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van den Hurk S, Regmi G, Naikare HK, Velayudhan BT. Advances in Laboratory Diagnosis of Coronavirus Infections in Cattle. Pathogens 2024; 13:524. [PMID: 39057751 PMCID: PMC11279749 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13070524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2024] [Revised: 06/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Coronaviruses cause infections in humans and diverse species of animals and birds with a global distribution. Bovine coronavirus (BCoV) produces predominantly two forms of disease in cattle: a respiratory form and a gastrointestinal form. All age groups of cattle are affected by the respiratory form of coronavirus, whereas the gastroenteric form causes neonatal diarrhea or calf scours in young cattle and winter dysentery in adult cattle. The tremendous impacts of bovine respiratory disease and the associated losses are well-documented and underscore the importance of this pathogen. Beyond this, studies have demonstrated significant impacts on milk production associated with outbreaks of winter dysentery, with up to a 30% decrease in milk yield. In North America, BCoV was identified for the first time in 1972, and it continues to be a significant economic concern for the cattle industry. A number of conventional and molecular diagnostic assays are available for the detection of BCoV from clinical samples. Conventional assays for BCoV detection include virus isolation, which is challenging from clinical samples, electron microscopy, fluorescent antibody assays, and various immunoassays. Molecular tests are mainly based on nucleic acid detection and predominantly include conventional and real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays. Isothermal amplification assays and genome sequencing have gained increased interest in recent years for the detection, characterization, and identification of BCoV. It is believed that isothermal amplification assays, such as loop-mediated isothermal amplification and recombinase polymerase amplification, among others, could aid the development of barn-side point-of-care tests for BCoV. The present study reviewed the literature on coronavirus infections in cattle from the last three and a half decades and presents information mainly on the current and advancing diagnostics in addition to epidemiology, clinical presentations, and the impact of the disease on the cattle industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaun van den Hurk
- Athens Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA;
| | - Girija Regmi
- Tifton Veterinary Diagnostic and Investigational Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Tifton, GA 30602, USA;
| | - Hemant K. Naikare
- University of Minnesota Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA;
| | - Binu T. Velayudhan
- Athens Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA;
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2
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Zhu Q, Li B, Sun D. Advances in Bovine Coronavirus Epidemiology. Viruses 2022; 14:v14051109. [PMID: 35632850 PMCID: PMC9147158 DOI: 10.3390/v14051109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine coronavirus (BCoV) is a causative agent of enteric and respiratory disease in cattle. BCoV has also been reported to cause a variety of animal diseases and is closely related to human coronaviruses, which has attracted extensive attention from both cattle farmers and researchers. However, there are few comprehensive epidemiological reviews, and key information regarding the effect of S-gene differences on tissue tendency and potential cross-species transmission remain unclear. In this review, we summarize BCoV epidemiology, including the transmission, infection-associated factors, co-infection, pathogenicity, genetic evolution, and potential cross-species transmission. Furthermore, the potential two-receptor binding motif system for BCoV entry and the association between BCoV and SARS-CoV-2 are also discussed in this review. Our aim is to provide valuable information for the prevention and treatment of BCoV infection throughout the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinghe Zhu
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of the Prevention and Control of Bovine Diseases, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, No. 5 Xinfeng Road, Sartu District, Daqing 163319, China;
| | - Bin Li
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing 210014, China
- Correspondence: (B.L.); (D.S.); Tel.: +86-045-9681-9121 (D.S.)
| | - Dongbo Sun
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of the Prevention and Control of Bovine Diseases, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, No. 5 Xinfeng Road, Sartu District, Daqing 163319, China;
- Correspondence: (B.L.); (D.S.); Tel.: +86-045-9681-9121 (D.S.)
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Rahe MC, Magstadt DR, Groeltz-Thrush J, Gauger PC, Zhang J, Schwartz KJ, Siepker CL. Bovine coronavirus in the lower respiratory tract of cattle with respiratory disease. J Vet Diagn Invest 2022; 34:482-488. [PMID: 35168437 PMCID: PMC9254051 DOI: 10.1177/10406387221078583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine coronavirus (BCoV) is a known cause of enteric disease in cattle; however, its role in bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is poorly understood, with a dearth of evidence of the detection of the virus in respiratory tract lesions. We coupled histologic evaluation of tracheal and lower airway tissues from 104 calves with BRD in which BCoV was detected in the lungs via PCR followed by direct detection of BCoV by immunohistochemistry and an RNA in situ hybridization assay (ISH; RNAscope technology). RNAscope ISH detected BCoV in respiratory epithelium in more cases than did IHC. Using both methods of direct detection, tracheal epithelial attenuation and identification of the virus within lesions were observed commonly. Our results confirm a role of BCoV in respiratory tract infection and pathology, and show that the virus likely plays a role in the development of BRD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C. Rahe
- Michael C. Rahe, Department
of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary
Medicine, Iowa State University, 1800 Christensen Dr, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
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Parkhe P, Verma S. Evolution, Interspecies Transmission, and Zoonotic Significance of Animal Coronaviruses. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:719834. [PMID: 34738021 PMCID: PMC8560429 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.719834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronaviruses are single-stranded RNA viruses that affect humans and a wide variety of animal species, including livestock, wild animals, birds, and pets. These viruses have an affinity for different tissues, such as those of the respiratory and gastrointestinal tract of most mammals and birds and the hepatic and nervous tissues of rodents and porcine. As coronaviruses target different host cell receptors and show divergence in the sequences and motifs of their structural and accessory proteins, they are classified into groups, which may explain the evolutionary relationship between them. The interspecies transmission, zoonotic potential, and ability to mutate at a higher rate and emerge into variants of concern highlight their importance in the medical and veterinary fields. The contribution of various factors that result in their evolution will provide better insight and may help to understand the complexity of coronaviruses in the face of pandemics. In this review, important aspects of coronaviruses infecting livestock, birds, and pets, in particular, their structure and genome organization having a bearing on evolutionary and zoonotic outcomes, have been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Subhash Verma
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, DGCN College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Chaudhary Sarwan Kumar Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya, Palampur, India
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The Bacterial and Viral Agents of BRDC: Immune Evasion and Vaccine Developments. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9040337. [PMID: 33916119 PMCID: PMC8066859 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9040337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine respiratory disease complex (BRDC) is a multifactorial disease of cattle which presents as bacterial and viral pneumonia. The causative agents of BRDC work in synergy to suppress the host immune response and increase the colonisation of the lower respiratory tracts by pathogenic bacteria. Environmental stress and/or viral infection predispose cattle to secondary bacterial infections via suppression of key innate and adaptive immune mechanisms. This allows bacteria to descend the respiratory tract unchallenged. BRDC is the costliest disease among feedlot cattle, and whilst vaccines exist for individual pathogens, there is still a lack of evidence for the efficacy of these vaccines and uncertainty surrounding the optimum timing of delivery. This review outlines the immunosuppressive actions of the individual pathogens involved in BRDC and highlights the key issues in the development of vaccinations against them.
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Vlasova AN, Saif LJ. Bovine Coronavirus and the Associated Diseases. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:643220. [PMID: 33869323 PMCID: PMC8044316 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.643220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronaviruses (CoVs) possess the largest and most complex RNA genome (up to 32 kb) that encodes for 16 non-structural proteins regulating RNA synthesis and modification. Coronaviruses are known to infect a wide range of mammalian and avian species causing remarkably diverse disease syndromes. Variable tissue tropism and the ability to easily cross interspecies barriers are the well-known characteristics of certain CoVs. The 21st century epidemics of severe acute respiratory CoV (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory CoV and the ongoing SARS-CoV-2 pandemic further highlight these characteristics and emphasize the relevance of CoVs to the global public health. Bovine CoVs (BCoVs) are betacoronaviruses associated with neonatal calf diarrhea, and with winter dysentery and shipping fever in older cattle. Of interest, no distinct genetic or antigenic markers have been identified in BCoVs associated with these distinct clinical syndromes. In contrast, like other CoVs, BCoVs exist as quasispecies. Besides cattle, BCoVs and bovine-like CoVs were identified in various domestic and wild ruminant species (water buffalo, sheep, goat, dromedary camel, llama, alpaca, deer, wild cattle, antelopes, giraffes, and wild goats), dogs and humans. Surprisingly, bovine-like CoVs also cannot be reliably distinguished from BCoVs using comparative genomics. Additionally, there are historical examples of zoonotic transmission of BCoVs. This article will discuss BCoV pathogenesis, epidemiology, interspecies transmission, immune responses, vaccines, and diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia N Vlasova
- Center for Food Animal Health Research, College of Food, Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, United States
| | - Linda J Saif
- Center for Food Animal Health Research, College of Food, Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, United States
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Arenas A, Borge C, Carbonero A, Garcia-Bocanegra I, Cano-Terriza D, Caballero J, Arenas-Montes A. Bovine Coronavirus Immune Milk Against COVID-19. Front Immunol 2021; 12:637152. [PMID: 33833758 PMCID: PMC8021920 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.637152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
After a year of evolution of the SARS-CoV-2 epidemic, there is still no specific effective treatment for the disease. Although the majority of infected people experience mild disease, some patients develop a serious disease, especially when other pathologies concur. For this reason, it would be very convenient to find pharmacological and immunological mechanisms that help control SARS-CoV-2 infection. Since the COVID-19 and BCoV viruses are very close phylogenetically, different studies demonstrate the existence of cross-immunity as they retain shared epitopes in their structure. As a possible control measure against COVID-19, we propose the use of cow's milk immune to BCoV. Thus, the antigenic recognition of some highly conserved structures of viral proteins, particularly M and S2, by anti-BCoV antibodies present in milk would cause a total or partial inactivation of SARS-COV-2 (acting as a particular vaccine) and be addressed more easily by GALT's highly specialized antigen-presenting cells, thus helping the specific immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Arenas
