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Dou Z, Zhao D, Chen X, Xu C, Jin X, Zhang X, Wang Y, Xie X, Li Q, Di C, Zhang H. Aberrant Bcl-x splicing in cancer: from molecular mechanism to therapeutic modulation. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2021; 40:194. [PMID: 34118966 PMCID: PMC8196531 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-021-02001-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bcl-x pre-mRNA splicing serves as a typical example to study the impact of alternative splicing in the modulation of cell death. Dysregulation of Bcl-x apoptotic isoforms caused by precarious equilibrium splicing is implicated in genesis and development of multiple human diseases, especially cancers. Exploring the mechanism of Bcl-x splicing and regulation has provided insight into the development of drugs that could contribute to sensitivity of cancer cells to death. On this basis, we review the multiple splicing patterns and structural characteristics of Bcl-x. Additionally, we outline the cis-regulatory elements, trans-acting factors as well as epigenetic modifications involved in the splicing regulation of Bcl-x. Furthermore, this review highlights aberrant splicing of Bcl-x involved in apoptosis evade, autophagy, metastasis, and therapy resistance of various cancer cells. Last, emphasis is given to the clinical role of targeting Bcl-x splicing correction in human cancer based on the splice-switching oligonucleotides, small molecular modulators and BH3 mimetics. Thus, it is highlighting significance of aberrant splicing isoforms of Bcl-x as targets for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihui Dou
- Department of Heavy Ion Radiation Medicine, Bio-Medical Research Center, Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
- Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Biology and Medicine of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, China
- School of Nuclear Science and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, China
| | - Dapeng Zhao
- Department of Heavy Ion Radiation Medicine, Bio-Medical Research Center, Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
- Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Biology and Medicine of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, China
- School of Nuclear Science and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, China
| | - Xiaohua Chen
- Department of Heavy Ion Radiation Medicine, Bio-Medical Research Center, Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
- Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Biology and Medicine of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, China
- School of Nuclear Science and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, China
| | - Caipeng Xu
- Department of Heavy Ion Radiation Medicine, Bio-Medical Research Center, Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
- Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Biology and Medicine of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, China
- School of Nuclear Science and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, China
| | - Xiaodong Jin
- Department of Heavy Ion Radiation Medicine, Bio-Medical Research Center, Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
- Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Biology and Medicine of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Xuetian Zhang
- Department of Heavy Ion Radiation Medicine, Bio-Medical Research Center, Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
- Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Biology and Medicine of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, China
- School of Nuclear Science and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, China
| | - Yupei Wang
- Medical Genetics Center of Gansu Maternal and Child Health Care Center, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Xiaodong Xie
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Qiang Li
- Department of Heavy Ion Radiation Medicine, Bio-Medical Research Center, Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
- Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Biology and Medicine of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, China
- School of Nuclear Science and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, China
- Advanced Energy Science and Technology Guangdong Laboratory, Huizhou, 516029, China
| | - Cuixia Di
- Department of Heavy Ion Radiation Medicine, Bio-Medical Research Center, Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
- Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Biology and Medicine of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, China.
- School of Nuclear Science and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, China.
- Advanced Energy Science and Technology Guangdong Laboratory, Huizhou, 516029, China.
| | - Hong Zhang
- Department of Heavy Ion Radiation Medicine, Bio-Medical Research Center, Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
- Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Biology and Medicine of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, China.
- School of Nuclear Science and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, China.
- Advanced Energy Science and Technology Guangdong Laboratory, Huizhou, 516029, China.
