1
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Rothzerg E, Ho XD, Xu J, Wood D, Märtson A, Maasalu K, Kõks S. Alternative splicing of leptin receptor overlapping transcript in osteosarcoma. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2020; 245:1437-1443. [PMID: 32787464 DOI: 10.1177/1535370220949139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
IMPACT STATEMENT Osteosarcoma (OS, also known as osteogenic sarcoma) is the most common primary malignancy of bone in children and adolescents. The molecular mechanisms of OS are extremely complicated and its molecular mediators remain to be elucidated. We sequenced total RNA from 18 OS bone samples (paired normal-tumor biopsies). We found statistically significant (FDR <0.05) 26 differentially expressed transcript variants of LEPROT gene with different expressions in normal and tumor samples. These findings contribute to the understanding of molecular mechanisms of OS development and provide encouragement to pursue further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emel Rothzerg
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia.,Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Xuan D Ho
- Department of Oncology, College of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hue University, Hue 53000, Vietnam
| | - Jiake Xu
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - David Wood
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Aare Märtson
- Department of Traumatology and Orthopaedics, University of Tartu, Tartu University Hospital, Tartu 50411, Estonia
| | - Katre Maasalu
- Department of Traumatology and Orthopaedics, University of Tartu, Tartu University Hospital, Tartu 50411, Estonia
| | - Sulev Kõks
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia.,Centre for Molecular Medicine and Innovative Therapeutics, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia
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2
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Amamizu H, Matsumoto Y, Morosawa S, Ohyama K, Uzuka H, Hirano M, Nishimiya K, Gokon Y, Watanabe-Asaka T, Hayashi M, Miyata S, Kamei T, Kawai Y, Shimokawa H. Cardiac Lymphatic Dysfunction Causes Drug-Eluting Stent–Induced Coronary Hyperconstricting Responses in Pigs In Vivo. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2019; 39:741-753. [DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.119.312396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Objective—
We have previously demonstrated that coronary adventitial inflammation plays important roles in the pathogenesis of coronary vasomotion abnormalities, including drug-eluting stent (DES)–induced coronary hyperconstricting responses. Importantly, the adventitia also harbors lymphatic vessels, which may prevent inflammation by transporting extravasated fluid and inflammatory cells. We thus aimed to examine the roles of coronary adventitial lymphatic vessels in the pathogenesis of DES-induced coronary hyperconstricting responses in a porcine model in vivo.
Approach and Results—
We performed 2 experimental studies. In protocol 1, 15 pigs were divided into 3 groups with or without DES and with bare metal stent. Nonstented sites 20 mm apart from stent implantation also were examined. In the protocol 2, 12 pigs were divided into 2 groups with or without lymphatic vessels ligation followed by DES implantation at 2 weeks later (n=6 each). We performed coronary angiography 4 weeks after DES implantation, followed by immunohistological analysis. In protocol 1, the number and the caliber of lymphatic vessels were greater at only the DES edges after 4 more weeks. In protocol 2, coronary hyperconstricting responses were further enhanced in the lymphatic vessels ligation group associated with adventitial inflammation, Rho-kinase activation, and less adventitial lymphatic vessels formation. Importantly, there were significant correlations among these inflammation-related changes and enhanced coronary vasoconstricting responses.
Conclusions—
These results provide evidence that cardiac lymphatic vessel dysfunction plays important roles in the pathogenesis of coronary vasoconstrictive responses in pigs in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirokazu Amamizu
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine (H.A., Y.M., S. Morosawa, K.O., H.U., M. Hirano, K.N., S. Miyata, H.S.), Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yasuharu Matsumoto
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine (H.A., Y.M., S. Morosawa, K.O., H.U., M. Hirano, K.N., S. Miyata, H.S.), Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Susumu Morosawa
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine (H.A., Y.M., S. Morosawa, K.O., H.U., M. Hirano, K.N., S. Miyata, H.S.), Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Kazuma Ohyama
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine (H.A., Y.M., S. Morosawa, K.O., H.U., M. Hirano, K.N., S. Miyata, H.S.), Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hironori Uzuka
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine (H.A., Y.M., S. Morosawa, K.O., H.U., M. Hirano, K.N., S. Miyata, H.S.), Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Michinori Hirano
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine (H.A., Y.M., S. Morosawa, K.O., H.U., M. Hirano, K.N., S. Miyata, H.S.), Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Kensuke Nishimiya
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine (H.A., Y.M., S. Morosawa, K.O., H.U., M. Hirano, K.N., S. Miyata, H.S.), Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yusuke Gokon
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery (Y.G., T.K.), Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Tomomi Watanabe-Asaka
- Division of Physiology, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University (T.W.-A., M. Hayashi, Y.K.), Sendai, Japan
| | - Moyuru Hayashi
- Division of Physiology, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University (T.W.-A., M. Hayashi, Y.K.), Sendai, Japan
| | - Satoshi Miyata
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine (H.A., Y.M., S. Morosawa, K.O., H.U., M. Hirano, K.N., S. Miyata, H.S.), Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Takashi Kamei
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery (Y.G., T.K.), Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yoshiko Kawai
- Division of Physiology, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University (T.W.-A., M. Hayashi, Y.K.), Sendai, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Shimokawa
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine (H.A., Y.M., S. Morosawa, K.O., H.U., M. Hirano, K.N., S. Miyata, H.S.), Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
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3