- Department of Animal Health, University of Cordoba, Córdoba, Spain
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Khamassi Khbou M, Daaloul Jedidi M, Bouaicha Zaafouri F, Benzarti M. Coronaviruses in farm animals: Epidemiology and public health implications. Vet Med Sci 2021; 7:322-347. [PMID: 32976707 PMCID: PMC7537542 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronaviruses (CoVs) are documented in a wide range of animal species, including terrestrial and aquatic, domestic and wild. The geographic distribution of animal CoVs is worldwide and prevalences were reported in several countries across the five continents. The viruses are known to cause mainly gastrointestinal and respiratory diseases with different severity levels. In certain cases, CoV infections are responsible of huge economic losses associated or not to highly public health impact. Despite being enveloped, CoVs are relatively resistant pathogens in the environment. Coronaviruses are characterized by a high mutation and recombination rate, which makes host jumping and cross-species transmission easy. In fact, increasing contact between different animal species fosters cross-species transmission, while agriculture intensification, animal trade and herd management are key drivers at the human-animal interface. If contacts with wild animals are still limited, humans have much more contact with farm animals, during breeding, transport, slaughter and food process, making CoVs a persistent threat to both humans and animals. A global network should be established for the surveillance and monitoring of animal CoVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Médiha Khamassi Khbou
- Laboratory of Infectious Animal Diseases, Zoonoses, and Sanitary RegulationUniv. Manouba. Ecole Nationale de Médecine Vétérinaire de Sidi ThabetSidi ThabetTunisia
| | - Monia Daaloul Jedidi
- Laboratory of Microbiology and ImmunologyUniv. ManoubaEcole Nationale de Médecine Vétérinaire de Sidi ThabetSidi ThabetTunisia
| | - Faten Bouaicha Zaafouri
- Department of Livestock Semiology and MedicineUniv. ManoubaEcole Nationale de Médecine Vétérinaire de Sidi ThabetSidi ThabetTunisia
| | - M’hammed Benzarti
- Laboratory of Infectious Animal Diseases, Zoonoses, and Sanitary RegulationUniv. Manouba. Ecole Nationale de Médecine Vétérinaire de Sidi ThabetSidi ThabetTunisia
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Seid U, Dawo F, Tesfaye A, Ahmednur M. Isolation and Characterization of Coronavirus and Rotavirus Associated with Calves in Central Part of Oromia, Ethiopia. Vet Med Int 2020; 2020:8869970. [PMID: 33335702 PMCID: PMC7723472 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8869970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coronavirus and rotavirus are most commonly associated etiologies for calves' diarrhoea, resulting in loss of productivity and economy of farmers. However, various facets of diarrheal disease caused by coronavirus and rotavirus in calves in Ethiopia are inadequately understood. A cross-sectional study was conducted with the aim of isolation and molecular characterization of coronavirus and rotavirus from calves in the central part of Oromia (Bishoftu, Sebata, Holeta, and Addis Ababa), Ethiopia, from November 2018 to May 2019. The four study areas were purposively selected and faecal samples were collected by simple random sampling for diagnosis of coronavirus and rotavirus infection by using the antigen detection enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (Ag-ELISA) kit. In addition, this study was carried out to have insight in prevalence and associated risk factors of coronavirus and rotavirus infection in calves. RESULT During the study, 83 diarrheic and 162 nondiarrheic faecal samples collected from calves less than 4 weeks of age were screened for coronavirus and rotavirus. Of the 83 diarrheic samples, 1 sample (1.2%) was positive for coronavirus antigen and 6 samples (7.2%) were found to be positive for rotavirus antigen by Ag-ELISA. All the nondiarrheic samples were negative for both coronavirus and rotavirus Ag. The overall prevalence of coronavirus and rotavirus infection in calves was estimated at 0.4% (1/245) and 2.45% (6/245), respectively. All samples (7) of ELISA test positive of both coronavirus and rotavirus were propagated in Madin-Darby bovine kidney (MDBK) cells. After 3 subsequent passages, progressive cytopathic effect (CPE), i.e., rounding, detachment, and the destruction of monolayer cell of five samples (1 sample of coronavirus and 4 samples of rotavirus) (71.4%) were observed. At the molecular stage, reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) technique was used to determine the presence of coronavirus and rotavirus nucleic acid by using specific primers. The 5 samples that were coronavirus and rotavirus antigen positive by ELISA and develop CPE on cell culture were also positive on RT-PCR technique. The prevalence of infection peaked at 1st and 2nd weeks of age in male calves. CONCLUSION Diarrheal disease caused by coronavirus and rotavirus has a great health problem in calves that interrupts production benefits with reduced weight gain and increased mortality and its potential for zoonotic spread. So, the present findings show coronavirus and rotavirus infection in calves in Ethiopia that needs to be addressed by practising early colostrum feeding in newborn calves, using vaccine, or improving livestock management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umer Seid
- College of Agriculture, Oda Bultum University, P.O. Box 226, Chiro, Ethiopia
| | - Fufa Dawo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 34, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
| | - Asamino Tesfaye
- National Animal Health Diagnostics and Investigation Center, P.O. Box 04, Sebeta, Ethiopia
| | - Munera Ahmednur
- Oromia Bureau Livestock and Fishery Resources, West Hararghe Zone, Chiro Wereda, P.O. Box 226, Chiro, Ethiopia
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Amoroso MG, Lucifora G, Degli Uberti B, Serra F, De Luca G, Borriello G, De Domenico A, Brandi S, Cuomo MC, Bove F, Riccardi MG, Galiero G, Fusco G. Fatal Interstitial Pneumonia Associated with Bovine Coronavirus in Cows from Southern Italy. Viruses 2020; 12:v12111331. [PMID: 33228210 PMCID: PMC7699522 DOI: 10.3390/v12111331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
An outbreak of winter dysentery, complicated by severe respiratory syndrome, occurred in January 2020 in a high production dairy cow herd located in a hilly area of the Calabria region. Of the 52 animals belonging to the farm, 5 (9.6%) died with severe respiratory distress, death occurring 3–4 days after the appearance of the respiratory signs (caught and gasping breath). Microbiological analysis revealed absence of pathogenic bacteria whilst Real-time PCR identified the presence of RNA from Bovine Coronavirus (BCoV) in several organs: lungs, small intestine (jejunum), mediastinal lymph nodes, liver and placenta. BCoV was therefore hypothesized to play a role in the lethal pulmonary infection. Like the other CoVs, BCoV is able to cause different syndromes. Its role in calf diarrhea and in mild respiratory disease is well known: we report instead the involvement of this virus in a severe and fatal respiratory disorder, with symptoms and disease evolution resembling those of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndromes (SARS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Grazia Amoroso
- Unit of Virology, Department of Animal Health, Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Southern Italy, Via Salute 2, 80055 Portici, Italy; (B.D.U.); (F.S.); (G.D.L.); (S.B.); (G.F.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Giuseppe Lucifora
- Section of Vibo Valentia, Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Southern Italy, Contrada Piano di Bruno, 89852 Mileto, Italy;
| | - Barbara Degli Uberti
- Unit of Virology, Department of Animal Health, Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Southern Italy, Via Salute 2, 80055 Portici, Italy; (B.D.U.); (F.S.); (G.D.L.); (S.B.); (G.F.)
| | - Francesco Serra
- Unit of Virology, Department of Animal Health, Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Southern Italy, Via Salute 2, 80055 Portici, Italy; (B.D.U.); (F.S.); (G.D.L.); (S.B.); (G.F.)
| | - Giovanna De Luca
- Unit of Virology, Department of Animal Health, Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Southern Italy, Via Salute 2, 80055 Portici, Italy; (B.D.U.); (F.S.); (G.D.L.); (S.B.); (G.F.)
| | - Giorgia Borriello
- Department of Animal Health, Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Southern Italy, Via Salute 2, 80055 Portici, Italy; (G.B.); (M.C.C.); (F.B.); (M.G.R.); (G.G.)
| | - Alessandro De Domenico
- Freelance Veterinary, Ordine dei Veterinari di Vibo Valentia, 89900 Vibo Valentia, Italy;
| | - Sergio Brandi
- Unit of Virology, Department of Animal Health, Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Southern Italy, Via Salute 2, 80055 Portici, Italy; (B.D.U.); (F.S.); (G.D.L.); (S.B.); (G.F.)
| | - Maria Concetta Cuomo
- Department of Animal Health, Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Southern Italy, Via Salute 2, 80055 Portici, Italy; (G.B.); (M.C.C.); (F.B.); (M.G.R.); (G.G.)
| | - Francesca Bove
- Department of Animal Health, Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Southern Italy, Via Salute 2, 80055 Portici, Italy; (G.B.); (M.C.C.); (F.B.); (M.G.R.); (G.G.)
| | - Marita Georgia Riccardi
- Department of Animal Health, Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Southern Italy, Via Salute 2, 80055 Portici, Italy; (G.B.); (M.C.C.); (F.B.); (M.G.R.); (G.G.)
| | - Giorgio Galiero
- Department of Animal Health, Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Southern Italy, Via Salute 2, 80055 Portici, Italy; (G.B.); (M.C.C.); (F.B.); (M.G.R.); (G.G.)
| | - Giovanna Fusco
- Unit of Virology, Department of Animal Health, Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Southern Italy, Via Salute 2, 80055 Portici, Italy; (B.D.U.); (F.S.); (G.D.L.); (S.B.); (G.F.)
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Bovine respiratory disease in beef calves supported long transport stress: An epidemiological study and strategies for control and prevention. Res Vet Sci 2020; 135:450-455. [PMID: 33203584 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2020.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BRD is associated with infectious agents, but management and transport-stress are trigger factors. Metaphylactic administration of antimicrobial reduces colonization of respiratory tract by pathogens, but the development of antibiotic-resistance raises public health concerns leading to propose new control strategies. The study analyzed nasopharyngeal swabs of 231 imported cattle, 10% of 49 trucks, transported from France to southern Italy and, through Real-time PCR identified the prevalence of the involved pathogens speculating on strategies to reduce the impact of BRD. The samples were tested by Real-time PCR, for the detection of bovine coronavirus (BCoV), bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV), bovine parainfluenza virus (BPiV), bovine adenovirus (BAdV), Mannheimia haemolytica, Pasteurella multocida, Histophilus somni, and Mycoplasma bovis. Yates-corrected chi squared, or Fisher's exact test were used to compare both animal-health status and positivity/negativity to pathogens, and the relationship between presence/absence of clinical signs and Real-time PCR-positivity. H. somni and BCoV were the most frequently identified pathogens. In BRD-diagnosed cattle, BAdV was detected in 13.8% (19/138), BRSV in 14.5% (20/138) and BPiV in 4.3% (6/138). Healthy cattle were mostly positive for H. somni (89.2%, 83/93). A statistically significant association was observed between clinical signs and positivity to M. haemolytica (p value = 0.016). Although mass-medication and vaccination are used for BRD control, it still remains a primary health problem. Our results highlight that the nasopharyngeal microbiota could be affected by transport and that strategies to enhance calf immunity for reducing BRD-risk development would be more effective if applied at farm of origin prior to loading.
