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Study of strength training on swimming performance. A systematic review. Sci Sports 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scispo.2022.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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McKenzie MR, McKean MR, Doyle DP, Hogarth LW, Burkett BJ. Swimming performance, physiology, and post-activation performance enhancement following dryland transition phase warmup: A systematic review. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0273248. [PMID: 35980952 PMCID: PMC9387820 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0273248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In swimming, the period between the end of the swimming warmup and the beginning of competition is critical to performance, here termed the transition phase. Several options are available during this phase, necessitating a systematic review to understand if optimal strategies exist. Objectives To synthesise and critically evaluate the current literature investigating land-based warmup interventions on subsequent performance in competitive swimmers. Methods A search of three electronic databases (PubMed, EBSCO SPORTDiscus and Web of Science) was conducted to identify original studies until February 2022. Selection criteria dictated that (i) a control condition was used, (ii) participants were ≥ 15 years of age, (iii) a pool-based warmup was done prior to the land-based warmup. A total of 25 articles met the selection criteria. Results Reducing the transition phase duration by at least half led to consistently faster time-trial times of between 1.1–1.5% for all included studies. Passive warmups using clothing interventions resulted in mostly faster time-trial’s of 0.4–0.8% with increases in skin temperature frequent, though little change occurred in core temperature. The methodology of passive respiratory warmups were vastly different with positive time-trial’s effects ranging between 0.9–1.1% for two studies, though one reported no meaningful difference. Active warmups led to consistently faster time-trial’s between 0.7–0.9%, though the unpinning factors are not clear. Warmups which combined passive and active options frequently led to faster time-trial’s between 0.8–3%. Upper and combined limb post-activation performance enhancement led to mostly unfavourable time-trial changes. Lower limb exclusive protocols results were inconsistent, with limited beneficial effects on time-trial or start performance reported following plyometric protocols. However, there does appear merit in heavier loaded lower limb protocols. Conclusion Each of a reduced transition phase length, and passive, active or combination warmup have demonstrated improvements in swimming performance. Conversely, PAPE protocols should be used with caution, especially when including the upper limbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max R. McKenzie
- Queensland Academy of Sport, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- School of Health and Behavioural Sciences, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Queensland, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Mark R. McKean
- Queensland Academy of Sport, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- School of Health and Behavioural Sciences, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Queensland, Australia
| | - Danielle P. Doyle
- Queensland Academy of Sport, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- School of Health and Behavioural Sciences, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Queensland, Australia
| | - Luke W. Hogarth
- School of Health and Behavioural Sciences, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Queensland, Australia
| | - Brendan J. Burkett
- School of Health and Behavioural Sciences, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Queensland, Australia
- Swimming Australia, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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Ruiz-Navarro JJ, Andersen JT, Cuenca-Fernández F, López-Contreras G, Morouço PG, Arellano R. Quantification of swimmers' ability to apply force in the water: the potential role of two new variables during tethered swimming. Sports Biomech 2022:1-13. [PMID: 35714061 DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2022.2089220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed 1) to examine variables that may quantify the ability to apply force in the water and 2) to test their relationship with free swimming performance. Sixteen regional-level swimmers participated in this study. Average (Favg) and maximum (Fmax) forces were measured for 30 s arm stroke tethered swimming in a flume at zero and 1.389 m/s water flow speeds. The maximum and average force's relative changes (ΔFmax and ΔFavg, respectively) were calculated between tethered swimming at zero and 1.389 m/s water flow speeds. Free swimming speeds were obtained from 25, 50, and 100 m front crawl trials, and were correlated with ΔFmax and ΔFavg. A negative correlation was found between ΔFmax and 25, 50 and 100 m speeds (r = -0.84, r = -0.74, r = -0.55; p < 0.05, respectively) and ΔFavg correlated negatively with 25 and 50 m speeds (r = -0.63, r = -0.54; p < 0.05, respectively), but it did not correlate with 100 m swimming speed. The relative change in force could be used to quantify the ability to apply force in the water. This could aid coaches to understand if changes in swimmers' ability to apply force in the water contribute to improvements in performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús J Ruiz-Navarro