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Lu M, Flanagan JU, Langley RJ, Hay MP, Perry JK. Targeting growth hormone function: strategies and therapeutic applications. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2019; 4:3. [PMID: 30775002 PMCID: PMC6367471 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-019-0036-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Human growth hormone (GH) is a classical pituitary endocrine hormone that is essential for normal postnatal growth and has pleiotropic effects across multiple physiological systems. GH is also expressed in extrapituitary tissues and has localized autocrine/paracrine effects at these sites. In adults, hypersecretion of GH causes acromegaly, and strategies that block the release of GH or that inhibit GH receptor (GHR) activation are the primary forms of medical therapy for this disease. Overproduction of GH has also been linked to cancer and the microvascular complications that are associated with diabetes. However, studies to investigate the therapeutic potential of GHR antagonism in these diseases have been limited, most likely due to difficulty in accessing therapeutic tools to study the pharmacology of the receptor in vivo. This review will discuss current and emerging strategies for antagonizing GH function and the potential disease indications. Emerging therapies are offering an expanded toolkit for combatting the effects of human growth hormone overproduction. Human growth hormone (GH) is a major driver of postnatal growth; however, systemic or localized overproduction is implicated in the aberrant growth disease acromegaly, cancer, and diabetes. In this review, researchers led by Jo Perry, from the University of Auckland, New Zealand, discuss strategies that either inhibit GH production, block its systemic receptor, or interrupt its downstream signaling pathways. The only licensed GH receptor blocker is pegvisomant, but therapies are in development that include long-acting protein and antibody-based blockers, and nucleotide complexes that degrade GHR production have also shown promise. Studies investigating GHR antagonism are limited, partly due to difficulty in accessing therapeutic tools which block GHR function, but overcoming these obstacles may yield advances in alleviating chronic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Lu
- 1Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Jack U Flanagan
- 2Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,3Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Ries J Langley
- 3Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, Auckland, New Zealand.,4Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Michael P Hay
- 2Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,3Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Jo K Perry
- 1Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,3Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, Auckland, New Zealand
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4
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Gadelha MR, Kasuki L, Lim DST, Fleseriu M. Systemic Complications of Acromegaly and the Impact of the Current Treatment Landscape: An Update. Endocr Rev 2019; 40:268-332. [PMID: 30184064 DOI: 10.1210/er.2018-00115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Acromegaly is a chronic systemic disease with many complications and is associated with increased mortality when not adequately treated. Substantial advances in acromegaly treatment, as well as in the treatment of many of its complications, mainly diabetes mellitus, heart failure, and arterial hypertension, were achieved in the last decades. These developments allowed change in both prevalence and severity of some acromegaly complications and furthermore resulted in a reduction of mortality. Currently, mortality seems to be similar to the general population in adequately treated patients with acromegaly. In this review, we update the knowledge in complications of acromegaly and detail the effects of different acromegaly treatment options on these complications. Incidence of mortality, its correlation with GH (cumulative exposure vs last value), and IGF-I levels and the shift in the main cause of mortality in patients with acromegaly are also addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mônica R Gadelha
- Neuroendocrinology Research Center/Endocrine Section and Medical School, Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Neuroendocrine Section, Instituto Estadual do Cérebro Paulo Niemeyer, Secretaria Estadual de Saúde do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Neuropathology and Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Instituto Estadual do Cérebro Paulo Niemeyer, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Leandro Kasuki
- Neuroendocrinology Research Center/Endocrine Section and Medical School, Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Neuroendocrine Section, Instituto Estadual do Cérebro Paulo Niemeyer, Secretaria Estadual de Saúde do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Endocrine Unit, Hospital Federal de Bonsucesso, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Dawn S T Lim
- Department of Endocrinology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Maria Fleseriu
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon.,Department of Neurological Surgery, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon.,Northwest Pituitary Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
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5
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Williams SP, Odell AF, Karnezis T, Farnsworth RH, Gould CM, Li J, Paquet-Fifield S, Harris NC, Walter A, Gregory JL, Lamont SF, Liu R, Takano EA, Nowell CJ, Bower NI, Resnick D, Smyth GK, Coultas L, Hogan BM, Fox SB, Mueller SN, Simpson KJ, Achen MG, Stacker SA. Genome-wide functional analysis reveals central signaling regulators of lymphatic endothelial cell migration and remodeling. Sci Signal 2017; 10:10/499/eaal2987. [DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aal2987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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6
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Abstract
The growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF1) axis is the key regulator of longitudinal growth, promoting postnatal bone and muscle growth. The available data suggest that GH expression by tumour cells is associated with the aetiology and progression of various cancers such as endometrial, breast, liver, prostate, and colon cancer. Accordingly there has been increased interest in targeting GH-mediated signal transduction in a therapeutic setting. Because GH has endocrine, autocrine, and paracrine actions, therapeutic strategies will need to take into account systemic and local functions. Activation of related hormone receptors and crosstalk with other signalling pathways are also key considerations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jo K Perry
- Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, 1023 Auckland, New Zealand; Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of Auckland, 1023 Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Zheng-Sheng Wu
- Department of Pathology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, PR China
| | - Hichem C Mertani
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) Unité 1052-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Université Claude Bernard Lyon I, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Tao Zhu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, PR China
| | - Peter E Lobie
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore and Department of Pharmacology, National University of Singapore, 117456 Singapore; Tsinghua Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Tsinghua University Graduate School, Shenzhen, PR China.