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Chen M, Liu M, Liu S, Shang Y. HoBi-like pestivirus infection leads to bovine death and severe respiratory disease in China. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 68:1069-1074. [PMID: 32926568 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
HoBi-like pestivirus is an emerging atypical pestivirus in cattle and small ruminants, causing clinical signs similar to those observed in bovine viral diarrhoea virus infections. Natural infection of HoBi-like pestivirus has been reported in cattle herds and small ruminants in multiple countries in South America, Europe and Asia. However, HoBi-like pestiviruses were only identified from contaminated bovine serum and small ruminants in China. So far, no clinical cases induced by HoBi-like pestivirus infection were reported in Chinese cattle herds. Here, for the first time, we reported natural infection of HoBi-like pestivirus in a cattle herd in China. Sick cattle with severe respiratory and diarrhoea and high fatality rate were found in a beef cattle herd in Shandong province in November 2017. RT-PCR, viral isolation, sequencing and phylogenetic analysis showed that the primary causative agent was HoBi-like pestivirus. The isolated HoBi-like pestivirus strain, SDJN-China-2019, shared 94.1%-97.5% homology with the LV168-20_16RN strain from Brazil in nucleotide of 5'UTR, Npro and E2 while it shared only 88.5%-92.1% homology with Asian HoBi-like virus strain Th/04-Khonkaen. Multiple unique mutations of amino acid were observed in Npro and E2 proteins of SDJN-China-2019, which were different from that of other reference strains. In summary, this study provides the first evidence of HoBi-like pestivirus infection in Chinese cattle herds, raising potential threat to the cattle industry in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Mengda Liu
- Laboratory of Zoonoses, China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, China
| | - Sidang Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Yingli Shang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China.,Institute of Immunology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
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13
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Abstract
Bovine coronaviruses are spread all over the world. They cause two types of clinical manifestations in cattle either an enteric, calf diarrhoea and winter dysentery in adult cattle, or respiratory in all age groups of cattle. The role of coronaviruses in respiratory infections is still a hot topic of discussion since they have been isolated from sick as well as healthy animals and replication of disease is rarely successful. Bovine coronavirus infection is characterised by high morbidity but low mortality. The laboratory diagnosis is typically based on serological or molecular methods. There is no registered drug for the treatment of virus infections in cattle and we are limited to supportive therapy and preventative measures. The prevention of infection is based on vaccination, biosecurity, management and hygiene. This paper will cover epidemiology, taxonomy, pathogenesis, clinical signs, diagnosis, therapy, economic impact and prevention of coronavirus infections in cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaka Jakob Hodnik
- Veterinary Faculty, Clinic for Reproduction and Large Animals - Section for Ruminants, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jožica Ježek
- Veterinary Faculty, Clinic for Reproduction and Large Animals - Section for Ruminants, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jože Starič
- Veterinary Faculty, Clinic for Reproduction and Large Animals - Section for Ruminants, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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Global Transmission, Spatial Segregation, and Recombination Determine the Long-Term Evolution and Epidemiology of Bovine Coronaviruses. Viruses 2020; 12:v12050534. [PMID: 32414076 PMCID: PMC7290379 DOI: 10.3390/v12050534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Bovine coronavirus (BCoV) is widespread in cattle and wild ruminant populations throughout the world. The virus causes neonatal calf diarrhea and winter dysentery in adult cattle, as well as upper and lower respiratory tract infection in young cattle. We isolated and deep sequenced whole genomes of BCoV from calves with respiratory distress in the south–west of France and conducted a comparative genome analysis using globally collected BCoV sequences to provide insights into the genomic characteristics, evolutionary origins, and global diversity of BCoV. Molecular clock analyses allowed us to estimate that the BCoV ancestor emerged in the 1940s, and that two geographically distinct lineages diverged from the 1960s–1970s. A recombination event in the spike gene (breakpoint at nt 1100) may be at the origin of the genetic divergence sixty years ago. Little evidence of genetic mixing between the spatially segregated lineages was found, suggesting that BCoV genetic diversity is a result of a global transmission pathway that occurred during the last century. However, we found variation in evolution rates between the European and non-European lineages indicating differences in virus ecology.
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Suzuki T, Otake Y, Uchimoto S, Hasebe A, Goto Y. Genomic Characterization and Phylogenetic Classification of Bovine Coronaviruses Through Whole Genome Sequence Analysis. Viruses 2020; 12:v12020183. [PMID: 32041103 PMCID: PMC7077292 DOI: 10.3390/v12020183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Bovine coronavirus (BCoV) is zoonotically transmissible among species, since BCoV-like viruses have been detected in wild ruminants and humans. BCoV causing enteric and respiratory disease is widespread in cattle farms worldwide; however, limited information is available regarding the molecular characterization of BCoV because of its large genome size, despite its significant economic impact. This study aimed to better understand the genomic characterization and evolutionary dynamics of BCoV via comparative sequence and phylogenetic analyses through whole genome sequence analysis using 67 BCoV isolates collected throughout Japan from 2006 to 2017. On comparing the genomic sequences of the 67 BCoVs, genetic variations were detected in 5 of 10 open reading frames (ORFs) in the BCoV genome. Phylogenetic analysis using whole genomes from the 67 Japanese BCoV isolates in addition to those from 16 reference BCoV strains, revealed the existence of two major genotypes (classical and US wild ruminant genotypes). All Japanese BCoV isolates originated from the US wild ruminant genotype, and they tended to form the same clusters based on the year and farm of collection, not the disease type. Phylogenetic trees on hemagglutinin-esterase protein (HE), spike glycoprotein (S), nucleocapsid protein (N) genes and ORF1 revealed clusters similar to that on whole genome, suggesting that the evolution of BCoVs may be closely associated with variations in these genes. Furthermore, phylogenetic analysis of BCoV S genes including those of European and Asian BCoVs and human enteric coronavirus along with the Japanese BCoVs revealed that BCoVs differentiated into two major types (European and American types). Moreover, the European and American types were divided into eleven and three genotypes, respectively. Our analysis also demonstrated that BCoVs with different genotypes periodically emerged and predominantly circulated within the country. These findings provide useful information to elucidate the detailed molecular characterization of BCoVs, which have spread worldwide. Further genomic analyses of BCoV are essential to deepen the understanding of the evolution of this virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tohru Suzuki
- Division of Viral Disease and Epidemiology, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3050856, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-29-838-7914
| | - Yoshihiro Otake
- Central Tochigi Prefectural Livestock Health and Hygiene Center, Utsunomiya, Tochigi 3210905, Japan;
| | - Satoko Uchimoto
- Shiga Prefectural Livestock Health and Hygiene Center, Omihachiman, Shiga 5230813, Japan;
| | - Ayako Hasebe
- Central Gifu Prefectural Livestock Health and Hygiene Center, Gifu 5011112, Japan;
| | - Yusuke Goto
- Central Iwate Prefectural Livestock Health and Hygiene Center, Takizawa, Iwate 0200605, Japan;
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Abstract
Coronaviruses (CoVs) produce a wide spectrum of disease syndromes in different mammalian and avian host species. These viruses are well-recognized for their ability to change tissue tropism, to hurdle the interspecies barriers and to adapt ecological variations. It is predicted that the inherent genetic diversity of CoVs caused by accumulation of point mutations and high frequency of homologous recombination is the principal determinant of these competences. Several CoVs (e.g. Severe acute respiratory syndrome-CoV, Middle East respiratory syndrome-CoV) have been recorded to cross the interspecies barrier, inducing different disease conditions in variable animal hosts. Bovine CoV (BCoV) is a primary cause of gastroenteritis and respiratory disease in cattle calves, winter dysentery in lactating cows and shipping fever pneumonia in feedlot cattle. Although it has long been known as a restrictive cattle pathogen, CoVs that are closely related to BCoV have been recognized in dogs, humans and in other ruminant species. Biologic, antigenic and genetic analyses of the so-called ‘bovine-like CoVs’ proposed classification of these viruses as host-range variants rather than distinct virus species. In this review, the different bovine-like CoVs that have been identified in domesticated ruminants (water buffalo, sheep, goat, dromedary camel, llama and alpaca) and wild ruminants (deer, wild cattle, antelopes, giraffes and wild goats) are discussed in terms of epidemiology, transmission and virus characteristics. The presented data denote the importance of these viruses in the persistence of BCoV in nature, spread to new geographical zones, and continuous emergence of disease epidemics in cattle farms.
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Choudhary M, Choudhary BK, Chandra Ghosh R, Bhoyar S, Chaudhari S, Barbuddhe SB. Cultivable microbiota and pulmonary lesions in polymicrobial bovine pneumonia. Microb Pathog 2019; 134:103577. [PMID: 31176881 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2019.103577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, the spectrum of bacterial pathogens in the nasal shedding during disease process and in pneumonic lungs of dead animals was studied. A total of 288 clinical samples from cattle and buffaloes comprising of nasal swabs, blood, tracheal swabs, heart blood and lung tissue samples were collected from diseased (n = 190) and dead animals (n = 98). The recovered bacterial isolates were characterized by biochemical reactions, Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry (MALDI TOF-MS) and the 16S rRNA sequence analysis. The predominant bacterial isolates associated were Pasteurella multocida, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus. The emerging pathogens causing bovine pneumonia identified were Leclercia spp., Stenotrophononas maltophila and Staphylococcus sciuri. Bacteriological examination of pneumonic lungs samples revealed 96.9% samples to be positive for polymicrobial isolation. Macroscopical lesions of lungs exhibited various stages and types of pneumonia with variable degree of haemorrhages, oedema and emphysema. Histopathologically, the fibrinous bronchopneumonia was observed to be the most frequent lesions seen in bovine pneumonia. Multi-drug resistance (MDR) was observed in 10% of P. multocida isolates. The resistance was seen for penicillin, cephalosporins and fluoroquinolones. Multi-drug resistance was seen in 90% of the E.coli tested. K. pneumoniae, E. hormaechei, E. cloacae, P. putida and Leclercia spp. identified were found to be multi-drug resistant. Understanding the etiological diversity of bacterial pathogens of bovine pneumonia may provide information for the better choice of therapeutics and health management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamta Choudhary
- ICAR-National Institute of Biotic Stress Management, Raipur, 493 225, India.
| | | | - Ratan Chandra Ghosh
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Chhattisgarh Kamdhenu Vishwavidyalaya, Durg, 491001, India
| | - Smita Bhoyar
- Centre for Zoonoses, Department of Veterinary Public Health, Nagpur Veterinary College Maharashtra Animal and Fishery Sciences University, Nagpur, 440006, India
| | - Sandeep Chaudhari
- Centre for Zoonoses, Department of Veterinary Public Health, Nagpur Veterinary College Maharashtra Animal and Fishery Sciences University, Nagpur, 440006, India
| | - Sukhadeo B Barbuddhe
- ICAR-National Institute of Biotic Stress Management, Raipur, 493 225, India; ICAR-National Research centre on Meat, Hyderabad, 500092, India
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Workman AM, Kuehn LA, McDaneld TG, Clawson ML, Loy JD. Longitudinal study of humoral immunity to bovine coronavirus, virus shedding, and treatment for bovine respiratory disease in pre-weaned beef calves. BMC Vet Res 2019; 15:161. [PMID: 31118011 PMCID: PMC6532244 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-019-1887-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bovine coronavirus (BCV) is associated with respiratory infections in cattle of all ages; however, a temporal study to evaluate the effect of BCV immunity on virus shedding and bovine respiratory disease (BRD) incidence in pre-weaned beef calves has not been reported. Thus, we report here a prospective study in three herds of crossbred beef calves (n = 817) with endemic BCV. Serial blood samples for measurement of serum anti-BCV antibody titers and nasal swabs for detection of BCV and other common viral and bacterial BRD pathogens were collected from all calves or subsets of calves at predetermined times from birth through weaning. The calves were monitored for BRD and those that developed signs of respiratory disease were sampled for diagnostic testing. To discover additional risk factors that could have influenced BRD development, sequence analysis of the BCV strain(s) circulating in each herd, and the prevalence of common opportunistic bacterial pathogens in the upper respiratory tract of sick and apparently healthy cattle were also evaluated. Results Two hundred forty-eight of the 817 study calves (30.4%) were treated for BRD prior to weaning; 246 of those were from a single herd involved in two outbreaks of BRD leading to mass treatment of all calves in that group. Molecular diagnostic testing found BCV and Histophilus somni in nasal swabs taken at the time of BRD treatment. Between herd analyses revealed anti-BCV serum antibody abundance did not associate with the incidence of BRD or BCV shedding, though these measurements may have been hindered by the long periods between sample collections. Analysis of the BCV spike gene hypervariable region revealed four polymorphisms in 15 isolates from the three herds, making strain variation unlikely to account for differences in treatment rates between herds. Persistent or recurrent shedding episodes of BCV occurred in some animals treated for BRD. Conclusion Co-detection of BCV and H. somni at the time of the disease outbreak suggests that these pathogens contributed to disease pathogenesis. Developing appropriate control measures for respiratory BCV infections may help decrease the incidence of pre-weaning BRD. The role of antibodies in protection must still be further defined. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12917-019-1887-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aspen M Workman
- United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Agricultural Research Service (ARS), US Meat Animal Research Center (USMARC), State Spur 18D, Clay Center, NE, 68933, USA.
