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Meshref M, Ghaith HS, Hammad MA, Shalaby MMM, Ayasra F, Monib FA, Attia MS, Ebada MA, Elsayed H, Shalash A, Bahbah EI. The Role of RIN3 Gene in Alzheimer's Disease Pathogenesis: a Comprehensive Review. Mol Neurobiol 2024; 61:3528-3544. [PMID: 37995081 PMCID: PMC11087354 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03802-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a globally prevalent form of dementia that impacts diverse populations and is characterized by progressive neurodegeneration and impairments in executive memory. Although the exact mechanisms underlying AD pathogenesis remain unclear, it is commonly accepted that the aggregation of misfolded proteins, such as amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tau tangles, plays a critical role. Additionally, AD is a multifactorial condition influenced by various genetic factors and can manifest as either early-onset AD (EOAD) or late-onset AD (LOAD), each associated with specific gene variants. One gene of particular interest in both EOAD and LOAD is RIN3, a guanine nucleotide exchange factor. This gene plays a multifaceted role in AD pathogenesis. Firstly, upregulation of RIN3 can result in endosomal enlargement and dysfunction, thereby facilitating the accumulation of beta-amyloid (Aβ) peptides in the brain. Secondly, RIN3 has been shown to impact the PICLAM pathway, affecting transcytosis across the blood-brain barrier. Lastly, RIN3 has implications for immune-mediated responses, notably through its influence on the PTK2B gene. This review aims to provide a concise overview of AD and delve into the role of the RIN3 gene in its pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa Meshref
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | | | | | - Faris Ayasra
- Faculty of Medicine, The Hashemite University, Zarqa, Jordan
| | | | - Mohamed S Attia
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | | | - Hanaa Elsayed
- Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Ali Shalash
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Eshak I Bahbah
- Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Damietta, Egypt.
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2
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Meng X, Song Q, Liu Z, Liu X, Wang Y, Liu J. Neurotoxic β-amyloid oligomers cause mitochondrial dysfunction-the trigger for PANoptosis in neurons. Front Aging Neurosci 2024; 16:1400544. [PMID: 38808033 PMCID: PMC11130508 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2024.1400544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024] Open
Abstract
As the global population ages, the incidence of elderly patients with dementia, represented by Alzheimer's disease (AD), will continue to increase. Previous studies have suggested that β-amyloid protein (Aβ) deposition is a key factor leading to AD. However, the clinical efficacy of treating AD with anti-Aβ protein antibodies is not satisfactory, suggesting that Aβ amyloidosis may be a pathological change rather than a key factor leading to AD. Identification of the causes of AD and development of corresponding prevention and treatment strategies is an important goal of current research. Following the discovery of soluble oligomeric forms of Aβ (AβO) in 1998, scientists began to focus on the neurotoxicity of AβOs. As an endogenous neurotoxin, the active growth of AβOs can lead to neuronal death, which is believed to occur before plaque formation, suggesting that AβOs are the key factors leading to AD. PANoptosis, a newly proposed concept of cell death that includes known modes of pyroptosis, apoptosis, and necroptosis, is a form of cell death regulated by the PANoptosome complex. Neuronal survival depends on proper mitochondrial function. Under conditions of AβO interference, mitochondrial dysfunction occurs, releasing lethal contents as potential upstream effectors of the PANoptosome. Considering the critical role of neurons in cognitive function and the development of AD as well as the regulatory role of mitochondrial function in neuronal survival, investigation of the potential mechanisms leading to neuronal PANoptosis is crucial. This review describes the disruption of neuronal mitochondrial function by AβOs and elucidates how AβOs may activate neuronal PANoptosis by causing mitochondrial dysfunction during the development of AD, providing guidance for the development of targeted neuronal treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Jinyu Liu
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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3
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Ruttenberg SM, Nowick JS. A turn for the worse: Aβ β-hairpins in Alzheimer's disease. Bioorg Med Chem 2024; 105:117715. [PMID: 38615460 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2024.117715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Amyloid-β (Aβ) oligomers are a cause of neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's disease (AD). These soluble aggregates of the Aβ peptide have proven difficult to study due to their inherent metastability and heterogeneity. Strategies to isolate and stabilize homogenous Aβ oligomer populations have emerged such as mutations, covalent cross-linking, and protein fusions. These strategies along with molecular dynamics simulations have provided a variety of proposed structures of Aβ oligomers, many of which consist of molecules of Aβ in β-hairpin conformations. β-Hairpins are intramolecular antiparallel β-sheets composed of two β-strands connected by a loop or turn. Three decades of research suggests that Aβ peptides form several different β-hairpin conformations, some of which are building blocks of toxic Aβ oligomers. The insights from these studies are currently being used to design anti-Aβ antibodies and vaccines to treat AD. Research suggests that antibody therapies designed to target oligomeric Aβ may be more successful at treating AD than antibodies designed to target linear epitopes of Aβ or fibrillar Aβ. Aβ β-hairpins are good epitopes to use in antibody development to selectively target oligomeric Aβ. This review summarizes the research on β-hairpins in Aβ peptides and discusses the relevance of this conformation in AD pathogenesis and drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M Ruttenberg
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697-2025, United States
| | - James S Nowick
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697-2025, United States.
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Yuan S, She D, Jiang S, Deng N, Peng J, Ma L. Endoplasmic reticulum stress and therapeutic strategies in metabolic, neurodegenerative diseases and cancer. Mol Med 2024; 30:40. [PMID: 38509524 PMCID: PMC10956371 DOI: 10.1186/s10020-024-00808-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
The accumulation of unfolded or misfolded proteins within the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), due to genetic determinants and extrinsic environmental factors, leads to endoplasmic reticulum stress (ER stress). As ER stress ensues, the unfolded protein response (UPR), comprising three signaling pathways-inositol-requiring enzyme 1, protein kinase R-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase, and activating transcription factor 6 promptly activates to enhance the ER's protein-folding capacity and restore ER homeostasis. However, prolonged ER stress levels propels the UPR towards cellular demise and the subsequent inflammatory cascade, contributing to the development of human diseases, including cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, and diabetes. Notably, increased expression of all three UPR signaling pathways has been observed in these pathologies, and reduction in signaling molecule expression correlates with decreased proliferation of disease-associated target cells. Consequently, therapeutic strategies targeting ER stress-related interventions have attracted significant research interest. In this review, we elucidate the critical role of ER stress in cancer, metabolic, and neurodegenerative diseases, offering novel therapeutic approaches for these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siqi Yuan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430022, Wuhan, China
| | - Dan She
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430022, Wuhan, China
| | - Shangming Jiang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430022, Wuhan, China
| | - Nan Deng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430022, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiayi Peng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430022, Wuhan, China
| | - Ling Ma
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430022, Wuhan, China.
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Malik N, Miah MU, Galgani A, McAleese K, Walker L, LeBeau FE, Attems J, Outeiro TF, Thomas A, Koss DJ. Regional AT-8 reactive tau species correlate with intracellular Aβ levels in cases of low AD neuropathologic change. Acta Neuropathol 2024; 147:40. [PMID: 38353753 PMCID: PMC10866780 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-024-02691-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
The amyloid cascade hypothesis states that Aβ aggregates induce pathological changes in tau, leading to neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) and cell death. A caveat with this hypothesis is the spatio-temporal divide between plaques and NFTs. This has been addressed by the inclusion of soluble Aβ and tau species in the revised amyloid cascade hypothesis. Nevertheless, despite the potential for non-plaque Aβ to contribute to tau pathology, few studies have examined relative correlative strengths between total Aβ, plaque Aβ and intracellular Aβ with tau pathology within a single tissue cohort. Employing frozen and fixed frontal cortex grey and white matter tissue from non-AD controls (Con; n = 39) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) cases (n = 21), biochemical and immunohistochemical (IHC) measures of Aβ and AT-8 phosphorylated tau were assessed. Biochemical native-state dot blots from crude tissue lysates demonstrated robust correlations between total Aβ and AT-8 tau, when considered as a combined cohort (Con and AD) and when as Con and AD cases, separately. In contrast, no associations between Aβ plaques and AT-8 were reported when using IHC measurements in either Con or AD cases. However, when intracellular Aβ was measured via the Aβ specific antibody MOAB-2, a correlative relationship with AT-8 tau was reported in non-AD controls but not in AD cases. Collectively the data suggests that accumulating intracellular Aβ may influence AT-8 pathology, early in AD-related neuropathological change. Despite the lower levels of phospho-tau and Aβ in controls, the robust correlative relationships observed suggest a physiological association of Aβ production and tau phosphorylation, which may be modified during disease. This study is supportive of a revised amyloid cascade hypothesis and demonstrates regional associative relationships between tau pathology and intracellular Aβ, but not extracellular Aβ plaques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nauman Malik
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Mohi-Uddin Miah
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Alessandro Galgani
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Kirsty McAleese
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Lauren Walker
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Fiona E LeBeau
- Biosciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Johannes Attems
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Tiago F Outeiro
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
- Department of Experimental Neurodegeneration, Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration, University Medical Center Goettingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Alan Thomas
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - David J Koss
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK.
- Division of Cellular and Systems Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, UK.
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Nagar P, Sharma P, Dhapola R, Kumari S, Medhi B, HariKrishnaReddy D. Endoplasmic reticulum stress in Alzheimer's disease: Molecular mechanisms and therapeutic prospects. Life Sci 2023; 330:121983. [PMID: 37524162 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.121983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2023] [Revised: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative condition that leads to memory loss and cognitive impairment over time. It is characterized by protein misfolding as well as prolonged cellular stress, such as perturbing calcium homeostasis and redox management. Numerous investigations have proven that endoplasmic reticulum failure may exhibit exacerbation of AD pathogenesis in AD patients, in-vivo and in-vitro models. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) participates in a variety of biological functions including folding of protein, quality control, cholesterol production, and maintenance of calcium balance. A diverse range of physiological, pathological and pharmacological substances can interfere with ER activity and thus lead to exaggeration of ER stress. The unfolded protein response (UPR), an intracellular signaling network is stimulated due to ER stress. Three stress sensors found in the endoplasmic reticulum, the PERK, ATF6, and IRE1 transducers detect protein misfolding in the ER and trigger UPR, a complex system to maintain homeostasis. ER stress is linked to many of the major pathological processes that are seen in AD, including presenilin1 and 2 (PS1 and PS2) gene mutation, tau phosphorylation and β-amyloid formation. The role of ER stress and UPR in the pathophysiology of AD implies that they can be employed as potent therapeutic target. This study shows the relationship between ER and AD and how the pathogenesis of AD is influenced by the impact of ER stress. An effective method for the prevention or treatment of AD may involve therapeutic strategies that modify ER stress pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pushank Nagar
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Health Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Ghudda, Bathinda 151401, Punjab, India
| | - Prajjwal Sharma
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Health Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Ghudda, Bathinda 151401, Punjab, India
| | - Rishika Dhapola
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Health Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Ghudda, Bathinda 151401, Punjab, India
| | - Sneha Kumari
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Health Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Ghudda, Bathinda 151401, Punjab, India
| | - Bikash Medhi
- Department of Pharmacology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh 160012, India
| | - Dibbanti HariKrishnaReddy
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Health Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Ghudda, Bathinda 151401, Punjab, India.