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7
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Wang Z, Dabrosin C, Yin X, Fuster MM, Arreola A, Rathmell WK, Generali D, Nagaraju GP, El-Rayes B, Ribatti D, Chen YC, Honoki K, Fujii H, Georgakilas AG, Nowsheen S, Amedei A, Niccolai E, Amin A, Ashraf SS, Helferich B, Yang X, Guha G, Bhakta D, Ciriolo MR, Aquilano K, Chen S, Halicka D, Mohammed SI, Azmi AS, Bilsland A, Keith WN, Jensen LD. Broad targeting of angiogenesis for cancer prevention and therapy. Semin Cancer Biol 2015; 35 Suppl:S224-S243. [PMID: 25600295 PMCID: PMC4737670 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2015.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 312] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Revised: 12/25/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Deregulation of angiogenesis – the growth of new blood vessels from an existing vasculature – is a main driving force in many severe human diseases including cancer. As such, tumor angiogenesis is important for delivering oxygen and nutrients to growing tumors, and therefore considered an essential pathologic feature of cancer, while also playing a key role in enabling other aspects of tumor pathology such as metabolic deregulation and tumor dissemination/metastasis. Recently, inhibition of tumor angiogenesis has become a clinical anti-cancer strategy in line with chemotherapy, radiotherapy and surgery, which underscore the critical importance of the angiogenic switch during early tumor development. Unfortunately the clinically approved anti-angiogenic drugs in use today are only effective in a subset of the patients, and many who initially respond develop resistance over time. Also, some of the anti-angiogenic drugs are toxic and it would be of great importance to identify alternative compounds, which could overcome these drawbacks and limitations of the currently available therapy. Finding “the most important target” may, however, prove a very challenging approach as the tumor environment is highly diverse, consisting of many different cell types, all of which may contribute to tumor angiogenesis. Furthermore, the tumor cells themselves are genetically unstable, leading to a progressive increase in the number of different angiogenic factors produced as the cancer progresses to advanced stages. As an alternative approach to targeted therapy, options to broadly interfere with angiogenic signals by a mixture of non-toxic natural compound with pleiotropic actions were viewed by this team as an opportunity to develop a complementary anti-angiogenesis treatment option. As a part of the “Halifax Project” within the “Getting to know cancer” framework, we have here, based on a thorough review of the literature, identified 10 important aspects of tumor angiogenesis and the pathological tumor vasculature which would be well suited as targets for anti-angiogenic therapy: (1) endothelial cell migration/tip cell formation, (2) structural abnormalities of tumor vessels, (3) hypoxia, (4) lymphangiogenesis, (5) elevated interstitial fluid pressure, (6) poor perfusion, (7) disrupted circadian rhythms, (8) tumor promoting inflammation, (9) tumor promoting fibroblasts and (10) tumor cell metabolism/acidosis. Following this analysis, we scrutinized the available literature on broadly acting anti-angiogenic natural products, with a focus on finding qualitative information on phytochemicals which could inhibit these targets and came up with 10 prototypical phytochemical compounds: (1) oleanolic acid, (2) tripterine, (3) silibinin, (4) curcumin, (5) epigallocatechin-gallate, (6) kaempferol, (7) melatonin, (8) enterolactone, (9) withaferin A and (10) resveratrol. We suggest that these plant-derived compounds could be combined to constitute a broader acting and more effective inhibitory cocktail at doses that would not be likely to cause excessive toxicity. All the targets and phytochemical approaches were further cross-validated against their effects on other essential tumorigenic pathways (based on the “hallmarks” of cancer) in order to discover possible synergies or potentially harmful interactions, and were found to generally also have positive involvement in/effects on these other aspects of tumor biology. The aim is that this discussion could lead to the selection of combinations of such anti-angiogenic compounds which could be used in potent anti-tumor cocktails, for enhanced therapeutic efficacy, reduced toxicity and circumvention of single-agent anti-angiogenic resistance, as well as for possible use in primary or secondary cancer prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongwei Wang
- Department of Urology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Charlotta Dabrosin
- Department of Oncology, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Xin Yin
- Medicine and Research Services, Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System & University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Mark M Fuster
- Medicine and Research Services, Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System & University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Alexandra Arreola
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - W Kimryn Rathmell
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Daniele Generali
- Molecular Therapy and Pharmacogenomics Unit, AO Isituti Ospitalieri di Cremona, Cremona, Italy
| | - Ganji P Nagaraju
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Bassel El-Rayes
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Domenico Ribatti
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sensory Organs, University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy; National Cancer Institute Giovanni Paolo II, Bari, Italy
| | - Yi Charlie Chen
- Department of Biology, Alderson Broaddus University, Philippi, WV, USA
| | - Kanya Honoki
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Arthroplasty and Regenerative Medicine, Nara Medical University, Nara, Japan
| | - Hiromasa Fujii
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Arthroplasty and Regenerative Medicine, Nara Medical University, Nara, Japan
| | - Alexandros G Georgakilas
- Physics Department, School of Applied Mathematics and Physical Sciences, National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Somaira Nowsheen
- Mayo Graduate School, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Amedeo Amedei
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Elena Niccolai
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Amr Amin
- Department of Biology, College of Science, United Arab Emirate University, United Arab Emirates; Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - S Salman Ashraf
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, United Arab Emirate University, United Arab Emirates
| | - Bill Helferich
- University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Xujuan Yang
- University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Gunjan Guha
- School of Chemical and Bio Technology, SASTRA University, Thanjavur, India
| | - Dipita Bhakta
- School of Chemical and Bio Technology, SASTRA University, Thanjavur, India
| | | | - Katia Aquilano
- Department of Biology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | - Sophie Chen
- Ovarian and Prostate Cancer Research Trust Laboratory, Guilford, Surrey, UK
| | | | - Sulma I Mohammed
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Asfar S Azmi
- School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Alan Bilsland
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - W Nicol Keith
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Lasse D Jensen
- Department of Medical, and Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden; Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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8
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Growth hormone receptor inhibition decreases the growth and metastasis of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Exp Mol Med 2014; 46:e117. [PMID: 25301264 PMCID: PMC4221692 DOI: 10.1038/emm.2014.61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Revised: 07/12/2014] [Accepted: 07/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is the only major cancer with very low survival rates (1%). It is the fourth leading cause of cancer-related death. Hyperactivated growth hormone receptor (GHR) levels have been shown to increase the risk of cancer in general and this pathway is a master regulator of key cellular functions like proliferation, apoptosis, differentiation, metastasis, etc. However, to date there is no available data on how GHR promotes pancreatic cancer pathogenesis. Here, we used an RNA interference approach targeted to GHR to determine whether targeting GHR is an effective method for controlling pancreatic cancer growth and metastasis. For this, we used an in vitro model system consisting of HPAC and PANC-1 pancreatic cancer cells lines. GHR is upregulated in both of these cell lines and silencing GHR significantly reduced cell proliferation and viability. Inhibition of GHR also reduced the metastatic potential of pancreatic cancer cells, which was aided through decreased colony-forming ability and reduced invasiveness. Flow cytometric and western blot analyses revealed the induction of apoptosis in GHR silenced cells. GHR silencing affected phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase/AKT, mitogen extracellular signal-regulated kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase, Janus kinase/signal transducers and activators of transcription and mammalian target of rapamycin signaling, as well as, epithelial to mesenchymal transition. Interestingly, silencing GHR also suppressed the expression of insulin receptor-β and cyclo-oxygenease-2. Altogether, GHR silencing controls the growth and metastasis of pancreatic cancer and reveals its importance in pancreatic cancer pathogenesis.