- Aquatics Lab, Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Jordan T Andersen
- Sydney School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Biomechanics, Physical Performance, and Exercise (BioPPEx) Research Group, Macquarie University, NSW 2109, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie Universit, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Francisco Cuenca-Fernández
- Aquatics Lab, Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Gracia López-Contreras
- Aquatics Lab, Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Pedro G Morouço
- ESECS, Polytechnic of Leiria, Portugal
- ciTechCare, Center for Innovative Care and Health Technology, Polytechnic of Leiria, Portugal
| | - Raúl Arellano
- Aquatics Lab, Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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Ruiz-Navarro JJ, Gay A, Cuenca-Fernández F, López-Belmonte Ó, Morales-Ortíz E, López-Contreras G, Arellano R. The relationship between tethered swimming, anaerobic critical velocity, dry-land strength, and swimming performance. INT J PERF ANAL SPOR 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2022.2072561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jesús J. Ruiz-Navarro
- Aquatics Lab, Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Ana Gay
- Aquatics Lab, Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Francisco Cuenca-Fernández
- Aquatics Lab, Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Óscar López-Belmonte
- Aquatics Lab, Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Esther Morales-Ortíz
- Aquatics Lab, Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Gracia López-Contreras
- Aquatics Lab, Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Raúl Arellano
- Aquatics Lab, Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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Finlay MJ, Bridge CA, Greig M, Page RM. Upper-Body Post-activation Performance Enhancement for Athletic Performance: A Systematic Review with Meta-analysis and Recommendations for Future Research. Sports Med 2022; 52:847-871. [PMID: 34826109 PMCID: PMC8938350 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-021-01598-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Research on post-activation performance enhancement (PAPE) is dominated by lower-body conditioning activities/performance test complexes. Despite the contribution of the upper body to many sporting actions, no review on upper-body PAPE currently exists. OBJECTIVES The aim of this systematic review with meta-analysis was to provide a synthesis of the available research on the inclusion of upper-body PAPE conditioning activities to improve athletic performance. METHODS A review of the literature was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-analyses guidelines, including a literature search of EBSCOhost, SPORTDiscus, PubMed and Google Scholar databases. A total of 127 studies were identified through database searches, and were assessed against the following criteria: (1) randomised controlled trial or pre-and-post study design; (2) studies explored the effects of prior voluntary muscle activity, and not electrically induced contractions, (3) evidence, or lack thereof, of PAPE was quantified by the monitoring of individual performance to commonly applied physical tests or sport-specific tasks; (4) conditioning activities and performance tests were primarily upper-body; (5) detailed description of a standardised warm-up; and (6) full-text versions of studies could be accessed in English language peer-reviewed journals. Studies were quality assessed for methodological quality via the PEDro scale and ranked accordingly. RESULTS Thirty-one studies met the inclusion criteria. Studies were classified into different conditioning activity modes: bench press variations, sport-specific (modified implement throws, swing-specific, cable pulley, elastic resistance, combination) and bodyweight activity. Acute performance enhancement in several movement-specific combinations was found. A meta-analysis revealed that bench press at ≥ 80% one repetition maximum significantly (p = 0.03; ES = 0.31) improves subsequent power output in the ballistic bench throw at 30-40% one repetition maximum, following 8-12 min recovery. Additionally, sport-specific overweight implement throws improved subsequent throwing distance at competition weight by ~ 1.7-8.5%; ES = 0.14-0.33, following 3 min recovery. Sport-specific lighter weighted bat swings and swing-specific isometrics resulted in improved subsequent competition weight bat swing velocities, ranging from ~ 1.3-4.9%; ES = 0.16-0.57. CONCLUSIONS This review presents several upper-body movement-specific conditioning activities that could be considered by coaches and practitioners as part of complex or contrast training, or used in pre-competition warm-ups to acutely enhance performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell James Finlay
- Sports Injuries Research Group, Department of Sport and Physical Activity, Edge Hill University, St. Helens Road, Ormskirk, L39 4QP, Lancashire, UK.