| | - Larry A Kuehn
- United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Agricultural Research Service (ARS), US Meat Animal Research Center (USMARC), State Spur 18D, Clay Center, NE, 68933, USA
| | - Tara G McDaneld
- United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Agricultural Research Service (ARS), US Meat Animal Research Center (USMARC), State Spur 18D, Clay Center, NE, 68933, USA
| | - Michael L Clawson
- United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Agricultural Research Service (ARS), US Meat Animal Research Center (USMARC), State Spur 18D, Clay Center, NE, 68933, USA
| | - John Dustin Loy
- Nebraska Veterinary Diagnostic Center, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 4040 E Campus Loop, Lincoln, NE, 68503, USA
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Alam M, Hasanuzzaman M, Hassan MM, Rakib TM, Hossain ME, Rashid MH, Sayeed MA, Philips LB, Hoque MA. Assessment of transport stress on cattle travelling a long distance (≈648 km), from Jessore (Indian border) to Chittagong, Bangladesh. Vet Rec Open 2018; 5:e000248. [PMID: 29955367 PMCID: PMC6018847 DOI: 10.1136/vetreco-2017-000248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Revised: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of long-distance transport on cattle health has not frequently been studied in Bangladesh. The current study investigated the health conditions, and the extent and pattern of cattle injuries, along with haemato-biochemical and hormonal changes, before and after long-distance transportation (≈648 km) from the market of origin to the market of destination. A total of 100 adult cattle were selected at the Benapole live cattle market, Bangladesh, for physical examination before and after transportation. Fifty of these cattle were randomly selected for additional haemato-biochemical evaluation just before the start of transportation (0 hour), immediately after arrival at the destination market (13.8±0.9 hours after the start of transportation) and 24 hours after arrival at the destination market. The external health conditions and injuries were assessed. Animals were fasting in the vehicle during transportation and provided only with paddy straw and water before sale at the destination market. Before and after transportation, the overall frequency of cattle injuries varied significantly (26 per cent before v 47 per cent after transportation; P<0.001). Cattle health conditions diverged significantly (such as nasal discharge: 15 per cent v 28 per cent; P=0.03). The values of haemoglobin (P=0.01), total erythrocyte count (P=0.001), total leucocyte count (P<0.001), lymphocyte (P=0.005), neutrophil (P=0.01) and eosinophil (P=0.01) varied significantly. The values of serum total protein (P=0.006), creatine kinase (P<0.001), triglyceride (P=0.04), calcium (P=0.003), phosphorus (P<0.001) and alkaline phosphatase (P=0.04) significantly differed. The overall findings indicate a high degree of transport stress and poor animal welfare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahabub Alam
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chittagong Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | - Md Hasanuzzaman
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chittagong Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Mahmudul Hassan
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chittagong Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | - Tofazzal Md Rakib
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chittagong Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | - Md Emran Hossain
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chittagong Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | - Md Harun Rashid
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chittagong Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | - Md Abu Sayeed
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chittagong Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | - Lindsay B Philips
- Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Md Ahasanul Hoque
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chittagong Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chittagong, Bangladesh
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21
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Gomez DE, Arroyo LG, Poljak Z, Viel L, Weese JS. Detection of Bovine Coronavirus in Healthy and Diarrheic Dairy Calves. J Vet Intern Med 2017; 31:1884-1891. [PMID: 28913936 PMCID: PMC5697193 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.14811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Revised: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background BCoV is identified in both healthy and diarrheic calves, complicating its assessment as a primary pathogen. Objectives To investigate the detection rates of bovine coronavirus (BCoV) in feces of healthy and diarrheic calves and to describe the usefulness of a pancoronavirus reverse transcriptase (RT) PCR (PanCoV‐RT‐PCR) assay to identify BCoV in samples of diarrheic calves. Animals Two hundred and eighty‐six calves <21 days. Calves with liquid or semiliquid feces, temperature >39.5°C, and inappetence were considered as cases, and those that had pasty or firm feces and normal physical examination were designated as controls. Methods Prospective case–control study. A specific BCoV‐RT‐PCR assay was used to detect BCoV in fecal samples. Association between BCoV and health status was evaluated by exact and random effect logistic regression. Fecal (n = 28) and nasal (n = 8) samples from diarrheic calves were tested for the presence of BCoV by both the PanCoV‐RT‐PCR and a specific BCoV‐RT‐PCR assays. A Kappa coefficient test was used to assess the level of agreement of both assays. Results BCoV was detected in 55% (157/286) of calves; 46% (66/143), and 64% (91/143) of healthy and diarrheic calves, respectively. Diarrheic calves had higher odds of BCoV presence than healthy calves (OR: 2.16, 95% CI: 1.26 to 3.83, P = 0.004). A good agreement between PanCoV‐RT‐PCR and BCoV‐RT‐PCR to detect BCoV was identified (κ = 0.68, 95% CI: 0.392 to 0.967; P < 0.001). Conclusions and Clinical Importance BCoV was more likely to be detected in diarrheic than healthy calves. The PanCoV‐RT‐PCR assay can be a useful tool to detect CoV samples from diarrheic calves.
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Affiliation(s)
- D E Gomez
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - L G Arroyo
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Z Poljak
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - L Viel
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - J S Weese
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
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Workman AM, Kuehn LA, McDaneld TG, Clawson ML, Chitko-McKown CG, Loy JD. Evaluation of the effect of serum antibody abundance against bovine coronavirus on bovine coronavirus shedding and risk of respiratory tract disease in beef calves from birth through the first five weeks in a feedlot. Am J Vet Res 2017; 78:1065-1076. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.78.9.1065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Murray GM, More SJ, Sammin D, Casey MJ, McElroy MC, O'Neill RG, Byrne WJ, Earley B, Clegg TA, Ball H, Bell CJ, Cassidy JP. Pathogens, patterns of pneumonia, and epidemiologic risk factors associated with respiratory disease in recently weaned cattle in Ireland. J Vet Diagn Invest 2017; 29:20-34. [PMID: 28074713 DOI: 10.1177/1040638716674757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined the pathogens, morphologic patterns, and risk factors associated with bovine respiratory disease (BRD) in 136 recently weaned cattle ("weanlings"), 6-12 mo of age, that were submitted for postmortem examination to regional veterinary laboratories in Ireland. A standardized sampling protocol included routine microbiologic investigations as well as polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry. Lungs with histologic lesions were categorized into 1 of 5 morphologic patterns of pneumonia. Fibrinosuppurative bronchopneumonia (49%) and interstitial pneumonia (48%) were the morphologic patterns recorded most frequently. The various morphologic patterns of pulmonary lesions suggest the involvement of variable combinations of initiating and compounding infectious agents that hindered any simple classification of the etiopathogenesis of the pneumonias. Dual infections were detected in 58% of lungs, with Mannheimia haemolytica and Histophilus somni most frequently recorded in concert. M. haemolytica (43%) was the most frequently detected respiratory pathogen; H. somni was also shown to be frequently implicated in pneumonia in this age group of cattle. Bovine parainfluenza virus 3 (BPIV-3) and Bovine respiratory syncytial virus (16% each) were the viral agents detected most frequently. Potential respiratory pathogens (particularly Pasteurella multocida, BPIV-3, and H. somni) were frequently detected (64%) in lungs that had neither gross nor histologic pulmonary lesions, raising questions regarding their role in the pathogenesis of BRD. The breadth of respiratory pathogens detected in bovine lungs by various detection methods highlights the diagnostic value of parallel analyses in respiratory disease postmortem investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerard M Murray
- Sligo Regional Veterinary Laboratory, Department of Agriculture, Food and Marine, Doonally, Sligo, Ireland (Murray).,School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland (Cassidy, More, Clegg).,Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Department of Agriculture, Food and Marine, Celbridge, Co. Kildare, Ireland (O'Neill, Sammin, Casey, Byrne, McElroy).,Animal and Bioscience Research Department, Animal & Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Teagasc, Dunsany, Grange, Co. Meath, Ireland (Earley).,Agri-food and Biosciences Institute, Veterinary Sciences Division, Stormont, Belfast, Northern Ireland (Ball, Bell)
| | - Simon J More
- Sligo Regional Veterinary Laboratory, Department of Agriculture, Food and Marine, Doonally, Sligo, Ireland (Murray).,School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland (Cassidy, More, Clegg).,Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Department of Agriculture, Food and Marine, Celbridge, Co. Kildare, Ireland (O'Neill, Sammin, Casey, Byrne, McElroy).,Animal and Bioscience Research Department, Animal & Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Teagasc, Dunsany, Grange, Co. Meath, Ireland (Earley).,Agri-food and Biosciences Institute, Veterinary Sciences Division, Stormont, Belfast, Northern Ireland (Ball, Bell)
| | - Dónal Sammin
- Sligo Regional Veterinary Laboratory, Department of Agriculture, Food and Marine, Doonally, Sligo, Ireland (Murray).,School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland (Cassidy, More, Clegg).,Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Department of Agriculture, Food and Marine, Celbridge, Co. Kildare, Ireland (O'Neill, Sammin, Casey, Byrne, McElroy).,Animal and Bioscience Research Department, Animal & Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Teagasc, Dunsany, Grange, Co. Meath, Ireland (Earley).,Agri-food and Biosciences Institute, Veterinary Sciences Division, Stormont, Belfast, Northern Ireland (Ball, Bell)
| | - Mìcheàl J Casey
- Sligo Regional Veterinary Laboratory, Department of Agriculture, Food and Marine, Doonally, Sligo, Ireland (Murray).,School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland (Cassidy, More, Clegg).,Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Department of Agriculture, Food and Marine, Celbridge, Co. Kildare, Ireland (O'Neill, Sammin, Casey, Byrne, McElroy).,Animal and Bioscience Research Department, Animal & Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Teagasc, Dunsany, Grange, Co. Meath, Ireland (Earley).,Agri-food and Biosciences Institute, Veterinary Sciences Division, Stormont, Belfast, Northern Ireland (Ball, Bell)
| | - Máire C McElroy
- Sligo Regional Veterinary Laboratory, Department of Agriculture, Food and Marine, Doonally, Sligo, Ireland (Murray).,School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland (Cassidy, More, Clegg).,Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Department of Agriculture, Food and Marine, Celbridge, Co. Kildare, Ireland (O'Neill, Sammin, Casey, Byrne, McElroy).,Animal and Bioscience Research Department, Animal & Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Teagasc, Dunsany, Grange, Co. Meath, Ireland (Earley).,Agri-food and Biosciences Institute, Veterinary Sciences Division, Stormont, Belfast, Northern Ireland (Ball, Bell)
| | - Rónan G O'Neill
