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Örencik M, Schmid MJ, Schmid J, Schmid J, Conzelmann A. Overcoming adversity during the COVID-19 pandemic: Longitudinal stability of psychosocial resource profiles of elite athletes and their association with perceived stress. PSYCHOLOGY OF SPORT AND EXERCISE 2024; 72:102606. [PMID: 38341163 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2024.102606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 12/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Previous research has demonstrated that psychosocial resources are associated with elite athletes' perceived stress. However, these resources have mainly been studied separately. Using a person-oriented approach, this study aimed to identify meaningful profiles of athletes' psychosocial resources, their stability over time, and their relationship with perceived stress during the COVID-19 pandemic. To identify such patterns, separate latent profile analyses (LPA) at two measurement points T1 (June 2020) and T2 (March 2021) and a subsequent latent transition analysis (LTA) were conducted with athletic identity, resilience, perceived social support, and self-esteem for a sample of 373 Swiss elite athletes. Perceived stress was analyzed at and between T1 and T2 with a mixed-design ANOVA. For LPA, theoretical considerations and statistical criteria led to a solution of four profiles: (1) Athletic Identifiers With Above-Average Resources (nT1 = 235; nT2 = 240), (2) Below-Average Athletic Identifiers With Below-Average Resources (nT1 = 84; nT2 = 90), (3) Variable Athletic Identifiers With Below-Average Internal and Clearly Below-Average External Resources (nT1 = 14; nT2 = 7), and (4) Athletic Identifiers With Below-Average Internal and Above-Average External Resources (nT1 = 40; nT2 = 36). For LTA, both structural and individual stability was demonstrated. A large and significant main effect of perceived stress was observed for resource profiles, while there was no significant main effect for measurement point nor interaction effect. Direct comparisons revealed that Athletic Identifiers With Above-Average Resources perceived significantly less stress than the other profiles at both time points. In conclusion, regardless of psychosocial resource profile, the perceived stress of elite athletes was stable during the COVID-19 pandemic, but exhibiting a pattern with high psychosocial resources seems to buffer against stress compared to a lack of specific resources. Therefore, sport federations and practitioners should provide tailored support programs to help athletes build all these resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merlin Örencik
- Institute of Sport Science, University of Bern, Switzerland.
| | | | - Julia Schmid
- Institute of Sport Science, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jürg Schmid
- Institute of Sport Science, University of Bern, Switzerland
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Physical activity always benefits employees, right? Examining the role of physical activity type, grit, stress, and career satisfaction. JOURNAL OF MANAGEMENT & ORGANIZATION 2022. [DOI: 10.1017/jmo.2022.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
This study tests whether employee participation in different types of physical activity benefits employees' training stress and career satisfaction perceptions differently and if grit, as a psychological resource, mediates this relationship. In two samples, we assess whether (1) regular physical activity; or (2) exercise to reach a competitive goal have similar associations with employee outcomes. In study 1, we find no relationship between employee engagement in regular physical activity and the outcomes. Moreover, grit's consistency of effort mediates the physical activity – training stress relationship, exacerbating employees' training stress. In study 2, employee exercise reduces career satisfaction and increases training stress. Importantly, grit's perseverance dimension increases their career satisfaction, and the consistency of interest dimension lessens training stress. Thus, we find evidence that employee participation in different types of physical activity leads to divergent outcomes, and that grit as a mediator only benefits employees exercising for a competitive goal.