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9
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Salpietro V, Ruggieri M, Alterio T, Mallamace R, Chirico V, Arrigo T, Romano C. Is there a risk of pubertal worsening in primary intestinal lymphangiectasia? J Endocrinol Invest 2013; 36:1128. [PMID: 23698711 DOI: 10.3275/8974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- V Salpietro
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
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10
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Oveland E, Karlsen TV, Haslene-Hox H, Semaeva E, Janaczyk B, Tenstad O, Wiig H. Proteomic Evaluation of Inflammatory Proteins in Rat Spleen Interstitial Fluid and Lymph during LPS-Induced Systemic Inflammation Reveals Increased Levels of ADAMST1. J Proteome Res 2012; 11:5338-49. [DOI: 10.1021/pr3005666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Eystein Oveland
- Department
of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Jonas Lies vei 91, 5009 Bergen, Norway
| | - Tine V. Karlsen
- Department
of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Jonas Lies vei 91, 5009 Bergen, Norway
| | - Hanne Haslene-Hox
- Department
of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Jonas Lies vei 91, 5009 Bergen, Norway
| | - Elvira Semaeva
- Department
of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Jonas Lies vei 91, 5009 Bergen, Norway
| | - Bartlomiej Janaczyk
- Department
of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Jonas Lies vei 91, 5009 Bergen, Norway
| | - Olav Tenstad
- Department
of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Jonas Lies vei 91, 5009 Bergen, Norway
| | - Helge Wiig
- Department
of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Jonas Lies vei 91, 5009 Bergen, Norway
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11
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An in vivo method to quantify lymphangiogenesis in zebrafish. PLoS One 2012; 7:e45240. [PMID: 23028871 PMCID: PMC3441694 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0045240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2012] [Accepted: 08/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lymphangiogenesis is a highly regulated process involved in the pathogenesis of disease. Current in vivo models to assess lymphangiogenesis are largely unphysiologic. The zebrafish is a powerful model system for studying development, due to its rapid growth and transparency during early stages of life. Identification of a network of trunk lymphatic capillaries in zebrafish provides an opportunity to quantify lymphatic growth in vivo. Methods and Results Late-phase microangiography was used to detect trunk lymphatic capillaries in zebrafish 2- and 3-days post-fertilization. Using this approach, real-time changes in lymphatic capillary development were measured in response to modulators of lymphangiogenesis. Recombinant human vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-C added directly to the zebrafish aqueous environment as well as human endothelial and mouse melanoma cell transplantation resulted in increased lymphatic capillary growth, while morpholino-based knockdown of vegfc and chemical inhibitors of lymphangiogenesis added to the aqueous environment resulted in decreased lymphatic capillary growth. Conclusion Lymphatic capillaries in embryonic and larval zebrafish can be quantified using late-phase microangiography. Human activators and small molecule inhibitors of lymphangiogenesis, as well as transplanted human endothelial and mouse melanoma cells, alter lymphatic capillary development in zebrafish. The ability to rapidly quantify changes in lymphatic growth under physiologic conditions will allow for broad screening of lymphangiogenesis modulators, as well as help define cellular roles and elucidate pathways of lymphatic development.
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12
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Choi I, Lee YS, Chung HK, Choi D, Ecoiffier T, Lee HN, Kim KE, Lee S, Park EK, Maeng YS, Kim NY, Ladner RD, Petasis NA, Koh CJ, Chen L, Lenz HJ, Hong YK. Interleukin-8 reduces post-surgical lymphedema formation by promoting lymphatic vessel regeneration. Angiogenesis 2012; 16:29-44. [PMID: 22945845 DOI: 10.1007/s10456-012-9297-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2012] [Accepted: 08/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Lymphedema is mainly caused by lymphatic obstruction and manifested as tissue swelling, often in the arms and legs. Lymphedema is one of the most common post-surgical complications in breast cancer patients and presents a painful and disfiguring chronic illness that has few treatment options. Here, we evaluated the therapeutic potential of interleukin (IL)-8 in lymphatic regeneration independent of its pro-inflammatory activity. We found that IL-8 promoted proliferation, tube formation, and migration of lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs) without activating the VEGF signaling. Additionally, IL-8 suppressed the major cell cycle inhibitor CDKN1C/p57(KIP2) by downregulating its positive regulator PROX1, which is known as the master regulator of LEC-differentiation. Animal-based studies such as matrigel plug and cornea micropocket assays demonstrated potent efficacy of IL-8 in activating lymphangiogenesis in vivo. Moreover, we have generated a novel transgenic mouse model (K14-hIL8) that expresses human IL-8 in the skin and then crossed with lymphatic-specific fluorescent (Prox1-GFP) mouse. The resulting double transgenic mice showed that a stable expression of IL-8 could promote embryonic lymphangiogenesis. Moreover, an immunodeficient IL-8-expressing mouse line that was established by crossing K14-hIL8 mice with athymic nude mice displayed an enhanced tumor-associated lymphangiogenesis. Finally, when experimental lymphedema was introduced, K14-hIL8 mice showed an improved amelioration of lymphedema with an increased lymphatic regeneration. Together, we report that IL-8 can activate lymphangiogenesis in vitro and in vivo with a therapeutic efficacy in post-surgical lymphedema.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inho Choi
- Department of Surgery, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
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13
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Expression of androgen, estrogen, progesterone, and growth hormone receptors in vascular malformations. Plast Reconstr Surg 2012; 129:919e-924e. [PMID: 22634690 DOI: 10.1097/prs.0b013e31824ec3fb] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vascular malformations frequently enlarge during adolescence, suggesting that hormones may be involved. The purpose of this study was to determine whether pubertal hormone receptors are present in vascular malformations and whether they differ from normal tissue. METHODS Tissue specimens (arteriovenous malformation, lymphatic malformation, and venous malformation) were prospectively collected from patients undergoing resection. Immunohistochemistry was used to determine the presence of androgen, estrogen, progesterone, and growth hormone receptors. The effects of age, sex, location, and malformation type on receptor expression were analyzed. Age-, sex-, and location-matched normal tissues served as controls. RESULTS Forty-five vascular malformation specimens were collected: arteriovenous malformation (n = 11), lymphatic malformation (n = 20), and venous malformation (n = 14). Growth hormone receptor expression was increased in arteriovenous malformation (72.7 percent), lymphatic malformation (65.0 percent), and venous malformation (57.1 percent) tissues compared with controls (25.8 percent) (p < 0.05). Growth hormone receptor was present primarily in the endothelium/perivasculature of malformations (93.1 percent), whereas in normal tissue growth hormone receptor was located only in the stroma (p < 0.0001). Neither age, nor sex, nor location influenced receptor expression (p = 0.9). No differences in androgen receptor, estrogen receptor, and progesterone receptor staining were found between malformations and control samples (p = 0.7). CONCLUSIONS Growth hormone receptor is overexpressed and principally located in the vessels of vascular malformations. Growth hormone might contribute to the expansion of vascular malformations.
