scores, serum ALT, AST, TUNEL-positive cell proportion of liver tissues, liver IL-27 expression, and the liver macrophage M1 polarization proportion increased. The in vitro, IL-27 expression increased in peritoneal macrophages when stimulated with LPS. Recombinant IL-27 together with LPS promoted the elevations in IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-1β levels in supernatant and the M1 polarization of peritoneal macrophages. CONCLUSION IL-27 is an important cytokine in the inflammatory response to liver injury after severe infection. The reduction of liver injury by gadolinium chloride in severe infection mice models may relate to the inhibition of liver IL-27 production. These changes may be mainly related to the decrease of liver macrophages M1 polarization. IL-27 may have a positive feedback on these macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Fan
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No. 1 Youyi Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Miao He
- Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, No. 181 Hanyu Road, Shapingba District, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Chuan-Jiang Wang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No. 1 Youyi Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Mu Zhang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No. 1 Youyi Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing 400016, China
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13
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Obert DP, Wolpert AK, Grimm NL, Korff S. ER stress preconditioning ameliorates liver damage after hemorrhagic shock and reperfusion. Exp Ther Med 2021; 21:248. [PMID: 33603856 PMCID: PMC7851603 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2021.9679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The mismatch of oxygen supply and demand during hemorrhagic shock disturbs endoplasmic reticulum (ER) homeostasis. The resulting accumulation of unfolded proteins in the ER lumen, which is a condition that is defined as ER stress, triggers the unfolded protein response (UPR). Since the UPR influences the extent of organ damage following hemorrhagic shock/reperfusion (HS/R) and mediates the protective effects of stress preconditioning before ischemia-reperfusion injury, the current study investigated the mechanisms of ER stress preconditioning and its impact on post-hemorrhagic liver damage. Male C56BL/6-mice were injected intraperitoneally with the ER stress inductor tunicamycin (TM) or its drug vehicle 48 h prior to being subjected to a 90 min pressure-controlled hemorrhagic shock (30±5 mmHg). A period of 14 h after hemorrhagic shock induction, mice were sacrificed. Hepatocellular damage was quantified by analyzing hepatic transaminases and hematoxylin-eosin stained liver tissue sections. Additionally, the topographic expression patterns of the ER stress marker binding immunoglobulin protein (BiP), UPR signaling pathways, and the autophagy marker Beclin1 were evaluated. TM injection significantly increased BiP expression and modified the topographic expression patterns of the UPR signaling proteins. In addition, immunohistochemical analysis of Beclin1 revealed an increased pericentral staining intensity following TM pretreatment. The histologic analysis of hepatocellular damage demonstrated a significant reduction in cell death areas in HS/R+TM (P=0.024). ER stress preconditioning influences the UPR and alleviates post-hemorrhagic liver damage. The beneficial effects were, at least partially, mediated by the upregulation of BiP and autophagy induction. These results underscore the importance of the UPR in the context of HS/R and may help identify novel therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Peter Obert
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany.,Department of Trauma Surgery, University of Heidelberg, 69118 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alexander Karl Wolpert
- Department of Trauma Surgery, University of Heidelberg, 69118 Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Trauma Surgery, Paracelsus Medical University, 90471 Nuremberg, Germany
| | - Nathan Lewis Grimm
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Sebastian Korff
- Department of Trauma Surgery, University of Heidelberg, 69118 Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany
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14
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Modulation of Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Influences Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury After Hemorrhagic Shock. Shock 2020; 52:e76-e84. [PMID: 30499877 DOI: 10.1097/shk.0000000000001298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Impaired function of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) results in ER stress, an accumulation of proteins in the ER lumen. ER stress is a major contributor to inflammatory diseases and is part of the pathomechanism of ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI). Since severe traumatic injury is often accompanied by remote organ damage and immune cell dysfunction, we investigated the influence of ER stress modulation on the systemic inflammatory response and liver damage after hemorrhagic shock and reperfusion (HS/R). MATERIAL AND METHODS Male C56BL/6-mice were subjected to hemorrhagic shock with a mean arterial pressure of 30 ± 5 mm Hg. After 90 min mice were resuscitated with Ringer solution. Either the ER stress inductor tunicamycin (TM), its drug vehicle (DV), or the ER stress inhibitor tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA) were added to reperfusion solution. Animals were sacrificed 14 h after shock induction and plasma concentrations of liver transaminases as well as inflammatory cytokines were measured. In addition, liver tissue sections were embedded in paraffin. For the quantification of hepatocellular damage hematoxylin and eosin stained tissue sections were analyzed. Furthermore, the topographic patterns of ER stress marker proteins were evaluated using immunohistochemistry. RESULTS ER stress modulation influenced the topographic pattern of ER stress marker proteins. The alterations were particularly seen in the transition zone between vital liver parenchyma and cell death areas. Furthermore, the application of tunicamycin during reperfusion inhibited the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines and increased the hepatocellular damage significantly. However, the injection of TUDCA resulted in a significantly reduced liver damage, as seen by lower transaminases and smaller cell death areas. CONCLUSION ER stress modulation influences post-hemorrhagic IRI. Moreover, the ER stress inhibitor TUDCA diminished the hepatocellular damage following HS/R significantly. This may help to provide a therapeutic target to ameliorate the clinical outcome after trauma-hemorrhage.
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15
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Gawriluk TR, Simkin J, Hacker CK, Kimani JM, Kiama SG, Ezenwa VO, Seifert AW. Complex Tissue Regeneration in Mammals Is Associated With Reduced Inflammatory Cytokines and an Influx of T Cells. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1695. [PMID: 32849592 PMCID: PMC7427103 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
While mammals tend to repair injuries, other adult vertebrates like salamanders and fish regenerate damaged tissue. One prominent hypothesis offered to explain an inability to regenerate complex tissue in mammals is a bias during healing toward strong adaptive immunity and inflammatory responses. Here we directly test this hypothesis by characterizing part of the immune response during regeneration in spiny mice (Acomys cahirinus and Acomys percivali) vs. fibrotic repair in Mus musculus. By directly quantifying cytokines during tissue healing, we found that fibrotic repair was associated with a greater release of pro-inflammatory cytokines (i.e., IL-6, CCL2, and CXCL1) during acute inflammation in the wound microenvironment. However, reducing inflammation via COX-2 inhibition was not sufficient to reduce fibrosis or induce a regenerative response, suggesting that inflammatory strength does not control how an injury heals. Although regeneration was associated with lower concentrations of many inflammatory markers, we measured a comparatively larger influx of T cells into regenerating ear tissue and detected a local increase in the T cell associated cytokines IL-12 and IL-17 during the proliferative phase of regeneration. Taken together, our data demonstrate that a strong adaptive immune response is not antagonistic to regeneration and that other mechanisms likely explain the distribution of regenerative ability in vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas R. Gawriluk
- Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Jennifer Simkin
- Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Corin K. Hacker
- Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - John M. Kimani
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Stephen G. Kiama
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Vanessa O. Ezenwa
- Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
- Department of Infectious Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Ashley W. Seifert
- Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
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16
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Gawriluk TR, Simkin J, Hacker CK, Kimani JM, Kiama SG, Ezenwa VO, Seifert AW. Complex Tissue Regeneration in Mammals Is Associated With Reduced Inflammatory Cytokines and an Influx of T Cells. Front Immunol 2020. [PMID: 32849592 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01695/bibtex] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/20/2023] Open
Abstract
While mammals tend to repair injuries, other adult vertebrates like salamanders and fish regenerate damaged tissue. One prominent hypothesis offered to explain an inability to regenerate complex tissue in mammals is a bias during healing toward strong adaptive immunity and inflammatory responses. Here we directly test this hypothesis by characterizing part of the immune response during regeneration in spiny mice (Acomys cahirinus and Acomys percivali) vs. fibrotic repair in Mus musculus. By directly quantifying cytokines during tissue healing, we found that fibrotic repair was associated with a greater release of pro-inflammatory cytokines (i.e., IL-6, CCL2, and CXCL1) during acute inflammation in the wound microenvironment. However, reducing inflammation via COX-2 inhibition was not sufficient to reduce fibrosis or induce a regenerative response, suggesting that inflammatory strength does not control how an injury heals. Although regeneration was associated with lower concentrations of many inflammatory markers, we measured a comparatively larger influx of T cells into regenerating ear tissue and detected a local increase in the T cell associated cytokines IL-12 and IL-17 during the proliferative phase of regeneration. Taken together, our data demonstrate that a strong adaptive immune response is not antagonistic to regeneration and that other mechanisms likely explain the distribution of regenerative ability in vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas R Gawriluk
- Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Jennifer Simkin
- Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Corin K Hacker
- Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - John M Kimani
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Stephen G Kiama
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Vanessa O Ezenwa
- Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States.,Department of Infectious Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Ashley W Seifert
- Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States.,Department of Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
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17
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Lamparello AJ, Namas RA, Constantine G, McKinley TO, Elster E, Vodovotz Y, Billiar TR. A conceptual time window-based model for the early stratification of trauma patients. J Intern Med 2019; 286:2-15. [PMID: 30623510 DOI: 10.1111/joim.12874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Progress in the testing of therapies targeting the immune response following trauma, a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, has been slow. We propose that the design of interventional trials in trauma would benefit from a scheme or platform that could support the identification and implementation of prognostic strategies for patient stratification. Here, we propose a stratification scheme based on defined time periods or windows following the traumatic event. This 'time-window' model allows for the incorporation of prognostic variables ranging from circulating biomarkers and clinical data to patient-specific information such as gene variants to predict adverse short- or long-term outcomes. A number of circulating biomarkers, including cell injury markers and damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), and inflammatory mediators have been shown to correlate with adverse outcomes after trauma. Likewise, several single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associate with complications or death in trauma patients. This review summarizes the status of our understanding of the prognostic value of these classes of variables in predicting outcomes in trauma patients. Strategies for the incorporation of these prognostic variables into schemes designed to stratify trauma patients, such as our time-window model, are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Lamparello
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - R A Namas
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Center for Inflammation and Regenerative Modeling, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - G Constantine
- Center for Inflammation and Regenerative Modeling, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Mathematics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - T O McKinley
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, IU Health Methodist Hospital, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - E Elster
- Department of Surgery, University of the Health Sciences and the Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Y Vodovotz
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Center for Inflammation and Regenerative Modeling, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - T R Billiar
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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18
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A systematic review of large animal models of combined traumatic brain injury and hemorrhagic shock. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2019; 104:160-177. [PMID: 31255665 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) and severe blood loss (SBL) frequently co-occur in human trauma, resulting in high levels of mortality and morbidity. Importantly, each of the individual post-injury cascades is characterized by complex and potentially opposing pathophysiological responses, complicating optimal resuscitation and therapeutic approaches. Large animal models of poly-neurotrauma closely mimic human physiology, but a systematic literature review of published models has been lacking. The current review suggests a relative paucity of large animal poly-neurotrauma studies (N = 52), with meta-statistics revealing trends for animal species (exclusively swine), characteristics (use of single biological sex, use of juveniles) and TBI models. Although most studies have targeted blood loss volumes of 35-45%, the associated mortality rates are much lower relative to Class III/IV human trauma. This discrepancy may result from potentially mitigating experimental factors (e.g., mechanical ventilation prior to or during injury, pausing/resuming blood loss based on physiological parameters, administration of small volume fluid resuscitation) that are rarely associated with human trauma, highlighting the need for additional work in this area.
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19
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Gadolinium chloride attenuates acetic acid-evoked colitis in mice by reducing neutrophil infiltration and pro-oxidative enzyme activity. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2018; 392:299-311. [PMID: 30483861 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-018-1592-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the potential of gadolinium chloride (GdCl3), an inhibitor of kupffer cells on the myeloperoxidase (MPO) function, both in vivo on colon inflammation model and in vitro on thioglycollate-elicited peritoneal neutrophils. Colon inflammation was induced in mice (n = 7) by 4% acetic acid (AA) enema. GdCl3 (10 mg/kg) treatment was given 24 h before AA challenge. Clinical changes during the protocol were scored. Colons were segmented into distal and proximal parts for histological and biochemical assessment. Furthermore, myeloperoxidase (MPO) enzymes were extracted and analyzed by western blot. Short-term GdCl3 treatment inhibited dose-dependently superoxide anion (O2·-), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and MPO release and promoted neutrophil apoptosis. In vivo, low-dose GdCl3 improved colitis scores and inhibited acute phagocyte recruitment and colon damage within the mucosa as revealed by the decrease in MPO, nitric oxide (NO), and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels. At the same time, GdCl3 restored catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities, and reduced glutathione (GSH) levels, thus reversing the MDA/GSH ratio in both distal and proximal colons. Compared to proximal, distal colon was more altered and displayed higher pathological manifestations. Lastly, the induction of apoptosis and regulation of the major nitrosative and oxidative functions of neutrophils by GdCl3 suggests its consideration as a beneficial tool in attenuating colon inflammation.
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20
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Abstract
The widespread and rapidly increasing trend of binge drinking is accompanied by a concomitant rise in the prevalence of trauma patients under the influence of alcohol at the time of their injury. Epidemiological evidence suggests up to half of all adult burn patients are intoxicated at the time of admission, and the presence of alcohol is an independent risk factor for death in the early stages post burn. As the major site of alcohol metabolism and toxicity, the liver is a critical determinant of postburn outcome, and experimental evidence implies an injury threshold exists beyond which burn-induced hepatic derangement is observed. Alcohol may lower this threshold for postburn hepatic damage through a variety of mechanisms including modulation of extrahepatic events, alteration of the gut-liver axis, and changes in signaling pathways. The direct and indirect effects of alcohol may prime the liver for the second-hit of many overlapping physiologic responses to burn injury. In an effort to gain a deeper understanding of how alcohol potentiates postburn hepatic damage, the authors summarize possible mechanisms by which alcohol modulates the postburn hepatic response.
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21
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Zhong S, Zhao L, Wang Y, Zhang C, Liu J, Wang P, Zhou W, Yang P, Varghese Z, Moorhead JF, Chen Y, Ruan XZ. Cluster of Differentiation 36 Deficiency Aggravates Macrophage Infiltration and Hepatic Inflammation by Upregulating Monocyte Chemotactic Protein-1 Expression of Hepatocytes Through Histone Deacetylase 2-Dependent Pathway. Antioxid Redox Signal 2017; 27:201-214. [PMID: 27967209 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2016.6808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Cluster of differentiation 36 (CD36) is involved in the development of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Excess CD36 facilitates liver cells taking fatty acid and activates inflammatory signals to promote hepatic steatosis and inflammation. However, CD36 deficiency paradoxically promotes nonalcoholic fatty liver disease by unknown mechanisms. We explored the probable molecular mechanism of hepatic inflammation induced by CD36 deficiency. RESULTS CD36 deletion in mice (CD36-/- mice) specifically increased monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) in hepatocytes, promoted macrophage migration to the liver, and aggravated hepatic inflammatory response and fibrosis. The nuclear expression of histone deacetylase 2 (HDAC2), which highly expresses in wild-type hepatocytes and has an inhibitory effect on acetyl histone 3 (H3), was reduced in CD36-deficient hepatocytes. Consequently, the level of acetyl H3 binding to MCP-1 promoters was increased in CD36-deficient hepatocytes, causing hepatic-specific MCP-1 transcriptional activation. Reduction of nuclear HDAC2 in both CD36-/- mice liver and cultured hepatocytes was due to reduction of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) level, while supplement of low-concentration hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) overcame the suppression of HDAC2 caused by CD36 deficiency, decreasing MCP-1 gene transcription and microphage migration. INNOVATION Our results provide first evidence that decreased ROS production by CD36 deletion was also harmful for livers. The fine balance of CD36 plays an important role in maintaining balances of hepatic ROS and nuclear HDAC2, which could be a potential new therapeutic strategy for the prevention of NASH development. CONCLUSION CD36 deficiency promoted the development of NASH by facilitating the transcription of MCP-1 in hepatocytes due to the reduction of ROS and nuclear HDAC2. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 00, 000-000.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Zhong
- 1 Centre for Lipid Research, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University , Chongqing, China
| | - Lei Zhao
- 1 Centre for Lipid Research, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University , Chongqing, China
| | - Yan Wang
- 1 Centre for Lipid Research, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University , Chongqing, China
| | - Chang Zhang
- 1 Centre for Lipid Research, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University , Chongqing, China
| | - Jun Liu
- 1 Centre for Lipid Research, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University , Chongqing, China