- Sligo Regional Veterinary Laboratory, Department of Agriculture, Food and Marine, Doonally, Sligo, Ireland (Murray).,School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland (Cassidy, More, Clegg).,Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Department of Agriculture, Food and Marine, Celbridge, Co. Kildare, Ireland (O'Neill, Sammin, Casey, Byrne, McElroy).,Animal and Bioscience Research Department, Animal & Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Teagasc, Dunsany, Grange, Co. Meath, Ireland (Earley).,Agri-food and Biosciences Institute, Veterinary Sciences Division, Stormont, Belfast, Northern Ireland (Ball, Bell)
| | - William J Byrne
- Sligo Regional Veterinary Laboratory, Department of Agriculture, Food and Marine, Doonally, Sligo, Ireland (Murray).,School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland (Cassidy, More, Clegg).,Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Department of Agriculture, Food and Marine, Celbridge, Co. Kildare, Ireland (O'Neill, Sammin, Casey, Byrne, McElroy).,Animal and Bioscience Research Department, Animal & Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Teagasc, Dunsany, Grange, Co. Meath, Ireland (Earley).,Agri-food and Biosciences Institute, Veterinary Sciences Division, Stormont, Belfast, Northern Ireland (Ball, Bell)
| | - Bernadette Earley
- Sligo Regional Veterinary Laboratory, Department of Agriculture, Food and Marine, Doonally, Sligo, Ireland (Murray).,School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland (Cassidy, More, Clegg).,Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Department of Agriculture, Food and Marine, Celbridge, Co. Kildare, Ireland (O'Neill, Sammin, Casey, Byrne, McElroy).,Animal and Bioscience Research Department, Animal & Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Teagasc, Dunsany, Grange, Co. Meath, Ireland (Earley).,Agri-food and Biosciences Institute, Veterinary Sciences Division, Stormont, Belfast, Northern Ireland (Ball, Bell)
| | - Tracy A Clegg
- Sligo Regional Veterinary Laboratory, Department of Agriculture, Food and Marine, Doonally, Sligo, Ireland (Murray).,School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland (Cassidy, More, Clegg).,Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Department of Agriculture, Food and Marine, Celbridge, Co. Kildare, Ireland (O'Neill, Sammin, Casey, Byrne, McElroy).,Animal and Bioscience Research Department, Animal & Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Teagasc, Dunsany, Grange, Co. Meath, Ireland (Earley).,Agri-food and Biosciences Institute, Veterinary Sciences Division, Stormont, Belfast, Northern Ireland (Ball, Bell)
| | - Hywel Ball
- Sligo Regional Veterinary Laboratory, Department of Agriculture, Food and Marine, Doonally, Sligo, Ireland (Murray).,School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland (Cassidy, More, Clegg).,Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Department of Agriculture, Food and Marine, Celbridge, Co. Kildare, Ireland (O'Neill, Sammin, Casey, Byrne, McElroy).,Animal and Bioscience Research Department, Animal & Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Teagasc, Dunsany, Grange, Co. Meath, Ireland (Earley).,Agri-food and Biosciences Institute, Veterinary Sciences Division, Stormont, Belfast, Northern Ireland (Ball, Bell)
| | - Colin J Bell
- Sligo Regional Veterinary Laboratory, Department of Agriculture, Food and Marine, Doonally, Sligo, Ireland (Murray).,School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland (Cassidy, More, Clegg).,Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Department of Agriculture, Food and Marine, Celbridge, Co. Kildare, Ireland (O'Neill, Sammin, Casey, Byrne, McElroy).,Animal and Bioscience Research Department, Animal & Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Teagasc, Dunsany, Grange, Co. Meath, Ireland (Earley).,Agri-food and Biosciences Institute, Veterinary Sciences Division, Stormont, Belfast, Northern Ireland (Ball, Bell)
| | - Joseph P Cassidy
- Sligo Regional Veterinary Laboratory, Department of Agriculture, Food and Marine, Doonally, Sligo, Ireland (Murray).,School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland (Cassidy, More, Clegg).,Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Department of Agriculture, Food and Marine, Celbridge, Co. Kildare, Ireland (O'Neill, Sammin, Casey, Byrne, McElroy).,Animal and Bioscience Research Department, Animal & Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Teagasc, Dunsany, Grange, Co. Meath, Ireland (Earley).,Agri-food and Biosciences Institute, Veterinary Sciences Division, Stormont, Belfast, Northern Ireland (Ball, Bell)
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Moore SJ, O'Dea MA, Perkins N, O'Hara AJ. Estimation of nasal shedding and seroprevalence of organisms known to be associated with bovine respiratory disease in Australian live export cattle. J Vet Diagn Invest 2015; 27:6-17. [PMID: 25525134 DOI: 10.1177/1040638714559741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of organisms known to be associated with bovine respiratory disease (BRD) was investigated in cattle prior to export. A quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction assay was used to detect nucleic acids from the following viruses and bacteria in nasal swab samples: Bovine coronavirus (BoCV; Betacoronavirus 1), Bovine herpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1), Bovine viral diarrhea virus 1 (BVDV-1), Bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV), Bovine parainfluenza virus 3 (BPIV-3), Histophilus somni, Mycoplasma bovis, Mannheimia haemolytica, and Pasteurella multocida. Between 2010 and 2012, nasal swabs were collected from 1,484 apparently healthy cattle destined for export to the Middle East and Russian Federation. In addition, whole blood samples from 334 animals were tested for antibodies to BoHV-1, BRSV, BVDV-1, and BPIV-3 using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The nasal prevalence of BoCV at the individual animal level was 40.1%. The nasal and seroprevalence of BoHV-1, BRSV, BVDV-1, and BPIV-3 was 1.0% and 39%, 1.2% and 46%, 3.0% and 56%, and 1.4% and 87%, respectively. The nasal prevalence of H. somni, M. bovis, M. haemolytica, and P. multocida was 42%, 4.8%, 13.4%, and 26%, respectively. Significant differences in nasal and seroprevalence were detected between groups of animals from different geographical locations. The results of the current study provide baseline data on the prevalence of organisms associated with BRD in Australian live export cattle in the preassembly period. This data could be used to develop strategies for BRD prevention and control prior to loading.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Jo Moore
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia (Moore, O'Hara)Department of Agriculture and Food Western Australia, Australia (O'Dea)AusVet Animal Health Services, Toowoomba, Queensland, Australia (Perkins)
| | - Mark A O'Dea
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia (Moore, O'Hara)Department of Agriculture and Food Western Australia, Australia (O'Dea)AusVet Animal Health Services, Toowoomba, Queensland, Australia (Perkins)
| | - Nigel Perkins
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia (Moore, O'Hara)Department of Agriculture and Food Western Australia, Australia (O'Dea)AusVet Animal Health Services, Toowoomba, Queensland, Australia (Perkins)
| | - Amanda J O'Hara
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia (Moore, O'Hara)Department of Agriculture and Food Western Australia, Australia (O'Dea)AusVet Animal Health Services, Toowoomba, Queensland, Australia (Perkins)
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25
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Lojkić I, Krešić N, Šimić I, Bedeković T. Detection and molecular characterisation of bovine corona and toroviruses from Croatian cattle. BMC Vet Res 2015; 11:202. [PMID: 26268320 PMCID: PMC4535285 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-015-0511-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bovine coronavirus (BCoV) together with bovine torovirus (BToV), both members of the Coronaviridae family, order Nidovirales are the most common viral enteric pathogens. Although studied separately, their joint occurrence and the molecular diversity in cattle in Croatia have not been investigated. METHODS A survey is carried out on 101 fecal samples from diarrheic young and adult cattle during the 3-year period from i) one large dairy herd, ii) four small herds and iii) three nasal and paired fecal samples from calves with symptoms of respiratory disease. Samples were submitted to RT-PCR and sequencing for BCoV Nucleocapsid gene, BCoV Spike gene and BToV Spike gene. RESULTS BCoV was detected in 78.8 % of fecal samples from symptomatic cattle and three nasal and paired fecal samples from calves with respiratory symptoms. BToV was detected in 43.2 % of fecal samples from symptomatic cattle and a fecal sample from calves with respiratory symptoms. Molecular characterisation of those viruses revealed some nucleotide and aminoacid differences in relation to reference strains. CONCLUSIONS BToV should be regarded as a relevant pathogen for cattle that plays a synergistic role in mixed enteric infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Lojkić
- Department of Virology, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Savska cesta 143, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Nina Krešić
- Department of Virology, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Savska cesta 143, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Ivana Šimić
- Department of Virology, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Savska cesta 143, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Tomislav Bedeković
- Department of Virology, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Savska cesta 143, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia.
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Hardstaff JL, Häsler B, Rushton JR. Livestock trade networks for guiding animal health surveillance. BMC Vet Res 2015; 11:82. [PMID: 25889738 PMCID: PMC4411738 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-015-0354-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Trade in live animals can contribute to the introduction of exotic diseases, the maintenance and spread endemic diseases. Annually millions of animals are moved across Europe for the purposes of breeding, fattening and slaughter. Data on the number of animals moved were obtained from the Directorate General Sanco (DG Sanco) for 2011. These were converted to livestock units to enable direct comparison across species and their movements were mapped, used to calculate the indegrees and outdegrees of 27 European countries and the density and transitivity of movements within Europe. This provided the opportunity to discuss surveillance of European livestock movement taking into account stopping points en-route. Results High density and transitivity of movement for registered equines, breeding and fattening cattle, breeding poultry and pigs for breeding, fattening and slaughter indicates that hazards have the potential to spread quickly within these populations. This is of concern to highly connected countries particularly those where imported animals constitute a large proportion of their national livestock populations, and have a high indegree. The transport of poultry (older than 72 hours) and unweaned animals would require more rest breaks than the movement of weaned animals, which may provide more opportunities for disease transmission. Transitivity is greatest for animals transported for breeding purposes with cattle, pigs and poultry having values of over 50%. Conclusions This paper demonstrated that some species (pigs and poultry) are traded much more frequently and at a larger scale than species such as goats. Some countries are more vulnerable than others due to importing animals from many countries, having imported animals requiring rest-breaks and importing large proportions of their national herd or flock. Such knowledge about the vulnerability of different livestock systems related to trade movements can be used to inform the design of animal health surveillance systems to facilitate the trade in animals between European member states. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12917-015-0354-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jo L Hardstaff
- University of Liverpool- Institute of Infection and Global Health, The Farr Institute@HeRC, 2nd Floor - Block F, Waterhouse building, Liverpool, L69 3GL, UK.
| | - Barbara Häsler
- Leverhulme Centre for Integrative Research on Agriculture and Health, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, AL9 7TA, UK.
| | - Jonathan R Rushton
- Department of Production and Population Health, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, AL9 7TA, UK.
