1
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Heyndrickx I, Deswarte K, Verstraete K, Verschueren KHG, Smole U, Aegerter H, Dansercoer A, Hammad H, Savvides SN, Lambrecht BN. Ym1 protein crystals promote type 2 immunity. eLife 2024; 12:RP90676. [PMID: 38194250 PMCID: PMC10945506 DOI: 10.7554/elife.90676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Spontaneous protein crystallization is a rare event, yet protein crystals are frequently found in eosinophil-rich inflammation. In humans, Charcot-Leyden crystals (CLCs) are made from galectin-10 (Gal10) protein, an abundant protein in eosinophils. Although mice do not encode Gal10 in their genome, they do form pseudo-CLCs, made from the chitinase-like proteins Ym1 and/or Ym2, encoded by Chil3 and Chil4 and made by myeloid and epithelial cells respectively. Here, we investigated the biological effects of pseudo-CLCs since their function is currently unknown. We produced recombinant Ym1 crystals which were shown to have identical crystal packing and structure by X-ray crystallography as in vivo native crystals derived from murine lung. When administered to the airways of mice, crystalline but not soluble Ym1 stimulated innate and adaptive immunity and acted as a type 2 immune adjuvant for eosinophilic inflammation via triggering of dendritic cells (DCs). Murine Ym1 protein crystals found at sites of eosinophilic inflammation reinforce type 2 immunity and could serve as a surrogate model for studying the biology of human CLCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines Heyndrickx
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation and Mucosal Immunology, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation ResearchGhentBelgium
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent UniversityGhentBelgium
| | - Kim Deswarte
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation and Mucosal Immunology, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation ResearchGhentBelgium
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent UniversityGhentBelgium
| | - Kenneth Verstraete
- Unit for Structural Biology, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation ResearchGhentBelgium
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent UniversityGhentBelgium
| | - Koen HG Verschueren
- Unit for Structural Biology, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation ResearchGhentBelgium
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent UniversityGhentBelgium
| | - Ursula Smole
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation and Mucosal Immunology, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation ResearchGhentBelgium
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent UniversityGhentBelgium
| | - Helena Aegerter
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation and Mucosal Immunology, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation ResearchGhentBelgium
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent UniversityGhentBelgium
| | - Ann Dansercoer
- Unit for Structural Biology, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation ResearchGhentBelgium
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent UniversityGhentBelgium
| | - Hamida Hammad
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation and Mucosal Immunology, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation ResearchGhentBelgium
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent UniversityGhentBelgium
| | - Savvas N Savvides
- Unit for Structural Biology, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation ResearchGhentBelgium
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent UniversityGhentBelgium
| | - Bart N Lambrecht
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation and Mucosal Immunology, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation ResearchGhentBelgium
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent UniversityGhentBelgium
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center RotterdamRotterdamNetherlands
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2
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Arao Y, Stumpo DJ, Hoenerhoff MJ, Tighe RM, Yu YR, Sutton D, Kashyap A, Beerman I, Blackshear PJ. Lethal eosinophilic crystalline pneumonia in mice expressing a stabilized Csf2 mRNA. FASEB J 2023; 37:e23100. [PMID: 37462673 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202300757r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) is a cytokine that stimulates the proliferation and differentiation of granulocyte and macrophage precursors. The mouse gene-encoding GM-CSF, Csf2, is regulated at both transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels. An adenine-uridine-rich element (ARE) within the 3'-untranslated region of Csf2 mRNA was shown in cell transfection studies to confer instability on this transcript. To explore the physiological importance of this element in an intact animal, we generated mice with a knock-in deletion of the 75-nucleotide ARE. Mice heterozygous for this ARE deletion developed severe respiratory distress and death within about 12 weeks of age. There was dense infiltration of lung alveolar spaces by crystal-containing macrophages. Increased stability of Csf2 mRNA was confirmed in bone marrow-derived macrophages, and elevated GM-CSF levels were observed in serum and lung. These mice did not exhibit notable abnormalities in blood or bone marrow, and transplantation of bone marrow from mutant mice into lethally irradiated WT mice did not confer the pulmonary phenotype. Mice with a conditional deletion of the ARE restricted to lung type II alveolar cells exhibited an essentially identical lethal lung phenotype at the same ages as the mice with the whole-body deletion. In contrast, mice with the same conditional ARE deletion in myeloid cells, including macrophages, exhibited lesser degrees of macrophage infiltration into alveolar spaces much later in life, at approximately 9 months of age. Post-transcriptional Csf2 mRNA stability regulation in pulmonary alveolar epithelial cells appears to be essential for normal physiological GM-CSF secretion and pulmonary macrophage homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukitomo Arao
- Signal Transduction Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences/NIH, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Deborah J Stumpo
- Signal Transduction Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences/NIH, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Mark J Hoenerhoff
- In Vivo Animal Core, Unit for Laboratory Animal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Robert M Tighe
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Yen-Rei Yu
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Deloris Sutton
- Cellular & Molecular Pathology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences/NIH, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Amogh Kashyap
- Epigenetics and Stem Cell Aging Unit, National Institute on Aging/NIH, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Isabel Beerman
- Epigenetics and Stem Cell Aging Unit, National Institute on Aging/NIH, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Perry J Blackshear
- Signal Transduction Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences/NIH, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Departments of Medicine and Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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3
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NIO-KOBAYASHI J, OWHASHI M, IWANAGA T. Pathological examination of Ym1, a chitinase family protein, in <i>Mesocestoides corti</i>-infected mice. Biomed Res 2022; 43:161-171. [DOI: 10.2220/biomedres.43.161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Junko NIO-KOBAYASHI
- Laboratory of Histology and Cytology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University