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Ran S, Montgomery KE. Macrophage-mediated lymphangiogenesis: the emerging role of macrophages as lymphatic endothelial progenitors. Cancers (Basel) 2012; 4:618-57. [PMID: 22946011 PMCID: PMC3430523 DOI: 10.3390/cancers4030618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
It is widely accepted that macrophages and other inflammatory cells support tumor progression and metastasis. During early stages of neoplastic development, tumor-infiltrating macrophages (TAMs) mount an immune response against transformed cells. Frequently, however, cancer cells escape the immune surveillance, an event that is accompanied by macrophage transition from an anti-tumor to a pro-tumorigenic type. The latter is characterized by high expression of factors that activate endothelial cells, suppress immune response, degrade extracellular matrix, and promote tumor growth. Cumulatively, these products of TAMs promote tumor expansion and growth of both blood and lymphatic vessels that facilitate metastatic spread. Breast cancers and other epithelial malignancies induce the formation of new lymphatic vessels (i.e., lymphangiogenesis) that leads to lymphatic and subsequently, to distant metastasis. Both experimental and clinical studies have shown that TAMs significantly promote tumor lymphangiogenesis through paracrine and cell autonomous modes. The paracrine effect consists of the expression of a variety of pro-lymphangiogenic factors that activate the preexisting lymphatic vessels. The evidence for cell-autonomous contribution is based on the observed tumor mobilization of macrophage-derived lymphatic endothelial cell progenitors (M-LECP) that integrate into lymphatic vessels prior to sprouting. This review will summarize the current knowledge of macrophage-dependent growth of new lymphatic vessels with specific emphasis on an emerging role of macrophages as lymphatic endothelial cell progenitors (M-LECP).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia Ran
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +1-217-545-7026; Fax: +1-217-545-7333
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15
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Mu H, Calderone TL, Davies MA, Prieto VG, Wang H, Mills GB, Bar-Eli M, Gershenwald JE. Lysophosphatidic acid induces lymphangiogenesis and IL-8 production in vitro in human lymphatic endothelial cells. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2012; 180:2170-81. [PMID: 22465753 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2012.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/19/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The bioactive phospholipid lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) and its receptors LPA(1-3) are aberrantly expressed in many types of human cancer. LPA has been reported to induce tumor cell proliferation, migration, and cytokine production. However, whether LPA exerts an effect on lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs) or on lymphangiogenesis, a process of new lymphatic vessel formation that is associated with increased metastasis and poor prognosis in cancer patients, has been unknown. Here, we show that LPA induces cell proliferation, survival, migration, and tube formation, and promotes lymphangiogenesis in vitro in human dermal LECs. In addition, LPA induces IL-8 expression by enhancing IL-8 promoter activity via activation of the NF-κB pathway in LECs. Using IL-8 siRNA and IL-8 neutralizing antibody, we revealed that IL-8 plays an important role in LPA-induced lymphangiogenesis in vitro. Moreover, using siRNA inhibition, we discovered that LPA-induced lymphangiogenesis in vitro and IL-8 production are mediated via the LPA(2) receptor in LECs. Finally, using human sentinel afferent lymphatic vessel explants, we demonstrated that LPA up-regulates IL-8 production in the LECs of lymphatic endothelia. These studies provide the first evidence that LPA promotes lymphangiogenesis and induces IL-8 production in LECs; we also reveal a possible new role of LPA in the promotion of tumor progression, as well as metastasis, in different cancer types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Mu
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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16
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Tumor lymphangiogenesis as a potential therapeutic target. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2012; 2012:204946. [PMID: 22481918 PMCID: PMC3307004 DOI: 10.1155/2012/204946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2011] [Revised: 10/10/2011] [Accepted: 10/31/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Metastasis the spread of cancer cells to distant organs, is the main cause of death for cancer patients. Metastasis is often mediated by lymphatic vessels that invade the primary tumor, and an early sign of metastasis is the presence of cancer cells in the regional lymph node (the first lymph node colonized by metastasizing cancer cells from a primary tumor). Understanding the interplay between tumorigenesis and lymphangiogenesis (the formation of lymphatic vessels associated with tumor growth) will provide us with new insights into mechanisms that modulate metastatic spread. In the long term, these insights will help to define new molecular targets that could be used to block lymphatic vessel-mediated metastasis and increase patient survival. Here, we review the molecular mechanisms of embryonic lymphangiogenesis and those that are recapitulated in tumor lymphangiogenesis, with a view to identifying potential targets for therapies designed to suppress tumor lymphangiogenesis and hence metastasis.