| | - Pei Wang
- 1 Centre for Lipid Research, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University , Chongqing, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- 1 Centre for Lipid Research, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University , Chongqing, China
| | - Ping Yang
- 1 Centre for Lipid Research, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University , Chongqing, China
| | - Zac Varghese
- 2 John Moorhead Research Laboratory, Centre for Nephrology, University College London Medical School, Royal Free Campus, University College London , London, United Kingdom
| | - John F Moorhead
- 2 John Moorhead Research Laboratory, Centre for Nephrology, University College London Medical School, Royal Free Campus, University College London , London, United Kingdom
| | - Yaxi Chen
- 1 Centre for Lipid Research, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University , Chongqing, China
| | - Xiong Z Ruan
- 1 Centre for Lipid Research, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University , Chongqing, China .,2 John Moorhead Research Laboratory, Centre for Nephrology, University College London Medical School, Royal Free Campus, University College London , London, United Kingdom .,3 The Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases (CCID), Zhejiang University , Hangzhou, China .,4 Centre for Nephrology and Urology, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
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Chen S, Hoffman RA, Scott M, Manson J, Loughran P, Ramadan M, Demetris AJ, Billiar TR. NK1.1 + cells promote sustained tissue injury and inflammation after trauma with hemorrhagic shock. J Leukoc Biol 2017; 102:127-134. [PMID: 28515228 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.3a0716-333r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Revised: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Various cell populations expressing NK1.1 contribute to innate host defense and systemic inflammatory responses, but their role in hemorrhagic shock and trauma remains uncertain. NK1.1+ cells were depleted by i.p. administration of anti-NK1.1 (or isotype control) on two consecutive days, followed by hemorrhagic shock with resuscitation and peripheral tissue trauma (HS/T). The plasma levels of IL-6, MCP-1, alanine transaminase (ALT), and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) were measured at 6 and 24 h. Histology in liver and gut were examined at 6 and 24 h. The number of NK cells, NKT cells, neutrophils, and macrophages in liver, as well as intracellular staining for TNF-α, IFN-γ, and MCP-1 in liver cell populations were determined by flow cytometry. Control mice subjected to HS/T exhibited end organ damage manifested by marked increases in circulating ALT, AST, and MCP-1 levels, as well as histologic evidence of hepatic necrosis and gut injury. Although NK1.1+ cell-depleted mice exhibited a similar degree of organ damage as nondepleted animals at 6 h, NK1.1+ cell depletion resulted in marked suppression of both liver and gut injury by 24 h after HS/T. These findings indicate that NK1.1+ cells contribute to the persistence of inflammation leading to end organ damage in the liver and gut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhua Chen
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China; and
| | - Rosemary A Hoffman
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Melanie Scott
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Joanna Manson
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Patricia Loughran
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Mostafa Ramadan
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Anthony J Demetris
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA; and
| | - Timothy R Billiar
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA; .,Clinical Translational Medical Center of Vascular Disease of the Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China
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Remote Ischemic Conditioning Prevents Lung and Liver Injury After Hemorrhagic Shock/Resuscitation: Potential Role of a Humoral Plasma Factor. Ann Surg 2016; 261:1215-25. [PMID: 25185480 DOI: 10.1097/sla.0000000000000877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the efficacy of remote ischemic conditioning (RIC) on organ protection after hemorrhagic shock/resuscitation (S/R) in a murine model. BACKGROUND Ischemia/reperfusion resulting from S/R contributes to multiple organ dysfunction in trauma patients. We hypothesized that RIC before shock (remote ischemic preconditioning), during shock (remote ischemic "PER"conditioning), or during resuscitation (remote ischemic "POST"conditioning) could confer organ protection. We also tested the effect of ischemic conditioned plasma on neutrophil migration in vivo using transgenic zebrafish models. METHODS C57Bl/6 mice were subjected to S/R with or without hindlimb RIC. Serum levels of alanine aminotransferase and tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and liver tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin 1β mRNA were evaluated. In some experiments, lung protein leakage, cytokines, and myeloperoxidase activity were investigated. Plasma from mice subjected to RIC was microinjected into zebrafish, and neutrophil migration was assessed after tailfin transection or copper sulfate treatment. RESULTS In mice subjected to S/R, remote ischemic preconditioning, remote ischemic "PER"conditioning, and remote ischemic "POST"conditioning each significantly reduced serum alanine aminotransferase and liver mRNA expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin 1β and improved liver histology compared with control S/R mice. Lung injury and inflammation were also significantly reduced in mice treated with remote ischemic preconditioning. Zebrafish injected with plasma or dialyzed plasma (fraction >14 kDa) from ischemic conditioned mice had reduced neutrophil migration toward sites of injury compared with zebrafish injected with control plasma. CONCLUSIONS RIC protects against S/R-induced organ injury, in part, through a humoral factor(s), which alters neutrophil function. The beneficial effects of RIC, performed during the S/R phase of care, suggest a role for its application early in the posttrauma period.
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Schultze C, Hildebrand F, Noack S, Krettek C, Zeckey C, Neunaber C. Identification of potential biomarkers for post-traumatic complications released after trauma-hemorrhage from murine Kupffer cells and its investigation in lung and liver. Biomarkers 2016; 21:645-52. [PMID: 27120970 DOI: 10.3109/1354750x.2016.1171908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Early diagnosis of complications after severe trauma by specific biomarkers remains difficult. OBJECTIVE Identify potential new biomarkers for early diagnosis of post-traumatic complications. MATERIAL AND METHODS Mice underwent pressure-controlled hemorrhage or sham procedure. Four hours later, genome-wide expression of isolated Kupffer cells was compared with controls using Affymetrix-Genechip-Expression-Analysis and real-time-PCR. RESULTS Expression analysis and real-time-PCR revealed a significant increase of gene expression of Cxcl10, Il4ra, Csf2rb2, Lcn2, and Gbp5. CONCLUSION Cxcl10, Il4ra, Csf2rb2, Lcn2, and Gbp5 might represent new biomarkers for early diagnosis of post-traumatic complications, if they are linked to the development of post-traumatic complications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Frank Hildebrand
- b Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery , University Hospital Aachen , Aachen , Germany
| | - Sandra Noack
- a Trauma Department , Hannover Medical School , Hannover , Germany
| | | | - Christian Zeckey
- a Trauma Department , Hannover Medical School , Hannover , Germany
| | - Claudia Neunaber
- a Trauma Department , Hannover Medical School , Hannover , Germany
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Is There an Impact of Concomitant Injuries and Timing of Fixation of Major Fractures on Fracture Healing? A Focused Review of Clinical and Experimental Evidence. J Orthop Trauma 2016; 30:104-12. [PMID: 26606600 DOI: 10.1097/bot.0000000000000489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This review aims to summarize current knowledge regarding the underlying patho-mechanisms of delayed fracture healing in polytraumatized patients. DATA SOURCES AND STUDY SELECTION The following search terms were used: "fracture", "hemorrhage," "chest trauma," "inflammation," "inflammatory response," "fracture healing," "delayed healing," "nonunion," "fracture stabilisation," "intramedullary nailing," "external fixation," "early total care," and "damage control." Medline, Embase, and Cochrane Library were searched for studies published between January 1, 1990 through March 30, 2014. Of 1322 publications, 68 were included in the current summary. CONCLUSION Concomitant injuries and the strategy for fracture stabilization seem to affect bone metabolism and fracture healing. Among the relevant patho-mechanisms, interactions between the local and systemic inflammatory response seem to play a role. However, the consequences of fracture fixation strategies in case of severe concomitant injuries on local inflammation and bone healing remain unknown. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Prognostic Level IV. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
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Delayed neutralization of interleukin 6 reduces organ injury, selectively suppresses inflammatory mediator, and partially normalizes immune dysfunction following trauma and hemorrhagic shock. Shock 2015; 42:218-27. [PMID: 24978887 DOI: 10.1097/shk.0000000000000211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
An excessive and uncontrolled systemic inflammatory response is associated with organ failure, immunodepression, and increased susceptibility to nosocomial infection following trauma. Interleukin 6 (IL-6) plays a particularly prominent role in the host immune response after trauma with hemorrhage. However, as a result of its pleiotropic functions, the effect of IL-6 in trauma and hemorrhage is still controversial. It remains unclear whether suppression of IL-6 after hemorrhagic shock and trauma will attenuate organ injury and immunosuppression. In this study, C57BL/6 mice were treated with anti-mouse IL-6 monoclonal antibody immediately prior to resuscitation in an experimental model combining hemorrhagic shock and lower-extremity injury. Interleukin 6 levels and signaling were transiently suppressed following administrations of anti-IL-6 monoclonal antibody following hemorrhagic shock and lower-extremity injury. This resulted in reduced lung and liver injury, as well as suppression in the levels of key inflammatory mediators including IL-10, keratinocyte-derived chemokine, monocyte chemoattractant protein 1, and macrophage inhibitory protein 1α at both 6 and 24 h. Furthermore, the shift to TH2 cytokine production and suppressed lymphocyte response were partly prevented. These results demonstrate that IL-6 is not only a biomarker but also an important driver of injury-induced inflammation and immune suppression in mice. Rapid measurement of IL-6 levels in the early phase of postinjury care could be used to guide IL-6-based interventions.