| | - Makoto OWHASHI
- Faculty of Integrated Arts and Science, Tokushima University
| | - Toshihiko IWANAGA
- Laboratory of Histology and Cytology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University
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4
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Kang Q, Li L, Pang Y, Zhu W, Meng L. An update on Ym1 and its immunoregulatory role in diseases. Front Immunol 2022; 13:891220. [PMID: 35967383 PMCID: PMC9366555 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.891220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Ym1 is a rodent-specific chitinase-like protein (CLP) lacking catalytic activity, whose cellular origins are mainly macrophages, neutrophils and other cells. Although the detailed function of Ym1 remains poorly understood, Ym1 has been generally recognized as a fundamental feature of alternative activation of macrophages in mice and hence one of the prevalent detecting targets in macrophage phenotype distinguishment. Studies have pointed out that Ym1 may have regulatory effects, which are multifaceted and even contradictory, far more than just a mere marker. Allergic lung inflammation, parasite infection, autoimmune diseases, and central nervous system diseases have been found associations with Ym1 to varying degrees. Thus, insights into Ym1’s role in diseases would help us understand the pathogenesis of different diseases and clarify the genuine roles of CLPs in mammals. This review summarizes the information on Ym1 from the gene to its expression and regulation and focuses on the association between Ym1 and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Kang
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Ministry of Education, Xi’an, China
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, China
| | - Luyao Li
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Ministry of Education, Xi’an, China
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, China
| | - Yucheng Pang
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Ministry of Education, Xi’an, China
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, China
| | - Wenhua Zhu
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Ministry of Education, Xi’an, China
- *Correspondence: Wenhua Zhu, ; Liesu Meng,
| | - Liesu Meng
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Ministry of Education, Xi’an, China
- National Joint Engineering Research Center of Biodiagnostics and Biotherapy, Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
- *Correspondence: Wenhua Zhu, ; Liesu Meng,
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5
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Macrophage NOX2 NADPH oxidase maintains alveolar homeostasis in mice. Blood 2022; 139:2855-2870. [PMID: 35357446 PMCID: PMC9101249 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2021015365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The leukocyte NADPH oxidase 2 (NOX2) plays a key role in pathogen killing and immunoregulation. Genetic defects in NOX2 result in chronic granulomatous disease (CGD), associated with microbial infections and inflammatory disorders, often involving the lung. Alveolar macrophages (AMs) are the predominant immune cell in the airways at steady state, and limiting their activation is important, given the constant exposure to inhaled materials, yet the importance of NOX2 in this process is not well understood. In this study, we showed a previously undescribed role for NOX2 in maintaining lung homeostasis by suppressing AM activation, in CGD mice or mice with selective loss of NOX2 preferentially in macrophages. AMs lacking NOX2 had increased cytokine responses to Toll-like receptor-2 (TLR2) and TLR4 stimulation ex vivo. Moreover, between 4 and 12 week of age, mice with global NOX2 deletion developed an activated CD11bhigh subset of AMs with epigenetic and transcriptional profiles reflecting immune activation compared with WT AMs. The presence of CD11bhigh AMs in CGD mice correlated with an increased number of alveolar neutrophils and proinflammatory cytokines at steady state and increased lung inflammation after insults. Moreover, deletion of NOX2 preferentially in macrophages was sufficient for mice to develop an activated CD11bhigh AM subset and accompanying proinflammatory sequelae. In addition, we showed that the altered resident macrophage transcriptional profile in the absence of NOX2 is tissue specific, as those changes were not seen in resident peritoneal macrophages. Thus, these data demonstrate that the absence of NOX2 in alveolar macrophages leads to their proinflammatory remodeling and dysregulates alveolar homeostasis.
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6
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Schejtman A, Vetharoy W, Choi U, Rivat C, Theobald N, Piras G, Leon-Rico D, Buckland K, Armenteros-Monterroso E, Benedetti S, Ashworth MT, Rothe M, Schambach A, Gaspar HB, Kang EM, Malech HL, Thrasher AJ, Santilli G. Preclinical Optimization and Safety Studies of a New Lentiviral Gene Therapy for p47 phox-Deficient Chronic Granulomatous Disease. Hum Gene Ther 2021; 32:949-958. [PMID: 33740872 PMCID: PMC8575060 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2020.276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) is an inherited blood disorder of phagocytic cells that renders patients susceptible to infections and inflammation. A recent clinical trial of lentiviral gene therapy for the most frequent form of CGD, X-linked, has demonstrated stable correction over time, with no adverse events related to the gene therapy procedure. We have recently developed a parallel lentiviral vector for p47phox-deficient CGD (p47phoxCGD), the second most common form of this disease. Using this vector, we have observed biochemical correction of CGD in a mouse model of the disease. In preparation for clinical trial approval, we have performed standardized preclinical studies following Good Laboratory Practice (GLP) principles, to assess the safety of the gene therapy procedure. We report no evidence of adverse events, including mutagenesis and tumorigenesis, in human hematopoietic stem cells transduced with the lentiviral vector. Biodistribution studies of transduced human CD34+ cells indicate that the homing properties or engraftment ability of the stem cells is not negatively affected. CD34+ cells derived from a p47phoxCGD patient were subjected to an optimized transduction protocol and transplanted into immunocompromised mice. After the procedure, patient-derived neutrophils resumed their function, suggesting that gene correction was successful. These studies pave the way to a first-in-man clinical trial of lentiviral gene therapy for the treatment of p47phoxCGD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Schejtman
- Molecular and Cellular Immunology Unit, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Winston Vetharoy
- Molecular and Cellular Immunology Unit, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Uimook Choi
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Christine Rivat
- Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Narda Theobald
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Giuseppa Piras
- Molecular and Cellular Immunology Unit, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Diego Leon-Rico
- Molecular and Cellular Immunology Unit, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Karen Buckland
- Molecular and Cellular Immunology Unit, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Elena Armenteros-Monterroso
- Molecular and Cellular Immunology Unit, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sara Benedetti
- Molecular and Cellular Immunology Unit, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Michael T Ashworth
- Department of Histopathology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Rothe
- Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Axel Schambach
- Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; and
| | | | - Elizabeth M Kang
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Harry L Malech
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Adrian J Thrasher
- Molecular and Cellular Immunology Unit, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom.,Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Giorgia Santilli
- Molecular and Cellular Immunology Unit, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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7
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Riazanski V, Sui Z, Nelson DJ. Kinetic Separation of Oxidative and Non-oxidative Metabolism in Single Phagosomes from Alveolar Macrophages: Impact on Bacterial Killing. iScience 2020; 23:101759. [PMID: 33251491 PMCID: PMC7677711 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The relative contribution of the two phagosomal catabolic processes, oxidative and metabolic, was assessed in the killing of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in phagosomes of alveolar macrophages (AMs) from wild-type (p47-phox+/+) or NOX-defective (p47-phox−/−) mice. Free radical release and degradative acidification within AM phagosomes is sequential and separable. The initial NOX activity, identifiable as a transient alkalinization, leads to fast bacterial wall permeabilization by ROS. This is followed by V-ATPase-induced acidification and enzymatic bacterial degradation contributed through phagosomal-lysosomal fusion. The alkalinization/acidification ratio was variable among phagosomes within single cells of a given genotype and not as a function of macrophage M1 or M2 classification, possibly owing to uneven distribution of phagosomal transporter proteins. Irregular, excessive NOX activity prevents phago-lysosomal fusion, and the lack of V-ATPase-induced acidification leads to bacterial stasis in the phagosome. Thus, efficient phagosomal bacterial killing is a result of tightly balanced activity between two processes. Phagosomal NOX and V-ATPase activation is sequential and separable in macrophages Superoxide (O2-) inhibits lysosomal fusion thereby inhibiting phagosomal acidification Phagosomes in single cells are heterogeneous in NOX activity and thereby acidification NOX activity is the dominant factor in bactericidal efficacy in macrophage phagosomes
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Riazanski
- The University of Chicago, Department of Pharmacological and Physiological Sciences, 947 E. 58th Street, MC 0926, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Corresponding author
| | - Zihao Sui
- The University of Chicago, Department of Pharmacological and Physiological Sciences, 947 E. 58th Street, MC 0926, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Deborah J. Nelson
- The University of Chicago, Department of Pharmacological and Physiological Sciences, 947 E. 58th Street, MC 0926, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Corresponding author
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8
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Chenery AL, Alhallaf R, Agha Z, Ajendra J, Parkinson JE, Cooper MM, Chan BHK, Eichenberger RM, Dent LA, Robertson AAB, Kupz A, Brough D, Loukas A, Sutherland TE, Allen JE, Giacomin PR. Inflammasome-Independent Role for NLRP3 in Controlling Innate Antihelminth Immunity and Tissue Repair in the Lung. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2019; 203:2724-2734. [PMID: 31586037 PMCID: PMC6826118 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Alternatively activated macrophages are essential effector cells during type 2 immunity and tissue repair following helminth infections. We previously showed that Ym1, an alternative activation marker, can drive innate IL-1R-dependent neutrophil recruitment during infection with the lung-migrating nematode, Nippostrongylus brasiliensis, suggesting a potential role for the inflammasome in the IL-1-mediated innate response to infection. Although inflammasome proteins such as NLRP3 have important proinflammatory functions in macrophages, their role during type 2 responses and repair are less defined. We therefore infected Nlrp3 -/- mice with N. brasiliensis Unexpectedly, compared with wild-type (WT) mice, infected Nlrp3 -/- mice had increased neutrophilia and eosinophilia, correlating with enhanced worm killing but at the expense of increased tissue damage and delayed lung repair. Transcriptional profiling showed that infected Nlrp3 -/- mice exhibited elevated type 2 gene expression compared with WT mice. Notably, inflammasome activation was not evident early postinfection with N. brasiliensis, and in contrast to Nlrp3 -/- mice, antihelminth responses were unaffected in caspase-1/11-deficient or WT mice treated with the NLRP3-specific inhibitor MCC950. Together these data suggest that NLRP3 has a role in constraining lung neutrophilia, helminth killing, and type 2 immune responses in an inflammasome-independent manner.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Caspase 1/physiology
- Chemotaxis, Leukocyte
- Eosinophilia/etiology
- Eosinophilia/immunology
- Furans/pharmacology
- Heterocyclic Compounds, 4 or More Rings
- Immunity, Innate
- Indenes
- Inflammasomes/physiology
- Interleukin-4/pharmacology
- Lectins/biosynthesis
- Lectins/genetics
- Lung/pathology
- Lung/physiology
- Lung Diseases, Parasitic/complications
- Lung Diseases, Parasitic/immunology
- Lung Diseases, Parasitic/pathology
- Lung Diseases, Parasitic/physiopathology
- Macrophages, Alveolar/enzymology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- NLR Family, Pyrin Domain-Containing 3 Protein/antagonists & inhibitors
- NLR Family, Pyrin Domain-Containing 3 Protein/deficiency
- NLR Family, Pyrin Domain-Containing 3 Protein/genetics
- NLR Family, Pyrin Domain-Containing 3 Protein/physiology
- Neutrophils/immunology
- Nippostrongylus/immunology
- Regeneration
- Strongylida Infections/complications
- Strongylida Infections/immunology
- Strongylida Infections/pathology
- Strongylida Infections/physiopathology
- Sulfonamides/pharmacology
- Sulfones
- Transcription, Genetic
- beta-N-Acetylhexosaminidases/biosynthesis
- beta-N-Acetylhexosaminidases/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Alistair L Chenery
- Wellcome Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
- Lydia Becker Institute for Immunology and Infection, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Rafid Alhallaf
- Centre for Molecular Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Smithfield, Queensland 4878, Australia
| | - Zainab Agha
- Centre for Molecular Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Smithfield, Queensland 4878, Australia
| | - Jesuthas Ajendra
- Wellcome Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
- Lydia Becker Institute for Immunology and Infection, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - James E Parkinson
- Wellcome Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
- Lydia Becker Institute for Immunology and Infection, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Martha M Cooper
- Centre for Molecular Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Smithfield, Queensland 4878, Australia
| | - Brian H K Chan
- Wellcome Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
- Lydia Becker Institute for Immunology and Infection, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Ramon M Eichenberger
- Centre for Molecular Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Smithfield, Queensland 4878, Australia
| | - Lindsay A Dent
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Science, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia; and
| | - Avril A B Robertson
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Andreas Kupz
- Centre for Molecular Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Smithfield, Queensland 4878, Australia
| | - David Brough