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Pfalzer AC, Hale LM, Huitz E, Buchanan DA, Brown BK, Moroz S, Rouleau RM, Hay KR, Hoadley J, Laird A, Ciriegio AE, Watson KH, Jones MT, Lin YC, Kang H, Riordan H, Isaacs DA, McDonell KE, Compas BE, Claassen DO. Healthcare Delivery and Huntington's Disease During the Time of COVID-19. J Huntingtons Dis 2021; 10:313-322. [PMID: 33896846 DOI: 10.3233/jhd-200460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Safer-at-home orders during the COVID-19 pandemic altered the structure of clinical care for Huntington's disease (HD) patients. This shift provided an opportunity to identify limitations in the current healthcare infrastructure and how these may impact the health and well-being of persons with HD. OBJECTIVE The study objectives were to assess the feasibility of remote healthcare delivery in HD patients, to identify socioeconomic factors which may explain differences in feasibility and to evaluate the impact of safer-at-home orders on HD patient stress levels. METHODS This observational study of a clinical HD population during the 'safer-at-home' orders asked patients or caregivers about their current access to healthcare resources and patient stress levels. A chart review allowed for an assessment of socioeconomic status and characterization of HD severity. RESULTS Two-hundred and twelve HD patients were contacted with 156 completing the survey. During safer-at-home orders, the majority of HD patients were able to obtain medications and see a physician; however, 25% of patients would not commit to regular telehealth visits, and less than 50% utilized an online healthcare platform. We found that 37% of participants were divorced/single, 39% had less than a high school diploma, and nearly 20% were uninsured or on low-income health insurance. Patient stress levels correlated with disease burden. CONCLUSION A significant portion of HD participants were not willing to participate in telehealth services. Potential explanations for these limitations may include socioeconomic barriers and caregiving structure. These observations illustrate areas for clinical care improvement to address healthcare disparities in the HD community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna C Pfalzer
- Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Lisa M Hale
- Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Elizabeth Huitz
- Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Danielle A Buchanan
- Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Brittany K Brown
- Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Sarah Moroz
- Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Renee M Rouleau
- Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Kaitlyn R Hay
- Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Jennifer Hoadley
- Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Amy Laird
- Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Abagail E Ciriegio
- Department of Psychology and Human Development, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Kelly H Watson
- Department of Psychology and Human Development, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Maile T Jones
- Department of Psychology and Human Development, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Ya-Chen Lin
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Hakmook Kang
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Heather Riordan
- Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - David A Isaacs
- Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Katherine E McDonell
- Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Bruce E Compas
- Department of Psychology and Human Development, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Daniel O Claassen
- Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
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Coco M, Buscemi A, Pennisi E, Cavallari P, Papotto G, Papotto GMF, Perciavalle V, Di Corrado D, Perciavalle V. Postural Control and Stress Exposure in Young Men: Changes in Cortisol Awakening Response and Blood Lactate. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:7222. [DOI: https:/doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17197222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
Background: It has recently been noticed that the quantity of stress affects postural stability in young women. The study was conducted with the goal of investigating whether increased stress may damagingly effect posture control in 90 young men (71 right-handed and 19 left-handed) while maintaining an upright bipedal posture, while keeping their eyes open or closed. Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) was administered and changes in free cortisol levels were monitored (Cortisol Awakening Response, CAR) in order to evaluate the amount of stress present during awakening, while the Profile of Mood States (POMS) was used to estimate distress on the whole. Posture control was evaluated with the use of a force platform, which, while computing a confidence ellipse area of 95%, was engaged by the Center of Pressure through five stability stations and was sustained for a minimum of 52 s, with and without visual input. Another goal of the experiment was to find out whether or not cortisol increases in CAR were linked with rises of blood lactate levels. Results: CAR, PSS and POMS were found to be extensively related. Furthermore, it has been observed that increases in salivary cortisol in CAR are associated with small but significant increases in blood lactate levels. As expected, stress levels did affect postural stability. Conclusions: The results of the present study confirm that the level of stress can influence postural stability, and that this influence is principally obvious when visual information is not used in postural control.