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Melgar-Lesmes P, Edelman ER. Monocyte-endothelial cell interactions in the regulation of vascular sprouting and liver regeneration in mouse. J Hepatol 2015; 63:917-25. [PMID: 26022689 PMCID: PMC4575901 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2015.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2015] [Revised: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Regeneration of the hepatic mass is crucial to liver repair. Proliferation of hepatic parenchyma is intimately dependent on angiogenesis and resident macrophage-derived cytokines. However the role of circulating monocyte interactions in vascular and hepatic regeneration is not well-defined. We investigated the role of these interactions in regeneration in the presence and absence of intact monocyte adhesion. METHODS Partial hepatectomy was performed in wild-type mice and those lacking the monocyte adhesion molecule CD11b. Vascular architecture, angiogenesis and macrophage location were analyzed in the whole livers using simultaneous angiography and macrophage staining with fluorescent multiphoton microscopy. Monocyte adhesion molecule expression and sprouting-related pathways were evaluated. RESULTS Resident macrophages (Kupffer cells) did not migrate to interact with vessels whereas infiltrating monocytes were found adjacent to sprouting points. Infiltrated monocytes colocalized with Wnt5a, angiopoietin 1 and Notch-1 in contact points and commensurate with phosphorylation and disruption of VE-cadherin. Mice deficient in CD11b showed a severe reduction in angiogenesis, liver mass regeneration and survival following partial hepatectomy, and developed unstable and leaky vessels that eventually produced an aberrant hepatic vascular network and Kupffer cell distribution. CONCLUSIONS Direct vascular interactions of infiltrating monocytes are required for an ordered vascular growth and liver regeneration. These outcomes provide insight into hepatic repair and new strategies for hepatic regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Melgar-Lesmes
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Elazer R. Edelman
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, US,Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, US
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Luo F, Ishigami M, Achiwa K, Ishizu Y, Kuzuya T, Honda T, Hayashi K, Ishikawa T, Katano Y, Goto H. Raloxifene Ameliorates Liver Fibrosis of Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis Induced by Choline-Deficient High-Fat Diet in Ovariectomized Mice. Dig Dis Sci 2015; 60:2730-9. [PMID: 25868633 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-015-3660-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM The prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is higher in men than in women, but according to some epidemiological studies, this gender difference disappears after menopause. Estrogen therapy protects against NAFLD and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) after menopause. We investigated the therapeutic effect of raloxifene, a second-generation selective estrogen-receptor modulator, on NASH induced by a choline-deficient high-fat (CDHF) diet in female ovariectomized (OVX) mice. METHODS Seven-week-old female C57BL/6J mice were divided into three experimental groups as follows: (1) sham operation (SHAM group), (2) ovariectomy (OVX group), and (3) ovariectomy + raloxifene (intraperitoneal injection, 3 mg/kg body weight/day; OVX + RLX group). These three groups of mice were fed a CDHF diet for 8 weeks; choline-sufficient high-fat (CSHF) diet was used as control diet. Serum biochemical indicators of hepatic function and liver histological changes were evaluated. RESULTS Compared with CSHF diet, ovariectomy enhances liver injury and fibrosis in CDHF diet-fed mice. Serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels were significantly lower in the OVX + RLX group than in the OVX group. The OVX group developed extensive steatosis with inflammation and fibrosis. Lobular inflammatory scores and fibrosis staging in the OVX + RLX group were significantly lower than in the OVX group. Furthermore, the OVX + RLX group exhibited significantly higher expression of hepatic estrogen receptor-α, which was significantly lower in the OVX group than in the SHAM group. CONCLUSIONS Raloxifene may ameliorate progression of liver fibrosis of NASH induced by CDHF diet in ovariectomized female mice, and up-regulation of estrogen receptor-α may play an important role in the beneficial effects of raloxifene on NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangqiong Luo
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsuruma-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan,
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Neunaber C, Angela Y, Safi S, Krettek C, Zeckey C. Beneficial effects of finasteride on hepatic and pulmonary immune response after trauma hemorrhage in mice. Cytokine 2015; 74:123-9. [PMID: 25907835 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2015.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Revised: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The literature reveals evidence for a gender specific outcome after major trauma and hemorrhage. Increased levels of male sex hormones such as testosterone and even more dihydrotestosterone (DHT) mediate negative effects on the posttraumatic immune response. Pretreatment with finasteride several days before trauma hemorrhage (TH) led to improved outcomes in mice. We hypothesized that finasteride mediates its protective effects also when administered after TH within the resuscitation process. METHODS Male C57BL/6N-mice underwent TH (blood pressure: 35 mmHg, 90 min) followed by finasteride application and fluid resuscitation. Plasma cytokines (MIP-1β, TNF-α, MCP-1, MCP-3, IL-6), productive capacity of alveolar macrophages (AM) and hepatic Kupffer cells (KC) and systemic DHT levels were determined 4 h and 24 h thereafter. Pulmonary and hepatic infiltration of PMN was determined by immunohistochemical staining. RESULTS Finasteride treatment resulted in reduced levels of systemic cytokines. This was accompanied by a reduced posttraumatic cytokine secretion of AM as well as Kupffer cells, thereby reducing hepatic distant organ damage as measured by reduced PMN infiltration. Systemic DHT levels were decreased following finasteride treatment. CONCLUSION Finasteride exerts salutary effects on the pulmonary and hepatic immune response using a therapeutic approach following TH in mice. Therefore, finasteride might represent a potential agent following multiple trauma and hemorrhage.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yenny Angela
- Trauma Department, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Schabnam Safi
- Trauma Department, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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Kaempferol pretreatment modulates systemic inflammation and oxidative stress following hemorrhagic shock in mice. Chin Med 2015; 10:6. [PMID: 25798187 PMCID: PMC4369346 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-015-0035-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Kaempferol has been reported as beneficial for both acute and chronic inflammatory diseases. This study aims to investigate whether kaempferol affects systemic inflammation and oxidative stress in the heart, lung, and liver after hemorrhagic shock in mice. Methods Male C57/BL6 mice underwent hemorrhagic shock (mean arterial pressure of 35 mmHg for 90 min) and were arbitrarily divided into Sham, hemorrhagic shock (HS), and Kae groups (n = 10 in each group). Mice in the Kae groups received a kaempferol (10-mg/kg body weight) injection 12 h prior to (Group Kae PT) or 90 min after (Group Kae T) the initiation of hemorrhagic shock. Plasma proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IL-6), organ myeloperoxidase (MPO) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities, and organ malondialdehyde (MDA) concentrations and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) expression levels were assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) or western blot assay. Results Compared with the HS group and the Kae T group, pretreatment with kaempferol significantly decreased proinflammatory cytokines TNF-α (P = 0.012 and 0.015, respectively) and IL-6 (P = 0.023 and 0.014, respectively) following hemorrhagic shock. Kae pretreatment reverted MPO, SOD, and MDA to basal levels in the heart, lung, and liver (Ps < 0.05), while the Kae T group showed no significant differences in these biomarkers compared with the HS group (Ps > 0.05). HO-1 expression was significantly increased in the Kae PT group compared with the other groups (P = 0.011 vs. HS group and P = 0.02 vs. Kae T group). Conclusions Pretreatment of hemorrhagic shock mice with kaempferol significantly decreased plasma levels of TNF-α and IL-6; reverted MPO, SOD, and MDA in the heart, lung, and liver; and increased expression of HO-1 in the same organs.