- Lydia Becker Institute for Immunology and Infection, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Alex Loukas
- Centre for Molecular Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Smithfield, Queensland 4878, Australia
| | - Tara E Sutherland
- Lydia Becker Institute for Immunology and Infection, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Judith E Allen
- Wellcome Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom;
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
- Lydia Becker Institute for Immunology and Infection, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Paul R Giacomin
- Centre for Molecular Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Smithfield, Queensland 4878, Australia;
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9
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Reed SM, Hagen J, Muniz VP, Rosean TR, Borcherding N, Sciegienka S, Goeken JA, Naumann PW, Zhang W, Tompkins VS, Janz S, Meyerholz DK, Quelle DE. NIAM-deficient mice are predisposed to the development of proliferative lesions including B-cell lymphomas. PLoS One 2014; 9:e112126. [PMID: 25393878 PMCID: PMC4231569 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0112126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 10/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Nuclear Interactor of ARF and Mdm2 (NIAM, gene designation Tbrg1) is a largely unstudied inhibitor of cell proliferation that helps maintain chromosomal stability. It is a novel activator of the ARF-Mdm2-Tip60-p53 tumor suppressor pathway as well as other undefined pathways important for genome maintenance. To examine its predicted role as a tumor suppressor, we generated NIAM mutant (NIAMm/m) mice homozygous for a β-galactosidase expressing gene-trap cassette in the endogenous gene. The mutant mice expressed significantly lower levels of NIAM protein in tissues compared to wild-type animals. Fifty percent of aged NIAM deficient mice (14 to 21 months) developed proliferative lesions, including a uterine hemangioma, pulmonary papillary adenoma, and a Harderian gland adenoma. No age-matched wild-type or NIAM+/m heterozygous animals developed lesions. In the spleen, NIAMm/m mice had prominent white pulp expansion which correlated with enhanced increased reactive lymphoid hyperplasia and evidence of systemic inflammation. Notably, 17% of NIAM mutant mice had splenic white pulp features indicating early B-cell lymphoma. This correlated with selective expansion of marginal zone B cells in the spleens of younger, tumor-free NIAM-deficient mice. Unexpectedly, basal p53 expression and activity was largely unaffected by NIAM loss in isolated splenic B cells. In sum, NIAM down-regulation in vivo results in a significant predisposition to developing benign tumors or early stage cancers. These mice represent an outstanding platform for dissecting NIAM's role in tumorigenesis and various anti-cancer pathways, including p53 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara M. Reed
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Jussara Hagen
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Viviane P. Muniz
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Timothy R. Rosean
- Interdisciplinary Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Nick Borcherding
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Sebastian Sciegienka
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - J. Adam Goeken
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Paul W. Naumann
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Weizhou Zhang
- Interdisciplinary Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Van S. Tompkins
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Siegfried Janz
- Interdisciplinary Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - David K. Meyerholz
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Dawn E. Quelle
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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10
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Trocme C, Deffert C, Cachat J, Donati Y, Tissot C, Papacatzis S, Braunersreuther V, Pache JC, Krause KH, Holmdahl R, Barazzone-Argiroffo C, Carnesecchi S. Macrophage-specific NOX2 contributes to the development of lung emphysema through modulation of SIRT1/MMP-9 pathways. J Pathol 2014; 235:65-78. [PMID: 25116588 PMCID: PMC4280678 DOI: 10.1002/path.4423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Revised: 08/05/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) participate in the pathogenesis of emphysema. Among ROS-producing enzymes, NOX NADPH oxidases are thought to be responsible for tissue injury associated with several lung pathologies. To determine whether NOX2 and/or NOX1 participate in the development of emphysema, their expression patterns were first studied by immunohistochemistry in the lungs of emphysematous patients. Subsequently, we investigated their contribution to elastase-induced emphysema using NOX2- and NOX1-deficient mice. In human lung, NOX2 was mainly detected in macrophages of control and emphysematous lungs, while NOX1 was expressed in alveolar epithelium and bronchial cells. We observed an elevated number of NOX2-positive cells in human emphysematous lungs, as well as increased NOX2 and NOX1 mRNA expression in mouse lungs following elastase exposure. Elastase-induced alveolar airspace enlargement and elastin degradation were prevented in NOX2-deficient mice, but not in NOX1-deficient mice. This protection was independent of inflammation and correlated with reduced ROS production. Concomitantly, an elevation of sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) level and a decrease of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) expression and activity were observed in alveolar macrophages and neutrophils. We addressed the specific role of macrophage-restricted functional NOX2 in elastase-induced lung emphysema using Ncf1 mutant mice and Ncf1 macrophage rescue mice (Ncf1 mutant mice with transgenic expression of Ncf1 only in CD68-positive mononuclear phagocytes; the MN mouse). Compared to WT mice, the lack of functional NOX2 led to decreased elastase-induced ROS production and protected against emphysema. In contrast, ROS production was restored specifically in macrophages from Ncf1 rescue mice and contributes to emphysema. Taken together, our results demonstrate that NOX2 is involved in the pathogenesis of human emphysema and macrophage-specific NOX2 participates in elastase-induced emphysema through the involvement of SIRT1/MMP-9 pathways in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candice Trocme
- Laboratory of Protein and Enzyme Biochemistry, University Hospital, Grenoble, France
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11
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Fazzi F, Njah J, Di Giuseppe M, Winnica DE, Go K, Sala E, St Croix CM, Watkins SC, Tyurin VA, Phinney DG, Fattman CL, Leikauf GD, Kagan VE, Ortiz LA. TNFR1/phox interaction and TNFR1 mitochondrial translocation Thwart silica-induced pulmonary fibrosis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 192:3837-46. [PMID: 24623132 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1103516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Macrophages play a fundamental role in innate immunity and the pathogenesis of silicosis. Phagocytosis of silica particles is associated with the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), secretion of cytokines, such as TNF, and cell death that contribute to silica-induced lung disease. In macrophages, ROS production is executed primarily by activation of the NADPH oxidase (Phox) and by generation of mitochondrial ROS (mtROS); however, the relative contribution is unclear, and the effects on macrophage function and fate are unknown. In this study, we used primary human and mouse macrophages (C57BL/6, BALB/c, and p47(phox-/-)) and macrophage cell lines (RAW 264.7 and IC21) to investigate the contribution of Phox and mtROS to silica-induced lung injury. We demonstrate that reduced p47(phox) expression in IC21 macrophages is linked to enhanced mtROS generation, cardiolipin oxidation, and accumulation of cardiolipin hydrolysis products, culminating in cell death. mtROS production is also observed in p47(phox-/-) macrophages, and p47(phox-/-) mice exhibit increased inflammation and fibrosis in the lung following silica exposure. Silica induces interaction between TNFR1 and Phox in RAW 264.7 macrophages. Moreover, TNFR1 expression in mitochondria decreased mtROS production and increased RAW 264.7 macrophage survival to silica. These results identify TNFR1/Phox interaction as a key event in the pathogenesis of silicosis that prevents mtROS formation and reduces macrophage apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Fazzi