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Waigi EW, Webb RC, Moss MA, Uline MJ, McCarthy CG, Wenceslau CF. Soluble and insoluble protein aggregates, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and vascular dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease and cardiovascular diseases. GeroScience 2023; 45:1411-1438. [PMID: 36823398 PMCID: PMC10400528 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-023-00748-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Dementia refers to a particular group of symptoms characterized by difficulties with memory, language, problem-solving, and other thinking skills that affect a person's ability to perform everyday activities. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia, affecting about 6.2 million Americans aged 65 years and older. Likewise, cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are a major cause of disability and premature death, impacting 126.9 million adults in the USA, a number that increases with age. Consequently, CVDs and cardiovascular risk factors are associated with an increased risk of AD and cognitive impairment. They share important age-related cardiometabolic and lifestyle risk factors, that make them among the leading causes of death. Additionally, there are several premises and hypotheses about the mechanisms underlying the association between AD and CVD. Although AD and CVD may be considered deleterious to health, the study of their combination constitutes a clinical challenge, and investigations to understand the mechanistic pathways for the cause-effect and/or shared pathology between these two disease constellations remains an active area of research. AD pathology is propagated by the amyloid β (Aβ) peptides. These peptides give rise to small, toxic, and soluble Aβ oligomers (SPOs) that are nonfibrillar, and it is their levels that show a robust correlation with the extent of cognitive impairment. This review will elucidate the interplay between the effects of accumulating SPOs in AD and CVDs, the resulting ER stress response, and their role in vascular dysfunction. We will also address the potential underlying mechanisms, including the possibility that SPOs are among the causes of vascular injury in CVD associated with cognitive decline. By revealing common mechanistic underpinnings of AD and CVD, we hope that novel experimental therapeutics can be designed to reduce the burden of these devastating diseases. Graphical abstract Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology leads to the release of Aβ peptides, and their accumulation in the peripheral organs has varying effects on various components of the cardiovascular system including endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and vascular damage. Image created with BioRender.com.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily W Waigi
- Cardiovascular Translational Research Cententer (CTRC), Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - R Clinton Webb
- Cardiovascular Translational Research Cententer (CTRC), Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, USA
- Biomedical Engineering Program, Univeristy of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Melissa A Moss
- Biomedical Engineering Program, Univeristy of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Mark J Uline
- Biomedical Engineering Program, Univeristy of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Cameron G McCarthy
- Cardiovascular Translational Research Cententer (CTRC), Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, USA
- Biomedical Engineering Program, Univeristy of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Camilla Ferreira Wenceslau
- Cardiovascular Translational Research Cententer (CTRC), Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, USA.
- Biomedical Engineering Program, Univeristy of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA.
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Penke B, Szűcs M, Bogár F. New Pathways Identify Novel Drug Targets for the Prevention and Treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065383. [PMID: 36982456 PMCID: PMC10049476 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is an incurable, progressive neurodegenerative disorder. AD is a complex and multifactorial disease that is responsible for 60–80% of dementia cases. Aging, genetic factors, and epigenetic changes are the main risk factors for AD. Two aggregation-prone proteins play a decisive role in AD pathogenesis: β-amyloid (Aβ) and hyperphosphorylated tau (pTau). Both of them form deposits and diffusible toxic aggregates in the brain. These proteins are the biomarkers of AD. Different hypotheses have tried to explain AD pathogenesis and served as platforms for AD drug research. Experiments demonstrated that both Aβ and pTau might start neurodegenerative processes and are necessary for cognitive decline. The two pathologies act in synergy. Inhibition of the formation of toxic Aβ and pTau aggregates has been an old drug target. Recently, successful Aβ clearance by monoclonal antibodies has raised new hopes for AD treatments if the disease is detected at early stages. More recently, novel targets, e.g., improvements in amyloid clearance from the brain, application of small heat shock proteins (Hsps), modulation of chronic neuroinflammation by different receptor ligands, modulation of microglial phagocytosis, and increase in myelination have been revealed in AD research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Botond Penke
- Department of Medical Chemistry, University of Szeged, Dóm Square 8, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
- Correspondence:
| | - Mária Szűcs
- Department of Medical Chemistry, University of Szeged, Dóm Square 8, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Ferenc Bogár
- ELKH-SZTE Biomimetic Systems Research Group, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), Dóm Square 8, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
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Cassano T, Giamogante F, Calcagnini S, Romano A, Lavecchia AM, Inglese F, Paglia G, Bukke VN, Romano AD, Friuli M, Altieri F, Gaetani S. PDIA3 Expression Is Altered in the Limbic Brain Regions of Triple-Transgenic Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24033005. [PMID: 36769334 PMCID: PMC9918299 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24033005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
In the present study, we used a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease (AD) (3×Tg-AD mice) to longitudinally analyse the expression level of PDIA3, a protein disulfide isomerase and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) chaperone, in selected brain limbic areas strongly affected by AD-pathology (amygdala, entorhinal cortex, dorsal and ventral hippocampus). Our results suggest that, while in Non-Tg mice PDIA3 levels gradually reduce with aging in all brain regions analyzed, 3×Tg-AD mice showed an age-dependent increase in PDIA3 levels in the amygdala, entorhinal cortex, and ventral hippocampus. A significant reduction of PDIA3 was observed in 3×Tg-AD mice already at 6 months of age, as compared to age-matched Non-Tg mice. A comparative immunohistochemistry analysis performed on 3×Tg-AD mice at 6 (mild AD-like pathology) and 18 (severe AD-like pathology) months of age showed a direct correlation between the cellular level of Aβ and PDIA3 proteins in all the brain regions analysed, even if with different magnitudes. Additionally, an immunohistochemistry analysis showed the presence of PDIA3 in all post-mitotic neurons and astrocytes. Overall, altered PDIA3 levels appear to be age- and/or pathology-dependent, corroborating the ER chaperone's involvement in AD pathology, and supporting the PDIA3 protein as a potential novel therapeutic target for the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommaso Cassano
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Via L. Pinto 1, 71122 Foggia, Italy
| | - Flavia Giamogante
- Department of Biochemical Sciences “A. Rossi Fanelli”, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Silvio Calcagnini
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology “V. Erspamer”, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Adele Romano
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology “V. Erspamer”, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Angelo Michele Lavecchia
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology “V. Erspamer”, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Inglese
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology “V. Erspamer”, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Giuliano Paglia
- Department of Biochemical Sciences “A. Rossi Fanelli”, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Vidyasagar Naik Bukke
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Via L. Pinto 1, 71122 Foggia, Italy
| | - Antonino Davide Romano
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Via L. Pinto 1, 71122 Foggia, Italy
| | - Marzia Friuli
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology “V. Erspamer”, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Fabio Altieri
- Department of Biochemical Sciences “A. Rossi Fanelli”, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Silvana Gaetani
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology “V. Erspamer”, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
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Goel P, Chakrabarti S, Goel K, Bhutani K, Chopra T, Bali S. Neuronal cell death mechanisms in Alzheimer's disease: An insight. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:937133. [PMID: 36090249 PMCID: PMC9454331 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.937133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulated cell death (RCD) is an ordered and tightly orchestrated set of changes/signaling events in both gene expression and protein activity and is responsible for normal development as well as maintenance of tissue homeostasis. Aberrant activation of this pathway results in cell death by various mechanisms including apoptosis, necroptosis, pyroptosis, ferroptosis, and autophagy-dependent cell death. Such pathological changes in neurons alone or in combination have been observed in the pathogenesis of various neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's disease (AD). Pathological hallmarks of AD focus primarily on the accumulation of two main protein markers: amyloid β peptides and abnormally phosphorylated tau proteins. These protein aggregates result in the formation of A-β plaques and neuro-fibrillary tangles (NFTs) and induce neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration over years to decades leading to a multitude of cognitive and behavioral deficits. Autopsy findings of AD reveal massive neuronal death manifested in the form of cortical volume shrinkage, reduction in sizes of gyri to up to 50% and an increase in the sizes of sulci. Multiple forms of cell death have been recorded in neurons from different studies conducted so far. However, understanding the mechanism/s of neuronal cell death in AD patients remains a mystery as the trigger that results in aberrant activation of RCD is unknown and because of the limited availability of dying neurons. This review attempts to elucidate the process of Regulated cell death, how it gets unregulated in response to different intra and extracellular stressors, various forms of unregulated cell death, their interplay and their role in pathogenesis of Alzheimer's Disease in both human and experimental models of AD. Further we plan to explore the correlation of both amyloid-beta and Tau with neuronal loss as seen in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parul Goel
- Department of Biochemistry, Shri Atal Bihari Vajpayee Government Medical College Chhainsa, Faridabad, India
| | - Sasanka Chakrabarti
- Department of Biochemistry, Maharishi Markandeshwar Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Ambala, India
| | - Kapil Goel
- Department of Community Medicine and School of Public Health, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Karanpreet Bhutani
- Department of Biochemistry, Maharishi Markandeshwar Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Ambala, India
| | - Tanya Chopra
- Department of Biochemistry, Maharishi Markandeshwar Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Ambala, India
| | - Sharadendu Bali
- Department of Surgery, Maharishi Markandeshwar Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Ambala, India
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ER stress and UPR in Alzheimer's disease: mechanisms, pathogenesis, treatments. Cell Death Dis 2022; 13:706. [PMID: 35970828 PMCID: PMC9378716 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-022-05153-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a devastating neurodegenerative disorder characterized by gradual loss of memory and cognitive function, which constitutes a heavy burden on the healthcare system globally. Current therapeutics to interfere with the underlying disease process in AD is still under development. Although many efforts have centered on the toxic forms of Aβ to effectively tackle AD, considering the unsatisfactory results so far it is vital to examine other targets and therapeutic approaches as well. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress refers to the build-up of unfolded or misfolded proteins within the ER, thus, perturbing the ER and cellular homeostasis. Emerging evidence indicates that ER stress contributes to the onset and development of AD. A thorough elucidation of ER stress machinery in AD pathology may help to open up new therapeutic avenues in the management of this devastating condition to relieve the cognitive dementia symptoms. Herein, we aim at deciphering the unique role of ER stress in AD pathogenesis, reviewing key findings, and existing controversy in an attempt to summarize plausible therapeutic interventions in the management of AD pathophysiology.
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12
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Checler F, Alves da Costa C. Parkin as a Molecular Bridge Linking Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s Diseases? Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12040559. [PMID: 35454148 PMCID: PMC9026546 DOI: 10.3390/biom12040559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s (AD) and Parkinson’s (PD) diseases are two distinct age-related pathologies that are characterized by various common dysfunctions. They are referred to as proteinopathies characterized by ubiquitinated protein accumulation and aggregation. This accumulation is mainly due to altered lysosomal and proteasomal clearing processes and is generally accompanied by ER stress disturbance, autophagic and mitophagic defects, mitochondrial structure and function alterations and enhanced neuronal cell death. Genetic approaches aimed at identifying molecular triggers responsible for familial forms of AD or PD have helped to understand the etiology of their sporadic counterparts. It appears that several proteins thought to contribute to one of these pathologies are also likely to contribute to the other. One such protein is parkin (PK). Here, we will briefly describe anatomical lesions and genetic advances linked to AD and PD as well as the main cellular processes commonly affected in these pathologies. Further, we will focus on current studies suggesting that PK could well participate in AD and thereby act as a molecular bridge between these two pathologies. In particular, we will focus on the transcription factor function of PK and its newly described transcriptional targets that are directly related to AD- and PD-linked cellular defects.
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13
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Mohamed Asik R, Suganthy N, Aarifa MA, Kumar A, Szigeti K, Mathe D, Gulyás B, Archunan G, Padmanabhan P. Alzheimer's Disease: A Molecular View of β-Amyloid Induced Morbific Events. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9091126. [PMID: 34572312 PMCID: PMC8468668 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9091126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyloid-β (Aβ) is a dynamic peptide of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) which accelerates the disease progression. At the cell membrane and cell compartments, the amyloid precursor protein (APP) undergoes amyloidogenic cleavage by β- and γ-secretases and engenders the Aβ. In addition, externally produced Aβ gets inside the cells by receptors mediated internalization. An elevated amount of Aβ yields spontaneous aggregation which causes organelles impairment. Aβ stimulates the hyperphosphorylation of tau protein via acceleration by several kinases. Aβ travels to the mitochondria and interacts with its functional complexes, which impairs the mitochondrial function leading to the activation of apoptotic signaling cascade. Aβ disrupts the Ca2+ and protein homeostasis of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and Golgi complex (GC) that promotes the organelle stress and inhibits its stress recovery machinery such as unfolded protein response (UPR) and ER-associated degradation (ERAD). At lysosome, Aβ precedes autophagy dysfunction upon interacting with autophagy molecules. Interestingly, Aβ act as a transcription regulator as well as inhibits telomerase activity. Both Aβ and p-tau interaction with neuronal and glial receptors elevate the inflammatory molecules and persuade inflammation. Here, we have expounded the Aβ mediated events in the cells and its cosmopolitan role on neurodegeneration, and the current clinical status of anti-amyloid therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajmohamed Mohamed Asik
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 636921, Singapore; (R.M.A.); (B.G.)