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Jee J, Hoet AE, Azevedo MP, Vlasova AN, Loerch SC, Pickworth CL, Hanson J, Saif LJ. Effects of dietary vitamin A content on antibody responses of feedlot calves inoculated intramuscularly with an inactivated bovine coronavirus vaccine. Am J Vet Res 2014; 74:1353-62. [PMID: 24066921 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.74.10.1353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate effects of low dietary vitamin A content on antibody responses in feedlot calves inoculated with an inactivated bovine coronavirus (BCoV) vaccine. ANIMALS 40 feedlot calves. PROCEDURES Calves were fed diets containing high (3,300 U/kg) or low (1,100 U/kg) amounts of vitamin A beginning on the day of arrival at a feedlot (day 0) and continuing daily until the end of the study (day 140). Serum retinol concentrations were evaluated in blood samples obtained throughout the study. Calves were inoculated IM with an inactivated BCoV vaccine on days 112 and 126. Blood samples obtained on days 112 and 140 were used for assessment of BCoV-specific serum IgG1, IgG2, IgM, and IgA titers via an ELISA. RESULTS The low vitamin A diet reduced serum retinol concentrations between days 112 and 140. After the BCoV inoculation and booster injections, predominantly serum IgG1 antibodies were induced in calves fed the high vitamin A diet; however, IgG1 titers were compromised at day 140 in calves fed the low vitamin A diet. Other isotype antibodies specific for BCoV were not affected by the low vitamin A diet. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Dietary vitamin A restriction increases marbling in feedlot cattle; however, its effect on antibody responses to vaccines is unknown. A low vitamin A diet compromised the serum IgG1 responses against inactivated BCoV vaccine, which suggested suppressed T-helper 2-associated antibody (IgG1) responses. Thus, low vitamin A diets may compromise the effectiveness of viral vaccines and render calves more susceptible to infectious disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junbae Jee
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691
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Moore SJ, O’Dea MA, Perkins N, Barnes A, O’Hara AJ. Mortality of live export cattle on long-haul voyages: pathologic changes and pathogens. J Vet Diagn Invest 2014; 26:252-65. [DOI: 10.1177/1040638714522465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The cause of death in 215 cattle on 20 long-haul live export voyages from Australia to the Middle East, Russia, and China was investigated between 2010 and 2012 using gross, histologic, and/or molecular pathology techniques. A quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) assay was used to detect nucleic acids from viruses and bacteria known to be associated with respiratory disease in cattle: Bovine coronavirus ( Betacoronavirus 1), Bovine herpesvirus 1, Bovine viral diarrhea virus 1 and 2, Bovine respiratory syncytial virus, Bovine parainfluenza virus 3, Histophilus somni, Mycoplasma bovis, Mannheimia haemolytica, and Pasteurella multocida. The most commonly diagnosed cause of death was respiratory disease (107/180, 59.4%), followed by lameness ( n = 22, 12.2%), ketosis ( n = 12, 6.7%), septicemia ( n = 11, 6.1%), and enteric disease ( n = 10, 5.6%). Two thirds (130/195) of animals from which lung samples were collected had histologic changes and/or positive qRT-PCR results indicative of infectious lung disease: 93 out of 130 (72%) had evidence of bacterial infection, 4 (3%) had viral infection, and 29 (22%) had mixed bacterial and viral infections, and for 4 (3%) the causative organism could not be identified. Bovine coronavirus was detected in up to 13% of cattle tested, and this finding is likely to have important implications for the management and treatment of respiratory disease in live export cattle. Results from the current study indicate that although overall mortality during live export voyages is low, further research into risk factors for developing respiratory disease is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Jo Moore
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia (Moore, Barnes, O’Hara)
- Department of Agriculture and Food, Western Australia, Perth, Australia (O’Dea)
- AusVet Animal Health Services, Queensland, Australia (Perkins)
| | - Mark A. O’Dea
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia (Moore, Barnes, O’Hara)
- Department of Agriculture and Food, Western Australia, Perth, Australia (O’Dea)
- AusVet Animal Health Services, Queensland, Australia (Perkins)
| | - Nigel Perkins
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia (Moore, Barnes, O’Hara)
- Department of Agriculture and Food, Western Australia, Perth, Australia (O’Dea)
- AusVet Animal Health Services, Queensland, Australia (Perkins)
| | - Anne Barnes
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia (Moore, Barnes, O’Hara)
- Department of Agriculture and Food, Western Australia, Perth, Australia (O’Dea)
- AusVet Animal Health Services, Queensland, Australia (Perkins)
| | - Amanda J. O’Hara
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia (Moore, Barnes, O’Hara)
- Department of Agriculture and Food, Western Australia, Perth, Australia (O’Dea)
- AusVet Animal Health Services, Queensland, Australia (Perkins)
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Fulton RW, Ridpath JF, Burge LJ. Bovine coronaviruses from the respiratory tract: antigenic and genetic diversity. Vaccine 2012; 31:886-92. [PMID: 23246548 PMCID: PMC7115418 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2012] [Revised: 11/28/2012] [Accepted: 12/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BoCV isolated from respiratory tract, nasal swab and broncho alveolar washing fluid samples were evaluated for genetic and antigenic differences. These BoCV from the respiratory tract of healthy and clinically ill cattle with BRD signs were compared to reference and vaccine strains based on Spike protein coding sequences and VNT using convalescent antisera. Based on this study, the BoCV isolates belong to one of two genomic clades (clade 1 and 2) which can be differentiated antigenically. The respiratory isolates from Oklahoma in this study were further divided by genetic differences into three subclades, 2a, 2b, and 2c. Reference enteric BoCV strains and a vaccine strain were in clade 1. Currently available vaccines designed to control enteric disease are based on viruses from one clade while viruses isolated from respiratory tracts, in this study, belong to the other clade.
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Affiliation(s)
- R W Fulton
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA.
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Martínez N, Brandão PE, de Souza SP, Barrera M, Santana N, de Arce HD, Pérez LJ. Molecular and phylogenetic analysis of bovine coronavirus based on the spike glycoprotein gene. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2012; 12:1870-8. [PMID: 22634277 PMCID: PMC7106151 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2012.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2012] [Revised: 05/15/2012] [Accepted: 05/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Bovine coronavirus has been associated with diarrhoea in newborn calves, winter dysentery in adult cattle and respiratory tract infections in calves and feedlot cattle. In Cuba, the presence of BCoV was first reported in 2006. Since then, sporadic outbreaks have continued to occur. This study was aimed at deepening the knowledge of the evolution, molecular markers of virulence and epidemiology of BCoV in Cuba. A total of 30 samples collected between 2009 and 2011 were used for PCR amplification and direct sequencing of partial or full S gene. Sequence comparison and phylogenetic studies were conducted using partial or complete S gene sequences as phylogenetic markers. All Cuban bovine coronavirus sequences were located in a single cluster supported by 100% bootstrap and 1.00 posterior probability values. The Cuban bovine coronavirus sequences were also clustered with the USA BCoV strains corresponding to the GenBank accession numbers EF424621 and EF424623, suggesting a common origin for these viruses. This phylogenetic cluster was also the only group of sequences in which no recombination events were detected. Of the 45 amino acid changes found in the Cuban strains, four were unique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Martínez
- Centro Nacional de Sanidad Agropecuaria, La Habana, Cuba
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Decaro N, Cirone F, Mari V, Nava D, Tinelli A, Elia G, Di Sarno A, Martella V, Colaianni ML, Aprea G, Tempesta M, Buonavoglia C. Characterisation of bubaline coronavirus strains associated with gastroenteritis in water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) calves. Vet Microbiol 2010; 145:245-51. [PMID: 20483547 PMCID: PMC7117158 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2010.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2009] [Revised: 04/08/2010] [Accepted: 04/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Recently, a coronavirus strain (179/07-11) was isolated from water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) and the virus which displayed a strict genetic and biological relatedness with bovine coronavirus (BCoV) was referred to as bubaline coronavirus (BuCoV). Here, we report the characterisation of four BuCoVs strains identified in the faeces or intestinal contents of water buffalo calves with acute gastroenteritis. Single BuCoV infections were detected in all but one cases from which two clostridia species were also isolated. Sequence and phylogenetic analyses of the 5' end of the spike-protein gene showed that three BuCoVs were closely related to the prototype strain 179/07-11, whereas the fourth isolate (339/08-C) displayed a higher genetic identity to recent BCoV reference strains. Three strains adapted to the in vitro grow on human rectal tumour cells were also evaluated for their ability to replicate in a bovine cell line (Madin Darby bovine kidney) and to cause haemagglutination of chicken erythrocytes and all displayed biological properties similar to those already described for the prototype BuCoV. The present report shows that albeit genetically heterogeneous, the different BuCoV strains possess a common biological pattern which is different from most BCoV and BCoV-like isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Decaro
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Strada per Casamassima Km 3, Valenzano, Bari, Italy.
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Abstract
Bovine coronaviruses, like other animal coronaviruses, have a predilection for intestinal and respiratory tracts. The viruses responsible for enteric and respiratory symptoms are closely related antigenically and genetically. Only 4 bovine coronavirus isolates have been completely sequenced and thus, the information about the genetics of the virus is still limited. This article reviews the clinical syndromes associated with bovine coronavirus, including pneumonia in calves and adult cattle, calf diarrhea, and winter dysentery; diagnostic methods; prevention using vaccination; and treatment, with adjunctive immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélanie J Boileau
- Food Animal Medicine and Surgery, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Oklahoma State University Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA.
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Abstract
The prevention of infectious diseases of animals by vaccination has been routinely practiced for decades and has proved to be one of the most cost-effective methods of disease control. However, since the pioneering work of Pasteur in the 1880s, the composition of veterinary vaccines has changed very little from a conceptual perspective and this has, in turn, limited their application in areas such as the control of chronic infectious diseases. New technologies in the areas of vaccine formulation and delivery as well as our increased knowledge of disease pathogenesis and the host responses associated with protection from disease offer promising alternatives for vaccine formulation as well as targets for the prevention of bacterial disease. These new vaccines have the potential to lessen our reliance on antibiotics for disease control, but will only reach their full potential when used in combination with other intervention strategies.
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Detection of an antigenic group 2 coronavirus in an adult alpaca with enteritis. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2008; 15:1629-32. [PMID: 18716008 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00232-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Antigenic group 2 coronavirus was detected in a fecal sample of an adult alpaca by reverse transcription-PCR. The presence of alpaca coronavirus (ApCoV) in the small intestine was demonstrated by immune histochemistry with an antinucleocapsid monoclonal antibody that reacts with group 2 coronaviruses. Other common causes of diarrhea in adult camelids were not detected. We conclude that nutritional stress may have predisposed the alpaca to severe ApCoV infection.
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Editorial: Symposium on Bovine Respiratory Disease Complex (BRDC) in this issue. Anim Health Res Rev 2008. [DOI: 10.1017/s1466252307001429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Abstract
AbstractPasteurella multocidais a pathogenic Gram-negative bacterium that has been classified into three subspecies, five capsular serogroups and 16 serotypes.P. multocidaserogroup A isolates are bovine nasopharyngeal commensals, bovine pathogens and common isolates from bovine respiratory disease (BRD), both enzootic calf pneumonia of young dairy calves and shipping fever of weaned, stressed beef cattle.P. multocidaA:3 is the most common serotype isolated from BRD, and these isolates have limited heterogeneity based on outer membrane protein (OMP) profiles and ribotyping. Development ofP. multocida-induced pneumonia is associated with environmental and stress factors such as shipping, co-mingling, and overcrowding as well as concurrent or predisposing viral or bacterial infections. Lung lesions consist of an acute to subacute bronchopneumonia that may or may not have an associated pleuritis. Numerous virulence or potential virulence factors have been described for bovine respiratory isolates including adherence and colonization factors, iron-regulated and acquisition proteins, extracellular enzymes such as neuraminidase, lipopolysaccharide, polysaccharide capsule and a variety of OMPs. Immunity of cattle against respiratory pasteurellosis is poorly understood; however, high serum antibodies to OMPs appear to be important for enhancing resistance to the bacterium. Currently availableP. multocidavaccines for use in cattle are predominately traditional bacterins and a live streptomycin-dependent mutant. The field efficacy of these vaccines is not well documented in the literature.