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219
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12
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Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are deadly weapons used by phagocytes and other cell types, such as lung epithelial cells, against pathogens. ROS can kill pathogens directly by causing oxidative damage to biocompounds or indirectly by stimulating pathogen elimination by various nonoxidative mechanisms, including pattern recognition receptors signaling, autophagy, neutrophil extracellular trap formation, and T-lymphocyte responses. Thus, one should expect that the inhibition of ROS production promote infection. Increasing evidences support that in certain particular infections, antioxidants decrease and prooxidants increase pathogen burden. In this study, we review the classic infections that are controlled by ROS and the cases in which ROS appear as promoters of infection, challenging the paradigm. We discuss the possible mechanisms by which ROS could promote particular infections. These mechanisms are still not completely clear but include the metabolic effects of ROS on pathogen physiology, ROS-induced damage to the immune system, and ROS-induced activation of immune defense mechanisms that are subsequently hijacked by particular pathogens to act against more effective microbicidal mechanisms of the immune system. The effective use of antioxidants as therapeutic agents against certain infections is a realistic possibility that is beginning to be applied against viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia N Paiva
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Microbiologia , CCS Bloco D, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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13
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Kim-Howard X, Sun C, Molineros JE, Maiti AK, Chandru H, Adler A, Wiley GB, Kaufman KM, Kottyan L, Guthridge JM, Rasmussen A, Kelly J, Sánchez E, Raj P, Li QZ, Bang SY, Lee HS, Kim TH, Kang YM, Suh CH, Chung WT, Park YB, Choe JY, Shim SC, Lee SS, Han BG, Olsen NJ, Karp DR, Moser K, Pons-Estel BA, Wakeland EK, James JA, Harley JB, Bae SC, Gaffney PM, Alarcón-Riquelme M, Looger LL, Nath SK. Allelic heterogeneity in NCF2 associated with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) susceptibility across four ethnic populations. Hum Mol Genet 2013; 23:1656-68. [PMID: 24163247 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddt532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent reports have associated NCF2, encoding a core component of the multi-protein NADPH oxidase (NADPHO), with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) susceptibility in individuals of European ancestry. To identify ethnicity-specific and -robust variants within NCF2, we assessed 145 SNPs in and around the NCF2 gene in 5325 cases and 21 866 controls of European-American (EA), African-American (AA), Hispanic (HS) and Korean (KR) ancestry. Subsequent imputation, conditional, haplotype and bioinformatic analyses identified seven potentially functional SLE-predisposing variants. Association with non-synonymous rs17849502, previously reported in EA, was detected in EA, HS and AA (P(EA) = 1.01 × 10(-54), PHS = 3.68 × 10(-10), P(AA) = 0.03); synonymous rs17849501 was similarly significant. These SNPs were monomorphic in KR. Novel associations were detected with coding variants at rs35937854 in AA (PAA = 1.49 × 10(-9)), and rs13306575 in HS and KR (P(HS) = 7.04 × 10(-7), P(KR) = 3.30 × 10(-3)). In KR, a 3-SNP haplotype was significantly associated (P = 4.20 × 10(-7)), implying that SLE predisposing variants were tagged. Significant SNP-SNP interaction (P = 0.02) was detected between rs13306575 and rs17849502 in HS, and a dramatically increased risk (OR = 6.55) with a risk allele at each locus. Molecular modeling predicts that these non-synonymous mutations could disrupt NADPHO complex assembly. The risk allele of rs17849501, located in a conserved transcriptional regulatory region, increased reporter gene activity, suggesting in vivo enhancer function. Our results not only establish allelic heterogeneity within NCF2 associated with SLE, but also emphasize the utility of multi-ethnic cohorts to identify predisposing variants explaining additional phenotypic variance ('missing heritability') of complex diseases like SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xana Kim-Howard
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
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14
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Sevin CM, Newcomb DC, Toki S, Han W, Sherrill TP, Boswell MG, Zhu Z, Collins RD, Boyd KL, Goleniewska K, Huckabee MM, Blackwell TS, Peebles RS. Deficiency of gp91phox inhibits allergic airway inflammation. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2013; 49:396-402. [PMID: 23590311 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2012-0442oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase, a multienzyme complex, is the major source for production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). ROS are increased in allergic diseases, such as asthma, but the role of ROS in disease pathogenesis remains uncertain. We hypothesized that mice unable to generate ROS via the NADPH oxidase pathway would have decreased allergic airway inflammation. To test this hypothesis, we studied gp91phox(-/-) mice in a model of allergic airway inflammation after sensitization and challenge with ovalbumin. Serum, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, and lungs were then examined for evidence of allergic inflammation. We found that mice lacking a functional NADPH oxidase complex had significantly decreased ROS production and allergic airway inflammation, compared with wild-type (WT) control animals. To determine the mechanism by which allergic inflammation was inhibited by gp91phox deficiency, we cultured bone marrow-derived dendritic cells from WT and gp91phox(-/-) mice and activated them with LPS. IL-12 expression was significantly increased in the gp91phox(-/-) bone marrow-derived dendritic cells, suggesting that the cytokine profile produced in the absence of gp91phox enhanced the conditions leading to T helper (Th) type 1 differentiation, while inhibiting Th2 polarization. Splenocytes from sensitized gp91phox(-/-) animals produced significantly less IL-13 in response to ovalbumin challenge in vitro compared with splenocytes from sensitized WT mice, suggesting that NADPH oxidase promotes allergic sensitization. In contrast, inflammatory cytokines produced by T cells cultured from WT and gp91phox(-/-) mice under Th0, Th1, Th2, and Th17 conditions were not significantly different. This study demonstrates the importance of NADPH oxidase activity and ROS production in a murine model of asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla M Sevin
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1161 21st Avenue South, Nashville, TN 37232-2650, USA.