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Coco M, Buscemi A, Pennisi E, Cavallari P, Papotto G, Papotto GMF, Perciavalle V, Di Corrado D, Perciavalle V. Postural Control and Stress Exposure in Young Men: Changes in Cortisol Awakening Response and Blood Lactate. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E7222. [PMID: 33023176 PMCID: PMC7579131 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17197222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It has recently been noticed that the quantity of stress affects postural stability in young women. The study was conducted with the goal of investigating whether increased stress may damagingly effect posture control in 90 young men (71 right-handed and 19 left-handed) while maintaining an upright bipedal posture, while keeping their eyes open or closed. Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) was administered and changes in free cortisol levels were monitored (Cortisol Awakening Response, CAR) in order to evaluate the amount of stress present during awakening, while the Profile of Mood States (POMS) was used to estimate distress on the whole. Posture control was evaluated with the use of a force platform, which, while computing a confidence ellipse area of 95%, was engaged by the Center of Pressure through five stability stations and was sustained for a minimum of 52 s, with and without visual input. Another goal of the experiment was to find out whether or not cortisol increases in CAR were linked with rises of blood lactate levels. RESULTS CAR, PSS and POMS were found to be extensively related. Furthermore, it has been observed that increases in salivary cortisol in CAR are associated with small but significant increases in blood lactate levels. As expected, stress levels did affect postural stability. CONCLUSIONS The results of the present study confirm that the level of stress can influence postural stability, and that this influence is principally obvious when visual information is not used in postural control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marinella Coco
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
- Motor Activity Research Center (CRAM), University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Andrea Buscemi
- Horus Social Cooperative, Department of Research, 97100 Ragusa, Italy;
- Department of Research, Italian Center Studies of Osteopathy, 95100 Catania, Italy
| | - Emanuele Pennisi
- Department of Educational Sciences, University of Catania, 95100 Catania, Italy; (E.P.); (V.P.)
| | - Paolo Cavallari
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Human Physiology Section, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy;
| | - Giacomo Papotto
- University Hospital “Policlinico G. Rodolico-San Marco”, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy;
| | | | - Vincenzo Perciavalle
- Department of Human and Social Sciences, School of Sport Sciences, Kore University, 94100 Enna, Italy; (D.D.C.); (V.P.)
| | - Donatella Di Corrado
- Department of Human and Social Sciences, School of Sport Sciences, Kore University, 94100 Enna, Italy; (D.D.C.); (V.P.)
| | - Valentina Perciavalle
- Department of Educational Sciences, University of Catania, 95100 Catania, Italy; (E.P.); (V.P.)
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Lea RG, Davis SK, Mahoney B, Qualter P. Does Emotional Intelligence Buffer the Effects of Acute Stress? A Systematic Review. Front Psychol 2019; 10:810. [PMID: 31057453 PMCID: PMC6478766 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
People with higher levels of emotional intelligence (EI: adaptive emotional traits, skills, and abilities) typically achieve more positive life outcomes, such as psychological wellbeing, educational attainment, and job-related success. Although the underpinning mechanisms linking EI with those outcomes are largely unknown, it has been suggested that EI may work as a "stress buffer." Theoretically, when faced with a stressful situation, emotionally intelligent individuals should show a more adaptive response than those with low EI, such as reduced reactivity (less mood deterioration, less physiological arousal), and faster recovery once the threat has passed. A growing number of studies have begun to investigate that hypothesis in respect to EI measured as both an ability (AEI) and trait (TEI), but results are unclear. To test the "stress-buffering" function of EI, we systematically reviewed experimental studies that explored the relationship between both types of EI and acute stress reactivity or recovery. By searching four databases, we identified 45 eligible studies. Results indicated that EI was only adaptive in certain contexts, and that findings differed according to stressor type, and how EI was measured. In terms of stress reactivity, TEI related to less mood deterioration during sports-based stressors (e.g., competitions), physical discomfort (e.g., dental procedure), and cognitive stressors (e.g., memory tasks), but did not appear as helpful in other contexts (e.g., public speaking). Furthermore, effects of TEI on physiological stress responses, such as heart rate, were inconsistent. Effects of AEI on subjective and objective stress reactivity were often non-significant, with high levels detrimental in some cases. However, data suggest that both higher AEI and TEI relate to faster recovery from acute stress. In conclusion, results provide mixed support for the stress-buffering effect of EI. Limitations and quality of studies are also discussed. Findings could have implications for EI training programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosanna G Lea
- School of Psychology, College of Business, Psychology and Sport, University of Worcester, Worcester, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah K Davis
- School of Psychology, College of Business, Psychology and Sport, University of Worcester, Worcester, United Kingdom
| | - Bérénice Mahoney
- School of Psychology, College of Business, Psychology and Sport, University of Worcester, Worcester, United Kingdom
| | - Pamela Qualter
- School of Environment, Education and Development, Institute of Education, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
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