- Cognitive Neuroimaging Centre, 59 Nanyang Drive, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 636921, Singapore
- Department of Animal Science, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620024, Tamil Nadu, India;
| | - Natarajan Suganthy
- Department of Nanoscience and Technology, Alagappa University, Karaikudi 630003, Tamil Nadu, India;
| | - Mohamed Asik Aarifa
- Department of Animal Science, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620024, Tamil Nadu, India;
| | - Arvind Kumar
- Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad 500007, Telangana, India;
| | - Krisztián Szigeti
- Department of Biophysics and Radiation Biology, Semmelweis University, 1094 Budapest, Hungary; (K.S.); (D.M.)
- CROmed Translational Research Centers, 1094 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Domokos Mathe
- Department of Biophysics and Radiation Biology, Semmelweis University, 1094 Budapest, Hungary; (K.S.); (D.M.)
- CROmed Translational Research Centers, 1094 Budapest, Hungary
- In Vivo Imaging Advanced Core Facility, Hungarian Center of Excellence for Molecular Medicine (HCEMM), 1094 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Balázs Gulyás
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 636921, Singapore; (R.M.A.); (B.G.)
- Cognitive Neuroimaging Centre, 59 Nanyang Drive, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 636921, Singapore
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Govindaraju Archunan
- Department of Animal Science, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620024, Tamil Nadu, India;
- Marudupandiyar College, Thanjavur 613403, Tamil Nadu, India
- Correspondence: (G.A.); (P.P.)
| | - Parasuraman Padmanabhan
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 636921, Singapore; (R.M.A.); (B.G.)
- Cognitive Neuroimaging Centre, 59 Nanyang Drive, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 636921, Singapore
- Correspondence: (G.A.); (P.P.)
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14
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Pagnon de la Vega M, Giedraitis V, Michno W, Kilander L, Güner G, Zielinski M, Löwenmark M, Brundin R, Danfors T, Söderberg L, Alafuzoff I, Nilsson LNG, Erlandsson A, Willbold D, Müller SA, Schröder GF, Hanrieder J, Lichtenthaler SF, Lannfelt L, Sehlin D, Ingelsson M. The Uppsala APP deletion causes early onset autosomal dominant Alzheimer's disease by altering APP processing and increasing amyloid β fibril formation. Sci Transl Med 2021; 13:13/606/eabc6184. [PMID: 34380771 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abc6184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Point mutations in the amyloid precursor protein gene (APP) cause familial Alzheimer's disease (AD) by increasing generation or altering conformation of amyloid β (Aβ). Here, we describe the Uppsala APP mutation (Δ690-695), the first reported deletion causing autosomal dominant AD. Affected individuals have an age at symptom onset in their early forties and suffer from a rapidly progressing disease course. Symptoms and biomarkers are typical of AD, with the exception of normal cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) Aβ42 and only slightly pathological amyloid-positron emission tomography signals. Mass spectrometry and Western blot analyses of patient CSF and media from experimental cell cultures indicate that the Uppsala APP mutation alters APP processing by increasing β-secretase cleavage and affecting α-secretase cleavage. Furthermore, in vitro aggregation studies and analyses of patient brain tissue samples indicate that the longer form of mutated Aβ, AβUpp1-42Δ19-24, accelerates the formation of fibrils with unique polymorphs and their deposition into amyloid plaques in the affected brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Pagnon de la Vega
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Geriatrics, Uppsala University, 75185 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Vilmantas Giedraitis
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Geriatrics, Uppsala University, 75185 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Wojciech Michno
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, University of Gothenburg, 43180 Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, WC1E 6BT London, UK
| | - Lena Kilander
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Geriatrics, Uppsala University, 75185 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Gökhan Güner
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) and Neuroproteomics, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Mara Zielinski
- Institute of Biological Information Processing, Structural Biochemistry (IBI-7) and JuStruct, Jülich Center for Structural Biology, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Malin Löwenmark
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Geriatrics, Uppsala University, 75185 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - RoseMarie Brundin
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Geriatrics, Uppsala University, 75185 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Torsten Danfors
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Radiology, Uppsala University, 75185 Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Irina Alafuzoff
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Uppsala University, 75185 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lars N G Nilsson
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, 0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Anna Erlandsson
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Geriatrics, Uppsala University, 75185 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Dieter Willbold
- Institute of Biological Information Processing, Structural Biochemistry (IBI-7) and JuStruct, Jülich Center for Structural Biology, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany.,Institut für Physikalische Biologie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.,Research Center for Molecular Mechanisms of Aging and Age-Related Diseases, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, State University, 141701 Dolgoprudny, Russia
| | - Stephan A Müller
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) and Neuroproteomics, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Gunnar F Schröder
- Institute of Biological Information Processing, Structural Biochemistry (IBI-7) and JuStruct, Jülich Center for Structural Biology, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany.,Physics Department, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jörg Hanrieder
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, University of Gothenburg, 43180 Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, WC1N 3BG London, UK
| | - Stefan F Lichtenthaler
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) and Neuroproteomics, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany.,Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Lars Lannfelt
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Geriatrics, Uppsala University, 75185 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Dag Sehlin
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Geriatrics, Uppsala University, 75185 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Martin Ingelsson
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Geriatrics, Uppsala University, 75185 Uppsala, Sweden.
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15
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He Z, Song J, Li X, Li X, Zhu H, Wu C, Xiao W, Du X, Ni J, Li N, Liu Q. Bis(ethylmaltolato)oxidovanadium (IV) alleviates neuronal apoptosis through regulating peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ in a triple transgenic animal model of Alzheimer's disease. J Biol Inorg Chem 2021; 26:551-568. [PMID: 34240269 DOI: 10.1007/s00775-021-01874-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum stress (ER stress) plays a critical role in neuronal apoptosis along with the aggravation of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) is a ligand-activated transcription factor that is involved in regulating ER stress in Alzheimer's disease (AD), therefore, this protein could be a promising therapeutic target for AD. Vanadium compounds, such as vanadyl acetylacetonate, sodium metavanadate and bis(maltolato)oxovanadium, are well-known as puissant PPARγ modulators. Thus, we are curious whether bis(ethylmaltolato)oxidovanadium (IV) (BEOV) can ameliorate ER stress and subsequent neuronal apoptosis by regulating PPARγ in AD models. To this end, we determined the effect of BEOV on behavioral performance, ER stress and neuronal apoptosis in the triple transgenic mouse AD model (3×Tg-AD). Our results showed that BEOV improved cognitive abilities and reduced the ER stress- and apoptosis-associated proteins in the brains of 3×Tg-AD mice. In vitro administration of BEOV in primary hippocampal neurons and N2asw cells achieved similar results in repressing ER stress. In addition, cotreatment with GW9662 (an antagonist of PPARγ) effectively blocked these neuroprotective effects of BEOV, which provided strong evidence that PPARγ-dependent signaling plays a key role in protecting against ER stress and neuronal apoptosis in AD. In conclusion, our data demonstrated that BEOV alleviated neuronal apoptosis triggered by ER stress by regulating PPARγ in a 3×Tg-AD model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijun He
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology and Ecology, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, China.,Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, China
| | - Jianxi Song
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology and Ecology, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Xuexia Li
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology and Ecology, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, China.,Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, China
| | - Xiaoqian Li
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology and Ecology, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Huazhang Zhu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology and Ecology, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Chong Wu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology and Ecology, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Wen Xiao
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology and Ecology, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiubo Du
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology and Ecology, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Jiazuan Ni
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology and Ecology, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, China.,Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, China
| | - Nan Li
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology and Ecology, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, China. .,Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
| | - Qiong Liu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology and Ecology, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, China. .,Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science, Shenzhen, 518033, China.
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16
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Chami M, Checler F. Alterations of the Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) Calcium Signaling Molecular Components in Alzheimer's Disease. Cells 2020; 9:cells9122577. [PMID: 33271984 PMCID: PMC7760721 DOI: 10.3390/cells9122577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Sustained imbalance in intracellular calcium (Ca2+) entry and clearance alters cellular integrity, ultimately leading to cellular homeostasis disequilibrium and cell death. Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia. Beside the major pathological features associated with AD-linked toxic amyloid beta (Aβ) and hyperphosphorylated tau (p-tau), several studies suggested the contribution of altered Ca2+ handling in AD development. These studies documented physical or functional interactions of Aβ with several Ca2+ handling proteins located either at the plasma membrane or in intracellular organelles including the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), considered the major intracellular Ca2+ pool. In this review, we describe the cellular components of ER Ca2+ dysregulations likely responsible for AD. These include alterations of the inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors’ (IP3Rs) and ryanodine receptors’ (RyRs) expression and function, dysfunction of the sarco-endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ ATPase (SERCA) activity and upregulation of its truncated isoform (S1T), as well as presenilin (PS1, PS2)-mediated ER Ca2+ leak/ER Ca2+ release potentiation. Finally, we highlight the functional consequences of alterations of these ER Ca2+ components in AD pathology and unravel the potential benefit of targeting ER Ca2+ homeostasis as a tool to alleviate AD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mounia Chami
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-4939-53457; Fax: +33-4939-53408
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17
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Kang DE, Woo JA. Cofilin, a Master Node Regulating Cytoskeletal Pathogenesis in Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2020; 72:S131-S144. [PMID: 31594228 PMCID: PMC6971827 DOI: 10.3233/jad-190585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The defining pathological hallmarks of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) are proteinopathies marked by the amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide and hyperphosphorylated tau. In addition, Hirano bodies and cofilin-actin rods are extensively found in AD brains, both of which are associated with the actin cytoskeleton. The actin-binding protein cofilin known for its actin filament severing, depolymerizing, nucleating, and bundling activities has emerged as a significant player in AD pathogenesis. In this review, we discuss the regulation of cofilin by multiple signaling events impinging on LIM kinase-1 (LIMK1) and/or Slingshot homolog-1 (SSH1) downstream of Aβ. Such pathophysiological signaling pathways impact actin dynamics to regulate synaptic integrity, mitochondrial translocation of cofilin to promote neurotoxicity, and formation of cofilin-actin pathology. Other intracellular signaling proteins, such as β-arrestin, RanBP9, Chronophin, PLD1, and 14-3-3 also impinge on the regulation of cofilin downstream of Aβ. Finally, we discuss the role of activated cofilin as a bridge between actin and microtubule dynamics by displacing tau from microtubules, thereby destabilizing tau-induced microtubule assembly, missorting tau, and promoting tauopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- David E Kang
- Byrd Institute and Alzheimer's Center, USF Health Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA.,Department of Molecular Medicine, USF Health Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA.,Division of Research, James A. Haley VA Hospital, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Jung A Woo
- Byrd Institute and Alzheimer's Center, USF Health Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA.,Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, USF Health Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA
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18
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Neuron Loss in Alzheimer's Disease: Translation in Transgenic Mouse Models. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21218144. [PMID: 33143374 PMCID: PMC7663280 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21218144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Transgenic mouse models represent an essential tool for the exploration of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) pathological mechanisms and the development of novel treatments, which at present provide only symptomatic and transient effects. While a variety of mouse models successfully reflects the main neuropathological hallmarks of AD, such as extracellular amyloid-β (Aβ) deposits, intracellular accumulation of Tau protein, the development of micro- and astrogliosis, as well as behavioral deficits, substantial neuron loss, as a key feature of the disease, seems to be more difficult to achieve. In this review, we summarize information on classic and more recent transgenic mouse models for AD, focusing in particular on loss of pyramidal, inter-, and cholinergic neurons. Although the cause of neuron loss in AD is still a matter of scientific debate, it seems to be linked to intraneuronal Aβ accumulation in several transgenic mouse models, especially in pyramidal neurons.