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15
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Elmore SA, Hoenerhoff M, Katsuta O, Kokoshima H, Maronpot R, Nagai H, Satoh H, Tanaka Y, Tochitani T, Tsuchiya S, Yoshizawa K. Proceedings of the 2013 Joint JSTP/NTP Satellite Symposium. J Toxicol Pathol 2013; 26:231-57. [PMID: 23914068 PMCID: PMC3695348 DOI: 10.1293/tox.26.231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2013] [Accepted: 04/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The first joint Japanese Society of Toxicologic Pathology (JSTP) and National Toxicology
Program (NTP) Satellite Symposium, entitled “Pathology Potpourri,” was held on January
29th at Okura Frontier Hotel in Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan, in advance of the
JSTP’s 29th Annual Meeting. The goal of this Symposium was to present current
diagnostic pathology or nomenclature issues to the toxicologic pathology community. This
article presents summaries of the speakers’ presentations, including diagnostic or
nomenclature issues that were presented, select images that were used for audience voting
or discussion, and the voting results. Some lesions and topics covered during the
symposium include: treatment-related atypical hepatocellular foci of cellular alteration
in B6C3F1 mice; purulent ventriculoencephalitis in a young BALB/c mouse; a subcutaneous
malignant schwannoma in a RccHan:WIST rat; spontaneous nasal septum
hyalinosis/eosinophilic substance in B6C3F1 mice; a rare pancreatic ductal cell adenoma in
a young Lewis rat; eosinophilic crystalline pneumonia in a transgenic mouse model; hyaline
glomerulopathy in two female ddY mice; treatment-related intrahepatic erythrocytes in
B6C3F1 mice; treatment-related subendothelial hepatocytes in B6C3F1 mice; spontaneous
thyroid follicular cell vacuolar degeneration in a cynomolgus monkey; congenital hepatic
fibrosis in a 1-year-old cat; a spontaneous adenocarcinoma of the middle ear in a young
Crl:CD(SD) rat; and finally a series of cases illustrating some differences between
cholangiofibrosis and cholangiocarcinoma in Sprague Dawley and F344 rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan A Elmore
- National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, 111 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA
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16
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Frederiksen RF, Paspaliari DK, Larsen T, Storgaard BG, Larsen MH, Ingmer H, Palcic MM, Leisner JJ. Bacterial chitinases and chitin-binding proteins as virulence factors. MICROBIOLOGY (READING, ENGLAND) 2013; 159:833-847. [PMID: 23519157 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.051839-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial chitinases (EC 3.2.1.14) and chitin-binding proteins (CBPs) play a fundamental role in the degradation of the ubiquitous biopolymer chitin, and the degradation products serve as an important nutrient source for marine- and soil-dwelling bacteria. However, it has recently become clear that representatives of both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial pathogens encode chitinases and CBPs that support infection of non-chitinous mammalian hosts. This review addresses this biological role of bacterial chitinases and CBPs in terms of substrate specificities, regulation, secretion and involvement in cellular and animal infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rikki F Frederiksen
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegaardsvej 15, 1870 Frederiksberg C., Denmark
| | - Dafni K Paspaliari
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegaardsvej 15, 1870 Frederiksberg C., Denmark
| | - Tanja Larsen
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegaardsvej 15, 1870 Frederiksberg C., Denmark
| | - Birgit G Storgaard
- Carlsberg Laboratory, Gamle Carlsbergvej 10, 1799 Copenhagen V., Denmark
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegaardsvej 15, 1870 Frederiksberg C., Denmark
| | - Marianne H Larsen
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegaardsvej 15, 1870 Frederiksberg C., Denmark
| | - Hanne Ingmer
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegaardsvej 15, 1870 Frederiksberg C., Denmark
| | - Monica M Palcic
- Carlsberg Laboratory, Gamle Carlsbergvej 10, 1799 Copenhagen V., Denmark
| | - Jørgen J Leisner
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegaardsvej 15, 1870 Frederiksberg C., Denmark
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17
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Elmore SA, Berridge BR, Boyle MC, Cora MC, Hoenerhoff MJ, Kooistra L, Laast VA, Morrison JP, Rao D, Rinke M, Yoshizawa K. Proceedings of the 2012 National Toxicology Program Satellite Symposium. Toxicol Pathol 2013; 41:151-80. [PMID: 23262640 PMCID: PMC4195569 DOI: 10.1177/0192623312467102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The 2012 annual National Toxicology Program (NTP) Satellite Symposium, entitled "Pathology Potpourri," was held in Boston in advance of the Society of Toxicologic Pathology's 31st annual meeting. The goal of the NTP Symposium is to present current diagnostic pathology or nomenclature issues to the toxicologic pathology community. This article presents summaries of the speakers' presentations, including diagnostic or nomenclature issues that were presented, along with select images that were used for audience voting or discussion. Some lesions and topics covered during the symposium include eosinophilic crystalline pneumonia in a transgenic mouse model; differentiating adrenal cortical cystic degeneration from adenoma; atypical eosinophilic foci of altered hepatocytes; differentiating cardiac schwannoma from cardiomyopathy; diagnosis of cardiac papillary muscle lesions; intrahepatocytic erythrocytes and venous subendothelial hepatocytes; lesions in Rathke's cleft and pars distalis; pernicious anemia and megaloblastic disorders; embryonic neuroepithelial dysplasia, holoprosencephaly and exencephaly; and INHAND nomenclature for select cardiovascular lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan A Elmore
- National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA.
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18
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Transgenic CCL2 expression in the central nervous system results in a dysregulated immune response and enhanced lethality after coronavirus infection. J Virol 2012; 87:2376-89. [PMID: 23269787 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.03089-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 (CCL2), a chemoattractant for macrophages, T cells, and cells expressing CCR2, is upregulated during acute and chronic inflammation. CCL2 has been implicated in both proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory responses and has been suggested as a target for therapy in some inflammatory disorders. To examine the role of CCL2 during virus infection, we infected mice transgenically expressing CCL2 in the central nervous system (CCL2 Tg) with an attenuated neurotropic coronavirus (rJ2.2 strain of mouse hepatitis virus). Infection of wild-type mice with rJ2.2 results in mild acute encephalitis, followed by a nonlethal, chronic demyelinating disease. Proinflammatory innate and adaptive immune responses mediate virus clearance. In marked contrast, CCL2 Tg mice infected with rJ2.2 ineffectively cleared virus and rapidly succumbed to the infection. CCL2 Tg mice mounted a dysregulated immune response, characterized by augmented accumulation of regulatory Foxp3(+)CD4(+) T cells and of nitric-oxide- and YM-1-expressing macrophages and microglia, suggestive of mixed M1/M2 macrophage activation. Further, macrophages from infected CCL2 Tg brains relative to non-Tg controls were less activated/mature, expressing lower levels of major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC-II), CD86, and CD40. Collectively, these results show that persistent CCL2 overexpression establishes and sustains an immunological milieu that is both inflammatory and immunosuppressive and predisposes mice to a defective immune response to a minimally lethal virus.