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Chen MM, Zahs A, Brown MM, Ramirez L, Turner JR, Choudhry MA, Kovacs EJ. An alteration of the gut-liver axis drives pulmonary inflammation after intoxication and burn injury in mice. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2014; 307:G711-8. [PMID: 25104501 PMCID: PMC4187067 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00185.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Approximately half of all adult burn patients are intoxicated at the time of their injury and have worse clinical outcomes than those without prior alcohol exposure. This study tested the hypothesis that intoxication alters the gut-liver axis, leading to increased pulmonary inflammation mediated by burn-induced IL-6 in the liver. C57BL/6 mice were given 1.2 g/kg ethanol 30 min prior to a 15% total body surface area burn. To restore gut barrier function, the specific myosin light chain kinase inhibitor membrane-permeant inhibitor of kinase (PIK), which we have demonstrated to reduce bacterial translocation from the gut, was administered 30 min after injury. Limiting bacterial translocation with PIK attenuated hepatic damage as measured by a 47% reduction in serum alanine aminotransferase (P < 0.05), as well as a 33% reduction in hepatic IL-6 mRNA expression (P < 0.05), compared with intoxicated and burn-injured mice without PIK. This mitigation of hepatic damage was associated with a 49% decline in pulmonary neutrophil infiltration (P < 0.05) and decreased alveolar wall thickening compared with matched controls. These results were reproduced by prophylactic reduction of the bacterial load in the intestines with oral antibiotics before intoxication and burn injury. Overall, these data suggest that the gut-liver axis is deranged when intoxication precedes burn injury and that limiting bacterial translocation in this setting attenuates hepatic damage and pulmonary inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael M. Chen
- 2Burn and Shock Trauma Research Institute, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, Illinois; ,3Alcohol Research Program, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, Illinois; ,4Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, Illinois; and
| | - Anita Zahs
- 2Burn and Shock Trauma Research Institute, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, Illinois; ,3Alcohol Research Program, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, Illinois;
| | - Mary M. Brown
- 1Department of Surgery, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, Illinois; ,2Burn and Shock Trauma Research Institute, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, Illinois;
| | - Luis Ramirez
- 1Department of Surgery, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, Illinois; ,2Burn and Shock Trauma Research Institute, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, Illinois;
| | | | - Mashkoor A. Choudhry
- 1Department of Surgery, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, Illinois; ,2Burn and Shock Trauma Research Institute, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, Illinois; ,3Alcohol Research Program, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, Illinois; ,4Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, Illinois; and
| | - Elizabeth J. Kovacs
- 1Department of Surgery, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, Illinois; ,2Burn and Shock Trauma Research Institute, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, Illinois; ,3Alcohol Research Program, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, Illinois; ,4Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, Illinois; and
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Du C, Wang P, Yu Y, Chen F, Liu J, Li Y. Gadolinium chloride improves the course of TNBS and DSS-induced colitis through protecting against colonic mucosal inflammation. Sci Rep 2014; 4:6096. [PMID: 25146101 PMCID: PMC4141263 DOI: 10.1038/srep06096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory macrophages in colonic mucosa are the leading drivers of the pathology associated with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Here we examined whether gadolinium chloride (GdCl3), a macrophage selective inhibitor, would improve the course of 2,4,6-trinitro benzene sulfonic acid (TNBS) and dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis in mice and the potential mechanisms were investigated. By giving GdCl3 to colitis mice through intravenous or intrarectal route, we found that GdCl3 markedly ameliorated the colitis severity, including less weight loss, decreased disease activity index scores, and improved mucosal damage. To investigate the potential mechanisms, flow-cytometric analysis was performed to detect the proportion of mucosal macrophages in colon. The results showed that GdCl3 had no macrophage depletion effect in colonic mucosa, but significantly suppressed TNBS and DSS-induced TNFα, IL-1β and IL-6 secretions. Also, Western blotting analysis indicated that NF-κB p65 expression was significantly attenuated in the mucosa in colitis mice with GdCl3 treatment. Then, the anti-inflammatory activity of GdCl3 was confirmed in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells that GdCl3 might down-regulate the production of proinflammatory cytokines by macrophages through inhibition of the NF-κB signaling pathway. Therefore, intervention with mucosal inflammatory macrophages may be a promising therapeutic target in IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Du
- 1] Department of Gastroenterology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, PR China [2] Department of Gastroenterology, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, Shandong, 276000, PR China
| | - Peng Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, PR China
| | - Yanbo Yu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, PR China
| | - Feixue Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, PR China
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, PR China
| | - Yanqing Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, PR China
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Ning J, Mo L, Zhao H, Lu K, Wang L, Lai X, Yang B, Zhao H, Sanders RD, Ma D. Transient regional hypothermia applied to a traumatic limb attenuates distant lung injury following blast limb trauma. Crit Care Med 2014; 42:e68-78. [PMID: 24145850 DOI: 10.1097/ccm.0b013e3182a84daa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Explosive traumatic injury to an extremity may lead to both local and distant organ injury. Regional traumatic tissue hypothermia has been reported to offer systemic protection; here we investigated the protective effects of regional limb hypothermia on local tissue trauma and the lungs. Furthermore, the optimal duration of regional traumatic limb hypothermic treatment was also evaluated. DESIGN Prospective, controlled, animal study. SETTING University research laboratory. SUBJECTS Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats. INTERVENTIONS Anesthetized rats were randomized to sham, blast limb trauma, sham and regional hypothermia for 30 minutes, and blast limb trauma and regional hypothermia for 30 minutes, 60 minutes, and 6 hours. Blast limb trauma was created using chartaceous electricity detonators. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Distant lung and local tissue injury following blast limb trauma were attenuated by regional traumatic limb hypothermic treatment for 30 minutes, 60 minutes, and 6 hours reflected by reduced lung histopathological changes and water content. Regional traumatic limb hypothermic treatment for 60 minutes and 6 hours failed to further attenuate distant lung and local tissue injury compared with regional traumatic limb hypothermic treatment for 30 minutes. Inhibition of cystathionine gamma-lyase/hydrogen sulfide was reduced by regional traumatic limb hypothermic treatment for 30 minutes in blast limb trauma rats. A surrogate of neutrophil accumulation, myeloperoxidase activity, and release of tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-6 were also attenuated by regional traumatic limb hypothermic treatment for 30 minutes in blast limb trauma rats. Oxidative stress was alleviated by regional traumatic limb hypothermic treatment for 30 minutes evidenced by reduction of hydrogen peroxide and malondialdehyde and an increase of superoxide dismutase and glutathione in blast limb trauma rats. CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate that regional traumatic limb hypothermic treatment for 30 minutes offers both local protection for traumatic tissue and systemic protection for the lungs, which is likely associated with restoration of the cystathionine gamma-lyase/hydrogen sulfide pathway and inhibition of the inflammatory response and oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaolin Ning
- 1Department of Anesthesiology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China. 2Department of Nephrology, People's Liberation Army Chengdu Military Area Command General Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China. 3Department of Hepatology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China. 4State Key Laboratory of Trauma and Burns, Surgery Research Institute, Department of Traumatic Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China. 5Anaesthetics, Pain Medicine and Intensive Care, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom. 6Surgical Outcomes Research Centre, University College London Hospital & Wellcome Department of Imaging Neuroscience, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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Central role for MCP-1/CCL2 in injury-induced inflammation revealed by in vitro, in silico, and clinical studies. PLoS One 2013; 8:e79804. [PMID: 24312451 PMCID: PMC3849193 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0079804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2013] [Accepted: 10/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The translation of in vitro findings to clinical outcomes is often elusive. Trauma/hemorrhagic shock (T/HS) results in hepatic hypoxia that drives inflammation. We hypothesize that in silico methods would help bridge in vitro hepatocyte data and clinical T/HS, in which the liver is a primary site of inflammation. Primary mouse hepatocytes were cultured under hypoxia (1% O2) or normoxia (21% O2) for 1-72 h, and both the cell supernatants and protein lysates were assayed for 18 inflammatory mediators by Luminex™ technology. Statistical analysis and data-driven modeling were employed to characterize the main components of the cellular response. Statistical analyses, hierarchical and k-means clustering, Principal Component Analysis, and Dynamic Network Analysis suggested MCP-1/CCL2 and IL-1α as central coordinators of hepatocyte-mediated inflammation in C57BL/6 mouse hepatocytes. Hepatocytes from MCP-1-null mice had altered dynamic inflammatory networks. Circulating MCP-1 levels segregated human T/HS survivors from non-survivors. Furthermore, T/HS survivors with elevated early levels of plasma MCP-1 post-injury had longer total lengths of stay, longer intensive care unit lengths of stay, and prolonged requirement for mechanical ventilation vs. those with low plasma MCP-1. This study identifies MCP-1 as a main driver of the response of hepatocytes in vitro and as a biomarker for clinical outcomes in T/HS, and suggests an experimental and computational framework for discovery of novel clinical biomarkers in inflammatory diseases.
