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Pakozdy A, Halasz P, Klang A, Lörincz BA, Schmidt MJ, Glantschnigg-Eisl U, Binks S. Temporal lobe epilepsy in cats. Vet J 2023; 291:105941. [PMID: 36549606 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2022.105941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
In recent years there has been increased attention to the proposed entity of feline temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). Epileptic discharges in certain parts of the temporal lobe elicit very similar semiology, which justifies grouping these epilepsies under one name. Furthermore, feline TLE patients tend to have histopathological changes within the temporal lobe, usually in the hippocampus. The initial aetiology is likely to be different but may result in hippocampal necrosis and later hippocampal sclerosis. The aim of this article was not only to summarise the clinical features and the possible aetiology, but also being work to place TLE within the veterinary epilepsy classification. Epilepsies in cats, similar to dogs, are classified based on the aetiology into idiopathic epilepsy, structural epilepsy and unknown cause. TLE seems to be outside of this classification, as it is not an aetiologic category, but a syndrome, associated with a topographic affiliation to a certain anatomical brain structure. Magnetic resonance imaging, histopathologic aspects and current medical therapeutic considerations will be summarised, and emerging surgical options are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akos Pakozdy
- University Clinic for Small Animals, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Peter Halasz
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Andrea Klang
- Institute of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Austria
| | - Borbala A Lörincz
- Clinic of Diagnostic Imaging, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Austria
| | - Martin J Schmidt
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Small Animal Clinic-Neurosurgery, Neuroradiology and Clinical Neurology, Justus-Liebig-University, Germany
| | | | - Sophie Binks
- Oxford Autoimmune Neurology Group, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, UK
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2
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Riegler E, Pákozdy Á, Klang A, Tichy A, Braunöder B, Prüllage M, Lőrincz BB, Lőrincz BA. [Magnetic resonance imaging findings in 143 epileptic cats]. TIERARZTLICHE PRAXIS. AUSGABE K, KLEINTIERE/HEIMTIERE 2022; 50:13-22. [PMID: 35235959 DOI: 10.1055/a-1697-4729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Epilepsy is one of the more common chronic neurological diseases in cats in which MRI plays a key role in the diagnostic work-up. Hippocampal MRI changes are common in cats, however it is unclear whether these changes represent the reason or the consequence of the disease.The goal of the present study was the retrospective analysis of the MRI findings in a large cohort of epileptic cats. MATERIAL AND METHODS In total, 143 cats of 3 age groups (< 1 year, 1-6 years, and > 6 years) were included in the study. MRI findings were divided into 4 categories: normal, with extrahippocampal lesions, and hippocampal signal alterations with or without contrast enhancement. The prevalence and frequency of these MRI findings in the age groups were examined using chi-quadrat test and nominal regression model. RESULTS In approximately one half of the cats (49 %), MRI displayed normal findings. Extrahippocampal changes occurred in 18 % of the animals. Hippocampal alterations were present in 33 % of the cats. Hippocampal sclerosis was found histopathologically in all four MRI categories. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Brain MRI was normal in approximately 50 % of the epileptic cats. Extrahippocampal changes are expected mostly in cats older than 6 years. The etiology of the hippocampal alterations is unclear in most cases. Further investigations are needed for a better understanding of the hippocampal signal alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ákos Pákozdy
- Interne Medizin Kleintiere Veterinärmedizinische Universität Wien
| | - Andrea Klang
- Department für Pathobiologie, Veterinärmedizinische Universität Wien
| | - Alexander Tichy
- Department für Bioinformatik und Biostatistik, Veterinärmedizinische Universität Wien
| | | | - Maria Prüllage
- Bildgebende Diagnostik, Veterinärmedizinische Universität Wien
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3
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Slobodová L, Oreská Ľ, Schön M, Krumpolec P, Tirpáková V, Jurina P, Laurovič J, Vajda M, Nemec M, Hečková E, Šoóšová I, Cvečka J, Hamar D, Turčáni P, Tsai CL, Bogner W, Sedliak M, Krššák M, Ukropec J, Ukropcová B. Effects of Short- and Long-Term Aerobic-Strength Training and Determinants of Walking Speed in the Elderly. Gerontology 2021; 68:151-161. [PMID: 33971654 DOI: 10.1159/000515325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Walking speed (WS) is an objective measure of physical capacity and a modifiable risk factor of morbidity and mortality in the elderly. In this study, we (i) determined effects of 3-month supervised aerobic-strength training on WS, muscle strength, and habitual physical activity; (ii) evaluated capacity of long-term (21 months) training to sustain higher WS; and (iii) identified determinants of WS in the elderly. METHODS Volunteers (F 48/M 14, 68.4 ± 7.1 years) completed either 3-month aerobic-strength (3 × 1 h/week, n = 48) or stretching (active control, n = 14) intervention (study A). Thirty-one individuals (F 24/M 7) from study A continued in supervised aerobic-strength training (2 × 1 h/week, 21 months) and 6 (F 5/M 1) became nonexercising controls. RESULTS Three-month aerobic-strength training increased preferred and maximal WS (10-m walk test, p < 0.01), muscle strength (p < 0.01) and torque (p < 0.01) at knee extension, and 24-h habitual physical activity (p < 0.001), while stretching increased only preferred WS (p < 0.03). Effect of training on maximal WS was most prominent in individuals with baseline WS between 1.85 and 2.30 m·s-1. Maximal WS measured before intervention correlated negatively with age (r = -0.339, p = 0.007), but this correlation was weakened by the intervention (r = -0.238, p = 0.06). WS progressively increased within the first 9 months of aerobic-strength training (p < 0.001) and remained elevated during 21-month intervention (p < 0.01). Cerebellar gray matter volume (MRI) was positively associated with maximal (r = 0.54; p < 0.0001) but not preferred WS and explained >26% of its variability, while age had only minor effect. CONCLUSIONS Supervised aerobic-strength training increased WS, strength, and dynamics of voluntary knee extension as well as habitual physical activity in older individuals. Favorable changes in WS were sustainable over the 21-month period by a lower dose of aerobic-strength training. Training effects on WS were not limited by age, and cerebellar cortex volume was the key determinant of WS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Slobodová
- Biomedical Research Center, Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, University Science, Park for Biomedicine, Bratislava, Slovakia.,Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Ľudmila Oreská
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sports, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Martin Schön
- Biomedical Research Center, Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, University Science, Park for Biomedicine, Bratislava, Slovakia.,Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Patrik Krumpolec
- Biomedical Research Center, Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, University Science, Park for Biomedicine, Bratislava, Slovakia.,Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Veronika Tirpáková
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Slovak Medical University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Peter Jurina