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17
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McAllaster JD, Cohen MS. Role of the lymphatics in cancer metastasis and chemotherapy applications. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2011; 63:867-75. [PMID: 21699937 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2011.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2010] [Accepted: 05/09/2011] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The lymphatic system was first described centuries ago. The recent discovery of various molecular markers has allowed for more in-depth research of the lymphatic system and its role in health and disease. The lymphatic system has recently been elucidated as playing an active role in cancer metastasis. The knowledge of the active processes involved in lymphatic metastasis provides novel treatment targets for various malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer D McAllaster
- University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Boulevard, Mailstop 2005, Kansas City, Kansas 66160, USA
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18
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Marino D, Dabouras V, Brändli AW, Detmar M. A role for all-trans-retinoic acid in the early steps of lymphatic vasculature development. J Vasc Res 2010; 48:236-51. [PMID: 21099229 PMCID: PMC2997449 DOI: 10.1159/000320620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2010] [Accepted: 08/13/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms that regulate the earliest steps of lymphatic vascular system development are unknown. To identify regulators of lymphatic competence and commitment, we used an in vitro vascular assay with mouse embryonic stem cell-derived embryoid bodies (EBs). We found that incubation with retinoic acid (RA) and, more potently, with RA in combination with cAMP, induced the expression of the lymphatic competence marker LYVE-1 in the vascular structures of the EBs. This effect was dependent on RA receptor (RAR)-α and protein kinase A signaling. RA-cAMP incubation also promoted the development of CD31+/LYVE-1+/Prox1+ cell clusters. In situ studies revealed that RAR-α is expressed by endothelial cells of the cardinal vein in ED 9.5-11.5 mouse embryos. Timed exposure of mouse and Xenopus embryos to excess of RA upregulated LYVE-1 and VEGFR-3 on embryonic veins and increased formation of Prox1-positive lymphatic progenitors. These findings indicate that RA signaling mediates the earliest steps of lymphatic vasculature development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Marino
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH Zurich), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Vasilios Dabouras
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH Zurich), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - André W. Brändli
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH Zurich), Zurich, Switzerland
- Walter-Brendel-Centre of Experimental Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Michael Detmar
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH Zurich), Zurich, Switzerland
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19
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Miller MJ, McDole JR, Newberry RD. Microanatomy of the intestinal lymphatic system. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2010; 1207 Suppl 1:E21-8. [PMID: 20961303 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2010.05708.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The intestinal lymphatic system comprises two noncommunicating lymphatic networks: one containing the lacteals draining the villi and the connecting submucosal lymphatic network and one containing the lymphatics that drain the intestine muscular layer. These systems deliver lymph into a common network of collecting lymphatics originating near the mesenteric border. The intestinal lymphatic system serves vital functions in the regulation of tissue fluid homeostasis, immune surveillance, and the transport of nutrients; conversely, this system is affected by, and directly contributes to, disease processes within the intestine. Recent discoveries of specific lymphatic markers, factors promoting lymphangiogenesis, and factors selectively affecting the development of intestinal lymphatics, hold promise for unlocking the role of lymphatics in the pathogenesis of diseases affecting the intestine and for intestinal lymphatic selective therapies. Vital to progress in understanding how the intestinal lymphatic system functions is the integration of recent advances identifying molecular pathways for lymphatic growth and remodeling with advanced imaging modalities to observe lymphatic function and dysfunction in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark J Miller
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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20
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Wiig H, Keskin D, Kalluri R. Interaction between the extracellular matrix and lymphatics: consequences for lymphangiogenesis and lymphatic function. Matrix Biol 2010; 29:645-56. [PMID: 20727409 PMCID: PMC3992865 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2010.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2010] [Revised: 08/03/2010] [Accepted: 08/03/2010] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The lymphatic system is important for body fluid balance as well as immunological surveillance. Due to the identification of new molecular markers during the last decade, there has been a recent dramatic increase in our knowledge on the molecular mechanisms involved in lymphatic vessel growth (lymphangiogenesis) and lymphatic function. Here we review data showing that although it is often overlooked, the extracellular matrix plays an important role in the generation of new lymphatic vessels as a response to physiological and pathological stimuli. Extracellular matrix-lymphatic interactions as well as biophysical characteristics of the stroma have consequences for tumor formation, growth and metastasis. During the recent years, anti-lymphangiogenesis has emerged as an additional therapeutic modality to the clinically applied anti-angiogenesis strategy. Oppositely, enhancement of lymphangiogenesis in situations of lymph accumulation is seen as a promising strategy to a set of conditions where few therapeutic avenues are available. Knowledge on the interaction between the extracellular matrix and the lymphatics may enhance our understanding of the underlying mechanisms and may ultimately lead to better therapies for conditions where reduced or increased lymphatic function is the therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helge Wiig
- Division of Matrix Biology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, United States
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21
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Chin AJ, Whitehead KK, Watrous RL. Insights After 40 Years of the Fontan Operation. World J Pediatr Congenit Heart Surg 2010; 1:328-43. [DOI: 10.1177/2150135110379623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Fontan’s visionary operation and its modifications over the ensuing decades have re-established nonturbulent flow and substantially reduced cyanosis for patients with severe hypoplasia of one ventricle. However, a long list of largely unexpected sequelae has emerged over the last 40 years. Although it is not difficult to understand how care providers could become discouraged, a number of myths have arisen, which we will attempt to dispel with real-world counterexamples as well as with lessons learned from other disciplines: evolutionary, developmental, and computational biology. We argue that distinctive biochemical abnormalities pointing to dysfunction in multiple organs, including the largest organ system in the body, the endothelium, occur long before grossly observable changes in cardiac imaging can be recognized. With a rational redesign of both our surveillance scheme and our wellness strategies, we hope that Fontan survivors and their families, as well as physicians, nurses, and therapists, will see why Fontan’s principle remains just as vibrant today as it was in 1971.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvin J. Chin