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Yang Y, Yan M, Zhang H, Wang X. Substance P participates in immune-mediated hepatic injury induced by concanavalin A in mice and stimulates cytokine synthesis in Kupffer cells. Exp Ther Med 2013; 6:459-464. [PMID: 24137208 PMCID: PMC3786810 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2013.1152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2013] [Accepted: 05/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies have indicated that the immune system plays a pivotal role in hepatitis. Substance P (SP) has been shown to modulate the immune response. In order to investigate the role of SP in liver injury and to determine whether it leads to pro-inflammatory signaling, we established a mouse model of hepatic injury induced by concanavalin A (ConA). We also exposed mouse Kupffer cells (KCs) to SP in vitro. Cytokine and SP levels in liver homogenates were detected using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and the protective effects of L-703,606 were evaluated through serological and histological assessments. Neurokinin-1 receptor (NK-1R) expression was evaluated by immunofluorescence and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The levels of SP, alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) were significantly increased in the ConA-treated mice and the levels of ALT and AST were markedly reduced by L-703,606-pretreatment. Liver injury was significantly reduced by treatment with L-703,606. The mouse KCs expressed NK-1R and SP increased NK-1R mRNA expression. Furthermore, NK-1R blockade eliminated the effect of SP on NK-1R mRNA expression. The cytokine levels exhibited a substantial increase in the SP-pretreated KCs compared with the KCs that were cultured in control medium. The inter-leukin (IL)-6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α levels in the L-703,606-pretreated KCs were significantly lower compared with those in the SP-pretreated KCs. Our study suggests that neurogenic inflammation induced by SP plays an important role in hepatitis. Mouse KCs express NK-1R and SP increases NK-1R mRNA expression. SP enhances IL-6 and TNF-α secretion and an NK-1R antagonist inhibits this secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Yang
- Health Examination Center, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012
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Neunaber C, Oestern S, Andruszkow H, Zeckey C, Mommsen P, Kutter D, Stöfen M, Krettek C, Hildebrand F. Cytokine productive capacity of alveolar macrophages and Kupffer cells after femoral fracture and blunt chest trauma in a murine trauma model. Immunol Lett 2013; 152:159-66. [PMID: 23735227 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2013.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2013] [Revised: 05/08/2013] [Accepted: 05/26/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Specific cellular and inflammatory factors that contribute to the severity of pulmonary dysfunction after blunt chest trauma and osteosynthesis of femoral fractures are yet not fully understood. Therefore, we investigated alterations of the cytokine productive capacity of alveolar macrophages (AM) and Kupffer cells (KC) after femoral fracture stabilized with intramedullary pin with or without blunt chest trauma. MATERIALS AND METHODS In male C57BL/6N mice an intramedullary pin was implanted in an intact femur as the sham procedure. In trauma groups mice either received an isolated femoral fracture with subsequent fracture stabilization with an intramedullary pin (group Fx) or a combined trauma of blunt chest trauma and femur fracture also stabilized by an intramedullary pin (group TTFx). Animals were sacrificed 0h, 6h, 12h, 24h and 3d after trauma induction. Cytokine concentrations were measured in plasma and supernatant of cultivated AM and KC by FACS analysis. Pulmonary and hepatic infiltration of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) was determined by Ly6G-staining. RESULTS At 6h, isolated femoral fracture with intramedullary stabilization resulted in a significantly increased productive capacity of KC (IL-6, TNF-α, CCL2, CCL3, CCL5 and CCL7) compared to sham animals. Combined trauma additionally resulted in an increased productive capacity of AM (IL-6, TNF-α, CCL2, CCL3, CCL4, CCL5 and CCL7) at 6h and the effect was prolonged up to 3d compared to controls. Combined trauma also led to a significant higher amount of plasma CCL2 at 3d and plasma CCL7 at 6h after the insult compared to group Fx. Compared to shams, pulmonary and hepatic infiltrations of PMNs were increased in group Fx and TTFx after 6h, but in the combined trauma model the effect was prolonged up to 3d. CONCLUSION An intramedullary stabilized femur fracture alone results in a significant activation of the immune response. The combination of femoral fracture and blunt chest trauma however, results in an increased and prolonged activation of the inflammatory response. Transferred to the clinical setting, these results emphasize the critical role of severe chest trauma for treatment strategies of femoral fractures in multiple trauma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Neunaber
- Trauma Department, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany.
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Duke-Novakovski T, Singh-Suri S, Kajikawa O, Caldwell S, Charavaryamath C, Singh B. Immuno-phenotypic and functional characterization of rabbit pulmonary intravascular macrophages. Cell Tissue Res 2012; 351:149-60. [DOI: 10.1007/s00441-012-1509-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2012] [Accepted: 09/25/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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States JC, Singh AV, Knudsen TB, Rouchka EC, Ngalame NO, Arteel GE, Piao Y, Ko MSH. Prenatal arsenic exposure alters gene expression in the adult liver to a proinflammatory state contributing to accelerated atherosclerosis. PLoS One 2012; 7:e38713. [PMID: 22719926 PMCID: PMC3376138 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0038713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2012] [Accepted: 05/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms by which environmental toxicants alter developmental processes predisposing individuals to adult onset chronic disease are not well-understood. Transplacental arsenic exposure promotes atherogenesis in apolipoprotein E-knockout (ApoE−/−) mice. Because the liver plays a central role in atherosclerosis, diabetes and metabolic syndrome, we hypothesized that accelerated atherosclerosis may be linked to altered hepatic development. This hypothesis was tested in ApoE−/− mice exposed to 49 ppm arsenic in utero from gestational day (GD) 8 to term. GD18 hepatic arsenic was 1.2 µg/g in dams and 350 ng/g in fetuses. The hepatic transcriptome was evaluated by microarray analysis to assess mRNA and microRNA abundance in control and exposed pups at postnatal day (PND) 1 and PND70. Arsenic exposure altered postnatal developmental trajectory of mRNA and microRNA profiles. We identified an arsenic exposure related 51-gene signature at PND1 and PND70 with several hubs of interaction (Hspa8, IgM and Hnf4a). Gene ontology (GO) annotation analyses indicated that pathways for gluconeogenesis and glycolysis were suppressed in exposed pups at PND1, and pathways for protein export, ribosome, antigen processing and presentation, and complement and coagulation cascades were induced by PND70. Promoter analysis of differentially-expressed transcripts identified enriched transcription factor binding sites and clustering to common regulatory sites. SREBP1 binding sites were identified in about 16% of PND70 differentially-expressed genes. Western blot analysis confirmed changes in the liver at PND70 that included increases of heat shock protein 70 (Hspa8) and active SREBP1. Plasma AST and ALT levels were increased at PND70. These results suggest that transplacental arsenic exposure alters developmental programming in fetal liver, leading to an enduring stress and proinflammatory response postnatally that may contribute to early onset of atherosclerosis. Genes containing SREBP1 binding sites also suggest pathways for diabetes mellitus and rheumatoid arthritis, both diseases that contribute to increased cardiovascular disease in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Christopher States
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America.