- Biomedical Research Center, Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, University Science, Park for Biomedicine, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Jakub Laurovič
- Biomedical Research Center, Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, University Science, Park for Biomedicine, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Matej Vajda
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sports, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Michal Nemec
- Biomedical Research Center, Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, University Science, Park for Biomedicine, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Eva Hečková
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ivana Šoóšová
- National Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Ján Cvečka
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sports, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Dušan Hamar
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sports, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Peter Turčáni
- 1st Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University & University Hospital Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Chia-Liang Tsai
- Institute of Physical Education, Health and Leisure Studies, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Wolfgang Bogner
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Milan Sedliak
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sports, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Martin Krššák
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jozef Ukropec
- Biomedical Research Center, Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, University Science, Park for Biomedicine, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Barbara Ukropcová
- Biomedical Research Center, Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, University Science, Park for Biomedicine, Bratislava, Slovakia.,Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
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4
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Lőrincz BA, Anson A, Handschuh S, Tichy A, Rowan C, Lőrincz BB, Garamvölgyi R. Hippocampal size did not differ between epileptic and non-epileptic dogs using volumetric and subjective methods. Acta Vet Hung 2021; 69:1-8. [PMID: 33835940 DOI: 10.1556/004.2021.00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Hippocampal changes in epilepsy may manifest as hippocampal atrophy/sclerosis. A recent human study suggests that the demonstration of hippocampal volume loss is more reliable using quantitative evaluation methods. The aim of the present study was to obtain volumetric data in both epileptic and healthy dogs, to compare hippocampal volumes in both groups, and to compare subjective and volumetric assessment. Volumetric measurements of the hippocampi, lateral ventricles and hemispheria were performed in 31 epileptic and 15 control dogs. There was a positive association between the body weight and the hemispheric volume, as well as between the hemispheric volume and the ipsilateral hippocampal volume. There was no significant correlation between age and the volume of any measured brain structures. There was no statistically significant difference between the hippocampal volumes of the control group and the epileptic group. A statistically significant difference between the two groups for hippocampus/hemispherium ratio or hippocampal asymmetric ratio was not identified. An extrapolated hippocampal volume based on body weight was not possible in this study population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Borbála A. Lőrincz
- 1Veterinary University Vienna, Diagnostic Imaging, Veterinärplatz 1, A-1210 Vienna, Austria
- 2Medicopus Nonprofit Ltd, Guba S. u. 40, H-7400 Kaposvár, Hungary
| | - Agustina Anson
- 1Veterinary University Vienna, Diagnostic Imaging, Veterinärplatz 1, A-1210 Vienna, Austria
- 3Department of Clinical Sciences, Diagnostic Imaging Service, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University, Boston, USA
| | - Stephan Handschuh
- 1Veterinary University Vienna, Diagnostic Imaging, Veterinärplatz 1, A-1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Alexander Tichy
- 1Veterinary University Vienna, Diagnostic Imaging, Veterinärplatz 1, A-1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Conor Rowan
- 1Veterinary University Vienna, Diagnostic Imaging, Veterinärplatz 1, A-1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Balázs B. Lőrincz
- 4Department of Head and Neck for ENT and Oncologic/Reconstructive/Endocrine and Robotic-assisted Head and Neck Surgery, Agaplesion Bethanien and Markus Hospitals, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Rita Garamvölgyi
- 2Medicopus Nonprofit Ltd, Guba S. u. 40, H-7400 Kaposvár, Hungary
- 5Auvet Pharma Ltd, Kaposvár, Hungary
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5
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Watson F, Coppi AA, Volk HA, Packer RMA, Tauro A, Rusbridge C. Comparison of volume of the forebrain, subarachnoid space and lateral ventricles between dogs with idiopathic epilepsy and controls using a stereological approach: Cavalieri's principle. Canine Med Genet 2021; 8:3. [PMID: 33691781 PMCID: PMC7944915 DOI: 10.1186/s40575-021-00101-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Canine idiopathic epilepsy (IE) is the most common chronic neurological brain disease in dogs, yet it can only be diagnosed by exclusion of all other potential causes. In people, epilepsy has been associated with a reduction in brain volume. The objective was to estimate the volume of the forebrain (FB), subarachnoid space (SAS) and lateral ventricles (LV) in dogs with IE compared to controls using Cavalieri’s principle. MRI scans of case and control dogs were identified from two neurology referral hospital databases. Eight breeds with increased odds of having IE were included: Golden Retriever, Labrador Retriever, Cocker Spaniel, Border terrier, German Shepherd dog, Parson Jack Russell terrier, Boxer, and Border Collie. Five dogs of each breed with IE and up to five controls were systematically and uniformly randomly sampled (SURS). The volume of the FB, SAS and LV were estimated from MRI scans by one blinded observer using Cavalieri’s principle. Results One hundred-two dogs were identified; 56 were diagnosed with IE and 46 were controls. There was no statistically significant difference in FB, SAS and LV volume between dogs with IE and controls. Dogs with a history of status epilepticus had significantly larger FB than those without (p = 0.05). There was a border-line trend for LV volume to increase with increasing length of seizure history in the IE group (p = 0.055). Conclusion The volumes of the FB, SAS and LV are not different between dogs with IE and controls, so IE remains a diagnosis of exclusion with no specific neuroanatomical biomarkers identified. This is the first time FB and SAS volume has been compared in dogs with IE. Unfortunately, we have shown that the results reporting significantly larger FBs in dogs with status epilepticus and LV volume increase with length of seizure history were likely confounded by breed and should be interpreted cautiously. Whilst these associations are interesting and clinically relevant, further investigation with breed-specific or larger, breed-diverse populations are required to permit strong conclusions. The Cavalieri principle provided an effective estimation of FB, SAS and LV volumes on MRI, but may be too time-intensive for use in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fraje Watson
- Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, Hertfordshire, Hatfield, AL9 7TA, UK. .,Present Address: University College London, Division of Surgery & Interventional Science, Aspire CREATe, Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital, Brockley Hill, Stanmore, Middlesex, HA7 4LP, UK.