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Decaro N, Campolo M, Desario C, Cirone F, D'abramo M, Lorusso E, Greco G, Mari V, Colaianni ML, Elia G, Martella V, Buonavoglia C. Respiratory Disease Associated with Bovine Coronavirus Infection in Cattle Herds in Southern Italy. J Vet Diagn Invest 2008; 20:28-32. [DOI: 10.1177/104063870802000105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Four outbreaks of bovine respiratory disease (BRD) associated with bovine Coronavirus (BCoV) infection in Italian cattle herds were reported. In 3 outbreaks, BRD was observed only in 2–3-month-old feedlot calves, whereas in the remaining outbreak, lactating cows, heifers, and calves were simultaneously affected. By using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), BCoV RNA was detected in all outbreaks without evidence of concurrent viral pathogens (i.e., bovine respiratory syncytial virus, bovine herpesvirus type 1, bovine viral diarrhea virus, bovine parainfluenza virus). Common bacteria of cattle were recovered only from 2 outbreaks of BRD: Staphylococcus spp. and Proteus mirabilis (outbreak 1) and Mannheimia haemolytica (outbreak 4). A recently established real-time RT-PCR assay showed that viral RNA loads in nasal secretions ranged between 3.10 × 10 2 and 7.50 × 10 7 RNA copies/μl of template. Bovine Coronavirus was isolated from respiratory specimens from all outbreaks except outbreak 1, in which real-time RT-PCR found very low viral titers in nasal swabs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marco Campolo
- Department of Animal Health and Well-being. Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano Bari, Italy
| | - Costantina Desario
- Department of Animal Health and Well-being. Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano Bari, Italy
| | - Francesco Cirone
- Department of Animal Health and Well-being. Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano Bari, Italy
| | - Maria D'abramo
- Department of Animal Health and Well-being. Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano Bari, Italy
| | - Eleonora Lorusso
- Department of Animal Health and Well-being. Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano Bari, Italy
| | - Grazia Greco
- Department of Animal Health and Well-being. Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano Bari, Italy
| | - Viviana Mari
- Department of Animal Health and Well-being. Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano Bari, Italy
| | | | - Gabriella Elia
- Department of Animal Health and Well-being. Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano Bari, Italy
| | - Vito Martella
- Department of Animal Health and Well-being. Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano Bari, Italy
| | - Canio Buonavoglia
- Department of Animal Health and Well-being. Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano Bari, Italy
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Biological and genetic analysis of a bovine-like coronavirus isolated from water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) calves. Virology 2007; 370:213-22. [PMID: 17916374 PMCID: PMC7103353 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2007.08.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2007] [Revised: 08/27/2007] [Accepted: 08/29/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We describe the isolation, biological and genetic characterization of a host-range variant of bovine coronavirus (BCoV) detected in water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis). By conventional and real-time RT-PCR assays, the virus was demonstrated in the intestinal contents of two 20-day-old buffalo calves dead of a severe form of enteritis and in the feces of additional 17 buffalo calves with diarrhea. Virus isolation, hemagglutination and receptor-destroying enzyme activity showed that the buffalo coronavirus (BuCoV) is closely related to BCoV but possesses some different biological properties. Sequence and phylogenetic analyses of the 3' end (9.6 kb) of the BuCoV RNA revealed a genomic organization typical of group 2 coronaviruses. Moreover, the genetic distance between BuCoV and BCoV was proven to be the same or even higher than the distance between other ruminant coronaviruses and BCoV. In conclusion, our data support the existence of a host-range variant of BCoV associated with enteritis in buffaloes.
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Kaneshima T, Hohdatsu T, Hagino R, Hosoya S, Nojiri Y, Murata M, Takano T, Tanabe M, Tsunemitsu H, Koyama H. The infectivity and pathogenicity of a group 2 bovine coronavirus in pups. J Vet Med Sci 2007; 69:301-3. [PMID: 17409649 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.69.301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine respiratory coronavirus (CRCoV), which is more closely related to the bovine coronavirus (BCoV), has recently been detected in dogs. In this study, we examined whether BCoV was capable of infecting and exhibiting pathogenicity in dogs. Three 1-month-old pups were oronasally given field isolates of BCoV, and were kept together with 2 control animals. As a result, increases in BCoV-neutralizing antibody titers were confirmed in all pups in the challenged and control groups. Moreover, the virus gene was also detected in oral and rectal swabs by RT-PCR. These results indicate that BCoV infects dogs, and easily infects other dogs that are kept together. However, no clinical symptoms such as respiratory symptoms and diarrhea were observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Kaneshima
- Department of Veterinary Infectious Disease, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Kitasato University, Japan
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42
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Decaro N, Mari V, Desario C, Campolo M, Elia G, Martella V, Greco G, Cirone F, Colaianni ML, Cordioli P, Buonavoglia C. Severe outbreak of bovine coronavirus infection in dairy cattle during the warmer season. Vet Microbiol 2007; 126:30-9. [PMID: 17669602 PMCID: PMC7117129 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2007.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2007] [Revised: 06/22/2007] [Accepted: 06/22/2007] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
A severe outbreak of enteric and respiratory disease associated with bovine coronavirus (BCoV) infection is described. The outbreak occurred in a dairy herd of southern Italy in the first decade of September 2006, when summer temperatures were still recorded, affecting calves, heifers and adult cows, with a marked decrease in milk production. By virus isolation and RT-PCR targeting the S gene, BCoV was identified as the etiological agent of the outbreak, whereas bacteriological, parasitological and toxicological investigations failed to detect other causes of disease. BCoV strains with 99–100% nucleotide identity in the S gene were isolated from nasal, ocular and rectal swabs, thus proving the absence of separate clusters of virus on the basis of tissue tropism. Sequence analysis of the haemagglutination-esterase and spike proteins of the strain detected in one rectal sample (339/06) showed a high genetic relatedness with recent BCoV isolates (98–99% amino acid identity), with several unique amino acid substitutions in the S protein. The BCoV outbreak described in this paper presents interesting aspects: (i) the occurrence of a severe form of disease in the warmer season; (ii) the simultaneous presence of respiratory and enteric disease; (iii) the involvement of young as well as adult cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Decaro
- Department of Animal Health and Well-being, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Strada per Casamassima Km 3, 70010 Valenzano, Bari, Italy.
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43
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Kanno T, Hatama S, Ishihara R, Uchida I. Molecular analysis of the S glycoprotein gene of bovine coronaviruses isolated in Japan from 1999 to 2006. J Gen Virol 2007; 88:1218-1224. [PMID: 17374765 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.82635-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In total, 55 isolates of Bovine coronavirus (BCoV) were collected from cases of enteric and respiratory disease occurring between 1999 and 2006 in Japan. Phylogenetic analysis of the polymorphic region of the S glycoprotein gene of these isolates, together with those of other known strains, classified the BCoV strains and isolates into four clusters. Recent field isolates display distinctive genetic divergence from the prototype enteric BCoV strains--Mebus, Quebec, Kakegawa, F15 and LY138--and have diverged in three different aspects over 8 years. These data suggested that the genetic divergence in the polymorphic region of the S glycoprotein has progressed considerably; thus, molecular analysis of this region should be useful in investigating the molecular epidemiology of BCoV. In addition, based on the differences in amino acids among the isolates, our study did not reveal the presence of certain genetic markers of pathogenicity and clinical symptoms in this polymorphic region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toru Kanno
- Hokkaido Research Station, National Institute of Animal Health, 4 Hitsujigaoka, Toyohira, Sapporo, Hokkaido 062-0045, Japan
| | - Shinichi Hatama
- Hokkaido Research Station, National Institute of Animal Health, 4 Hitsujigaoka, Toyohira, Sapporo, Hokkaido 062-0045, Japan
| | - Ryoko Ishihara
- Hokkaido Research Station, National Institute of Animal Health, 4 Hitsujigaoka, Toyohira, Sapporo, Hokkaido 062-0045, Japan
| | - Ikuo Uchida
- Hokkaido Research Station, National Institute of Animal Health, 4 Hitsujigaoka, Toyohira, Sapporo, Hokkaido 062-0045, Japan
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44
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Zhang X, Hasoksuz M, Spiro D, Halpin R, Wang S, Vlasova A, Janies D, Jones LR, Ghedin E, Saif LJ. Quasispecies of bovine enteric and respiratory coronaviruses based on complete genome sequences and genetic changes after tissue culture adaptation. Virology 2007; 363:1-10. [PMID: 17434558 PMCID: PMC7103286 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2007.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2007] [Revised: 02/21/2007] [Accepted: 03/13/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The genetic diversity of 2 pairs (AH65 and AH187) of wild type bovine coronaviruses (BCoV) sequenced directly from nasal (respiratory) and rectal (enteric) swabs of two feedlot calves with respiratory and enteric symptoms [Hasoksuz, M., Sreevatsan, S., Cho, K.O., Hoet, A.E., Saif, L.J., 2002b. Molecular analysis of the S1 subunit of the spike glycoprotein of respiratory and enteric bovine coronavirus isolates. Virus Res. 84 (1-2), 101-109.]. was analyzed. Sequence analysis of the complete genomes revealed differences at 123 and 149 nucleotides (nt) throughout the entire genome between the respiratory and enteric strains for samples AH65 and AH187, respectively, indicating the presence of intra-host BCoV quasispecies. In addition, significant numbers of sequence ambiguities were found in the genomes of some BCoV-R and BCoV-E strains, suggesting intra-isolate quasispecies. The tissue culture (TC) passaged counterparts of AH65 respiratory BCoV (AH65-R-TC) and enteric BCoV (AH65-E-TC) were also sequenced after 14 and 15 passages and 1 plaque purification in human rectal tumor cells (HRT-18), respectively. Compared to the parental wild type strains, tissue culture passage generated 104 nt changes in the AH65-E-TC isolate but only 8 nt changes in the AH65-R-TC isolate. Particularly noteworthy, the majority of nucleotide changes in the AH65-E-TC isolate occurred at the identical positions as the mutations occurring in the AH65-R strain from the same animal. These data suggest that BCoV evolves through quasispecies development, and that enteric BCoV isolates are more prone to genetic changes and may mutate to resemble respiratory BCoV strains after tissue culture passage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinsheng Zhang
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, 1680 Madison Ave., Wooster, OH 44691, USA
| | - Mustafa Hasoksuz
- Istanbul University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Virology, Avcilar, 34320, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - David Spiro
- The Institute for Genomic Research (TIGR), Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Rebecca Halpin
- The Institute for Genomic Research (TIGR), Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Shiliang Wang
- The Institute for Genomic Research (TIGR), Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Anastasia Vlasova
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, 1680 Madison Ave., Wooster, OH 44691, USA
| | - Daniel Janies
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Leandro R. Jones
- Instituto de Virología, CICVyA, INTA-Castelar, CC 25 (1712), Castelar, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Elodie Ghedin
- The Institute for Genomic Research (TIGR), Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Linda J. Saif
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, 1680 Madison Ave., Wooster, OH 44691, USA
- Corresponding author. Fax: +1 330 263 3677.