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19
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Szymczak WA, Sellers RS, Pirofski LA. IL-23 dampens the allergic response to Cryptococcus neoformans through IL-17-independent and -dependent mechanisms. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2012; 180:1547-59. [PMID: 22342846 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2011.12.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2011] [Revised: 11/29/2011] [Accepted: 12/09/2011] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The cytokines IL-23 and IL-17 have been implicated in resistance to cryptococcal disease, but it is not clear whether IL-23-mediated production of IL-17 promotes fungal containment following pulmonary challenge with Cryptococcus neoformans. We used mice lacking IL-23 (IL-23p19(-/-)) or IL-17RA (IL-17RA(-/-)), and wild type (WT) C57BL/6 mice to examine the IL-23/IL-17 axis after intranasal infection with the C. neoformans strain 52D. The absence of IL-23 or IL-17RA had no effect on pulmonary or brain fungal burden at 1 or 6 weeks after infection. However, survival of IL-23p19(-/-) mice was reduced compared to IL-17RA(-/-) mice. IL-I7 production by CD4 T cells and natural killer T (NKT) cells was impaired in IL-23p19(-/-) lungs, but was not completely abolished. Both IL-23p19(-/-) and IL-17RA(-/-) mice exhibited impaired neutrophil recruitment, increased serum levels of IgE and IgG2b, and increased deposition of YM1/YM2 crystals in the lung, but only IL-23p19(-/-) mice developed persistent lung eosinophilia. Although survival of IL-17RA(-/-) and WT mice was similar after 17 weeks of infection, only surviving IL-17RA(-/-) mice exhibited cryptococcal dissemination to the blood. These data demonstrate that IL-23 dampens the allergic response to cryptococcal infection through IL-17-independent suppression of eosinophil recruitment and IL-17-dependent regulation of antibody production and crystal deposition. Furthermore, IL-23, and to a lesser extent IL-17, contribute to disease resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy A Szymczak
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, USA.
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20
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p47(phox) directs murine macrophage cell fate decisions. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2012; 180:1049-1058. [PMID: 22222227 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2011.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2011] [Revised: 11/03/2011] [Accepted: 11/11/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Macrophage differentiation and function are pivotal for cell survival from infection and involve the processing of microenvironmental signals that determine macrophage cell fate decisions to establish appropriate inflammatory balance. NADPH oxidase 2 (Nox2)-deficient chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) mice that lack the gp91(phox) (gp91(phox-/-)) catalytic subunit show high mortality rates compared with wild-type mice when challenged by infection with Listeria monocytogenes (Lm), whereas p47(phox)-deficient (p47(phox-/-)) CGD mice show survival rates that are similar to those of wild-type mice. We demonstrate that such survival results from a skewed macrophage differentiation program in p47(phox-/-) mice that favors the production of higher levels of alternatively activated macrophages (AAMacs) compared with levels of either wild-type or gp91(phox-/-) mice. Furthermore, the adoptive transfer of AAMacs from p47(phox-/-) mice can rescue gp91(phox-/-) mice during primary Lm infection. Key features of the protective function provided by p47(phox-/-) AAMacs against Lm infection are enhanced production of IL-1α and killing of Lm. Molecular analysis of this process indicates that p47(phox-/-) macrophages are hyperresponsive to IL-4 and show higher Stat6 phosphorylation levels and signaling coupled to downstream activation of AAMac transcripts in response to IL-4 stimulation. Notably, restoring p47(phox) protein expression levels reverts the p47(phox)-dependent AAMac phenotype. Our results indicate that p47(phox) is a previously unrecognized regulator for IL-4 signaling pathways that are important for macrophage cell fate choice.
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Role of p47phox in antigen-presenting cell-mediated regulation of humoral immunity in mice. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2011; 178:2774-82. [PMID: 21641399 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2011.02.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2010] [Revised: 02/01/2011] [Accepted: 02/08/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Microbial-induced inflammation is important for eliciting humoral immunity. Genetic defects of NADPH oxidase 2-based proteins interrupt phagocyte superoxide generation and are the basis for the human immunodeficiency chronic granulomatous disease (CGD). Hyperinflammation is also a significant clinical manifestation of CGD. Herein, we evaluated humoral immunity in the phagocyte oxidase p47(phox)-deficient model of CGD and found that UV-inactivated Streptococcus pneumoniae and Listeria monocytogenes (Lm) elicited higher specific antibody (Ab) titers in p47(phox-/-) mice than wild-type (WT) mice. Both organisms elicited robust and distinct antigen-presenting cell maturation phenotypes, including IL-12 hypersecretion, and higher major histocompatibility complex II and costimulatory protein expression in Lm-stimulated p47(phox-/-) dendritic cells (DCs) relative to WT DCs. Furthermore, p47(phox-/-) DCs pulsed with Lm and adoptively transferred into naïve WT mice elicited Ab titers, whereas Lm-pulsed WT DCs did not elicit these titers. The observed robust p47(phox-/-) mouse humoral response was recapitulated with live Lm and sustained in vivo in p47(phox-/-) mice. Notably, anti-serum samples from p47(phox-/-) mice that survived secondary Lm infection were protective in WT and p47(phox-/-) mice that were rechallenged with secondary lethal Lm infection. These findings demonstrate a novel benefit of NADPH oxidase 2 deficiency (ie, dependent inflammation in antigen-presenting cell-mediated humoral immunity) and that anti-Lm Ab can be protective in an immunodeficient CGD host.