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19
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Murakami K, Yamaguchi T, Izuo N, Kume T, Hara H, Irie K. Synthetic and Biophysical Studies on the Toxic Conformer in Amyloid β with the E22Δ Mutation in Alzheimer Pathology. ACS Chem Neurosci 2020; 11:3017-3024. [PMID: 32790274 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.0c00331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The toxic conformer of the 40- or 42-mer-amyloid β-proteins (Aβ) (Aβ40, Aβ42) with a turn at positions 22 and 23 plays a role in oligomer formation, leading to neurotoxicity as part of the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). A deletion mutant at Glu22 (E22Δ) of Aβ, known as an Osaka mutation, accelerates oligomerization. Although E22Δ-Aβ has not been found to be toxic to cultured neuronal cells and is instead synaptotoxic in long-term potentiation, there is no information on the toxic conformer of E22Δ-Aβ in AD. The site-directed spin labeling study of E22Δ-Aβ40 by continuous wave-electron spin resonance (CW-ESR) spectroscopy in part showed the spatial proximity between positions 10 and 35, which are characteristic of the toxic conformation of Aβ, indicating the existence of a toxic conformer of Aβ with the E22Δ mutation. To obtain structural insight, E22Δ-Aβ42 substitutes with proline (F20P, A21P, D23P, and V24P), in which proline is known as a turn inducer but is a β-sheet breaker, were synthesized. An enzyme immunoassay using the 24B3 antibody recognizing toxic conformer of Aβ was carried out. 24B3 reacted with these substitutes of E22Δ-Aβ42 as well as E22Δ-Aβ42 in a similar manner to WT-Aβ42. Notably, only A21P-E22Δ-Aβ42 exhibited strong neurotoxicity in rat primary neurons after 8 days of incubation, with potent high-order oligomerization compared with E22Δ-Aβ42. These results suggest that E22Δ-Aβ42 could enhance neurotoxicity by generating a toxic oligomer conformation with a turn near position 21.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuma Murakami
- Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Tomomi Yamaguchi
- Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Naotaka Izuo
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Kume
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Hara
- BioSpin Division, Bruker Japan K. K., Yokohama 221-0022, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Irie
- Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
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20
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Asiri MMH, Engelsman S, Eijkelkamp N, Höppener JWM. Amyloid Proteins and Peripheral Neuropathy. Cells 2020; 9:E1553. [PMID: 32604774 PMCID: PMC7349787 DOI: 10.3390/cells9061553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Painful peripheral neuropathy affects millions of people worldwide. Peripheral neuropathy develops in patients with various diseases, including rare familial or acquired amyloid polyneuropathies, as well as some common diseases, including type 2 diabetes mellitus and several chronic inflammatory diseases. Intriguingly, these diseases share a histopathological feature-deposits of amyloid-forming proteins in tissues. Amyloid-forming proteins may cause tissue dysregulation and damage, including damage to nerves, and may be a common cause of neuropathy in these, and potentially other, diseases. Here, we will discuss how amyloid proteins contribute to peripheral neuropathy by reviewing the current understanding of pathogenic mechanisms in known inherited and acquired (usually rare) amyloid neuropathies. In addition, we will discuss the potential role of amyloid proteins in peripheral neuropathy in some common diseases, which are not (yet) considered as amyloid neuropathies. We conclude that there are many similarities in the molecular and cell biological defects caused by aggregation of the various amyloid proteins in these different diseases and propose a common pathogenic pathway for "peripheral amyloid neuropathies".
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed M. H. Asiri
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, 3584 EA Utrecht, The Netherlands; (M.M.H.A.); (S.E.); (J.W.M.H.)
- The National Centre for Genomic Technology, Life Science and Environment Research Institute, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, P.O. Box 6086, 11461 Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sjoukje Engelsman
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, 3584 EA Utrecht, The Netherlands; (M.M.H.A.); (S.E.); (J.W.M.H.)
| | - Niels Eijkelkamp
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, 3584 EA Utrecht, The Netherlands; (M.M.H.A.); (S.E.); (J.W.M.H.)
| | - Jo W. M. Höppener
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, 3584 EA Utrecht, The Netherlands; (M.M.H.A.); (S.E.); (J.W.M.H.)
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, 3584 EA Utrecht, The Netherlands
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21
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Uddin MS, Tewari D, Sharma G, Kabir MT, Barreto GE, Bin-Jumah MN, Perveen A, Abdel-Daim MM, Ashraf GM. Molecular Mechanisms of ER Stress and UPR in the Pathogenesis of Alzheimer's Disease. Mol Neurobiol 2020; 57:2902-2919. [PMID: 32430843 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-01929-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease involving aggregation of misfolded proteins inside the neuron causing prolonged cellular stress. The neuropathological hallmarks of AD include the formation of senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in specific brain regions that lead to synaptic loss and neuronal death. The exact mechanism of neuron dysfunction in AD remains obscure. In recent years, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) dysfunction has been implicated in neuronal degeneration seen in AD. Apart from AD, many other diseases also involve misfolded proteins aggregations in the ER, a condition referred to as ER stress. The response of the cell to ER stress is to activate a group of signaling pathways called unfolded protein response (UPR) that stimulates a particular transcriptional program to restore ER function and ensure cell survival. ER stress also involves the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that, together with mitochondrial ROS and decreased effectiveness of antioxidant mechanisms, producing a condition of chronic oxidative stress. The unfolded proteins may not always produce a response that leads to the restoration of cellular functions, but they may also lead to inflammation by a set of different pathways with deleterious consequences. In this review, we extensively discuss the role of ER stress and how to target it using different pharmacological approaches in AD development and onset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Sahab Uddin
- Department of Pharmacy, Southeast University, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
- Pharmakon Neuroscience Research Network, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
| | - Devesh Tewari
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India
| | - Gaurav Sharma
- Department of Physiology, AIIMS Jodhpur, Jodhpur, India
| | | | - George E Barreto
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland.
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
| | - May N Bin-Jumah
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 11474, Saudi Arabia
| | - Asma Perveen
- Glocal School of Life Sciences, Glocal University, Saharanpur, India
| | - Mohamed M Abdel-Daim
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
- Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt
| | - Ghulam Md Ashraf
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
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22
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Penke B, Szűcs M, Bogár F. Oligomerization and Conformational Change Turn Monomeric β-Amyloid and Tau Proteins Toxic: Their Role in Alzheimer's Pathogenesis. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25071659. [PMID: 32260279 PMCID: PMC7180792 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25071659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The structural polymorphism and the physiological and pathophysiological roles of two important proteins, β-amyloid (Aβ) and tau, that play a key role in Alzheimer's disease (AD) are reviewed. Recent results demonstrate that monomeric Aβ has important physiological functions. Toxic oligomeric Aβ assemblies (AβOs) may play a decisive role in AD pathogenesis. The polymorph fibrillar Aβ (fAβ) form has a very ordered cross-β structure and is assumed to be non-toxic. Tau monomers also have several important physiological actions; however, their oligomerization leads to toxic oligomers (TauOs). Further polymerization results in probably non-toxic fibrillar structures, among others neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs). Their structure was determined by cryo-electron microscopy at atomic level. Both AβOs and TauOs may initiate neurodegenerative processes, and their interactions and crosstalk determine the pathophysiological changes in AD. TauOs (perhaps also AβO) have prionoid character, and they may be responsible for cell-to-cell spreading of the disease. Both extra- and intracellular AβOs and TauOs (and not the previously hypothesized amyloid plaques and NFTs) may represent the novel targets of AD drug research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Botond Penke
- Department of Medical Chemistry, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary; (M.S.); (F.B.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Mária Szűcs
- Department of Medical Chemistry, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary; (M.S.); (F.B.)
| | - Ferenc Bogár
- Department of Medical Chemistry, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary; (M.S.); (F.B.)
- MTA-SZTE Biomimetic Systems Research Group, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
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23
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APP Osaka Mutation in Familial Alzheimer's Disease-Its Discovery, Phenotypes, and Mechanism of Recessive Inheritance. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21041413. [PMID: 32093100 PMCID: PMC7073033 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21041413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease is believed to begin with synaptic dysfunction caused by soluble Aβ oligomers. When this oligomer hypothesis was proposed in 2002, there was no direct evidence that Aβ oligomers actually disrupt synaptic function to cause cognitive impairment in humans. In patient brains, both soluble and insoluble Aβ species always coexist, and therefore it is difficult to determine which pathologies are caused by Aβ oligomers and which are caused by amyloid fibrils. Thus, no validity of the oligomer hypothesis was available until the Osaka mutation was discovered. This mutation, which was found in a Japanese pedigree of familial Alzheimer’s disease, is the deletion of codon 693 of APP gene, resulting in mutant Aβ lacking the 22nd glutamate. Only homozygous carriers suffer from dementia. In vitro studies revealed that this mutation has a very unique character that accelerates Aβ oligomerization but does not form amyloid fibrils. Model mice expressing this mutation demonstrated that all pathologies of Alzheimer’s disease can be induced by Aβ oligomers alone. In this review, we describe the story behind the discovery of the Osaka mutation, summarize the mutant’s phenotypes, and propose a mechanism of its recessive inheritance.
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24
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Kurimitsu N, Mizuguchi C, Fujita K, Taguchi S, Ohgita T, Nishitsuji K, Shimanouchi T, Saito H. Phosphatidylethanolamine accelerates aggregation of the amyloidogenic N-terminal fragment of apoA-I. FEBS Lett 2020; 594:1443-1452. [PMID: 31968125 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 12/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Membrane lipid composition is known to influence aggregation and fibril formation of many amyloidogenic proteins. Here, we found that phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) accelerates aggregation of the N-terminal 1-83 fragment of an amyloidogenic G26R variant of apoA-I on lipid membranes. Circular dichroism and isothermal titration calorimetry measurements demonstrated that PE does not affect the α-helical structure and lipid binding property of apoA-I 1-83/G26R. Rather, fluorescence measurements indicated that PE induces more ordered lipid packing at the interfacial and acyl chain regions, providing more hydrophobic environments especially around the highly amyloidogenic regions in apoA-I on the membrane surface. These results suggest that PE promotes aggregation of the amyloidogenic N-terminal fragment of apoA-I on lipid membranes by inducing hydrophobic membrane environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoko Kurimitsu
- Department of Biophysical Chemistry, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Chiharu Mizuguchi
- Department of Biophysical Chemistry, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kaho Fujita
- Department of Biophysical Chemistry, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Suzuno Taguchi
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Takashi Ohgita
- Department of Biophysical Chemistry, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto, Japan
| | | | - Toshinori Shimanouchi
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Saito
- Department of Biophysical Chemistry, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto, Japan
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25
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Salahuddin P, Khan RH, Uversky VN. Comprehensive analysis of the molecular docking of small molecule inhibitors to the Aβ1–40peptide and its Osaka-mutant: insights into the molecular mechanisms of Aβ-peptide inhibition. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2019; 38:4536-4566. [DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2019.1697367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Parveen Salahuddin
- DISC, Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
| | - Rizwan Hasan Khan
- Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
| | - Vladimir N. Uversky
- Protein Research Group, Institute for Biological Instrumentation of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Russia
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Molecular Medicine and USF Health Byrd Alzheimer’s Research Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
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26
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Upregulation of the Sarco-Endoplasmic Reticulum Calcium ATPase 1 Truncated Isoform Plays a Pathogenic Role in Alzheimer's Disease. Cells 2019; 8:cells8121539. [PMID: 31795302 PMCID: PMC6953121 DOI: 10.3390/cells8121539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysregulation of the Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) Ca2+ homeostasis and subsequent ER stress activation occur in Alzheimer Disease (AD). We studied the contribution of the human truncated isoform of the sarco-endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ ATPase 1 (S1T) to AD. We examined S1T expression in human AD-affected brains and its functional consequences in cellular and transgenic mice AD models. S1T expression is increased in sporadic AD brains and correlates with amyloid β (Aβ) and ER stress chaperone protein levels. Increased S1T expression was also observed in human neuroblastoma cells expressing Swedish-mutated β-amyloid precursor protein (βAPP) or treated with Aβ oligomers. Lentiviral overexpression of S1T enhances in return the production of APP C-terminal fragments and Aβ through specific increases of β-secretase expression and activity, and triggers neuroinflammation. We describe a molecular interplay between S1T-dependent ER Ca2+ leak, ER stress and βAPP-derived fragments that could contribute to AD setting and/or progression.