| | - A Augusto Coppi
- School of Animal, Rural and Environmental Sciences, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, NG25 0QF, UK
| | - Holger A Volk
- Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, Hertfordshire, Hatfield, AL9 7TA, UK.,Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg, 30559, Hanover, Germany
| | - Rowena M A Packer
- Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, Hertfordshire, Hatfield, AL9 7TA, UK
| | - Anna Tauro
- Chestergates Veterinary Specialists, Telford Court, Units E and F, Gates Lane, Chester, CH1 6LT, UK
| | - Clare Rusbridge
- Present Address: University College London, Division of Surgery & Interventional Science, Aspire CREATe, Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital, Brockley Hill, Stanmore, Middlesex, HA7 4LP, UK.,School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Healthy & Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Main Academic Building (VSM), Daphne Jackson Road, Guildford, Surrey, GU2 7AL, UK
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6
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Huaijantug S, Yatmark P, Chinnabrut P, Rueangsawat N, Wongkumlue A, Teerapan W, Chatchaisak D. Quantitative brain histogram of canine epilepsy using magnetic resonance imaging. Acta Radiol 2021; 62:93-101. [PMID: 32295389 DOI: 10.1177/0284185120914031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Quantitative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is used to study the anatomy of the brain in dogs with idiopathic epilepsy. PURPOSE To quantitate MRI images in terms of volumetric ratios and histogram analyses of the following regions of interest (ROI) in dogs with idiopathic epilepsy: frontal; parietal; temporal; piriform; thalamic; and hippocampal regions. MATERIAL AND METHODS Nine dogs with epilepsy and four healthy controls were evaluated. We examined the volumetric ratios and histogram analyses of six ROIs in all dogs. RESULTS MR images, in T1-weighted, T2-weighted, FLAIR, diffusion-weighted imaging, and apparent diffusion coefficient sequences detected changes in 4/9 (44%) epileptic dogs found in 5/6 regions: frontal; parietal; temporal; piriform; and hippocampal regions. However, no such changes were observed in the thalamic region. Interestingly, the frontal and piriform volumetric ratios of epileptic dogs were significantly lower than those of control dogs. The histogram analyses in 4/6 regions were significantly increased in epileptic dogs. CONCLUSION Our results demonstrated MRI finding abnormalities in several regions of the brain in several sequences including T1-weighted, T2-weighted, FLAIR, diffusion-weighted imaging, and apparent diffusion coefficient in epileptic dogs. In several regions of the brain, atrophy may exist, and hyperintensity may be present on MR images in epileptic dogs. These findings suggest that the diagnostic yield of MRI, which is an advanced neuroimaging technique, is high in epileptic dogs and has good reliability and sensitivity in detecting abnormal areas in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somkiat Huaijantug
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Paranee Yatmark
- Department of Pre-Clinical and Apply Animal Science, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | | | | | - Avirut Wongkumlue
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Wuttiwong Teerapan
- Department of Companion Animals Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Duangthip Chatchaisak
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
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7
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Dewey CW, Rishniw M, Johnson PJ, Platt S, Robinson K, Sackman J, O'Donnell M. Canine cognitive dysfunction patients have reduced total hippocampal volume compared with aging control dogs: A comparative magnetic resonance imaging study. Open Vet J 2020; 10:438-442. [PMID: 33614439 PMCID: PMC7830179 DOI: 10.4314/ovj.v10i4.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Hippocampal atrophy is a key pathologic and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) feature of human Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Hippocampal atrophy has not been documented via MRI in canine cognitive dysfunction (CCD), which is considered as the dog model of human AD. Aim: The purpose of this retrospective comparative volumetric MRI study was to compare total hippocampal volumes between successfully aging (control) dogs and dogs diagnosed with CCD. Methods: Mimics® software was used to derive total hippocampal volumes and total brain volumes from the MRI studies of 42 aging dogs (≥ 9 years): 16 dogs diagnosed with CCD and 26 successfully aging controls. Hippocampal volumes were normalized to total brain volume and these values were compared between groups using Mann–Whitney U tests. Results: Total hippocampal volume normalized to total brain volume was significantly less for CCD patients compared with control dogs (p = 0.04). Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that – similar to human AD – hippocampal atrophy is a pathological feature of CCD. This finding has potential importance for both investigating disease mechanisms related to dementia as well as future hippocampal-targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Curtis Wells Dewey
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.,Department of Surgery, Long Island Veterinary Specialists, Plainview, NY, USA.,Rochester Veterinary Specialists and Emergency Services, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Mark Rishniw
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Philippa J Johnson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Simon Platt
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Kelsey Robinson
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Joseph Sackman
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.,Department of Surgery, Long Island Veterinary Specialists, Plainview, NY, USA.,Rochester Veterinary Specialists and Emergency Services, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.,Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Marissa O'Donnell
- Department of Surgery, Long Island Veterinary Specialists, Plainview, NY, USA
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8
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Olszewska A, Schmidt MJ, Failing K, Nicpoń J, Podgórski P, Wrzosek MA. Interictal Single-Voxel Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy of the Temporal Lobe in Dogs With Idiopathic Epilepsy. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:644. [PMID: 33195502 PMCID: PMC7541947 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (H1-MRS) could provide insight into the metabolic pathophysiology of the temporal lobe of canine brain after seizure. Currently, there is no evidence-based data available on MRS of temporal lobe in dogs with idiopathic epilepsy (IE). The aim of this prospective, cross-sectional study was to evaluate the interictal metabolic activity of the temporal lobe in IE dogs compared to a control group with the use of H1-MRS. Ten healthy dogs and 27 client-owned dogs with IE underwent 1.5-Tesla magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and single-voxel H1-MRS. The MRS studies were acquired as spin echoes with a repetition time (TR) of 2,000 ms and an echo time (TE) of 144 ms. A cubic voxel (10 ×10 ×10 mm) was positioned bilaterally into the region of the left and right temporal lobe, including a middle part of the hippocampus and the amygdala. The N-acetylaspartate (NAA)-to-creatine (NAA/Cr), NAA-to-choline (NAA/Cho), choline-to-creatine (Cho/Cr), and choline-to-NAA (Cho/NAA) ratios were determined in both hemispheres and compared to controls. No significant differences in all metabolite ratios between epileptic dogs and the control group could be found. A time-dependent decrease in the NAA/Cho ratio as well as an increase in the Cho/NAA ratio was found with proximity in time to the last seizure. We found no correlation between metabolite ratios and age or sex in this animal group. Time span from the last seizure to the acquisition of MRS significantly correlated with NAA/Cho and Cho/NAA ratio. We conclude that without a time relation, metabolite ratios in dogs with IE do not differ from those of the control group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Olszewska