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2
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Batırel S. Resveratrol, reactive oxygen species, and mesothelioma. Cancer 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-819547-5.00041-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Yahiro K, Nagasawa S, Ichimura K, Takeuchi H, Ogura K, Tsutsuki H, Shimizu T, Iyoda S, Ohnishi M, Iwase H, Moss J, Noda M. Mechanism of inhibition of Shiga-toxigenic Escherichia coli SubAB cytotoxicity by steroids and diacylglycerol analogues. Cell Death Discov 2018. [PMID: 29531819 PMCID: PMC5841432 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-017-0007-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Shiga toxigenic Escherichia coli (STEC) are responsible for a worldwide foodborne disease, which is characterized by severe bloody diarrhea and hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS). Subtilase cytotoxin (SubAB) is a novel AB5 toxin, which is produced by Locus for Enterocyte Effacement (LEE)-negative STEC. Cleavage of the BiP protein by SubAB induces endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, followed by induction of cytotoxicity in vitro or lethal severe hemorrhagic inflammation in mice. Here we found that steroids and diacylglycerol (DAG) analogues (e.g., bryostatin 1, Ingenol-3-angelate) inhibited SubAB cytotoxicity. In addition, steroid-induced Bcl-xL expression was a key step in the inhibition of SubAB cytotoxicity. Bcl-xL knockdown increased SubAB-induced apoptosis in steroid-treated HeLa cells, whereas SubAB-induced cytotoxicity was suppressed in Bcl-xL overexpressing cells. In contrast, DAG analogues suppressed SubAB activity independent of Bcl-xL expression at early time points. Addition of Shiga toxin 2 (Stx2) with SubAB to cells enhanced cytotoxicity even in the presence of steroids. In contrast, DAG analogues suppressed cytotoxicity seen in the presence of both toxins. Here, we show the mechanism by which steroids and DAG analogues protect cells against SubAB toxin produced by LEE-negative STEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinnosuke Yahiro
- 1Department of Molecular Infectiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Sayaka Nagasawa
- 2Department of Legal Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kimitoshi Ichimura
- 1Department of Molecular Infectiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hiroki Takeuchi
- 1Department of Molecular Infectiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kohei Ogura
- 3Pathogenic Microbe Laboratory, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyasu Tsutsuki
- 4Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Takeshi Shimizu
- 1Department of Molecular Infectiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Sunao Iyoda
- 5Department of Bacteriology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Makoto Ohnishi
- 5Department of Bacteriology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hirotaro Iwase
- 2Department of Legal Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Joel Moss
- 6Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Masatoshi Noda
- 1Department of Molecular Infectiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
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Ma X, Liu X, Zhou D, Bai Y, Gao B, Zhang Z, Qin Z. The NF-κB pathway participates in the response to sulfide stress in Urechis unicinctus. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 58:229-238. [PMID: 27633672 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2016.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Revised: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 09/11/2016] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The NF-κB pathway is known to be involved in regulating apoptosis, inflammation and immunity in organisms. In this study, we first identified full-length cDNA sequences of two key molecules in the NF-κB pathway, namely, NEMO and p65, and characterized their responses in the hindgut of Urechis unicinctus (Echiura, Urechidae) exposed to sulfide. The full-length of cDNA was 2491 bp for U. unicinctus NEMO (UuNEMO) and 1971 bp for U. unicinctus p65 (Uup65), and both polyclonal antibodies were prepared using UuNEMO or Uup65 expressed prokaryotically with the sequence of their whole open reading frame. Immunoprecipitation and Western blotting showed that the NF-κB pathway was activated in U. unicinctus exposed to sulfide, in which the content of UuNEMO ubiquitination and nuclear Uup65 increased significantly (p < 0.05) in hindgut tissue of U. unicinctus exposed to sulfide. Furthermore, the mRNA level of UuBcl-xL, a downstream anti-apoptosis gene of the NF-κB pathway, increased significantly (p < 0.05) from 48 h to 72 h and the mRNA level of UuBax, a Bcl-xL antagonist gene, decreased significantly (p < 0.05) at 48 h in the hindgut of U. unicinctus exposed to 50 μM sulfide. During the 150 μM sulfide exposure, the level of UuBcl-xL showed no obvious change, whereas the UuBax mRNA level increased significantly (p < 0.05) at 72 h post-exposure to 150 μM sulfide. We suggested that the activated NF-κB pathway up-regulates UuBcl-xL expression, and evokes an anti-apoptotic response to resist sulfide damage at 50 μM in U. unicinctus. Meanwhile, a Bax-mediated pro-apoptotic response occurs when U. unicinctus is exposed to 150 μM sulfide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Ma
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Xiaolong Liu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Di Zhou
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Yajiao Bai
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Beibei Gao
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Zhifeng Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China.
| | - Zhenkui Qin
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China.