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Division of Cardiology, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Kevin K. Whitehead
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Division of Cardiology, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Raymond L. Watrous
- Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Pennsylvania School of Engineering and Applied Science, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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22
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Podoplanin-Fc reduces lymphatic vessel formation in vitro and in vivo and causes disseminated intravascular coagulation when transgenically expressed in the skin. Blood 2010; 116:4376-84. [PMID: 20716773 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2010-04-278564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Podoplanin is a small transmembrane protein required for development and function of the lymphatic vascular system. To investigate the effects of interfering with its function, we produced an Fc fusion protein of its ectodomain. We found that podoplanin-Fc inhibited several functions of cultured lymphatic endothelial cells and also specifically suppressed lymphatic vessel growth, but not blood vessel growth, in mouse embryoid bodies in vitro and in mouse corneas in vivo. Using a keratin 14 expression cassette, we created transgenic mice that overexpressed podoplanin-Fc in the skin. No obvious outward phenotype was identified in these mice, but surprisingly, podoplanin-Fc-although produced specifically in the skin-entered the blood circulation and induced disseminated intravascular coagulation, characterized by microthrombi in most organs and by thrombocytopenia, occasionally leading to fatal hemorrhage. These findings reveal an important role of podoplanin in lymphatic vessel formation and indicate the potential of podoplanin-Fc as an inhibitor of lymphangiogenesis. These results also demonstrate the ability of podoplanin to induce platelet aggregation in vivo, which likely represents a major function of lymphatic endothelium. Finally, keratin 14 podoplanin-Fc mice represent a novel genetic animal model of disseminated intravascular coagulation.
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23
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An exquisite cross-control mechanism among endothelial cell fate regulators directs the plasticity and heterogeneity of lymphatic endothelial cells. Blood 2010; 116:140-50. [PMID: 20351309 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2009-11-252270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Arteriovenous-lymphatic endothelial cell fates are specified by the master regulators, namely, Notch, COUP-TFII, and Prox1. Whereas Notch is expressed in the arteries and COUP-TFII in the veins, the lymphatics express all 3 cell fate regulators. Previous studies show that lymphatic endothelial cell (LEC) fate is highly plastic and reversible, raising a new concept that all 3 endothelial cell fates may co-reside in LECs and a subtle alteration can result in a reprogramming of LEC fate. We provide a molecular basis verifying this concept by identifying a cross-control mechanism among these cell fate regulators. We found that Notch signal down-regulates Prox1 and COUP-TFII through Hey1 and Hey2 and that activated Notch receptor suppresses the lymphatic phenotypes and induces the arterial cell fate. On the contrary, Prox1 and COUP-TFII attenuate vascular endothelial growth factor signaling, known to induce Notch, by repressing vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 and neuropilin-1. We show that previously reported podoplanin-based LEC heterogeneity is associated with differential expression of Notch1 in human cutaneous lymphatics. We propose that the expression of the 3 cell fate regulators is controlled by an exquisite feedback mechanism working in LECs and that LEC fate is a consequence of the Prox1-directed lymphatic equilibrium among the cell fate regulators.
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24
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Ran S, Volk L, Hall K, Flister MJ. Lymphangiogenesis and lymphatic metastasis in breast cancer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 17:229-51. [PMID: 20036110 DOI: 10.1016/j.pathophys.2009.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2009] [Revised: 04/11/2009] [Accepted: 10/23/2009] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Lymphatic metastasis is the main prognostic factor for survival of patients with breast cancer and other epithelial malignancies. Mounting clinical and experimental data suggest that migration of tumor cells into the lymph nodes is greatly facilitated by lymphangiogenesis, a process that generates new lymphatic vessels from pre-existing lymphatics with the aid of circulating lymphatic endothelial progenitor cells. The key protein that induces lymphangiogenesis is vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-3 (VEGFR-3), which is activated by vascular endothelial growth factor-C and -D (VEGF-C and VEGF-D). These lymphangiogenic factors are commonly expressed in malignant, tumor-infiltrating and stromal cells, creating a favorable environment for generation of new lymphatic vessels. Clinical evidence demonstrates that increased lymphatic vessel density in and around tumors is associated with lymphatic metastasis and reduced patient survival. Recent evidence shows that breast cancers induce remodeling of the local lymphatic vessels and the regional lymphatic network in the sentinel and distal lymph nodes. These changes include an increase in number and diameter of tumor-draining lymphatic vessels. Consequently, lymph flow away from the tumor is increased, which significantly increases tumor cell metastasis to draining lymph nodes and may contribute to systemic spread. Collectively, recent advances in the biology of tumor-induced lymphangiogenesis suggest that chemical inhibitors of this process may be an attractive target for inhibiting tumor metastasis and cancer-related death. Nevertheless, this is a relatively new field of study and much remains to be established before the concept of tumor-induced lymphangiogenesis is accepted as a viable anti-metastatic target. This review summarizes the current concepts related to breast cancer lymphangiogenesis and lymphatic metastasis while highlighting controversies and unanswered questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia Ran
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Cell Biology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, 801 N. Rutledge, Springfield, IL 62794-9678, USA
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25
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Affiliation(s)
- Françoise Bruyère
- Laboratory of Tumor and Development BiologyGroupe Interdisciplinaire de Génoprotéomique Appliqué-Cancer (GIGA-Cancer)University of LiegeLiegeBelgium
| | - Agnès Noël
- Laboratory of Tumor and Development BiologyGroupe Interdisciplinaire de Génoprotéomique Appliqué-Cancer (GIGA-Cancer)University of LiegeLiegeBelgium
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Abstract