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, Small Animal Clinic, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Martin Jürgen Schmidt
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, Small Animal Clinic, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Klaus Failing
- Unit for Biomathematics and Data Processing, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Józef Nicpoń
- Department of Internal Diseases With a Clinic for Horses, Dogs and Cats, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland.,Center of Experimental Diagnostics and Innovative Biomedical Technologies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Przemysław Podgórski
- Department of General Radiology and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology, Wrocław Medical University, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Marcin Adam Wrzosek
- Department of Internal Diseases With a Clinic for Horses, Dogs and Cats, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
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9
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Gruber I, Kneissl S, Probst A, Pakozdy A. Delineation of the Feline Hippocampal Formation: A Comparison of Magnetic Resonance Images With Anatomic Slices. Front Vet Sci 2019; 6:358. [PMID: 31781578 PMCID: PMC6857121 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The hippocampal formation (HF) is a relevant brain structure that is involved in several neurological and psychiatric diseases. In cats, structural changes of the HF are associated with epilepsy. The knowledge of a detailed anatomy of this brain region may lead to the accurate diagnosis and development of better therapies. There are, however, discrepancies among the research findings, which may be due to different definitions being used, according to anatomical guidelines and boundaries, as well as different magnetic resonance (MR) protocols. The aim of this study is to evaluate the anatomical borders of the HF on transverse MR images and the correlated anatomic sections in three cats. The boundaries of the HF were mostly visible in the formalin fixed anatomic sections, except in the areas where the hippocampus proper exchanges into the subicular complex. Also, the delineation of the anteroventral part and the latero-caudal borders of the HF were not clearly defined. Based on our preliminary results these problems are reinforced on MR images, and further histological and anatomical research must be done to find a way to delineate these neurological structures accurately.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Gruber
- Internal Medicine Small Animals, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sibylle Kneissl
- Diagnostic Imaging, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alexander Probst
- Institute of Topographic Anatomy, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Akos Pakozdy
- Internal Medicine Small Animals, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
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10
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Gardini A, Taeymans O, Cherubini GB, de Stefani A, Targett M, Vettorato E. Linear magnetic resonance imaging measurements of the hippocampal formation differ in young versus old dogs. Vet Rec 2019; 185:306. [PMID: 31308154 PMCID: PMC6817983 DOI: 10.1136/vr.105243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Age-related hippocampal formation (HF) atrophy has been documented on MRI studies using volumetric analysis and visual rating scales. This retrospective cross-sectional study aimed to compare linear MRI measurements of the HF between young (1–3 years) and old (>10 years) non-brachycephalic dogs, with normal brain anatomy and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis. Right and left hippocampal formation height (HFH), height of the brain (HB) and mean HFH/HB ratio were measured by two observers on a transverse T2 fluid-attenuated inversion recovery sequence containing rostral colliculi and mesencephalic aqueduct.119 MRI studies were enrolled: 75 young and 44 old dogs. Left and right HFH were greater (p<0.0001) in young, while HB was greater in old dogs (p=0.024). Mean HFH/HB ratio was 15.66 per cent and 18.30 per cent in old and young dogs (p<0.0001). No differences were found comparing measurements between epileptic and non-epileptic dogs. Old dogs have a greater HB; this may represent the different study populations or a statistical phenomenon. Ageing affects HF linear measurements. A reduction of mean HFH/HB ratio between 18.30 per cent and 15.66 per cent should be considered a physiological age-related process of the canine lifespan. The use of mean HFH/HB ratio could be considered for quantifying brain atrophy in elderly dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Gardini
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Dick White Referrals, Six Mile Bottom, UK
| | - Olivier Taeymans
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Dick White Referrals, Six Mile Bottom, UK
| | | | - Alberta de Stefani
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Royal Veterinary College, London, UK
| | - Mike Targett
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, UK
| | - Enzo Vettorato
- Department of Anaesthesia and Analgesia, Dick White Referrals, Six Mile Bottom, UK
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11
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Estey CM, Dewey CW, Rishniw M, Lin DM, Bouma J, Sackman J, Burkland E. A Subset of Dogs with Presumptive Idiopathic Epilepsy Show Hippocampal Asymmetry: A Volumetric Comparison with Non-Epileptic Dogs Using MRI. Front Vet Sci 2017; 4:183. [PMID: 29167797 PMCID: PMC5682304 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2017.00183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