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Liu X, Yan D, Li Y, Sha X, Wu K, Zhao J, Yang C, Zhang C, Shi J, Wu X. Erythroblast transformation-specific 2 correlates with vascular smooth muscle cell apoptosis in rat heterotopic heart transplantation model. J Thorac Dis 2016; 8:2027-37. [PMID: 27621856 DOI: 10.21037/jtd.2016.07.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiac allograft vasculopathy (CAV) decreases the long-term survival of heart transplantation recipients. Vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) apoptosis is an important pathological feature of CAV. Erythroblast transformation-specific 2 (Ets-2), as a transcription factor, participates in cell apoptosis and plays an important role in organ transplantation. METHODS Hearts from Wistar-Furth (WF:RT1u) rats were heterotopically transplanted into Lewis (Lew:RT1(l)) rats without immunosuppression. Additional syngeneic heterotopic cardiac transplantations were performed in Lewis rats. HE staining was used to identify CAV. Ets-2 expression was examined by western blot. Ets-2 tissue location was examined by immunohistochemical assay and double immunostaining. Cleaved caspase 3 expression was detected by western blot. Co-localization of Ets-2 and cleaved caspase 3 was detected by double immunostaining. Ets-2, p53, cleaved caspase 3 and Bcl-xl expression in rat VSMC line A7R5 was examined after Ets-2 siRNA transfection. TUNEL assay was applied to detect A7R5 apoptosis with or without ETS-2 siRNA transfection. Immunoprecipitation was performed to explore the interaction between Ets-2 and p53. RESULTS Ets-2 expression decreased in the allograft group but had no obvious change in the isograft group. Meanwhile, the phenomenon of CAV was observed in the allograft group and there is neointima formation in the isograft group which is not obvious compared with allograft group. Additionally, Ets-2 expression was opposite to VSMC apoptosis in the allograft group. In vitro, Ets-2 siRNA transfection in A7R5cells resulted in enhanced cell apoptosis. Finally, Ets-2 interacted with p53. CONCLUSIONS Ets-2 might inhibit VSMC apoptosis via p53 pathway. The results further elucidate the molecular mechanism of VSMC apoptosis after heart transplantation during CAV and provide theoretical basis for seeking new specific drug targets for CAV prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojuan Liu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Medical College, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China;; Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Medical College, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Daliang Yan
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Medical College, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China;; Department of Thoracic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Yangcheng Li
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Medical College, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China;; Department of Thoracic Surgery, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong 226361, China
| | - Xilin Sha
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Medical College, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China;; Department of Thoracic Surgery, Rugao People's Hospital, Rugao 226500, China
| | - Kunpeng Wu
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Medical College, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China;; Department of Thoracic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Jianhua Zhao
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Medical College, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China;; Department of Thoracic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Chen Yang
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Medical College, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China;; Department of Thoracic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Medical College, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China;; Department of Vasculocardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Jiahai Shi
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Medical College, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China;; Department of Thoracic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Xiang Wu
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Medical College, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China;; Department of Vasculocardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
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Giusti L, Da Valle Y, Bonotti A, Donadio E, Ciregia F, Ventroni T, Foddis R, Giannaccini G, Guglielmi G, Cristaudo A, Lucacchini A. Comparative proteomic analysis of malignant pleural mesothelioma evidences an altered expression of nuclear lamin and filament-related proteins. Proteomics Clin Appl 2014; 8:258-68. [PMID: 24415579 DOI: 10.1002/prca.201300052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2013] [Revised: 09/11/2013] [Accepted: 11/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Malignant mesothelioma is a neoplastic disease linked to asbestos exposure whose diagnosis is limited, so detection methods for an early diagnosis and treatment result essential. Here, we compared proteomic profiles of malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) and benign biopsies to search potential biomarkers useful in differential diagnosis. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Tissue biopsies were obtained from 53 patients who were subjected to a diagnostic thoracoscopy. 2DE/MS based approach was used for proteomic analysis and protein validation was carried out by Western blot analysis versus benign and lung carcinoma samples. RESULTS Among the proteins identified we confirmed known MPM biomarkers such as calretinin and suggested the new ones as prelamin A/C, desmin, vimentin, calretinin, fructose-bisphosphate aldolase A, myosin regulatory light chain 2, ventricular/cardiac muscle isoform, myosin light chain 3 and myosin light chain 6B. Ingenuity software was used to identify the biological processes to which these proteins belong and to construct a potential network. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Overall, our results suggest potential biomarkers that can be useful in occupational medicine for the early identification of the onset of disease in health surveillance of past asbestos-exposed workers, for monitoring the progress of disease and for assessing the response to treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Giusti
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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Wu W, Zhang S, Li X, Xue M, Cao S, Chen W. Ets-2 regulates cell apoptosis via the Akt pathway, through the regulation of urothelial cancer associated 1, a long non-coding RNA, in bladder cancer cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e73920. [PMID: 24069250 PMCID: PMC3771932 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0073920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2013] [Accepted: 07/24/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The majority of the human genome is transcribed and generates non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) that fail to encode protein information. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are emerging as a novel class of ncRNAs, but our knowledge about these ncRNAs is limited. Previously, our laboratory has identified that a lncRNA, Urothelial cancer associated 1 (UCA1), played an important role in bladder cancer. Despite the recent interest in UCA1 as a diagnostic marker for bladder cancer, little is known about its transcriptional regulation. To elucidate the regulation of UCA1 gene expression, we have characterized the human UCA1 gene promoter. A 2.0-kb fragment of its 5' flanking region was cloned into a luciferase reporter vector. Deletion and mutation analysis suggested that an Ets-2 binding site was critical for UCA1 gene promoter activity. Further analysis of this site by gel shifting, chromatin immune precipitation (ChIP), and co-transfection experiments showed that transcription factor Ets-2 directly bound to the UCA1 promoter region and stimulated UCA1 promoter activity in bladder cancer cells. Taking into account the anti-apoptosis function of Ets-2, our data suggested that Ets-2 regulates apoptosis process by regulating the expression of UCA1, moreover UCA1 may be involved in the activation of Akt signaling pathway by Ets-2 in bladder cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Wu
- Clinical Laboratory, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Shuwan Zhang
- Clinical Laboratory, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
- Clinical Laboratory, Xi’an Children’s Hospital, Xi’an, China
| | - Xu Li
- Translational Medicine Center, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Mei Xue
- Translational Medicine Center, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Sancheng Cao
- Clinical Laboratory, Xi’an Children’s Hospital, Xi’an, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Clinical Laboratory, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
- * E-mail:
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Gai X, Zhao P, Pan Y, Shan H, Yue X, Du J, Zhang Z, Liu P, Ma H, Guo M, Yang X, Sun W, Gao L, Ma C, Liang X. Hepatitis B virus core protein enhances human telomerase reverse transcriptase expression and hepatocellular carcinoma cell proliferation in a c-Ets2-dependent manner. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2013; 45:1174-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2013.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2012] [Revised: 03/10/2013] [Accepted: 03/18/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Kabbout M, Garcia MM, Fujimoto J, Liu DD, Woods D, Chow CW, Mendoza G, Momin AA, James BP, Solis L, Behrens C, Lee JJ, Wistuba II, Kadara H. ETS2 mediated tumor suppressive function and MET oncogene inhibition in human non-small cell lung cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2013; 19:3383-95. [PMID: 23659968 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-13-0341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The ETS2 transcription factor is an evolutionarily conserved gene that is deregulated in cancer. We analyzed the transcriptome of lung adenocarcinomas and normal lung tissue by expression profiling and found that ETS2 was significantly downregulated in adenocarcinomas. In this study, we probed the yet unknown functional role of ETS2 in lung cancer pathogenesis. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Lung adenocarcinomas (n = 80) and normal lung tissues (n = 30) were profiled using the Affymetrix Human Gene 1.0 ST platform. Immunohistochemical (IHC) analysis was conducted to determine ETS2 protein expression in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) histologic tissue specimens (n = 201). Patient clinical outcome, based on ETS2 IHC expression, was statistically assessed using the log-rank and Kaplan-Meier tests. RNA interference and overexpression strategies were used to assess the effects of ETS2 expression on the transcriptome and on various malignant phenotypes. RESULTS ETS2 expression was significantly reduced in lung adenocarcinomas compared with normal lung (P < 0.001). Low ETS2 IHC expression was a significant predictor of shorter time to recurrence in NSCLC (P = 0.009, HR = 1.89) and adenocarcinoma (P = 0.03, HR = 1.86). Moreover, ETS2 was found to significantly inhibit lung cancer cell growth, migration, and invasion (P < 0.05), and microarray and pathways analysis revealed significant (P < 0.001) activation of the HGF pathway following ETS2 knockdown. In addition, ETS2 was found to suppress MET phosphorylation and knockdown of MET expression significantly attenuated (P < 0.05) cell invasion mediated by ETS2-specific siRNA. Furthermore, knockdown of ETS2 augmented HGF-induced MET phosphorylation, cell migration, and invasion. CONCLUSION(S) Our findings point to a tumor suppressor role for ETS2 in human NSCLC pathogenesis through inhibition of the MET proto-oncogene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Kabbout
- Department of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Melinda M Garcia
- Department of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Junya Fujimoto
- Department of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Diane D Liu
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Denise Woods
- Department of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Chi-Wan Chow
- Department of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Gabriela Mendoza
- Department of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Amin A Momin
- Department of Bioinformatics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Brian P James
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Luisa Solis
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Carmen Behrens
- Department of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - J Jack Lee
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ignacio I Wistuba
- Department of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Humam Kadara
- Department of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
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Niture SK, Jaiswal AK. Nrf2-induced antiapoptotic Bcl-xL protein enhances cell survival and drug resistance. Free Radic Biol Med 2013; 57:119-31. [PMID: 23275004 PMCID: PMC3606082 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2012.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2012] [Revised: 12/10/2012] [Accepted: 12/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear transcription factor Nrf2 binds with the antioxidant-response element (ARE) in the promoter regions of cytoprotective genes, leading to their increased expression and cellular protection. In this study, we investigated the role of Nrf2 in the regulation of antiapoptotic Bcl-xL protein and its effect on cellular apoptosis. Treatment of mouse Hepa-1 cells with the antioxidant tert-butylhydroquinone led to the induction of Bcl-xL gene expression. Promoter mutagenesis, transfection, and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays identified an ARE between nucleotides -608 and -600 in the forward strand of the proximal Bcl-xL promoter that bound to Nrf2 and led to increased Bcl-xL gene expression. In addition, short interfering RNA (siRNA) inhibition and overexpression of Nrf2 led to a respective decrease and increase in Bcl-xL gene expression. These results implicated Nrf2 in the regulation of expression and induction of Bcl-xL protein. Nrf2-mediated expression of Bcl-xL protein downregulated Bax and decreased caspase 3/7 activity. SiRNA inhibition of both Nrf2 and Bcl-xL increased the susceptibility of cancer cells to etoposide-mediated cell death and reduced cell survival. Moreover, dysfunctional/mutant INrf2 (inhibitor of Nrf2) in human lung cancer cells failed to degrade Nrf2, resulting in increased Bcl-xL levels and increased cell survival. These data provide the first evidence of Nrf2 in the control of Bcl-xL expression and apoptotic cell death with implications for antioxidant protection, survival of cancer cells, and drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suryakant K Niture
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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Peddaboina C, Jupiter D, Fletcher S, Yap JL, Rai A, Tobin RP, Jiang W, Rascoe P, Rogers MKN, Smythe WR, Cao X. The downregulation of Mcl-1 via USP9X inhibition sensitizes solid tumors to Bcl-xl inhibition. BMC Cancer 2012; 12:541. [PMID: 23171055 PMCID: PMC3543233 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-12-541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2012] [Accepted: 11/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background It has been shown in many solid tumors that the overexpression of the pro-survival Bcl-2 family members Bcl-xL and Mcl-1 confers resistance to a variety of chemotherapeutic agents. Mcl-1 is a critical survival protein in a variety of cell lineages and is critically regulated via ubiquitination. Methods The Mcl-1, Bcl-xL and USP9X expression patterns in human lung and colon adenocarcinomas were evaluated via immunohistochemistry. Interaction between USP9X and Mcl-1 was demonstrated by