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27
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Cline EN, Bicca MA, Viola KL, Klein WL. The Amyloid-β Oligomer Hypothesis: Beginning of the Third Decade. J Alzheimers Dis 2019; 64:S567-S610. [PMID: 29843241 PMCID: PMC6004937 DOI: 10.3233/jad-179941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 530] [Impact Index Per Article: 106.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The amyloid-β oligomer (AβO) hypothesis was introduced in 1998. It proposed that the brain damage leading to Alzheimer’s disease (AD) was instigated by soluble, ligand-like AβOs. This hypothesis was based on the discovery that fibril-free synthetic preparations of AβOs were potent CNS neurotoxins that rapidly inhibited long-term potentiation and, with time, caused selective nerve cell death (Lambert et al., 1998). The mechanism was attributed to disrupted signaling involving the tyrosine-protein kinase Fyn, mediated by an unknown toxin receptor. Over 4,000 articles concerning AβOs have been published since then, including more than 400 reviews. AβOs have been shown to accumulate in an AD-dependent manner in human and animal model brain tissue and, experimentally, to impair learning and memory and instigate major facets of AD neuropathology, including tau pathology, synapse deterioration and loss, inflammation, and oxidative damage. As reviewed by Hayden and Teplow in 2013, the AβO hypothesis “has all but supplanted the amyloid cascade.” Despite the emerging understanding of the role played by AβOs in AD pathogenesis, AβOs have not yet received the clinical attention given to amyloid plaques, which have been at the core of major attempts at therapeutics and diagnostics but are no longer regarded as the most pathogenic form of Aβ. However, if the momentum of AβO research continues, particularly efforts to elucidate key aspects of structure, a clear path to a successful disease modifying therapy can be envisioned. Ensuring that lessons learned from recent, late-stage clinical failures are applied appropriately throughout therapeutic development will further enable the likelihood of a successful therapy in the near-term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika N Cline
- Department of Neurobiology, Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer's Disease Center, International Institute for Nanotechnology, and Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Maíra Assunção Bicca
- Department of Neurobiology, Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer's Disease Center, International Institute for Nanotechnology, and Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Kirsten L Viola
- Department of Neurobiology, Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer's Disease Center, International Institute for Nanotechnology, and Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - William L Klein
- Department of Neurobiology, Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer's Disease Center, International Institute for Nanotechnology, and Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
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28
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Bi C, Bi S, Li B. Processing of Mutant β-Amyloid Precursor Protein and the Clinicopathological Features of Familial Alzheimer's Disease. Aging Dis 2019; 10:383-403. [PMID: 31011484 PMCID: PMC6457050 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2018.0425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a complex, multifactorial disease involving many pathological mechanisms. Nonetheless, single pathogenic mutations in amyloid precursor protein (APP) or presenilin 1 or 2 can cause AD with almost all of the clinical and neuropathological features, and therefore, we believe an important mechanism of pathogenesis in AD could be revealed from examining pathogenic APP missense mutations. A comprehensive review of the literature, including clinical, neuropathological, cellular and animal model data, was conducted through PubMed and the databases of Alzforum mutations, HGMD, UniProt, and AD&FTDMDB. Pearson correlation analysis combining the clinical and neuropathological data and aspects of mutant APP processing in cellular models was performed. We find that an increase in Aβ42 has a significant positive correlation with the appearance of neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) and tends to cause an earlier age of AD onset, while an increase in Aβ40 significantly increases the age at death. The increase in the α-carboxyl terminal fragment (CTF) has a significantly negative correlation with the age of AD onset, and β-CTF has a similar effect without statistical significance. Animal models show that intracellular Aβ is critical for memory defects. Based on these results and the fact that amyloid plaque burden correlates much less well with cognitive impairment than do NFT counts, we propose a "snowball hypothesis": the accumulation of intraneuronal NFTs caused by extracellular Aβ42 and the increase in intraneuronal APP proteolytic products (CTFs and Aβs) could cause cellular organelle stress that leads to neurodegeneration in AD, which then resembles the formation of abnormal protein "snowballs" both inside and outside of neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Bi
- Washington Institute for Health Sciences, Arlington, VA 22203, USA
| | - Stephanie Bi
- Washington Institute for Health Sciences, Arlington, VA 22203, USA
| | - Bin Li
- Washington Institute for Health Sciences, Arlington, VA 22203, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington DC 20057, USA
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29
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Hashimoto S, Saido TC. Critical review: involvement of endoplasmic reticulum stress in the aetiology of Alzheimer's disease. Open Biol 2019; 8:rsob.180024. [PMID: 29695619 PMCID: PMC5936719 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.180024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response is regarded as an important process in the aetiology of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The accumulation of pathogenic misfolded proteins and the disruption of intracellular calcium (Ca2+) signalling are considered to be fundamental mechanisms that underlie the induction of ER stress, leading to neuronal cell death. Indeed, a number of studies have proposed molecular mechanisms linking ER stress to AD pathogenesis based on results from in vitro systems and AD mouse models. However, stress responsivity was largely different between each mouse model, even though all of these models display AD-related pathologies. While several reports have shown elevated ER stress responses in amyloid precursor protein (APP) and presenilin 1 (PS1) double-transgenic (Tg) AD mouse models, we and other groups, in contrast, observed no such ER stress response in APP-single-Tg or App-knockin mice. Therefore, it is debatable whether the ER stress observed in APP and PS1 double-Tg mice is due to AD pathology. From these findings, the roles of ER stress in AD pathogenesis needs to be carefully addressed in future studies. In this review, we summarize research detailing the relationship between ER stress and AD, and analyse the results in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoko Hashimoto
- Laboratory for Proteolytic Neuroscience, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Takaomi C Saido
- Laboratory for Proteolytic Neuroscience, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
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30
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W. Pilkington IV A, Legleiter J. Challenges in understanding the structure/activity relationship of Aβ oligomers. AIMS BIOPHYSICS 2019. [DOI: 10.3934/biophy.2019.1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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31
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Fang J, Xie B, Chen B, Qiao C, Zheng B, Luan X, Liu J, Yan Y, Zheng Q, Wang M, Chen W, He Z, Shen C, Li H, Chen X, Yu J. Biochemical clinical factors associated with missed abortion independent of maternal age: A retrospective study of 795 cases with missed abortion and 694 cases with normal pregnancy. Medicine (Baltimore) 2018; 97:e13573. [PMID: 30558023 PMCID: PMC6320114 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000013573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence of fertile women with missed abortion dramatically increased in recent years, while very few serum indices have been identified for the diagnosis of missed abortion. The aim of this study was to identify related factors for missed abortion through a retrospective study of serum indices.A total of 795 cases of women with missed abortion and 694 cases of women with normal pregnancy between March 2014 and March 2017 were included in the present study. The diagnosis of missed abortion was based on clinical history, clinical examination, and transvaginal ultrasound findings. The final diagnosis of missed abortion was based on assessment of pregnancy structures (i.e., a gestational sac without fetal heart rate) via transvaginal ultrasound. We evaluated the clinical values of 4 serum indices and their relationship to missed abortion: gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), adenosine deaminase (ADA), and fibrinogen (FIB).The serum levels of GGT, ADA, and FIB showed statistically significant differences comparing women who experienced missed abortion with women who had normal pregnancies (controls). Among women with missed abortion, the levels of GGT and ADA were dramatically increased (GGT: P < .0001; ADA: P = .0459), while FIB levels were slightly lower (P = .0084) compared to controls. The LDH levels exhibited a non-significant trend toward lower levels in the missed abortion group (P = .3951). Interestingly, the observed significant increase in serum GTT levels among women with missed abortion was not affected by maternal age.This study found that GTT may be a useful marker which was associated with missed abortion, indicating its potential clinical roles in missed abortion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Fang
- Department of Gynecology, the Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang
| | - Bing Xie
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the Fourth People's Hospital of Zhenjiang, Zhenjiang
| | - Binghai Chen
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang
| | - Chen Qiao
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang
| | - Bo Zheng
- Center for Reproduction and Genetics, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, the Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou
| | - Xiaojin Luan
- Department of Gynecology, the Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang
| | - Jiajia Liu
- Department of Gynecology, the Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang
| | - Yidan Yan
- Department of Gynecology, the Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang
| | - Qianwen Zheng
- Department of Gynecology, the Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang
- Reproductive Sciences Institute of Jiangsu University, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Min Wang
- Department of Gynecology, the Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang
| | - Wanyin Chen
- Department of Gynecology, the Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang
| | - Zeyu He
- Department of Clinical Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang
| | - Cong Shen
- Center for Reproduction and Genetics, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, the Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou
| | - Hong Li
- Center for Reproduction and Genetics, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, the Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou
| | - Xia Chen
- Department of Gynecology, the Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang
- Reproductive Sciences Institute of Jiangsu University, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Jun Yu
- Department of Gynecology, the Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang
- Reproductive Sciences Institute of Jiangsu University, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
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32
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Wang YB, Xie JQ, Liu W, Zhang RZ, Huang SH, Xing YH. BACE1 gene silencing alleviates isoflurane anesthesia‑induced postoperative cognitive dysfunction in immature rats by activating the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. Mol Med Rep 2018; 18:4259-4270. [PMID: 30221701 PMCID: PMC6172366 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.9453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) is a severe complication characterized by cognitive dysfunction following anesthesia and surgery. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of β-site amyloid precursor protein cleavage enzyme 1 (BACE1) gene silencing on isoflurane anesthesia-induced POCD in immature rats via the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt) signaling pathway. Rat models were established and then transfected with BACE1 small interfering RNA and wortmannin (an inhibitor of PI3K). Blood gas analysis was performed, and a series of behavioral experiments were conducted to evaluate the cognitive function, learning ability and locomotor activity of rats. Reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blot analysis were employed to determine the mRNA and protein expression of the associated genes. An ELISA was used to detect the inflammatory indicators and the content of amyloid precursor protein (APP) and amyloid-β (Aβ). Apoptosis of the hippocampal CA1 region was observed by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labeling staining. Initially, it was revealed that the percentage of stagnation time in rats was increased by BACE1 gene silencing; the escape latency and swimming distance were markedly reduced from the 4th to the 6th day, the time the rats spent in first passing the target area was shortened, and the times of passing the target area were increased by BACE1 gene silencing, demonstrating that BACE1 gene silencing enhanced the spatial memory ability of rats. Additionally, it was determined that silencing BACE1 improved the pathological state induced by isoflurane anesthesia in immature rats, and attenuated the inflammatory response and the levels of APP and Aβ in hippocampal tissues. Furthermore, it was suggested that silencing BACE1 may have promoted the activation of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway, thereby inhibiting the apoptosis of the hippocampal CA1 region. Taken together, these results indicated that BACE1 gene silencing may improve isoflurane anesthesia-induced POCD in immature rats by activating the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway and inhibiting the Aβ generated by APP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Bin Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu 730030, P.R. China
| | - Jian-Qin Xie
- Department of Anesthesiology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu 730030, P.R. China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu 730030, P.R. China
| | - Rong-Zhi Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu 730030, P.R. China
| | - Sheng-Hui Huang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu 730030, P.R. China
| | - Yan-Hong Xing
- Department of Anesthesiology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu 730030, P.R. China
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33
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Zhang L, Trushin S, Christensen TA, Tripathi U, Hong C, Geroux RE, Howell KG, Poduslo JF, Trushina E. Differential effect of amyloid beta peptides on mitochondrial axonal trafficking depends on their state of aggregation and binding to the plasma membrane. Neurobiol Dis 2018; 114:1-16. [PMID: 29477640 PMCID: PMC5926207 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2018.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Revised: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibition of mitochondrial axonal trafficking by amyloid beta (Aβ) peptides has been implicated in early pathophysiology of Alzheimer's Disease (AD). Yet, it remains unclear whether the loss of motility inevitably induces the loss of mitochondrial function, and whether restoration of axonal trafficking represents a valid therapeutic target. Moreover, while some investigations identify Aβ oligomers as the culprit of trafficking inhibition, others propose that fibrils play the detrimental role. We have examined the effect of a panel of Aβ peptides with different mutations found in familial AD on mitochondrial motility in primary cortical mouse neurons. Peptides with higher propensity to aggregate inhibit mitochondrial trafficking to a greater extent with fibrils inducing the strongest inhibition. Binding of Aβ peptides to the plasma membrane was sufficient to induce trafficking inhibition where peptides with reduced plasma membrane binding and internalization had lesser effect on mitochondrial motility. We also found that Aβ peptide with Icelandic mutation A673T affects axonal trafficking of mitochondria but has very low rates of plasma membrane binding and internalization in neurons, which could explain its relatively low toxicity. Inhibition of mitochondrial dynamics caused by Aβ peptides or fibrils did not instantly affect mitochondrial bioenergetic and function. Our results support a mechanism where inhibition of axonal trafficking is initiated at the plasma membrane by soluble low molecular weight Aβ species and is exacerbated by fibrils. Since trafficking inhibition does not coincide with the loss of mitochondrial function, restoration of axonal transport could be beneficial at early stages of AD progression. However, strategies designed to block Aβ aggregation or fibril formation alone without ensuring the efficient clearance of soluble Aβ may not be sufficient to alleviate the trafficking phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St. SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
| | - Sergey Trushin
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St. SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
| | - Trace A Christensen
- Microscopy and Cell Analysis Core Facility, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St. SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA.