MRI-acquired volumetric measurements from 100 dogs with presumptive idiopathic epilepsy (IE) and 41 non-epileptic (non-IE) dogs were used to determine if hippocampal asymmetry exists in the IE as compared to the non-IE dogs. MRI databases from three institutions were searched for dogs that underwent MRI of the brain and were determined to have IE and those that were considered non-IE dogs. Volumes of the right and left hippocampi were measured using Mimics® software. Median hippocampal volumes of IE and non-IE dogs were 0.47 and 0.53 cm3, respectively. There was no significant difference in overall hippocampal volume between IE and non-IE dogs; however, IE dogs had greater hippocampal asymmetry than non-IE dogs (P < 0.012). A threshold value of 1.16 from the hippocampal ratio had an 85% specificity for identifying IE-associated asymmetry. Thirty five percent of IE dogs had a hippocampal ratio >1.16. Asymmetry was not associated with any particular hemisphere (P = 0.67). Our study indicates that hippocampal asymmetry occurs in a subset of dogs with presumptive idiopathic/genetic epilepsy, suggesting a structural etiology to some cases of IE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsie M Estey
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cornell University Hospital for Animals, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Curtis W Dewey
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cornell University Hospital for Animals, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Mark Rishniw
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cornell University Hospital for Animals, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - David M Lin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Jennifer Bouma
- Rochester Veterinary Specialists, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Joseph Sackman
- Long Island Veterinary Specialists, Plainview, NY, United States
| | - Erica Burkland
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cornell University Hospital for Animals, Ithaca, NY, United States
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12
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Schmidt MJ, Kampschulte M, Enderlein S, Gorgas D, Lang J, Ludewig E, Fischer A, Meyer-Lindenberg A, Schaubmar AR, Failing K, Ondreka N. The Relationship between Brachycephalic Head Features in Modern Persian Cats and Dysmorphologies of the Skull and Internal Hydrocephalus. J Vet Intern Med 2017; 31:1487-1501. [PMID: 28833532 PMCID: PMC5598898 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.14805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Revised: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cat breeders observed a frequent occurrence of internal hydrocephalus in Persian cats with extreme brachycephalic head morphology. Objective To investigate a possible relationship among the grade of brachycephaly, ventricular dilatation, and skull dysmorphologies in Persian cats. Animals 92 Persian‐, 10 Domestic shorthair cats. Methods The grade of brachycephaly was determined on skull models based on CT datasets. Cranial measurements were examined with regard to a possible correlation with relative ventricular volume, and cranial capacity. Persians with high (peke‐face Persians) and lower grades of brachycephaly (doll‐face Persians) were investigated for the presence of skull dysmorphologies. Results The mean cranial index of the peke‐face Persians (0.97 ± 0.14) was significantly higher than the mean cranial index of doll‐face Persians (0.66 ± 0.04; P < 0.001). Peke‐face Persians had a lower relative nasal bone length (0.15 ± 0.04) compared to doll‐face (0.29 ± 0.08; P < 0.001). The endocranial volume was significantly lower in doll‐face than peke‐face Persians (89.6 ± 1.27% versus 91.76 ± 2.07%; P < 0.001). The cranial index was significantly correlated with this variable (Spearman's r: 0.7; P < 0.0001). Mean ventricle: Brain ratio of the peke‐face group (0.159 ± 0.14) was significantly higher compared to doll‐face Persians (0.015 ± 0.01; P < 0.001). Conclusion and Clinical Relevance High grades of brachycephaly are also associated with malformations of the calvarial and facial bones as well as dental malformations. As these dysmorphologies can affect animal welfare, the selection for extreme forms of brachycephaly in Persian cats should be reconsidered.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Schmidt
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Clinic for Small Animals, Justus-Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - M Kampschulte
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Gießen, Gießen, Germany
| | - S Enderlein
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Clinic for Small Animals, Justus-Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - D Gorgas
- Vetsuisse Faculty Berne, Clinical Radiology, Berne, Switzerland
| | - J Lang
- Vetsuisse Faculty Berne, Clinical Radiology, Berne, Switzerland
| | - E Ludewig
- Department of Companion Animals and Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - A Fischer
- Section of Neurology, Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - A Meyer-Lindenberg
- Clinic of Small Animal Surgery and Reproduction, Ludwig Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - A R Schaubmar
- Unit for Biomathematics and Data Processing, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - K Failing
- Unit for Biomathematics and Data Processing, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - N Ondreka
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Clinic for Small Animals, Justus-Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
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13
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Milne ME, Steward C, Firestone SM, Long SN, O'Brien TJ, Moffat BA. Development of representative magnetic resonance imaging-based atlases of the canine brain and evaluation of three methods for atlas-based segmentation. Am J Vet Res 2016; 77:395-403. [PMID: 27027839 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.77.4.395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To develop representative MRI atlases of the canine brain and to evaluate 3 methods of atlas-based segmentation (ABS). ANIMALS 62 dogs without clinical signs of epilepsy and without MRI evidence of structural brain disease. PROCEDURES The MRI scans from 44 dogs were used to develop 4 templates on the basis of brain shape (brachycephalic, mesaticephalic, dolichocephalic, and combined mesaticephalic and dolichocephalic). Atlas labels were generated by segmenting the brain, ventricular system, hippocampal formation, and caudate nuclei. The MRI scans from the remaining 18 dogs were used to evaluate 3 methods of ABS (manual brain extraction and application of a brain shape-specific template [A], automatic brain extraction and application of a brain shape-specific template [B], and manual brain extraction and application of a combined template [C]). The performance of each ABS method was compared by calculation of the Dice and Jaccard coefficients, with manual segmentation used as the gold standard. RESULTS Method A had the highest mean Jaccard coefficient and was the most accurate ABS method assessed. Measures of overlap for ABS methods that used manual brain extraction (A and C) ranged from 0.75 to 0.95 and compared favorably with repeated measures of overlap for manual extraction, which ranged from 0.88 to 0.97. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Atlas-based segmentation was an accurate and repeatable method for segmentation of canine brain structures. It could be performed more rapidly than manual segmentation, which should allow the application of computer-assisted volumetry to large data sets and clinical cases and facilitate neuroimaging research and disease diagnosis.