| | - Craig Alan Bridge
- Sports Injuries Research Group, Department of Sport and Physical Activity, Edge Hill University, St. Helens Road, Ormskirk, L39 4QP, Lancashire, UK
| | - Matt Greig
- Sports Injuries Research Group, Department of Sport and Physical Activity, Edge Hill University, St. Helens Road, Ormskirk, L39 4QP, Lancashire, UK
| | - Richard Michael Page
- Sports Injuries Research Group, Department of Sport and Physical Activity, Edge Hill University, St. Helens Road, Ormskirk, L39 4QP, Lancashire, UK
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Joaquim Baratto de Azevedo O, Knierim Correia C, Soares Pereira G, Prado LS, Roesler H, Pereira SM, Ruschel C. Effect of three different set-up conditions on the propulsive force measures, reliability, and ecological validity during front crawl tethered-swimming. INT J PERF ANAL SPOR 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2021.1974182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Otávio Joaquim Baratto de Azevedo
- Aquatic Biomechanics Research Laboratory, College of Health and Sport Science, Santa Catarina State University, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Clara Knierim Correia
- Aquatic Biomechanics Research Laboratory, College of Health and Sport Science, Santa Catarina State University, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Soares Pereira
- Aquatic Biomechanics Research Laboratory, College of Health and Sport Science, Santa Catarina State University, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Luciano Sales Prado
- Sports Training Center-CTE, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Helio Roesler
- Aquatic Biomechanics Research Laboratory, College of Health and Sport Science, Santa Catarina State University, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Suzana Matheus Pereira
- Aquatic Biomechanics Research Laboratory, College of Health and Sport Science, Santa Catarina State University, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Caroline Ruschel
- Aquatic Biomechanics Research Laboratory, College of Health and Sport Science, Santa Catarina State University, Florianópolis, Brazil
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de Aquino Resende M, Aidar FJ, Vasconcelos Resende RB, Reis GC, de Oliveira Barros L, de Matos DG, Marçal AC, de Almeida-Neto PF, Díaz-de-Durana AL, Merino-Fernández M, Vilaça-Alves J, de Araújo Tinoco Cabral BG, Neves EB, Reis VM, Clemente FM, Garrido ND. Are Strength Indicators and Skin Temperature Affected by the Type of Warm-Up in Paralympic Powerlifting Athletes? Healthcare (Basel) 2021; 9:923. [PMID: 34442060 PMCID: PMC8392281 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare9080923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: the present study aimed to evaluate the effect of different types of warm-ups on the strength and skin temperature of Paralympic powerlifting athletes. (2) Methods: the participants were 15 male Paralympic powerlifting athletes. The effects of three different types of warm-up (without warm-up (WW), traditional warm-up (TW), or stretching warm-up (SW)) were analyzed on static and dynamic strength tests as well as in the skin temperature, which was monitored by thermal imaging. (3) Results: no differences in the dynamic and static indicators of the force were shown in relation to the different types of warm-ups. No significant differences were found in relation to peak torque (p = 0.055, F = 4.560, η2p = 0.246 medium effect), and one-repetition maximum (p = 0.139, F = 3.191, η2p = 0.186, medium effect) between the different types of warm-ups. In the thermographic analysis, there was a significant difference only in the pectoral muscle clavicular portion between the TW (33.04 ± 0.71 °C) and the WW (32.51 ± 0.74 °C) (p = 0.038). The TW method also presented slightly higher values than the SW and WW in the pectoral muscles sternal portion and the deltoid anterior portion, but with p-value > 0.05. (4) Conclusions: the types of warm-ups studied do not seem to interfere with the performance of Paralympic Powerlifting athletes. However, the thermal images showed that traditional warm-up best meets the objectives expected for this preparation phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo de Aquino Resende
- Department of Physical Education, Tiradentes University (UNIT), Aracaju 49010-390, Brazil; (M.d.A.R.); (R.B.V.R.); (G.C.R.)
| | - Felipe J. Aidar
- Group of Studies and Research of Performance, Sport, Health and Paralympic Sports (GEPEPS), Federal University of Sergipe (UFS), Sao Cristovao 49100-000, Brazil; (F.J.A.); (L.d.O.B.); (D.G.d.M.); (A.C.M.)
- Program of Physical Education, Federal University of Sergipe (UFS), Sao Cristovao 49100-000, Brazil
- Program of Physiological Science, Federal University of Sergipe (UFS), Sao Cristovao 49100-000, Brazil
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Sergipe (UFS), Sao Cristovao 49100-000, Brazil
| | | | - Gracielle Costa Reis
- Department of Physical Education, Tiradentes University (UNIT), Aracaju 49010-390, Brazil; (M.d.A.R.); (R.B.V.R.); (G.C.R.)
| | - Layanne de Oliveira Barros
- Group of Studies and Research of Performance, Sport, Health and Paralympic Sports (GEPEPS), Federal University of Sergipe (UFS), Sao Cristovao 49100-000, Brazil; (F.J.A.); (L.d.O.B.); (D.G.d.M.); (A.C.M.)
| | - Dihogo Gama de Matos
- Group of Studies and Research of Performance, Sport, Health and Paralympic Sports (GEPEPS), Federal University of Sergipe (UFS), Sao Cristovao 49100-000, Brazil; (F.J.A.); (L.d.O.B.); (D.G.d.M.); (A.C.M.)