immunoprecipitation-western blotting. The protein expression profiles of Mcl-1, Bcl-xL and USP9X in multiple cancer cell lines were determined by western blotting. Annexin-V staining and cleaved PARP western blotting were used to assay for apoptosis. The cellular toxicities after various treatments were measured via the XTT assay. Results In our current analysis of colon and lung cancer samples, we demonstrate that Mcl-1 and Bcl-xL are overexpressed and also co-exist in many tumors and that the expression levels of both genes correlate with the clinical staging. The downregulation of Mcl-1 or Bcl-xL via RNAi was found to increase the sensitivity of the tumor cells to chemotherapy. Furthermore, our analyses revealed that USP9X expression correlates with that of Mcl-1 in human cancer tissue samples. We additionally found that the USP9X inhibitor WP1130 promotes Mcl-1 degradation and increases tumor cell sensitivity to chemotherapies. Moreover, the combination of WP1130 and ABT-737, a well-documented Bcl-xL inhibitor, demonstrated a chemotherapeutic synergy and promoted apoptosis in different tumor cells. Conclusion Mcl-1, Bcl-xL and USP9X overexpression are tumor survival mechanisms protective against chemotherapy. USP9X inhibition increases tumor cell sensitivity to various chemotherapeutic agents including Bcl-2/Bcl-xL inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chander Peddaboina
- Department of Surgery, Scott & White Memorial Hospital and Clinic, The Texas A&M University System, Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, TX 76504, USA
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12
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Abstract
Malignant mesothelioma is a rare, highly aggressive cancer arising from mesothelial cells that line the pleural cavities. Approximately 80% of mesothelioma cases can be directly attributed to asbestos exposure. Additional suspected causes or co-carcinogens include other mineral fibres, simian virus 40 (SV40) and radiation. A mesothelioma epidemic in Turkey has demonstrated a probable genetic predisposition to mineral fibre carcinogenesis and studies of human tissues and animal models of mesothelioma have demonstrated genetic and epigenetic events that contribute to the multistep process of mineral fibre carcinogenesis. Several growth factors and their receptors have a significant role in the oncogenesis, progression and resistance to therapy of mesothelioma. Epidermal growth factor (EGF), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and insulin-like growth factor (IGF) have been shown as targets for therapy based on promising preclinical data. However, clinical trials of tyrosine kinase inhibitors in mesothelioma have been disappointing. Bcl-XL is an important antiapoptotic member of the Bcl-2 family and is overexpressed in several solid tumours, including mesothelioma. Reduction of Bcl-XL expression in mesothelioma induces apoptosis and engenders sensitisation to cytotoxic chemotherapeutic agents. Pharmacological inhibitors of antiapoptotic Bcl-2 family members continue to undergo refinement and have shown promise in mesothelioma.
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13
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Yap JL, Cao X, Vanommeslaeghe K, Jung KY, Peddaboina C, Wilder PT, Nan A, MacKerell AD, Smythe WR, Fletcher S. Relaxation of the rigid backbone of an oligoamide-foldamer-based α-helix mimetic: identification of potent Bcl-xL inhibitors. Org Biomol Chem 2012; 10:2928-33. [PMID: 22395339 DOI: 10.1039/c2ob07125h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
By conducting a structure-activity relationship study of the backbone of a series of oligoamide-foldamer-based α-helix mimetics of the Bak BH3 helix, we have identified especially potent inhibitors of Bcl-x(L). The most potent compound has a K(i) value of 94 nM in vitro, and single-digit micromolar IC(50) values against the proliferation of several Bcl-x(L)-overexpressing cancer cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy L Yap
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, 20 N Pine St, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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Uchiumi F, Miyazaki S, Tanuma SI. [Biological functions of the duplicated GGAA-motifs in various human promoter regions]. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2011; 131:1787-800. [PMID: 22129877 DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.131.1787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Transcription is one of the most fundamental cellular functions and is an enzyme-complex mediated reaction that converts DNA sequences into mRNA. TATA-box is known to be an important motif for transcription. However, there are majority of promoters that have no TATA-box. They are called as TATA-less promoters and possess other elements that determine the transcription start site (TSS) of the genes. Multiple protein factors including ETS family proteins are known to recognize and bind to the GGAA containing sequences. In addition, it has been reported that the ETS binding motifs play important roles in regulation of various promoters. Here, we propose that the duplication and multiplication of the GGAA motifs are responsible for the initiation of transcription from TATA-less promoters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumiaki Uchiumi
- Department of Gene Regulation, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba, Japan.