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Lv KY, Yu XY, Bai YS, Zhu SH, Tang HT, Ben DF, Xiao SC, Wang GY, Ma B, Xia ZF. Role of inhibition of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase in liver dysfunction after hemorrhagic shock and resuscitation. J Surg Res 2012; 178:827-32. [PMID: 22560853 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2012.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2012] [Revised: 03/14/2012] [Accepted: 04/04/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The liver is one of the organs most frequently affected by trauma and hemorrhagic shock; the exact role of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activation in response to hepatic hemorrhagic shock/resuscitation (HS/R) remains unclear. MATERIALS AND METHODS C57Bl/6 mice were divided into four groups: sham-operated group, SB-only group, control group, and SB + HS/R group. Hepatocellular injury (aspartate aminotransferase [AST] and alanine aminotransferase [ALT]) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) and interleukin (IL-1β) messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) expression in the liver were assessed 6 h after resuscitation, p38 MAPK activation in the liver was assessed at 30 min after resuscitation. RESULTS p38 MAPK activation was higher in the control group than other groups 30 min after resuscitation. p38 MAPK activation level in the SB + HS/R group did not change significantly compared with that of sham and SB-only groups, but was significantly lower than that in the control group. The TNF-α mRNA expression in the control group was significantly higher than that in the sham group. The TNF-α mRNA levels after HS/R in the SB + HS/R group were significantly lower than those in the control group and were roughly the same as those in the sham and SB-only groups. IL-1β mRNA expression showed similar changes in the four groups. Serum ALT and AST levels in the control group were significantly higher than those in the sham group. The increase in serum ALT and AST levels after HS/R in the SB + HS/R group was significantly less pronounced than that in the control group and markedly higher than that in the sham group. CONCLUSIONS p38 MAPK was phosphorylated during the HS/R process. Inhibiting the activation of p38 MAPK may attenuate HS/R injury to the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-yang Lv
- Burn Center, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, No. 168 Changhai Road, Shanghai 200433, China
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Cotroneo TM, Nemzek-Hamlin JA, Bayliss J, Su GL. Lipopolysaccharide binding protein inhibitory peptide alters hepatic inflammatory response post-hemorrhagic shock. Innate Immun 2012; 18:866-75. [PMID: 22535680 DOI: 10.1177/1753425912444641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Translocation of microorganisms and endotoxin (LPS) across the gastrointestinal mucosa may exacerbate the inflammatory response and potentiate hepatic injury associated with hemorrhagic shock. Lipopolysaccharide binding protein (LBP) augments LPS signaling through TLR4. In addition, evidence suggests that TLR4-mediated injury in liver ischemia/reperfusion occurs through the IRF-3/MyD88 independent pathway. We hypothesized that administration of LBP inhibiting peptide, LBPK95A, given at the time of resuscitation would reduce liver inflammation and injury in a murine model of hemorrhagic shock by limiting LPS-induced activation of the MyD88 independent pathway. Hemorrhagic shock was induced in male, C57BL/6 mice; a mean arterial blood pressure of 35 mmHg was maintained for 2.5 h. LBPK95A peptide or equal volume Lactated Ringer's solution was administered followed by fluid resuscitation. Mice were sacrificed at 2 and 6 h post-resuscitation. At 2 h, liver mRNA levels revealed a significant reduction in IFN-β, a cytokine produced via the MyD88 independent pathway, with LBPK95A treatment. However, mRNA levels of TNF-α, a cytokine associated with the MyD88 dependent pathway, were unaffected by treatment. The LBP inhibitory peptide did selectively reduce activation of TLR4 signaling via the IRF-3/MyD88 independent pathway. These results suggest that LBP promotes cytokine production through the MyD88 independent pathway during hemorrhagic shock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara M Cotroneo
- Unit for Laboratory Animal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Effects of trauma-hemorrhage and IL-6 deficiency on splenic immune function in a murine trauma model. Mediators Inflamm 2012; 2012:186709. [PMID: 22496597 PMCID: PMC3306962 DOI: 10.1155/2012/186709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2011] [Accepted: 11/10/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Splenic immune function is known to be depressed following hemorrhage. The present study investigates the effects of femoral shaft fracture, isolated or in combination with hemorrhage, on early stage cytokine production capacity of splenocytes and observes the role of IL-6 under these conditions. Male IL-6 knockout (IL-6−/−) and wild-type mice (WT) were randomly divided into three groups: sham (S), isolated femoral fracture (Fx), and femoral fracture + volume controlled hemorrhage (TH-Fx) (n = 6 per group). Animals were sacrificed four hours after induction of hemorrhage and fracture. Cytokine release (TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-10) of isolated and LPS-stimulated splenocytes was determined by cytometric bead array. Femoral fracture with or without hemorrhage caused a suppression of in vitro cytokine production capacity of splenocytes at an early posttraumatic stage in WT and IL-6−/−. In the absence of IL-6, the profile of splenic cytokine secretion is significantly altered, identifying this cytokine as a potential therapeutic target to modulate the posttraumatic immune response.
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Divergent Effects of Activated Neutrophils on Inflammation, Kupffer Cell/Splenocyte Activation, and Lung Injury Following Blunt Chest Trauma. Shock 2012; 37:210-8. [DOI: 10.1097/shk.0b013e31823f1776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Exogenous hydrogen sulfide protects against traumatic hemorrhagic shock via attenuation of oxidative stress. J Surg Res 2011; 176:210-9. [PMID: 21962736 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2011.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2011] [Revised: 06/23/2011] [Accepted: 07/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study was designed to investigate the protective effects of exogenous hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S) on trauma-hemorrhagic shock (T-H). MATERIALS AND METHODS Forty-eight male Sprague-Dawley rats were anesthetized, while 32 were subjected to both midline laparotomy and hemorrhagic shock (35-40 mmHg for 90 min) by bleeding them from the femoral artery. One hour later, resuscitation was initiated with Ringer lactate. NaHS (28 μmol/kg) or vehicle alone was administered intraperitoneally at the onset of resuscitation. Two hours later, eight animals from each group were re-anesthetized to determine cardiac function, blood gas concentrations, and hepatic and renal function. Superoxide dismutase activity (SOD), malondialdehyde concentrations (MDA), and the activity of myeloperoxidase (MPO) in the serum were measured and pulmonary wet/dry (W/D) ratio and histopathologic evaluations performed. RESULTS NaHS resulted in an increase in mean arterial blood pressure, left ventricular pressure and positive (+dP/dt(max)) and negative (-dP/dt(max)) first derivatives of pressure as compared with the vehicle only group. The pH, PaO(2) and base excess (BE) were increased in the NaHS-treated group compared with the vehicle-treated group. Aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, blood urea nitrogen, and serum creatinine were reduced in the NaHS-treated group. NaHS also significantly reduced the high mortality rate at 24 h otherwise caused by T-H. The NaHS-treated group showed a remarkable decrease in MDA and MPO concentrations in plasma and an increase in SOD as compared with the vehicle-treated group. Histopathologic analysis indicated less edema, congestion, inflammatory cell infiltration and necrosis in heart, lung, liver and kidney tissue in NaHS-treated group. CONCLUSIONS The present study demonstrates that exogenous H(2)S administered at an appropriate dose confers protective effects after T-H and resuscitation, by preventing a decrease in the antioxidant defense system.
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Brunnemer U, Zeckey C, Hildebrand F, Frink M, Mommsen P, van Griensven M, Andruszkow H, Krettek C, Barkhausen T. Androstenediol exerts salutary effects on chemokine response after trauma-hemorrhage and sepsis in mice. J Orthop Trauma 2011; 25:511-5. [PMID: 21738064 DOI: 10.1097/bot.0b013e3182251044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The pathogenesis of multiple organ dysfunction syndrome and sepsis after polytrauma is related to the posttraumatic immune response and the associated release of inflammatory mediators. There exists a gender dimorphism in the posttraumatic host response. Sex steroids are believed to beneficially modulate the posttraumatic immune response. The specific effect of androstenediol on chemokines after trauma is unknown. We investigated whether the application of androstenediol has an effect on plasma chemokine levels and the associated remote organ damage in a two-hit mouse-model of trauma-hemorrhage, cecal ligation, and cecal puncture. MATERIALS AND METHODS Traumatic hemorrhage was induced followed by androstenediol application and volume resuscitation. Thereafter, androstenediol was given once daily in combination with a vehicle (Intralipid). The control group was injected with a solution containing only the vehicle at the same time points as the treatment groups' androstenediol applications. Sepsis was induced by cecal ligation and cecal puncture 48 hours afterward. Four hours after cecal ligation and cecal puncture, plasma measurements of chemokines were performed. Pulmonary infiltration by polymorphonuclear lymphocytes was measured by immunhistochemical staining and myeloperoxidase measurements were taken. RESULTS Application of androstenediol led to significantly decreased monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, monocyte chemoattractant protein-3, macrophage inflammatory protein-1α, and macrophage inflammatory protein-1β levels compared with the control animals after trauma-hemorrhage, cecal ligation, and cecal puncture (P < 0.05). Pulmonary infiltration and myeloperoxidase activity were significantly decreased in androstenediol-treated animals (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Androstenediol modulates the immune response after trauma-hemorrhage, cecal ligation, and cecal puncture by reducing systemic chemokine levels, which are known to direct immune cells into the tissue possibly leading to organ damage. Androstenediol represents a potential therapeutic agent after major trauma in high-risk patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulf Brunnemer
- Trauma Department, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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Zeckey C, Andruszkow H, Neunaber C, Frink M, Schirmer B, Mommsen P, Barkhausen T, Krettek C, Hildebrand F. Protective effects of finasteride on the pulmonary immune response in a combined model of trauma-hemorrhage and polymicrobial sepsis in mice. Cytokine 2011; 56:305-11. [PMID: 21767963 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2011.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2011] [Revised: 06/21/2011] [Accepted: 06/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Literature supports findings about a gender specific outcome following multiple trauma. Male sex hormones such as dihydrotestosterone (DHT) exert deleterious effects on the posttraumatic immune response whereas increased estradiol concentrations are correlated with improved outcome. Pretreatment with the 5α-reductase inhibitor finasteride resulted in an improved outcome following trauma-hemorrhage (TH) in mice. The present study tested the hypothesis that finasteride exerts beneficial effects on the posttraumatic immune response also in a combined setting of TH and sepsis when administered during the resuscitation process. MATERIAL AND METHODS Male C57BL/6N-mice were subjected to TH (blood pressure, 35 mm Hg, 60 min) followed by finasteride application and fluid resuscitation. Thereafter, finasteride was administered every 12h. 24h after TH, sepsis was induced by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) or sham operation was performed. Plasma cytokines (MIP-1α, MIP-1β, TNF-α, MCP-1, IL-6), productive capacity by alveolar macrophages (AM) and systemic estradiol levels were determined 4 h thereafter. The expression of pro-inflammatory mediators in lung tissue was evaluated by PCR. Pulmonary infiltration of PMN was determined by immunohistochemical staining. RESULTS Finasteride treatment resulted in a reduced posttraumatic cytokine secretion of AM as well as in a decreased concentration of MCP-1 and MIP-1β in lung tissue. Systemic estradiol levels were increased following finasteride treatment. CONCLUSION Finasteride mediates salutary effects on the pulmonary immune response using a therapeutical approach following TH-CLP in mice. Thus, finasteride might represent a relevant therapeutic substance following major trauma also in the clinical setting.