| | - Utkarsh Tripathi
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St. SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
| | - Courtney Hong
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St. SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Rachel E Geroux
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St. SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
| | - Kyle G Howell
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St. SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; Microscopy and Cell Analysis Core Facility, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St. SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA.
| | - Joseph F Poduslo
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St. SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St. SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
| | - Eugenia Trushina
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St. SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St. SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
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Coskuner-Weber O, Uversky VN. Insights into the Molecular Mechanisms of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's Diseases with Molecular Simulations: Understanding the Roles of Artificial and Pathological Missense Mutations in Intrinsically Disordered Proteins Related to Pathology. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E336. [PMID: 29364151 PMCID: PMC5855558 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19020336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2017] [Revised: 01/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyloid-β and α-synuclein are intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs), which are at the center of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease pathologies, respectively. These IDPs are extremely flexible and do not adopt stable structures. Furthermore, both amyloid-β and α-synuclein can form toxic oligomers, amyloid fibrils and other type of aggregates in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. Experimentalists face challenges in investigating the structures and thermodynamic properties of these IDPs in their monomeric and oligomeric forms due to the rapid conformational changes, fast aggregation processes and strong solvent effects. Classical molecular dynamics simulations complement experiments and provide structural information at the atomic level with dynamics without facing the same experimental limitations. Artificial missense mutations are employed experimentally and computationally for providing insights into the structure-function relationships of amyloid-β and α-synuclein in relation to the pathologies of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. Furthermore, there are several natural genetic variations that play a role in the pathogenesis of familial cases of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases, which are related to specific genetic defects inherited in dominant or recessive patterns. The present review summarizes the current understanding of monomeric and oligomeric forms of amyloid-β and α-synuclein, as well as the impacts of artificial and pathological missense mutations on the structural ensembles of these IDPs using molecular dynamics simulations. We also emphasize the recent investigations on residual secondary structure formation in dynamic conformational ensembles of amyloid-β and α-synuclein, such as β-structure linked to the oligomerization and fibrillation mechanisms related to the pathologies of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. This information represents an important foundation for the successful and efficient drug design studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orkid Coskuner-Weber
- Türkisch-Deutsche Universität, Theoretical and Computational Biophysics Group, Molecular Biotechnology, Sahinkaya Caddesi, No. 86, Beykoz, Istanbul 34820, Turkey.
| | - Vladimir N Uversky
- Department of Molecular Medicine and USF Health Byrd Alzheimer's Research Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.
- Laboratory of New Methods in Biology, Institute for Biological Instrumentation, Russian Academy of Sciences, 142290 Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia.
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Mastroeni D, Nolz J, Khdour OM, Sekar S, Delvaux E, Cuyugan L, Liang WS, Hecht SM, Coleman PD. Oligomeric amyloid β preferentially targets neuronal and not glial mitochondrial-encoded mRNAs. Alzheimers Dement 2018; 14:775-786. [PMID: 29396107 DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2017.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Revised: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Our laboratories have demonstrated that accumulation of oligomeric amyloid β (OAβ) in neurons is an essential step leading to OAβ-mediated mitochondrial dysfunction. METHODS Alzheimer's disease (AD) and matching control hippocampal neurons, astrocytes, and microglia were isolated by laser-captured microdissection from the same subjects, followed by whole-transcriptome sequencing. Complementary in vitro work was performed in OAβ-treated differentiated SH-SY5Y, followed by the use of a novel CoQ10 analogue for protection. This compound is believed to be effective both in suppressing reactive oxygen species and also functioning in mitochondrial electron transport. RESULTS We report decreases in the same mitochondrial-encoded mRNAs in Alzheimer's disease laser-captured CA1 neurons and in OAβ-treated SH-SY5Y cells, but not in laser-captured microglia and astrocytes. Pretreatment with a novel CoQ10 analogue, protects neuronal mitochondria from OAβ-induced mitochondrial changes. DISCUSSION Similarity of expression changes in neurons from Alzheimer's disease brain and neuronal cells treated with OAβ, and the effect of a CoQ10 analogue on the latter, suggests a pretreatment option to prevent OAβ toxicity, long before the damage is apparent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Mastroeni
- ASU-Banner Biodesign Neurodegenerative Disease Research Center, Biodesign Institute, and School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ.
| | - Jennifer Nolz
- ASU-Banner Biodesign Neurodegenerative Disease Research Center, Biodesign Institute, and School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ
| | - Omar M Khdour
- Biodesign Center for BioEnergetics, and School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ
| | | | - Elaine Delvaux
- ASU-Banner Biodesign Neurodegenerative Disease Research Center, Biodesign Institute, and School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ
| | | | | | - Sidney M Hecht
- Biodesign Center for BioEnergetics, and School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ
| | - Paul D Coleman
- ASU-Banner Biodesign Neurodegenerative Disease Research Center, Biodesign Institute, and School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ
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Ochalek A, Mihalik B, Avci HX, Chandrasekaran A, Téglási A, Bock I, Giudice ML, Táncos Z, Molnár K, László L, Nielsen JE, Holst B, Freude K, Hyttel P, Kobolák J, Dinnyés A. Neurons derived from sporadic Alzheimer's disease iPSCs reveal elevated TAU hyperphosphorylation, increased amyloid levels, and GSK3B activation. ALZHEIMERS RESEARCH & THERAPY 2017; 9:90. [PMID: 29191219 PMCID: PMC5709977 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-017-0317-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common type of dementia, affecting one in eight adults over 65 years of age. The majority of AD cases are sporadic, with unknown etiology, and only 5% of all patients with AD present the familial monogenic form of the disease. In the present study, our aim was to establish an in vitro cell model based on patient-specific human neurons to study the pathomechanism of sporadic AD. METHODS We compared neurons derived from induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) lines of patients with early-onset familial Alzheimer's disease (fAD), all caused by mutations in the PSEN1 gene; patients with late-onset sporadic Alzheimer's disease (sAD); and three control individuals without dementia. The iPSC lines were differentiated toward mature cortical neurons, and AD pathological hallmarks were analyzed by RT-qPCR, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and Western blotting methods. RESULTS Neurons from patients with fAD and patients with sAD showed increased phosphorylation of TAU protein at all investigated phosphorylation sites. Relative to the control neurons, neurons derived from patients with fAD and patients with sAD exhibited higher levels of extracellular amyloid-β 1-40 (Aβ1-40) and amyloid-β 1-42 (Aβ1-42). However, significantly increased Aβ1-42/Aβ1-40 ratios, which is one of the pathological markers of fAD, were observed only in samples of patients with fAD. Additionally, we detected increased levels of active glycogen synthase kinase 3 β, a physiological kinase of TAU, in neurons derived from AD iPSCs, as well as significant upregulation of amyloid precursor protein (APP) synthesis and APP carboxy-terminal fragment cleavage. Moreover, elevated sensitivity to oxidative stress, as induced by amyloid oligomers or peroxide, was detected in both fAD- and sAD-derived neurons. CONCLUSIONS On the basis of the experiments we performed, we can conclude there is no evident difference except secreted Aβ1-40 levels in phenotype between fAD and sAD samples. To our knowledge, this is the first study in which the hyperphosphorylation of TAU protein has been compared in fAD and sAD iPSC-derived neurons. Our findings demonstrate that iPSC technology is suitable to model both fAD and sAD and may provide a platform for developing new treatment strategies for these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Ochalek
- Molecular Animal Biotechnology Laboratory, Szent István University, H-2100, Gödöllő, Hungary.,BioTalentum Ltd., Aulich Lajos Street 26, H-2100, Gödöllő, Hungary
| | - Balázs Mihalik
- BioTalentum Ltd., Aulich Lajos Street 26, H-2100, Gödöllő, Hungary
| | - Hasan X Avci
- BioTalentum Ltd., Aulich Lajos Street 26, H-2100, Gödöllő, Hungary.,Department of Anatomy, Embryology and Histology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, H-6700, Szeged, Hungary.,Present address: University Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University of Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | | | - István Bock
- BioTalentum Ltd., Aulich Lajos Street 26, H-2100, Gödöllő, Hungary
| | - Maria Lo Giudice
- BioTalentum Ltd., Aulich Lajos Street 26, H-2100, Gödöllő, Hungary
| | - Zsuzsanna Táncos
- BioTalentum Ltd., Aulich Lajos Street 26, H-2100, Gödöllő, Hungary
| | - Kinga Molnár
- Department of Anatomy, Cell and Developmental Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, H-1117, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Lajos László
- Department of Anatomy, Cell and Developmental Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, H-1117, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Jørgen E Nielsen
- Neurogenetics Clinic & Research Laboratory, Danish Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Kristine Freude
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Poul Hyttel
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Julianna Kobolák
- BioTalentum Ltd., Aulich Lajos Street 26, H-2100, Gödöllő, Hungary
| | - András Dinnyés
- Molecular Animal Biotechnology Laboratory, Szent István University, H-2100, Gödöllő, Hungary. .,BioTalentum Ltd., Aulich Lajos Street 26, H-2100, Gödöllő, Hungary.
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López-León M, Outeiro TF, Goya RG. Cell reprogramming: Therapeutic potential and the promise of rejuvenation for the aging brain. Ageing Res Rev 2017; 40:168-181. [PMID: 28903069 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2017.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2017] [Revised: 08/27/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Aging is associated with a progressive increase in the incidence of neurodegenerative diseases, with Alzheimer's (AD) and Parkinson's (PD) disease being the most conspicuous examples. Within this context, the absence of efficacious therapies for most age-related brain pathologies has increased the interest in regenerative medicine. In particular, cell reprogramming technologies have ushered in the era of personalized therapies that not only show a significant potential for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases but also promise to make biological rejuvenation feasible. We will first review recent evidence supporting the emerging view that aging is a reversible epigenetic phenomenon. Next, we will describe novel reprogramming approaches that overcome some of the intrinsic limitations of conventional induced-pluripotent-stem-cell technology. One of the alternative approaches, lineage reprogramming, consists of the direct conversion of one adult cell type into another by transgenic expression of multiple lineage-specific transcription factors (TF). Another strategy, termed pluripotency factor-mediated direct reprogramming, uses universal TF to generate epigenetically unstable intermediates able to differentiate into somatic cell types in response to specific differentiation factors. In the third part we will review studies showing the potential relevance of the above approaches for the treatment of AD and PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micaela López-León
- Institute for Biochemical Research (INIBIOLP) - Histology B & Pathology B, School of Medicine, National University of La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Tiago F Outeiro
- Department of Experimental Neurodegeneration, Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain, Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany; Max Planck Institute for Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Rodolfo G Goya
- Institute for Biochemical Research (INIBIOLP) - Histology B & Pathology B, School of Medicine, National University of La Plata, La Plata, Argentina.