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15
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Gordon GJ, Bueno R, Sugarbaker DJ. Genes associated with prognosis after surgery for malignant pleural mesothelioma promote tumor cell survival in vitro. BMC Cancer 2011; 11:169. [PMID: 21569526 PMCID: PMC3112160 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-11-169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2010] [Accepted: 05/13/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mesothelioma is an aggressive neoplasm with few effective treatments, one being cytoreductive surgery. We previously described a test, based on differential expression levels of four genes, to predict clinical outcome in prospectively consented mesothelioma patients after surgery. In this study, we determined whether any of these four genes could be linked to a cancer relevant phenotype. Methods We conducted a high-throughput RNA inhibition screen to knockdown gene expression levels of the four genes comprising the test (ARHGDIA, COBLL1, PKM2, TM4SF1) in both a human lung-derived normal and a tumor cell line using three different small inhibitory RNA molecules per gene. Successful knockdown was confirmed using quantitative RT-PCR. Detection of statistically significant changes in apoptosis and mitosis was performed using immunological assays and quantified using video-assisted microscopy at a single time-point. Changes in nuclear shape, size, and numbers were used to provide additional support of initial findings. Each experiment was conducted in triplicate. Specificity was assured by requiring that at least 2 different siRNAs produced the observed change in each cell line/time-point/gene/assay combination. Results Knockdown of ARHGDIA, COBLL1, and TM4SF1 resulted in 2- to 4-fold increased levels of apoptosis in normal cells (ARHGDIA only) and tumor cells (all three genes). No statistically significant changes were observed in apoptosis after knockdown of PKM2 or for mitosis after knockdown of any gene. Conclusions We provide evidence that ARHGDIA, COBLL1, and TM4SF1 are negative regulators of apoptosis in cultured tumor cells. These genes, and their related intracellular signaling pathways, may represent potential therapeutic targets in mesothelioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gavin J Gordon
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Sala V, Crepaldi T. Novel therapy for myocardial infarction: can HGF/Met be beneficial? Cell Mol Life Sci 2011; 68:1703-17. [PMID: 21327916 PMCID: PMC11114731 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-011-0633-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2010] [Revised: 01/19/2011] [Accepted: 01/27/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Myocardial infarction (MI) is a leading cause of hospitalization worldwide. A recently developed strategy to improve the management of MI is based on the use of growth factors which are able to enhance the intrinsic capacity of the heart to repair itself or regenerate after damage. Among others, hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) has been proposed as a modulator of cardiac repair of damage due to the pleiotropic effects elicited by Met receptor stimulation. In this review we describe the mechanistic basis for autocrine and paracrine protection of HGF in the injured heart. We also analyse the role of HGF/Met in stem cell maintenance and in stem cell therapies for MI. Finally, we summarize the most significant results on the use of HGF in experimental models of heart injury and discuss the potential of the molecule for treating ischaemic heart disease in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- V. Sala
- Department of Anatomy, Pharmacology and Forensic Medicine, University of Turin, Corso Massimo D’Azeglio 52, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - T. Crepaldi
- Department of Anatomy, Pharmacology and Forensic Medicine, University of Turin, Corso Massimo D’Azeglio 52, 10126 Turin, Italy
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The possible functions of duplicated ets (GGAA) motifs located near transcription start sites of various human genes. Cell Mol Life Sci 2011; 68:2039-51. [PMID: 21461879 PMCID: PMC3101357 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-011-0674-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2010] [Revised: 02/28/2011] [Accepted: 03/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Transcription is one of the most fundamental nuclear functions and is an enzyme complex-mediated reaction that converts DNA sequences into mRNA. Analyzing DNA sequences of 5′-flanking regions of several human genes that respond to 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate (TPA) in HL-60 cells, we have identified that the ets (GGAA) motifs are duplicated, overlapped, or clustered within a 500-bp distance from the most 5′-upstream region of the cDNA. Multiple protein factors including Ets family proteins are known to recognize and bind to the GGAA containing sequences. In addition, it has been reported that the ets motifs play important roles in regulation of various promoters. Here, we propose a molecular mechanism, defined by the presence of duplication and multiplication of the GGAA motifs, that is responsible for the initiation of transcription of several genes and for the recruitment of binding proteins to the transcription start site (TSS) of TATA-less promoters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dean A Fennell
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT9 7BL, Northern Ireland, UK.
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