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Choudhry MA, Chaudry IH. Alcohol, burn injury, and the intestine. J Emerg Trauma Shock 2011; 1:81-7. [PMID: 19561986 PMCID: PMC2700607 DOI: 10.4103/0974-2700.43187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2008] [Accepted: 09/08/2008] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A significant number of burn and other traumatic injuries are reported to occur under the influence of alcohol (EtOH) intoxication. Despite this overwhelming association between EtOH intoxication and injury, relatively little attention has been paid to determining the role of EtOH in post-injury pathogenesis. This article reviews studies which have evaluated the impact of EtOH on post-burn intestinal immunity and barrier functions. The findings from these studies suggest that while a smaller burn injury by itself may not have an adverse effect on host defense, when combined with prior EtOH intoxication it may become detrimental. Experimental data from our laboratory further supports the notion that EtOH intoxication before burn injury suppresses intestinal immune defense, impairs gut barrier functions, and increases bacterial growth. This results in increased bacterial translocation which may contribute to post injury pathogenesis. Altogether, the studies reviewed in this article suggest that EtOH intoxication at the time of injury is a risk factor, and therefore blood EtOH should be checked in burn/trauma patients at the time of hospital admission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mashkoor A Choudhry
- Department of Surgery, Burn and Shock Trauma Institute, Loyola University Chicago Medical Center, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
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Macrophage-produced IL-12p70 mediates hemorrhage-induced damage in a complement-dependent manner. Shock 2011; 35:134-40. [PMID: 20577145 DOI: 10.1097/shk.0b013e3181ed8ec9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Hemorrhage and hemorrhagic shock instigate intestinal damage and inflammation. Multiple components of the innate immune response, including complement and neutrophil infiltration, are implicated in this pathology. To investigate the interaction of complement activation and other components of the innate immune response during hemorrhage, we treated mice after hemorrhage with CR2-fH, a targeted inhibitor of the alternative complement pathway and assessed intestinal damage and inflammation 2 h after hemorrhage. In wild-type mice, CR2-fH attenuated hemorrhage-induced, midjejunal damage and inflammation as determined by decreased mucosal damage, macrophage infiltration, leukotriene B4, IL-12p40, and TNF-[alpha] production. The critical nature of intestinal macrophage infiltration and activation in the response to hemorrhage was further determined using mice pretreated with clodronate-containing liposomes. The absence of either macrophages or IL-12p70 attenuated intestinal damage. These data suggest that complement activation and macrophage infiltration with IL-12p70 production are critical to hemorrhage-induced midjejunal damage and inflammation.
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Experimental trauma models: an update. J Biomed Biotechnol 2011; 2011:797383. [PMID: 21331361 PMCID: PMC3035380 DOI: 10.1155/2011/797383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2010] [Accepted: 12/17/2010] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Treatment of polytrauma patients remains a medical as well as socioeconomic challenge. Although diagnostics and therapy improved during the last decades, multiple injuries are still the major cause of fatalities in patients below 45 years of age. Organ dysfunction and organ failure are major complications in patients with major injuries and contribute to mortality during the clinical course. Profound understanding of the systemic pathophysiological response is crucial for innovative therapeutic approaches. Therefore, experimental studies in various animal models are necessary. This review is aimed at providing detailed information of common trauma models in small as well as in large animals.
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Ondansetron attenuates hepatic injury via p38 MAPK-dependent pathway in a rat haemorrhagic shock model. Resuscitation 2010; 82:335-40. [PMID: 21168948 DOI: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2010.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2010] [Revised: 11/01/2010] [Accepted: 11/16/2010] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ondansetron is a 5-HT3 receptor antagonist with potent antiemetic, analgesic, and antiphlogistic effects. Recent evidence suggests that the co-existence of 5-HT3 receptors in various cell types is involved in inflammation. However, the effects that 5-HT3 antagonists produce in haemorrhagic shock and resuscitation remain unknown. In this study, we hypothesized that ondansetron administration in male rats, after haemorrhagic shock, decreases cytokine production and protects against hepatic injury through a p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. METHODS Male Sprague-Dawley rats underwent haemorrhagic shock (mean arterial blood pressure 40 mm Hg for 90 min), followed by resuscitation. Various doses of ondansetron (0.1, 0.3, 1, 3 mg kg(-1)) or a single dose of ondansetron (1 mg kg(-1)) with or without a p38 MAPK inhibitor (SB-203580, 2 mg kg(-1)) or vehicle were administered intravenously during resuscitation. Plasma aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) concentrations and various liver proinflammatory parameters were measured at 24h after resuscitation. RESULTS Results show that haemorrhagic shock increases plasma AST and ALT concentrations, hepatic myeloperoxidase activity, cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant (CINC)-1, CINC-3, intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) levels. These parameters were significantly improved in the ondansetron-treated rats subjected to haemorrhagic shock. Ondansetron treatment restored phos-p38 MAPK expression as compared with vehicle-treated haemorrhaged rats. Coadministration of SB-203580 prevented the beneficial effects of ondansetron on postresuscitation proinflammatory responses and hepatic injury. CONCLUSION Ondansetron attenuates hepatic injury following haemorrhagic shock, which is, at least in part, to be due to its anti-inflammatory effect via p38 MAPK signal pathway.
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Mommsen P, Barkhausen T, Frink M, Zeckey C, Probst C, Krettek C, Hildebrand F. Productive capacity of alveolar macrophages and pulmonary organ damage after femoral fracture and hemorrhage in IL-6 knockout mice. Cytokine 2010; 53:60-5. [PMID: 20934884 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2010.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2010] [Revised: 08/06/2010] [Accepted: 09/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Alveolar macrophages (AM) play an important role in the pathogenesis of posttraumatic pulmonary failure, and have been identified as major source of pulmonary cytokines. The effects of locally generated IL-6 as well as femoral fracture on the pulmonary inflammatory response and organ damage have not been fully elucidated. In the present study we evaluated the influence of femoral fracture, isolated or in combination with hemorrhage, on the immune function of AM and remote lung injury, and investigated the role of pulmonary IL-6 within this setting. 18 wild type (WT) and 18 IL-6 knockout mice (IL-6(-/-)) underwent standardized femoral fracture, isolated or in combination with volume-controlled hemorrhage, followed by fluid resuscitation and splint fixation of the fracture. Animals were sacrificed 4h after induction of fracture and hemorrhage. Animals were randomly assigned to three study groups (each consisting of six animals). Besides sham groups, experimental groups included animals with isolated femoral fracture or in combination with hemorrhagic shock. Cytokine release of AM was determined by flow cytometry. Pulmonary damage in terms of interstitial thickening and lung neutrophil infiltration was assessed by histology and immunohistology. The productive capacity of AM for pro-inflammatory cytokines was increased after isolated femoral fracture in WT and IL-6(-/-) mice. An additional hemorrhagic insult resulted in a further enhancement of pro-inflammatory cytokine release and an increased MCP-1 secretion in WT and IL-6(-/-) animals. MCP-1 and pro-inflammatory cytokine production of AM was attenuated in IL-6(-/-) mice compared to the respective WT groups. Interstitial thickening and lung neutrophil infiltration was only observed after femoral fracture combined with hemorrhagic shock with an attenuation of the pulmonary organ damage in IL-6(-/-) compared to WT animals. These results support the role of IL-6 as a therapeutic target for posttraumatic immune modulation. With an increased pro-inflammatory mediator release, already an isolated femoral fracture seems to influence the immune response of AM.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Mommsen
- Trauma Department, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany.
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