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Park SJ, Jeong C, Yoon SS, Choy HE, Saif LJ, Park SH, Kim YJ, Jeong JH, Park SI, Kim HH, Lee BJ, Cho HS, Kim SK, Kang MI, Cho KO. Detection and characterization of bovine coronaviruses in fecal specimens of adult cattle with diarrhea during the warmer seasons. J Clin Microbiol 2006; 44:3178-88. [PMID: 16954245 PMCID: PMC1594715 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.02667-05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine coronavirus (BCoV) is an etiological agent associated with winter dysentery (WD), prevalent in adult cattle during the winter. Although we previously detected, isolated, and characterized BCoV strains from adult cattle with WD (WD-BCoV strains) during the winter in South Korea, the precise epidemiology, as well as the causative agent of diarrhea in adult cattle in the warmer seasons, has not been examined. We examined 184 diarrheic fecal specimens collected from 75 herds of adult cattle from seven provinces during the spring (warm), autumn (warm), and summer (hot) seasons. Bovine coronavirus-positive reactions were detected for 107 (58.2%) diarrheic fecal samples (in 47/75 herds). Of these 107 positive samples, 90 fecal samples from 33 herds tested positive for BCoV alone and 17 fecal samples from 14 herds also tested positive for other pathogens. Biological comparisons between the 9 BCoV strains isolated in this study and the 10 previously isolated WD-BCoV strains revealed that there was no receptor-destroying enzyme (RDE) activity against mouse erythrocytes in the 9 BCoV strains but the 10 WD-BCoV strains had high RDE activity. Phylogenetic analysis of the spike (S) and hemagglutinin/esterase (HE) proteins revealed that all the Korean BCoVs clustered together regardless of season and were distinct from the other known BCoVs, suggesting a distinct evolutionary pathway for the Korean BCoVs. These and previous results revealed a high prevalence and widespread geographical distribution of BCoV, suggesting that this virus is endemic in adult cattle with diarrhea in all seasons in South Korea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Jin Park
- Biotherapy Human Resources Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, South Korea
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46
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Thomas CJ, Hoet AE, Sreevatsan S, Wittum TE, Briggs RE, Duff GC, Saif LJ. Transmission of bovine coronavirus and serologic responses in feedlot calves under field conditions. Am J Vet Res 2006; 67:1412-20. [PMID: 16881855 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.67.8.1412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare shedding patterns and serologic responses to bovine coronavirus (BCV) in feedlot calves shipped from a single ranch in New Mexico (NM calves) versus calves assembled from local sale barns in Arkansas (AR calves) and to evaluate the role of BCV on disease and performance. ANIMALS 103 feedlot calves from New Mexico and 100 from Arkansas. PROCEDURES Calves were studied from before shipping to 35 days after arrival at the feedlot. Nasal swab specimens, fecal samples, and serum samples were obtained before shipping, at arrival, and periodically thereafter. Bovine coronavirus antigen and antibodies were detected by use of an ELISA. RESULTS NM calves had a high geometric mean titer for BCV antibody at arrival (GMT, 1,928); only 2% shed BCV in nasal secretions and 1% in feces. In contrast, AR calves had low antibody titers against BCV at arrival (GMT, 102) and 64% shed BCV in nasal secretions and 65% in feces. Detection of BCV in nasal secretions preceded detection in feces before shipping AR calves, but at arrival, 73% of AR calves were shedding BCV in nasal secretions and feces. Bovine coronavirus infection was significantly associated with respiratory tract disease and decreased growth performance in AR calves. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Replication and shedding of BCV may start in the upper respiratory tract and spread to the gastrointestinal tract. Vaccination of calves against BCV before shipping to feedlots may provide protection against BCV infection and its effects with other pathogens in the induction of respiratory tract disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Thomas
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, 44691, USA
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47
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Liu L, Hägglund S, Hakhverdyan M, Alenius S, Larsen LE, Belák S. Molecular epidemiology of bovine coronavirus on the basis of comparative analyses of the S gene. J Clin Microbiol 2006; 44:957-60. [PMID: 16517883 PMCID: PMC1393089 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.44.3.957-960.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine coronavirus (BCoV), a group 2 member of the genus Coronavirus in the family Coronaviridae, is an important pathogen in cattle worldwide. It causes diarrhea in adult animals (winter dysentery), as well as enteric and respiratory diseases in calves. The annual occurrence of BCoV epidemics in Sweden and Denmark led to this investigation, with the aim to deepen the knowledge of BCoV epidemiology at the molecular level. A total of 43 samples from outbreaks in both countries were used for PCR amplification and direct sequencing of a 624-nucleotide fragment of the BCoV S gene. Sequence comparison and phylogenetic studies were performed. The results showed (i) identical sequences from different animals in the same herds and from paired nasal and fecal samples, suggesting a dominant virus circulating in each herd at a given time; (ii) sequence differences among four outbreaks in different years in the same herd, indicating new introduction of virus; (iii) identical sequences in four different Danish herds in samples obtained within 2 months, implying virus transmission between herds; and (iv) that at least two different virus strains were involved in the outbreaks of BCoV in Denmark during the spring of 2003. This study presents molecular data of BCoV infections that will contribute to an increased understanding of BCoV epidemiology in cattle populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihong Liu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7019, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
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48
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Ko CK, Kang MI, Lim GK, Kim GY, Yoon SS, Park JT, Jeong C, Park SH, Park SJ, Kim YJ, Jeong JH, Kim SK, Park SI, Kim HH, Kim KY, Cho KO. Molecular characterization of HE, M, and E genes of winter dysentery bovine coronavirus circulated in Korea during 2002-2003. Virus Genes 2006; 32:129-36. [PMID: 16604443 PMCID: PMC7089456 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-005-6867-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2005] [Accepted: 07/13/2005] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The different bovine coronavirus (BCoV) strains or isolates exhibited various degrees of substitutions, resulting in altered antigenicity and pathogenicity of the virus. In the previous our study, we demonstrated that the spike glycoprotein gene of Korean winter dysentery (WD) BCoV had a genetic property of both enteric (EBCV) and respiratory BCoV (RBCV) and were significantly distinct from the ancestral enteric strains. In the present study, therefore, we analyzed the other structure genes, the hemagglutinin/esterase (HE) protein, the transmembrane (M) protein and the small membrane (E) protein to characterize 10 WD BCoV circulated in Korea during 2002-2003 and compared the nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences with the other known BCoV. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that the HE gene among BCoV could be divided into three groups. The first group included only RBCV, while the second group contained calf diarrhea BCoV, RBCV, WD and EBCV, respectively. The third group possessed only all Korean WD strains which were more homologous to each other and were sharply distinct from the other known BCoV, suggesting Korean WD strains had evolutionary distinct pathway. In contrast, the relative conservation of the M and E proteins of BCoV including Korean WD strains and the other coronaviruses suggested that structural constraints on these proteins are rigid, resulting in more limited evolution of these proteins. In addition, BCoV and human coronavirus HCV-OC43 contained four potential O-glycosylation sites in the M gene. However, the M gene sequence of both BCoV and HCV-OC43 might not contain a signal peptide, suggesting the M protein might be unlikely to be exposed to the O-glycosylation machinery in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chin-Koo Ko
- Veterinary Medical Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea.
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49
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Abstract
Bovine torovirus (BoTV) is a pleomorphic virus with a spike-bearing envelope and a linear, non-segmented, positive-sense single-stranded RNA genome. This kidney-shaped virus is associated with diarrhea in calves and apparently has a worldwide distribution. This review provides details of the history and taxonomy of BoTV since its discovery in 1979. Information about virion morphology and architecture, antigenic and biological properties, viral genome, protein composition, thermal and chemical stability, and pH and proteolytic enzymes resistance is also summarized. A major focus of this review is to postulate a possible epidemiological cycle for BoTV, based on epidemiological data obtained in our studies and other published data, and progressing from the newborn calf to the adult animal. The distribution, host range, pathogenesis, disease and clinical signs (under experimental and natural exposure), pathology, diagnosis, prevention, treatment and control of BoTV infections are also described. In addition, a discussion of the zoonotic implications of torovirus-like particles detected in patients with gastroenteritis that resemble and cross-react with BoTV is presented. Hopefully, the findings described here will alert others to the existence of BoTV in cattle and its contribution to the diarrheal disease complex. This review also highlights the need for continual vigilance for potential zoonotic viruses belonging to the order Nidovirales, such as the SARS coronavirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armando E Hoet
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, La Universidad del Zulia, Maracaibo, Venezuela.
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50
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Hasoksuz M, Kayar A, Dodurka T, Ilgaz A. Detection of respiratory and enteric shedding of bovine coronaviruses in cattle in Northwestern Turkey. Acta Vet Hung 2005; 53:137-46. [PMID: 15782666 DOI: 10.1556/avet.53.2005.1.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Bovine coronavirus (BCoV) is an important cause of diarrhoea in calves, winter dysentery in adult cattle and respiratory tract disease in feedlot cattle. Serum, faecal and nasal swab samples were collected from a total of 96 cattle with clinical signs in 29 barns of 23 villages in Northwestern Turkey. The cattle were subdivided into 3 distinct age groups (0-30 days old, 4-12 months old and 2-7 years old). An indirect antigen-capture ELISA and an antibody-detection ELISA as well as geometric mean BCoV antibody titres were used to detect BoCV shed in the faeces and in the nasal secretions, respectively. Relationships between BCoV shedding and age group, seroconversion and clinical signs in cattle were also analysed. The rate of faecal shedding of BoCV was 37.1% (13/35) in 0-30 days old calves, 25.6% (10/39) in 4-12 months old feedlot cattle and 18.2% (4/22) in 2-7 years old cows. The overall rate of BCoV faecal shedding was 28.1% (27/96) in the cattle examined. Only one animal in the 4-12 months old age group was found to shed BoCV nasally. The analysis showed that there was a significant difference (P < 0.0001) with respect to faecal shedding between the clinical signs and the age groups. BCoV antibody titre in 50% of all cattle was < or =100 as detected by ELISA while 27.1% of the cattle had high titres ranging between 1,600 and 25,600. The seroconversion rate was 7.3% (7/96) in animals shedding BoCV in the faeces and 42.7% (41/96) in cattle negative for faecal shedding as detected by ELISA, and 20.8% of cattle with no seroconversion shed BCoV in the faeces. There was no statistically significant association between seroconversion and nasal or faecal BCoV shedding. These findings confirm the presence of BCoV infections in Turkey. Further studies are needed to isolate BCoV strains in Turkey and to investigate their antigenic and genetic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Hasoksuz
- Department of Microbiology, Veterinary Faculty, Istanbul University, 34320 Avcilar, Istanbul, Turkey.
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