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14
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Diagnostic techniques to detect the epileptogenic zone: Pathophysiological and presurgical analysis of epilepsy in dogs and cats. Vet J 2016; 215:64-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2016.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Revised: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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15
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Rusbridge C, Long S, Jovanovik J, Milne M, Berendt M, Bhatti SFM, De Risio L, Farqhuar RG, Fischer A, Matiasek K, Muñana K, Patterson EE, Pakozdy A, Penderis J, Platt S, Podell M, Potschka H, Stein VM, Tipold A, Volk HA. International Veterinary Epilepsy Task Force recommendations for a veterinary epilepsy-specific MRI protocol. BMC Vet Res 2015; 11:194. [PMID: 26319136 PMCID: PMC4594743 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-015-0466-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is one of the most common chronic neurological diseases in veterinary practice. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is regarded as an important diagnostic test to reach the diagnosis of idiopathic epilepsy. However, given that the diagnosis requires the exclusion of other differentials for seizures, the parameters for MRI examination should allow the detection of subtle lesions which may not be obvious with existing techniques. In addition, there are several differentials for idiopathic epilepsy in humans, for example some focal cortical dysplasias, which may only apparent with special sequences, imaging planes and/or particular techniques used in performing the MRI scan. As a result, there is a need to standardize MRI examination in veterinary patients with techniques that reliably diagnose subtle lesions, identify post-seizure changes, and which will allow for future identification of underlying causes of seizures not yet apparent in the veterinary literature. There is a need for a standardized veterinary epilepsy-specific MRI protocol which will facilitate more detailed examination of areas susceptible to generating and perpetuating seizures, is cost efficient, simple to perform and can be adapted for both low and high field scanners. Standardisation of imaging will improve clinical communication and uniformity of case definition between research studies. A 6–7 sequence epilepsy-specific MRI protocol for veterinary patients is proposed and further advanced MR and functional imaging is reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare Rusbridge
- Fitzpatrick Referrals, Halfway Lane, Eashing, Godalming, GU7 2QQ, Surrey, UK. .,School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7TE, Surrey, UK.
| | - Sam Long
- University of Melbourne, 250 Princes Highway, Weibee, 3015, VIC, Australia.
| | - Jelena Jovanovik
- Fitzpatrick Referrals, Halfway Lane, Eashing, Godalming, GU7 2QQ, Surrey, UK.
| | - Marjorie Milne
- University of Melbourne, 250 Princes Highway, Weibee, 3015, VIC, Australia.
| | - Mette Berendt
- Department of Veterinary and Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
| | - Sofie F M Bhatti
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Clinical Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, Merelbeke, 9820, Belgium.
| | - Luisa De Risio
- Animal Health Trust, Lanwades Park, Kentford, Newmarket, CB8 7UU, Suffolk, UK.
| | - Robyn G Farqhuar
- Fernside Veterinary Centre, 205 Shenley Road, Borehamwood, SG9 0TH, Hertfordshire, UK.
| | - Andrea Fischer
- Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Veterinärstr. 13, 80539, Munich, Germany.
| | - Kaspar Matiasek
- Section of Clinical & Comparative Neuropathology, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Veterinärstr. 13, 80539, Munich, Germany.
| | - Karen Muñana
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1052 William Moore Drive, Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA.
| | - Edward E Patterson
- University of Minnesota College of Veterinary Medicine, D426 Veterinary Medical Center, 1352 Boyd Avenue, St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA.
| | - Akos Pakozdy
- Clinical Unit of Internal Medicine Small Animals, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Jacques Penderis
- Vet Extra Neurology, Broadleys Veterinary Hospital, Craig Leith Road, Stirling, FK7 7LE, Stirlingshire, UK.
| | - Simon Platt
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, 501 DW Brooks Drive, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.
| | - Michael Podell
- Chicago Veterinary Neurology and Neurosurgery, 3123 N. Clybourn Avenue, Chicago, IL, 60618, USA.
| | - Heidrun Potschka
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximillians-University, Königinstr. 16, 80539, Munich, Germany.
| | - Veronika M Stein
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 9, 30559, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Andrea Tipold
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 9, 30559, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Holger A Volk
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, AL9 7TA, Hertfordshire, UK.