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Umeda T, Kimura T, Yoshida K, Takao K, Fujita Y, Matsuyama S, Sakai A, Yamashita M, Yamashita Y, Ohnishi K, Suzuki M, Takuma H, Miyakawa T, Takashima A, Morita T, Mori H, Tomiyama T. Mutation-induced loss of APP function causes GABAergic depletion in recessive familial Alzheimer's disease: analysis of Osaka mutation-knockin mice. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2017; 5:59. [PMID: 28760161 PMCID: PMC5537936 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-017-0461-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The E693Δ (Osaka) mutation in APP is linked to familial Alzheimer’s disease. While this mutation accelerates amyloid β (Aβ) oligomerization, only patient homozygotes suffer from dementia, implying that this mutation is recessive and causes loss-of-function of amyloid precursor protein (APP). To investigate the recessive trait, we generated a new mouse model by knocking-in the Osaka mutation into endogenous mouse APP. The produced homozygous, heterozygous, and non-knockin littermates were compared for memory, neuropathology, and synaptic plasticity. Homozygotes showed memory impairment at 4 months, whereas heterozygotes did not, even at 8 months. Immunohistochemical and biochemical analyses revealed that only homozygotes displayed intraneuronal accumulation of Aβ oligomers at 8 months, followed by abnormal tau phosphorylation, synapse loss, glial activation, and neuron loss. These pathologies were not observed at younger ages, suggesting that a certain mechanism other than Aβ accumulation underlies the memory disturbance at 4 months. For the electrophysiology studies at 4 months, high-frequency stimulation evoked long-term potentiation in all mice in the presence of picrotoxin, but in the absence of picrotoxin, such potentiation was observed only in homozygotes, suggesting their GABAergic deficit. In support of this, the levels of GABA-related proteins and the number of dentate GABAergic interneurons were decreased in 4-month-old homozygotes. Since APP has been shown to play a role in dentate GABAergic synapse formation, the observed GABAergic depletion is likely associated with an impairment of the APP function presumably caused by the Osaka mutation. Oral administration of diazepam to homozygotes from 6 months improved memory at 8 months, and furthermore, prevented Aβ oligomer accumulation, indicating that GABAergic deficiency is a cause of memory impairment and also a driving force of Aβ accumulation. Our findings suggest that the Osaka mutation causes loss of APP function, leading to GABAergic depletion and memory disorder when wild-type APP is absent, providing a mechanism of the recessive heredity.
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Palavicini JP, Wang C, Chen L, Hosang K, Wang J, Tomiyama T, Mori H, Han X. Oligomeric amyloid-beta induces MAPK-mediated activation of brain cytosolic and calcium-independent phospholipase A 2 in a spatial-specific manner. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2017; 5:56. [PMID: 28750656 PMCID: PMC5530945 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-017-0460-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is histopathologically characterized by the build-up of fibrillar amyloid beta (Aβ) in the form of amyloid plaques and the development of intraneuronal neurofibrillary tangles consisting of aggregated hyperphosphorylated Tau. Although amyloid fibrils were originally considered responsible for AD pathogenesis, recent convincing evidence strongly implicates soluble oligomeric Aβ as the primary neurotoxic species driving disease progression. A third largely ignored pathological hallmark, originally described by Alois Alzheimer, is the presence of "adipose inclusions", suggestive of aberrant lipid metabolism. The molecular mechanisms underlying these "lipoid granules", as well as their potential link to soluble and/or fibrillar Aβ remain largely unknown. Seeking to better-understand these conundrums, we took advantage of the powerful technology of multidimensional mass spectrometry-based shotgun lipidomics and an AD transgenic mouse model overexpressing mutant amyloid precursor protein (APP E693Δ-Osaka-), where AD-like pathology and neurodegeneration occur as a consequence of oligomeric Aβ accumulation in the absence of amyloid plaques. Our results revealed for the first time that APP overexpression and oligomeric Aβ accumulation lead to an additive global accumulation of nonesterified polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) independently of amyloid plaques. Furthermore, we revealed that this accumulation is mediated by an increase in phospholipase A2 (PLA2) activity, evidenced by an accumulation of sn-1 lysophosphatidylcholine and by MAPK-mediated phosphorylation/activation of group IV Ca2+-dependent cytosolic (cPLA2) and the group VI Ca2+-independent PLA2 (iPLA2) independently of PKC. We further revealed that Aβ-induced oxidative stress also disrupts lipid metabolism via reactive oxygen species-mediated phospholipid cleavage leading to increased sn-2 lysophosphatidylcholine as well as lipid peroxidation and the subsequent accumulation of 4-hydroxynonenal. Brain histological studies implicated cPLA2 activity with arachidonic acid accumulation within myelin-rich regions, and iPLA2 activity with docosahexaenoic acid accumulation within pyramidal neuron-rich regions. Taken together, our results suggest that PLA2-mediated accumulation of free PUFAs drives AD-related disruption of brain lipid metabolism.
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DiChiara T, DiNunno N, Clark J, Bu RL, Cline EN, Rollins MG, Gong Y, Brody DL, Sligar SG, Velasco PT, Viola KL, Klein WL. Alzheimer's Toxic Amyloid Beta Oligomers: Unwelcome Visitors to the Na/K ATPase alpha3 Docking Station. THE YALE JOURNAL OF BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2017; 90:45-61. [PMID: 28356893 PMCID: PMC5369044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Toxic amyloid beta oligomers (AβOs) are known to accumulate in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and in animal models of AD. Their structure is heterogeneous, and they are found in both intracellular and extracellular milieu. When given to CNS cultures or injected ICV into non-human primates and other non-transgenic animals, AβOs have been found to cause impaired synaptic plasticity, loss of memory function, tau hyperphosphorylation and tangle formation, synapse elimination, oxidative and ER stress, inflammatory microglial activation, and selective nerve cell death. Memory loss and pathology in transgenic models are prevented by AβO antibodies, while Aducanumab, an antibody that targets AβOs as well as fibrillar Aβ, has provided cognitive benefit to humans in early clinical trials. AβOs have now been investigated in more than 3000 studies and are widely thought to be the major toxic form of Aβ. Although much has been learned about the downstream mechanisms of AβO action, a major gap concerns the earliest steps: How do AβOs initially interact with surface membranes to generate neuron-damaging transmembrane events? Findings from Ohnishi et al (PNAS 2005) combined with new results presented here are consistent with the hypothesis that AβOs act as neurotoxins because they attach to particular membrane protein docks containing Na/K ATPase-α3, where they inhibit ATPase activity and pathologically restructure dock composition and topology in a manner leading to excessive Ca++ build-up. Better understanding of the mechanism that makes attachment of AβOs to vulnerable neurons a neurotoxic phenomenon should open the door to therapeutics and diagnostics targeting the first step of a complex pathway that leads to neural damage and dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas DiChiara
- Department of Neurobiology, Weinberg College of Arts & Sciences, Northwestern University
| | - Nadia DiNunno
- Department of Neurobiology, Weinberg College of Arts & Sciences, Northwestern University
| | - Jeffrey Clark
- Department of Neurobiology, Weinberg College of Arts & Sciences, Northwestern University
| | - Riana Lo Bu
- Department of Neurobiology, Weinberg College of Arts & Sciences, Northwestern University
| | - Erika N. Cline
- Department of Neurobiology, Weinberg College of Arts & Sciences, Northwestern University
| | - Madeline G. Rollins
- Department of Neurobiology, Weinberg College of Arts & Sciences, Northwestern University
| | | | - David L. Brody
- Department of Neurology, Washington University Medical School
| | - Stephen G. Sligar
- School of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champagne
| | - Pauline T. Velasco
- Department of Neurobiology, Weinberg College of Arts & Sciences, Northwestern University
| | - Kirsten L. Viola
- Department of Neurobiology, Weinberg College of Arts & Sciences, Northwestern University
| | - William L. Klein
- Department of Neurobiology, Weinberg College of Arts & Sciences, Northwestern University,Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University,To whom all correspondence should be addressed: William L. Klein, Northwestern University, Dept. Neurobiology, 2205 Tech Drive, Evanston, IL 60208, ph: 847-491-5510, fax: 847-491-5211,
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Hatami A, Monjazeb S, Milton S, Glabe CG. Familial Alzheimer's Disease Mutations within the Amyloid Precursor Protein Alter the Aggregation and Conformation of the Amyloid-β Peptide. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:3172-3185. [PMID: 28049728 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.755264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Revised: 12/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Most cases of Alzheimer's disease (AD) are sporadic, but a small percentage of AD cases, called familial AD (FAD), are associated with mutations in presenilin 1, presenilin 2, or the amyloid precursor protein. Amyloid precursor protein mutations falling within the amyloid-β (Aβ) sequence lead to a wide range of disease phenotypes. There is increasing evidence that distinct amyloid structures distinguished by amyloid conformation-dependent monoclonal antibodies have similarly distinct roles in pathology. It is possible that this phenotypic diversity of FAD associated with mutations within the Aβ sequence is due to differences in the conformations adopted by mutant Aβ peptides, but the effects of FAD mutations on aggregation kinetics and conformational and morphological changes of the Aβ peptide are poorly defined. To gain more insight into this possibility, we therefore investigated the effects of 11 FAD mutations on the aggregation kinetics of Aβ, as well as its ability to form distinct conformations recognized by a panel of amyloid conformation-specific monoclonal antibodies. We found that most FAD mutations increased the rate of aggregation of Aβ. The FAD mutations also led to the adoption of alternative amyloid conformations distinguished by monoclonal antibodies and resulted in the formation of distinct aggregate morphologies as determined by transmission electron microscopy. In addition, several of the mutant peptides displayed a large reduction in thioflavin T fluorescence, despite forming abundant fibrils indicating that thioflavin T is a probe of conformational polymorphisms rather than a reliable indicator of fibrillization. Taken together, these results indicate that FAD mutations falling within the Aβ sequence lead to dramatic changes in aggregation kinetics and influence the ability of Aβ to form immunologically and morphologically distinct amyloid structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asa Hatami
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, California 92697; Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Sanaz Monjazeb
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, California 92697
| | - Saskia Milton
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, California 92697
| | - Charles G Glabe
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, California 92697; Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science and Experimental Biochemistry Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, 23218 Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
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Syntaxin 5 Overexpression and β-Amyloid 1-42 Accumulation in Endoplasmic Reticulum of Hippocampal Cells in Rat Brain Induced by Ozone Exposure. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:2125643. [PMID: 27366738 PMCID: PMC4912997 DOI: 10.1155/2016/2125643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Revised: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 04/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease and it is currently accepted that oxidative damage precedes the overproduction of A42 peptide. We have reported that ozone causes oxidative stress inducing neurodegeneration in the brain of rats. It is associated with A42 overproduction and intracellular accumulation in hippocampus. Organelles like mitochondria, intracellular membranes, and endoplasmic reticulum have been identified as sites of A42 production and accumulation affecting cellular metabolism. However whether ozone exposure induces overproduction and/or accumulation of A42 in endoplasmic reticulum has not been studied. We evaluated this effect in the endoplasmic reticulum of hippocampal cells of rats exposed chronically to low doses of ozone (0.25 ppm) at 7, 15, 30, 60, and 90 days. The effect of the presence of A42 in endoplasmic reticulum was analyzed evaluating the expression of the chaperone Syntaxin 5. Our results show an accumulation of A42 peptide in this organelle. It was observed by immunofluorescence and by WB in endoplasmic fractions from hippocampal cells of rats at 60 and 90 days of treatment. Significant overexpression of the chaperone Syntaxin 5 at 60 and 90 days of treatment was observed (⁎P < 0.05). These results indicate that the exposure to environmental pollutants could be involved as a risk factor for neurodegenerative processes.