Metastasis is a characteristic trait of most tumour types and the cause for the majority of cancer deaths. Many tumour types, including melanoma and breast and prostate cancers, first metastasize via lymphatic vessels to their regional lymph nodes. Although the connection between lymph node metastases and shorter survival times of patients was made decades ago, the active involvement of the lymphatic system in cancer, metastasis has been unravelled only recently, after molecular markers of lymphatic vessels were identified. A growing body of evidence indicates that tumour-induced lymphangiogenesis is a predictive indicator of metastasis to lymph nodes and might also be a target for prevention of metastasis. This article reviews the current understanding of lymphangiogenesis in cancer anti-lymphangiogenic strategies for prevention and therapy of metastatic disease, quantification of lymphangiogenesis for the prognosis and diagnosis of metastasis and in vivo imaging technologies for the assessment of lymphatic vessels, drainage and lymph nodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviane Mumprecht
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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27
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Abstract
The lymphatic vascular system has an important role in the regulation of tissue pressure, immune surveillance and the absorption of dietary fat in the intestine. There is growing evidence that the lymphatic system also contributes to a number of diseases, such as lymphedema, cancer metastasis and different inflammatory disorders. The discovery of various molecular markers allowing the distinction of blood and lymphatic vessels, together with the availability of a increasing number of in vitro and in vivo models to study various aspects of lymphatic biology, has enabled tremendous progress in research into the development and function of the lymphatic system. This review discusses recent advances in our understanding of the embryonic development of the lymphatic vasculature, the molecular mechanisms mediating lymphangiogenesis in the adult, the role of lymphangiogenesis in chronic inflammation and lymphatic cancer metastasis, and the emerging importance of the lymphatic vasculature as a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah N Cueni
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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28
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Brunet-Dunand SE, Vouyovitch C, Araneda S, Pandey V, Vidal LJP, Print C, Mertani HC, Lobie PE, Perry JK. Autocrine human growth hormone promotes tumor angiogenesis in mammary carcinoma. Endocrinology 2009; 150:1341-52. [PMID: 18974274 DOI: 10.1210/en.2008-0608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating literature implicates pathological angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis as playing key roles in tumor progression. Autocrine human growth hormone (hGH) is a wild-type orthotopically expressed oncogene for the human mammary epithelial cell. Herein we demonstrate that autocrine hGH expression in the human mammary carcinoma cell line MCF-7 stimulated the survival, proliferation, migration, and invasion of a human microvascular endothelial cell line (HMEC-1). Autocrine/paracrine hGH secreted from mammary carcinoma cells also promoted HMEC-1 in vitro tube formation as a consequence of increased vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A) expression. Semiquantitative RT-PCR analysis demonstrated that HMEC-1 cells express both hGH and the hGH receptor (hGHR). Functional antagonism of HMEC-1-derived hGH reduced HMEC-1 survival, proliferation, migration/invasion, and tube formation in vitro. Autocrine/paracrine hGH secreted by mammary carcinoma cells increased tumor blood and lymphatic microvessel density in a xenograft model of human mammary carcinoma. Autocrine hGH is therefore a potential master regulator of tumor neovascularization, coordinating two critical processes in mammary neoplastic progression, angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis. Consideration of hGH antagonism to inhibit angiogenic processes in mammary carcinoma is therefore warranted.
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29
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Literature Watch. Lymphat Res Biol 2008. [DOI: 10.1089/lrb.2008.63411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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30
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Vigl B, Zgraggen C, Rehman N, Banziger-Tobler NE, Detmar M, Halin C. Coxsackie- and adenovirus receptor (CAR) is expressed in lymphatic vessels in human skin and affects lymphatic endothelial cell function in vitro. Exp Cell Res 2008; 315:336-47. [PMID: 19007771 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2008.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2008] [Revised: 10/22/2008] [Accepted: 10/23/2008] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Lymphatic vessels play an important role in tissue fluid homeostasis, intestinal fat absorption and immunosurveillance. Furthermore, they are involved in pathologic conditions, such as tumor cell metastasis and chronic inflammation. In comparison to blood vessels, the molecular phenotype of lymphatic vessels is less well characterized. Performing comparative gene expression analysis we have recently found that coxsackie- and adenovirus receptor (CAR) is significantly more highly expressed in cultured human, skin-derived lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs), as compared to blood vascular endothelial cells. Here, we have confirmed these results at the protein level, using Western blot and FACS analysis. Immunofluorescence performed on human skin confirmed that CAR is expressed at detectable levels in lymphatic vessels, but not in blood vessels. To address the functional significance of CAR expression, we modulated CAR expression levels in cultured LECs in vitro by siRNA- and vector-based transfection approaches. Functional assays performed with the transfected cells revealed that CAR is involved in distinct cellular processes in LECs, such as cell adhesion, migration, tube formation and the control of vascular permeability. In contrast, no effect of CAR on LEC proliferation was observed. Overall, our data suggest that CAR stabilizes LEC-LEC interactions in the skin and may contribute to lymphatic vessel integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Vigl
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH Zurich, Wolfgang-Pauli Str. 10, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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31
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Developmental and pathological lymphangiogenesis: from models to human disease. Histochem Cell Biol 2008; 130:1063-78. [PMID: 18946678 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-008-0525-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/02/2008] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The lymphatic vascular system, the body's second vascular system present in vertebrates, has emerged in recent years as a crucial player in normal and pathological processes. It participates in the maintenance of normal tissue fluid balance, the immune functions of cellular and antigen trafficking and absorption of fatty acids and lipid-soluble vitamins in the gut. Recent scientific discoveries have highlighted the role of lymphatic system in a number of pathologic conditions, including lymphedema, inflammatory diseases, and tumor metastasis. Development of genetically modified animal models, identification of lymphatic endothelial specific markers and regulators coupled with technological advances such as high-resolution imaging and genome-wide approaches have been instrumental in understanding the major steps controlling growth and remodeling of lymphatic vessels. This review highlights the recent insights and developments in the field of lymphatic vascular biology.
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