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16
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Matiasek K, Pumarola I Batlle M, Rosati M, Fernández-Flores F, Fischer A, Wagner E, Berendt M, Bhatti SFM, De Risio L, Farquhar RG, Long S, Muñana K, Patterson EE, Pakozdy A, Penderis J, Platt S, Podell M, Potschka H, Rusbridge C, Stein VM, Tipold A, Volk HA. International veterinary epilepsy task force recommendations for systematic sampling and processing of brains from epileptic dogs and cats. BMC Vet Res 2015; 11:216. [PMID: 26324339 PMCID: PMC4595046 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-015-0467-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Traditionally, histological investigations of the epileptic brain are required to identify epileptogenic brain lesions, to evaluate the impact of seizure activity, to search for mechanisms of drug-resistance and to look for comorbidities. For many instances, however, neuropathological studies fail to add substantial data on patients with complete clinical work-up. This may be due to sparse training in epilepsy pathology and or due to lack of neuropathological guidelines for companion animals.The protocols introduced herein shall facilitate systematic sampling and processing of epileptic brains and therefore increase the efficacy, reliability and reproducibility of morphological studies in animals suffering from seizures.Brain dissection protocols of two neuropathological centres with research focus in epilepsy have been optimised with regards to their diagnostic yield and accuracy, their practicability and their feasibility concerning clinical research requirements.The recommended guidelines allow for easy, standardised and ubiquitous collection of brain regions, relevant for seizure generation. Tissues harvested the prescribed way will increase the diagnostic efficacy and provide reliable material for scientific investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaspar Matiasek
- Section of Clinical and Comparative Neuropathology, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Veterinärstr. 13, 80539, Munich, Germany.
| | - Martí Pumarola I Batlle
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Veterinary Faculty, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Campus UAB Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Marco Rosati
- Section of Clinical and Comparative Neuropathology, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Veterinärstr. 13, 80539, Munich, Germany.
| | - Francisco Fernández-Flores
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Veterinary Faculty, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Campus UAB Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Andrea Fischer
- Department of Animal and Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
| | - Eva Wagner
- Section of Clinical and Comparative Neuropathology, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Veterinärstr. 13, 80539, Munich, Germany.
| | - Mette Berendt
- Department of Animal and Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
| | - Sofie F M Bhatti
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Clinical Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, Merelbeke, 9820, Belgium.
| | - Luisa De Risio
- Animal Health Trust, Lanwades Park, Kentford, Newmarket, CB8 7UU, Suffolk, UK.
| | - Robyn G Farquhar
- Fernside Veterinary Centre, 205 Shenley Road, Borehamwood, SG9 0TH, Hertfordshire, UK.
| | - Sam Long
- University of Melbourne, 250 Princes Highway, Weibee, 3015, VIC, Australia.
| | - Karen Muñana
- North Carolina State University, 1052 William Moore Drive, Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA.
| | - Edward E Patterson
- University of Minnesota College of Veterinary Medicine, D426 Veterinary Medical Center, 1352 Boyd Avenue, St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA.
| | - Akos Pakozdy
- Clinical Unit of Internal Medicine Small Animals, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Jacques Penderis
- Vet Extra Neurology, Broadleys Veterinary Hospital, Craig Leith Road, Stirling, FK7 7LE, Stirlingshire, UK.
| | - Simon Platt
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, 501 DW Brooks Drive, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.
| | - Michael Podell
- Chicago Veterinary Neurology and Neurosurgery, 3123 N. Clybourn Avenue, Chicago, IL, 60618, USA.
| | - Heidrun Potschka
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximillians-University, Königinstr. 16, 80539, Munich, Germany.
| | - Clare Rusbridge
- Fitzpatrick Referrals, Halfway Lane, Eashing, Godalming, GU7 2QQ, Surrey, UK. .,School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7TE, Surrey, UK.
| | - Veronika M Stein
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 9, 30559, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Andrea Tipold
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 9, 30559, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Holger A Volk
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, AL9 7TA, Hertfordshire, UK.
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17
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Schmidt MJ, Laubner S, Kolecka M, Failing K, Moritz A, Kramer M, Ondreka N. Comparison of the Relationship between Cerebral White Matter and Grey Matter in Normal Dogs and Dogs with Lateral Ventricular Enlargement. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0124174. [PMID: 25938575 PMCID: PMC4418575 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0124174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2014] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Large cerebral ventricles are a frequent finding in brains of dogs with brachycephalic skull conformation, in comparison with mesaticephalic dogs. It remains unclear whether oversized ventricles represent a normal variant or a pathological condition in brachycephalic dogs. There is a distinct relationship between white matter and grey matter in the cerebrum of all eutherian mammals. The aim of this study was to determine if this physiological proportion between white matter and grey matter of the forebrain still exists in brachycephalic dogs with oversized ventricles. The relative cerebral grey matter, white matter and cerebrospinal fluid volume in dogs were determined based on magnetic-resonance-imaging datasets using graphical software. In an analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) using body mass as the covariate, the adjusted means of the brain tissue volumes of two groups of dogs were compared. Group 1 included 37 mesaticephalic dogs of different sizes with no apparent changes in brain morphology, and subjectively normal ventricle size. Group 2 included 35 brachycephalic dogs in which subjectively enlarged cerebral ventricles were noted as an incidental finding in their magnetic-resonance-imaging examination. Whereas no significant different adjusted means of the grey matter could be determined, the group of brachycephalic dogs had significantly larger adjusted means of lateral cerebral ventricles and significantly less adjusted means of relative white matter volume. This indicates that brachycephalic dogs with subjective ventriculomegaly have less white matter, as expected based on their body weight and cerebral volume. Our study suggests that ventriculomegaly in brachycephalic dogs is not a normal variant of ventricular volume. Based on the changes in the relative proportion of WM and CSF volume, and the unchanged GM proportions in dogs with ventriculomegaly, we rather suggest that distension of the lateral ventricles might be the underlying cause of pressure related periventricular loss of white matter tissue, as occurs in internal hydrocephalus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin J. Schmidt