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Ganesh HV, Chow AM, Kerman K. Recent advances in biosensors for neurodegenerative disease detection. Trends Analyt Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2016.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Umeda T, Ono K, Sakai A, Yamashita M, Mizuguchi M, Klein WL, Yamada M, Mori H, Tomiyama T. Rifampicin is a candidate preventive medicine against amyloid-β and tau oligomers. Brain 2016; 139:1568-86. [PMID: 27020329 DOI: 10.1093/brain/aww042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyloid-β, tau, and α-synuclein, or more specifically their soluble oligomers, are the aetiologic molecules in Alzheimer's disease, tauopathies, and α-synucleinopathies, respectively. These proteins have been shown to interact to accelerate each other's pathology. Clinical studies of amyloid-β-targeting therapies in Alzheimer's disease have revealed that the treatments after disease onset have little benefit on patient cognition. These findings prompted us to explore a preventive medicine which is orally available, has few adverse effects, and is effective at reducing neurotoxic oligomers with a broad spectrum. We initially tested five candidate compounds: rifampicin, curcumin, epigallocatechin-3-gallate, myricetin, and scyllo-inositol, in cells expressing amyloid precursor protein (APP) with the Osaka (E693Δ) mutation, which promotes amyloid-β oligomerization. Among these compounds, rifampicin, a well-known antibiotic, showed the strongest activities against the accumulation and toxicity (i.e. cytochrome c release from mitochondria) of intracellular amyloid-β oligomers. Under cell-free conditions, rifampicin inhibited oligomer formation of amyloid-β, tau, and α-synuclein, indicating its broad spectrum. The inhibitory effects of rifampicin against amyloid-β and tau oligomers were evaluated in APPOSK mice (amyloid-β oligomer model), Tg2576 mice (Alzheimer's disease model), and tau609 mice (tauopathy model). When orally administered to 17-month-old APPOSK mice at 0.5 and 1 mg/day for 1 month, rifampicin reduced the accumulation of amyloid-β oligomers as well as tau hyperphosphorylation, synapse loss, and microglial activation in a dose-dependent manner. In the Morris water maze, rifampicin at 1 mg/day improved memory of the mice to a level similar to that in non-transgenic littermates. Rifampicin also inhibited cytochrome c release from the mitochondria and caspase 3 activation in the hippocampus. In 13-month-old Tg2576 mice, oral rifampicin at 0.5 mg/day for 1 month decreased amyloid-β oligomer accumulation, tau hyperphosphorylation, synapse loss, and microglial activation, but not amyloid deposition. Rifampicin treatment to 14-15-month-old tau609 mice at 0.5 and 1 mg/day for 1 month also reduced tau oligomer accumulation, tau hyperphosphorylation, synapse loss, and microglial activation in a dose-dependent fashion, and improved the memory almost completely at 1 mg/day. In addition, rifampicin decreased the level of p62/sequestosome-1 in the brain without affecting the increased levels of LC3 (microtubule-associated protein light chain 3) conversion, suggesting the restoration of autophagy-lysosomal function. Considering its prescribed dose and safety in humans, these results indicate that rifampicin could be a promising, ready-to-use medicine for the prevention of Alzheimer's disease and other neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Umeda
- Department of Neuroscience, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi, Japan
| | - Kenjiro Ono
- Department of Neurology and Neurobiology and Aging, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Ayumi Sakai
- Department of Neuroscience, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Minato Yamashita
- Department of Neuroscience, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Mineyuki Mizuguchi
- Laboratory of Structual Biology, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - William L Klein
- Department of Neurobiology, Weinberg College of Arts and Science, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Masahito Yamada
- Department of Neurology and Neurobiology and Aging, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Mori
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi, Japan Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Osaka City University Medical School, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takami Tomiyama
- Department of Neuroscience, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi, Japan
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Ochiishi T, Doi M, Yamasaki K, Hirose K, Kitamura A, Urabe T, Hattori N, Kinjo M, Ebihara T, Shimura H. Development of new fusion proteins for visualizing amyloid-β oligomers in vivo. Sci Rep 2016; 6:22712. [PMID: 26982553 PMCID: PMC4793674 DOI: 10.1038/srep22712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The intracellular accumulation of amyloid-β (Aβ) oligomers critically contributes to disease progression in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and can be the potential target of AD therapy. Direct observation of molecular dynamics of Aβ oligomers in vivo is key for drug discovery research, however, it has been challenging because Aβ aggregation inhibits the fluorescence from fusion proteins. Here, we developed Aβ1-42-GFP fusion proteins that are oligomerized and visualize their dynamics inside cells even when aggregated. We examined the aggregation states of Aβ-GFP fusion proteins using several methods and confirmed that they did not assemble into fibrils, but instead formed oligomers in vitro and in live cells. By arranging the length of the liker between Aβ and GFP, we generated two fusion proteins with “a long-linker” and “a short-linker”, and revealed that the aggregation property of fusion proteins can be evaluated by measuring fluorescence intensities using rat primary culture neurons transfected with Aβ-GFP plasmids and Aβ-GFP transgenic C. elegans. We found that Aβ-GFP fusion proteins induced cell death in COS7 cells. These results suggested that novel Aβ-GFP fusion proteins could be utilized for studying the physiological functions of Aβ oligomers in living cells and animals, and for drug screening by analyzing Aβ toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoyo Ochiishi
- Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1, Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8566, Japan
| | - Motomichi Doi
- Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1, Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8566, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Yamasaki
- Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1, Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8566, Japan
| | - Keiko Hirose
- Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1, Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8566, Japan
| | - Akira Kitamura
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Dynamics, Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, N21W11, Kita-ku, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan
| | - Takao Urabe
- Department of Neurology, Juntendo University Urayasu Hospital, 2-1-1, Tomioka, Urayasu, Chiba 279-0021, Japan
| | - Nobutaka Hattori
- Department of Neurology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Masataka Kinjo
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Dynamics, Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, N21W11, Kita-ku, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan
| | - Tatsuhiko Ebihara
- Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1, Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8566, Japan
| | - Hideki Shimura
- Department of Neurology, Juntendo University Urayasu Hospital, 2-1-1, Tomioka, Urayasu, Chiba 279-0021, Japan
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Ochiishi T, Doi M, Yamasaki K, Hirose K, Kitamura A, Urabe T, Hattori N, Kinjo M, Ebihara T, Shimura H. Development of new fusion proteins for visualizing amyloid-β oligomers in vivo. Sci Rep 2016. [PMID: 26982553 DOI: 10.1038/srep22712(2016)] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The intracellular accumulation of amyloid-β (Aβ) oligomers critically contributes to disease progression in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and can be the potential target of AD therapy. Direct observation of molecular dynamics of Aβ oligomers in vivo is key for drug discovery research, however, it has been challenging because Aβ aggregation inhibits the fluorescence from fusion proteins. Here, we developed Aβ1-42-GFP fusion proteins that are oligomerized and visualize their dynamics inside cells even when aggregated. We examined the aggregation states of Aβ-GFP fusion proteins using several methods and confirmed that they did not assemble into fibrils, but instead formed oligomers in vitro and in live cells. By arranging the length of the liker between Aβ and GFP, we generated two fusion proteins with "a long-linker" and "a short-linker", and revealed that the aggregation property of fusion proteins can be evaluated by measuring fluorescence intensities using rat primary culture neurons transfected with Aβ-GFP plasmids and Aβ-GFP transgenic C. elegans. We found that Aβ-GFP fusion proteins induced cell death in COS7 cells. These results suggested that novel Aβ-GFP fusion proteins could be utilized for studying the physiological functions of Aβ oligomers in living cells and animals, and for drug screening by analyzing Aβ toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoyo Ochiishi
- Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1, Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8566, Japan
| | - Motomichi Doi
- Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1, Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8566, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Yamasaki
- Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1, Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8566, Japan
| | - Keiko Hirose
- Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1, Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8566, Japan
| | - Akira Kitamura
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Dynamics, Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, N21W11, Kita-ku, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan
| | - Takao Urabe
- Department of Neurology, Juntendo University Urayasu Hospital, 2-1-1, Tomioka, Urayasu, Chiba 279-0021, Japan
| | - Nobutaka Hattori
- Department of Neurology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Masataka Kinjo
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Dynamics, Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, N21W11, Kita-ku, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan
| | - Tatsuhiko Ebihara
- Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1, Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8566, Japan
| | - Hideki Shimura
- Department of Neurology, Juntendo University Urayasu Hospital, 2-1-1, Tomioka, Urayasu, Chiba 279-0021, Japan
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Gene Expression Studies on Human Trisomy 21 iPSCs and Neurons: Towards Mechanisms Underlying Down's Syndrome and Early Alzheimer's Disease-Like Pathologies. Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1303:247-65. [PMID: 26235072 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2627-5_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The cause of Alzheimer disease (AD) is not well understood and there is no cure. Our ability to understand the early events in the course of AD is severely limited by the difficulty of identifying individuals who are in the early, preclinical stage of this disease. Most individuals with Down's syndrome (DS, trisomy 21) will predictably develop AD and that they will do so at a young age makes them an ideal population in which to study the early stages of AD. Several recent studies have exploited induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) generated from individuals with familial AD, spontaneous AD and DS to attempt to identify early events and discover novel biomarkers of disease progression in AD. Here, we summarize the progress and limitations of these iPSC studies with a focus on iPSC-derived neurons. Further, we outline the methodology and results for comparing gene expression between AD and DS iPSC-derived neurons. We highlight differences and commonalities in these data that may implicate underlying genes and pathways that are causative for AD.
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Gan KJ, Silverman MA. Imaging organelle transport in primary hippocampal neurons treated with amyloid-β oligomers. Methods Cell Biol 2015; 131:425-51. [PMID: 26794527 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mcb.2015.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
We describe a strategy for fluorescent imaging of organelle transport in primary hippocampal neurons treated with amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides that cause Alzheimer's disease (AD). This method enables careful, rigorous analyses of axonal transport defects, which are implicated in AD and other neurodegenerative diseases. Moreover, we present and emphasize guidelines for investigating Aβ-induced mechanisms of axonal transport disruption in the absence of nonspecific, irreversible cellular toxicity. This approach should be accessible to most laboratories equipped with cell culture facilities and a standard fluorescent microscope and may be adapted to other cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathlyn J Gan
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Michael A Silverman
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada; Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada; Brain Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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Umeda T, Ramser EM, Yamashita M, Nakajima K, Mori H, Silverman MA, Tomiyama T. Intracellular amyloid β oligomers impair organelle transport and induce dendritic spine loss in primary neurons. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2015; 3:51. [PMID: 26293809 PMCID: PMC4546183 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-015-0230-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Accepted: 08/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Synaptic dysfunction and intracellular transport defects are early events in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Extracellular amyloid β (Aβ) oligomers cause spine alterations and impede the transport of proteins and organelles such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and mitochondria that are required for synaptic function. Meanwhile, intraneuronal accumulation of Aβ precedes its extracellular deposition and is also associated with synaptic dysfunction in AD. However, the links between intracellular Aβ, spine alteration, and mechanisms that support synaptic maintenance such as organelle trafficking are poorly understood. Results We compared the effects of wild-type and Osaka (E693Δ)-mutant amyloid precursor proteins: the former secretes Aβ into extracellular space and the latter accumulates Aβ oligomers within cells. First we investigated the effects of intracellular Aβ oligomers on dendritic spines in primary neurons and their tau-dependency using tau knockout neurons. We found that intracellular Aβ oligomers caused a reduction in mushroom, or mature spines, independently of tau. We also found that intracellular Aβ oligomers significantly impaired the intracellular transport of BDNF, mitochondria, and recycling endosomes: cargoes essential for synaptic maintenance. A reduction in BDNF transport by intracellular Aβ oligomers was also observed in tau knockout neurons. Conclusions Our findings indicate that intracellular Aβ oligomers likely contribute to early synaptic pathology in AD and argue against the consensus that Aβ-induced spine loss and transport defects require tau.
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Tong Y, Sun Y, Tian X, Zhou T, Wang H, Zhang T, Zhan R, Zhao L, Kuerban B, Li Z, Wang Q, Jin Y, Fan D, Guo X, Han H, Qin S, Chui D. Phospholipid transfer protein (PLTP) deficiency accelerates memory dysfunction through altering amyloid precursor protein (APP) processing in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Hum Mol Genet 2015; 24:5388-403. [DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddv262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
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