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22
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Shakya AK, Kumar A, Klaczkowska D, Hultqvist M, Hagenow K, Holmdahl R, Nandakumar KS. Collagen type II and a thermo-responsive polymer of N-isopropylacrylamide induce arthritis independent of Toll-like receptors: a strong influence by major histocompatibility complex class II and Ncf1 genes. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2011; 179:2490-500. [PMID: 21933654 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2011.07.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2011] [Revised: 06/16/2011] [Accepted: 07/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We established and characterized an arthritis mouse model using collagen type II (CII) and a thermo-responsive polymer, poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNiPAAm). The new PNiPAAm adjuvant is TLR-independent, as all immunized TLR including MyD88-deficient mice developed an anti-CII response. Unlike other adjuvants, PNiPPAm did not skew the cytokine response (IL-1β, IFN-γ, IL-4, and IL-17), as there was no immune deviation towards any one type of immune spectrum after immunization with CII/PNiPPAm. Hence, using PNiPAAm, we studied the actual immune response to the self-protein, CII. We observed arthritis and autoimmunity development in several murine strains having different major histocompatibility complex (MHC) haplotypes after CII/PNiPAAm immunization but with a clear MHC association pattern. Interestingly, C57Bl/6 mice did not develop CII-induced arthritis, with PNiPAAm demonstrating absolute requirement for a classical adjuvant. Presence of a gene (Ncf1) mutation in the NADPH oxidation complex has a profound influence in arthritis and using PNiPAAm we could show that the high CIA severity in Ncf1 mutated mice is independent of any classical adjuvant. Macrophages, neutrophils, eosinophils, and osteoclasts but not mast cells dominated the inflamed joints. Furthermore, arthritis induction in the adjuvant-free, eosinophil-dependent Vβ12 DBA/1 mice could be shown to develop arthritis independent of eosinophils using CII/PNiPAAm. Thus, biocompatible and biodegradable PNiPAAm offers unique opportunities to study actual autoimmunity independent of TLR and a particular cytokine phenotype profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akhilesh Kumar Shakya
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, India
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Bylund J, Brown KL, Movitz C, Dahlgren C, Karlsson A. Intracellular generation of superoxide by the phagocyte NADPH oxidase: how, where, and what for? Free Radic Biol Med 2010; 49:1834-45. [PMID: 20870019 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2010.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2010] [Revised: 09/14/2010] [Accepted: 09/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Professional phagocytes increase their consumption of molecular oxygen during the phagocytosis of microbes or when encountering a variety of nonparticulate stimuli. In these circumstances, oxygen is reduced by the phagocyte NADPH oxidase, and reactive oxygen species (ROS), which are important for the microbicidal activity of the cells, are generated. The structure and function of the NADPH oxidase have been resolved in part by studying cells from patients with chronic granulomatous disease (CGD), a condition characterized by the inability of phagocytes to assemble a functional NADPH oxidase and thus to produce ROS. As a result, patients with CGD have a predisposition to infections as well as a variety of inflammatory symptoms. A long-standing paradigm has been that NADPH oxidase assembly occurs exclusively in the plasma membrane or invaginations thereof (phagosomes). A growing body of evidence points to the possibility that phagocytes are capable of NADPH oxidase assembly in nonphagosomal intracellular membranes, resulting in ROS generation within intracellular organelles also in the absence of phagocytosis. The exact nature of these ROS-producing organelles is yet to be determined, but granules are prime suspects. Recent clinical findings indicate that the generation of intracellular ROS by NADPH oxidase activation is important for limiting inflammatory reactions and that intracellular and extracellular ROS production are regulated differently. Here we discuss the accumulating knowledge of intracellular ROS production in phagocytes and speculate on the precise role of these oxidants in regulating the inflammatory process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan Bylund
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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24
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Induction of regulatory T cells by macrophages is dependent on production of reactive oxygen species. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 107:17686-91. [PMID: 20861446 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1012016107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The phagocyte NAPDH-oxidase complex consists of several phagocyte oxidase (phox) proteins, generating reactive oxygen species (ROS) upon activation. ROS are involved in the defense against microorganisms and also in immune regulation. Defective ROS formation leads to chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) with increased incidence of autoimmunity and disturbed resolution of inflammation. Because regulatory T cells (Tregs) suppress autoimmune T-cell responses and are crucial in down-regulating immune responses, we hypothesized that ROS deficiency may lead to decreased Treg induction. Previously, we showed that in p47(phox)-mutated mice, reconstitution of macrophages (Mph) with ROS-producing capacity was sufficient to protect the mice from arthritis. Now, we present evidence that Mph-derived ROS induce Tregs. In vitro, we showed that Mph ROS-dependently induce Treg, using an NADPH-oxidase inhibitor. This finding was confirmed genetically: rat or human CGD Mph with mutated p47(phox) or gp91(phox) displayed hampered Treg induction and T-cell suppression. However, basal Treg numbers in these subjects were comparable to those in controls, indicating a role for ROS in induction of peripheral Tregs. Induction of allogeneic delayed-type hypersensitivity with p47(phox)-mutated Mph confirmed the importance of Mph-derived ROS in Treg induction in vivo. We conclude that NAPDH oxidase activity in Mph is important for the induction of Tregs to regulate T cell-mediated inflammation.
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Subramanyam D, Belair CD, Barry-Holson KQ, Lin H, Kogan SC, Passegué E, Blelloch R. PML-RAR{alpha} and Dnmt3a1 cooperate in vivo to promote acute promyelocytic leukemia. Cancer Res 2010; 70:8792-801. [PMID: 20861188 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-08-4481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The PML-RARα oncogene is the central effector of acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL). PML-RARα physically interacts with epigenetic-modifying enzymes including DNA methyltransferases (Dnmt) to suppress critical downstream targets. Here, we show that increased expression of Dnmt3a1 cooperates with PML-RARα in vivo to promote early lethality secondary to myeloid expansion and dysfunction in primary mice. Bone marrow cells from these mice cause leukemogenesis with a shortened latency and a higher penetrance on transplantation into irradiated recipients. Furthermore, leukemic cells overexpressing PML-RARα and Dnmt3a1 display increased methylation at a target promoter compared with PML-RARα or Dnmt3a1 controls. Our findings show a cooperation between the PML-RARα oncogene and the Dnmt3a1 enzyme in vivo and that Dnmt levels can be rate limiting in APL progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepa Subramanyam
- Institute for Regeneration Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
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Hagenow K, Gelderman KA, Hultqvist M, Merky P, Bäcklund J, Frey O, Kamradt T, Holmdahl R. Ncf1-associated reduced oxidative burst promotes IL-33R+ T cell-mediated adjuvant-free arthritis in mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 183:874-81. [PMID: 19553535 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0900966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are important in the immune defense against invading pathogens, but they are also key molecules in the regulation of inflammatory reactions. Low levels of ROS production due to a polymorphism in the neutrophil cytosolic factor 1 (Ncf1) gene are associated with autoimmunity and arthritis severity in mouse models induced with adjuvant. We established an adjuvant-free arthritis model in which disease is induced by injection of the autoantigen collagen type II (CII) and depends on IL-5-producing T cells and eosinophils. In addition, the transgenic expression of mutated mouse CII allowed us to investigate an autoreactive immune response to an autologous Ag and by that natural tolerance mechanism. We show that a deficient ROS production, due to a spontaneous mutation in Ncf1, leads to increased autoantibody production and expansion of IL-33R-expressing T cells, impaired T cell tolerance toward tissue-specific CII, and severe arthritis in this unique model without disturbing adjuvant effects. These results demonstrate that the insufficient production of ROS promotes the breakdown of immune tolerance and development of autoimmune and adjuvant-free arthritis through an IL-5- and IL33R-dependent T cell activation pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Hagenow
- Medical Inflammation Research, Lund University and Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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