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Clinic for Small Animals, Justus-Liebig-University-Giessen, Giessen, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Steffi Laubner
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Clinic for Small Animals, Justus-Liebig-University-Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Malgorzata Kolecka
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Clinic for Small Animals, Justus-Liebig-University-Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Klaus Failing
- Unit for Biomathematics and Data Processing, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus Liebig-University-Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Andreas Moritz
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Clinic for Small Animals, Justus-Liebig-University-Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Martin Kramer
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Clinic for Small Animals, Justus-Liebig-University-Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Nele Ondreka
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Clinic for Small Animals, Justus-Liebig-University-Giessen, Giessen, Germany
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18
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Hori A, Hanazono K, Miyoshi K, Nakade T. Porencephaly in dogs and cats: relationships between magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) features and hippocampal atrophy. J Vet Med Sci 2015; 77:889-92. [PMID: 25786357 PMCID: PMC4527517 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.14-0359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Porencephaly is the congenital cerebral defect and a rare malformation and described few MRI reports in veterinary medicine. MRI features of porencephaly are recognized the coexistence with the unilateral/bilateral hippocampal atrophy, caused by the seizure symptoms in human medicine. We studied 2 dogs and 1 cat with congenital porencephaly to characterize the clinical signs and MRI, and to discuss the associated MRI with hippocampal atrophy. The main clinical sign was the seizure symptoms, and all had hippocampal atrophy at the lesion side or the larger defect side. There is association between hippocampal atrophy or the cyst volume and the severe of clinical signs, and it is suggested that porencephaly coexists with hippocampal atrophy as well as humans in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai Hori
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, 582-1 Bunkyoudai-Midorimachi, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan
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19
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Long S, Frey S, Freestone DR, LeChevoir M, Stypulkowski P, Giftakis J, Cook M. Placement of deep brain electrodes in the dog using the Brainsight frameless stereotactic system: a pilot feasibility study. J Vet Intern Med 2013; 28:189-97. [PMID: 24237394 PMCID: PMC4895539 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.12235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2013] [Revised: 09/03/2013] [Accepted: 09/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Deep brain stimulation (DBS) together with concurrent EEG recording has shown promise in the treatment of epilepsy. A novel device is capable of combining these 2 functions and may prove valuable in the treatment of epilepsy in dogs. However, stereotactic implantation of electrodes in dogs has not yet been evaluated. Objective To evaluate the feasibility and safety of implanting stimulating and recording electrodes in the brain of normal dogs using the Brainsight system and to evaluate the function of a novel DBS and recording device. Animals Four male intact Greyhounds, confirmed to be normal by clinical and neurologic examinations and hematology and biochemistry testing. Methods MRI imaging of the brain was performed after attachment of fiducial markers. MRI scans were used to calculate trajectories for electrode placement in the thalamus and hippocampus, which was performed via burr hole craniotomy. Postoperative CT scanning was performed to evaluate electrode location and accuracy of placement was calculated. Serial neurologic examinations were performed to evaluate neurologic deficits and EEG recordings obtained to evaluate the effects of stimulation. Results Electrodes were successfully placed in 3 of 4 dogs with a mean accuracy of 4.6 ± 1.5 mm. EEG recordings showed evoked potentials in response to stimulation with a circadian variation in time‐to‐maximal amplitude. No neurologic deficits were seen in any dog. Conclusions and Clinical Importance Stereotactic placement of electrodes is safe and feasible in the dog. The development of a novel device capable of providing simultaneous neurostimulation and EEG recording potentially represents a major advance in the treatment of epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Long
- Section of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
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20
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Wahle AM, Brühschwein A, Matiasek K, Putschbach K, Wagner E, Mueller RS, Fischer A. Clinical characterization of epilepsy of unknown cause in cats. J Vet Intern Med 2013; 28:182-8. [PMID: 24237601 PMCID: PMC4895554 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.12250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2013] [Revised: 09/15/2013] [Accepted: 10/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The diagnosis of feline epilepsy of unknown cause (EUC) requires a thorough diagnostic evaluation, otherwise the prevalence of EUC could be overestimated. HYPOTHESIS Feline EUC is a clinically defined disease entity, which differs from feline hippocampal necrosis by the absence of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) signal alteration of the hippocampus. The objectives of this study were (1) to evaluate the prevalence of EUC in a hospital population of cats by applying well-defined inclusion criteria, and (2) to describe the clinical course of EUC. ANIMALS Eighty-one cats with recurrent seizures. METHODS Retrospective study--medical records were reviewed for cats presented for evaluation of recurrent seizures (2005-2010). Inclusion criteria were a defined diagnosis based on laboratory data, and either MRI or histopathology. Final outcome was confirmed by telephone interview with the owner. Magnetic resonance images were reviewed to evaluate hippocampal morphology and signal alterations. RESULTS Epilepsy of unknown cause was diagnosed in 22% of cats with epilepsy. Physical, neurologic, and laboratory examinations, and either 1.5 T MRI and cerebrospinal fluid analysis or postmortem examination failed to identify an underlying cause. Cats with EUC had a higher survival rate (P < .05) and seizure remission occurred frequently (44.4%). CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE A detailed clinical evaluation and diagnostic imaging with MRI is recommended in any cat with recurrent seizures. The prognosis of cats with normal MRI findings and a clinical diagnosis of EUC are good. Standardized imaging guidelines should be established to assess the hippocampus in cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Wahle
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
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