- Cardiovascular & Physiology of Exercise Laboratory, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Anderson Carlos Marçal
- Group of Studies and Research of Performance, Sport, Health and Paralympic Sports (GEPEPS), Federal University of Sergipe (UFS), Sao Cristovao 49100-000, Brazil; (F.J.A.); (L.d.O.B.); (D.G.d.M.); (A.C.M.)
- Program of Physical Education, Federal University of Sergipe (UFS), Sao Cristovao 49100-000, Brazil
| | - Paulo Francisco de Almeida-Neto
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal 59078-970, Brazil; (P.F.d.A.-N.); (B.G.d.A.T.C.)
| | - Alfonso López Díaz-de-Durana
- Sports Department, Physical Activity and Sports Faculty-INEF, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - María Merino-Fernández
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria (UFV), 28223 Madrid, Spain;
| | - José Vilaça-Alves
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), Trás os Montes and Alto Douro University, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (J.V.-A.); (V.M.R.)
| | | | - Eduardo Borba Neves
- Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná (UTFPR), Curitiba 80230-901, Brazil;
| | - Victor Machado Reis
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), Trás os Montes and Alto Douro University, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (J.V.-A.); (V.M.R.)
| | - Filipe Manuel Clemente
- Escola Superior Desporto e Lazer, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Rua Escola Industrial e Comercial de Nun’Álvares, 4900-347 Viana do Castelo, Portugal;
- Instituto de Telecomunicações, Delegação da Coilhã, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Nuno Domingos Garrido
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), Trás os Montes and Alto Douro University, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (J.V.-A.); (V.M.R.)
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Crespo E, Ruiz-Navarro JJ, Cuenca-Fernández F, Arellano R. Post-Eccentric Flywheel Underwater Undulatory Swimming Potentiation in Competitive Swimmers. J Hum Kinet 2021; 79:145-154. [PMID: 34400994 PMCID: PMC8336562 DOI: 10.2478/hukin-2021-0068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Underwater undulatory swimming (UUS) influences overall swimming performance, therefore swimmers should try to maximize it. This research aimed to: 1) assess the effects of an activation protocol based on post-activation performance enhancements upon UUS; and 2) evaluate the differences between males and females. Seventeen competitive swimmers (male = 10; female = 7) participated in a cross-sectional study designed to test performance in UUS at 10 m after a traditional swimming warm-up (TRA) and after adding to the TRA 4 maximal half-squat repetitions on an inertial flywheel device (PAPE). A speedometer and an electronic timing system were used to obtain kinematic variables such as time, frequency and velocity at 10-m, which were processed with MATLAB®. A paired sample t test was applied to determine the differences of the kinematic variables between the TRA and PAPE. An independent sample t test was used to determine the effects of the PAPE in males and females. Participants reduced the time to cover 10 m after PAPE compared to the TRA (males: 5.77 ± 0.44 to 5.64 ± 0.46; females 6.34 ± 0.80 to 6.09 ± 0.66; p < 0.05). In addition, trends towards improvements in UUS velocity were obtained for males and females. However, push-off velocity and frequency showed a different tendency between genders (p < 0.05). In conclusion, the warm-up including repetitions on the flywheel device improved UUS performance. Some differences were obtained between genders after PAPE. Further research should confirm if the benefits obtained after the eccentric overload would depend either on gender or on other components such as fiber type composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esteban Crespo
- Aquatics Lab. Department of Physical Education and Sports. Faculty of Sport Sciences. Carretera de Alfacar, sn, 18011 – Granada. University of Granada. Spain
| | - Jesús Juan Ruiz-Navarro
- Aquatics Lab. Department of Physical Education and Sports. Faculty of Sport Sciences. Carretera de Alfacar, sn, 18011 – Granada. University of Granada. Spain
| | - Francisco Cuenca-Fernández
- Aquatics Lab. Department of Physical Education and Sports. Faculty of Sport Sciences. Carretera de Alfacar, sn, 18011 – Granada. University of Granada. Spain
| | - Raúl Arellano
- Aquatics Lab. Department of Physical Education and Sports. Faculty of Sport Sciences. Carretera de Alfacar, sn, 18011 – Granada. University of Granada. Spain
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Wadrzyk L, Staszkiewicz R, Zeglen M, Kryst L. Relationship between somatic build and kinematic indices of underwater undulatory swimming performed by young male swimmers. INT J PERF ANAL SPOR 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2021.1909450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lukasz Wadrzyk
- Department of Biomechanics, University of Physical Education in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Robert Staszkiewicz
- Department of Biomechanics, University of Physical Education in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | | | - Lukasz Kryst
- Department of Anthropology, University of Physical Education in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
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