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Harvey S, McEntee E, Cole S. Bacterial Prostatitis Secondary to Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis in an Immunocompetent Dog. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2024; 60:202-206. [PMID: 39235776 DOI: 10.5326/jaaha-ms-7428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 09/06/2024]
Abstract
Salmonella is a rod-shaped gram-negative bacterium of the family Enterobacteriaceae, commonly present in the gastrointestinal tract in humans and animals. Salmonella-associated bacteriuria and prostatitis are rare but have been reported in humans, predominantly older patients with underlying diseases, including urinary tract obstructions, diabetes mellitus, and compromised immunity. In dogs, Salmonella bacteriuria and prostatitis have only been described in patients on immunosuppressive medications. This study reports the case of a 7 yr old male Pit bull terrier mix with Salmonella prostatitis. The patient had a 3 day history of lethargy and anorexia. He was fed a commercial diet and had no previous medical or medication history. On physical examination, he had caudal abdominal pain and a firm, enlarged, painful prostate. Ultrasound revealed marked prostatomegaly with multifocal echogenic fluid-filled cavitations and regional peritonitis. Urine and prostatic fluid culture grew Salmonella (>100,000 colony-forming units/mL) using standard culture methods. Treatment with enrofloxacin was initiated for 8 wk. Repeat urine and prostatic cultures after cessation of antibiotics were negative, and serial fecal cultures were Salmonella negative. This case report is, to the best of our knowledge, the first to describe Salmonella prostatitis and bacteriuria in an immunocompetent dog who was not fed a raw diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Harvey
- From Red Bank Veterinary Hospital, Red Bank, New Jersey (S.H., E.M.); and
| | - Elisa McEntee
- From Red Bank Veterinary Hospital, Red Bank, New Jersey (S.H., E.M.); and
| | - Stephen Cole
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (S.C.)
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Morgan G, Pinchbeck G, Taymaz E, Chattaway MA, Schmidt V, Williams N. An investigation of the presence and antimicrobial susceptibility of Enterobacteriaceae in raw and cooked kibble diets for dogs in the United Kingdom. Front Microbiol 2024; 14:1301841. [PMID: 38260907 PMCID: PMC10800874 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1301841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Raw meat diets (RMD) for dogs are an increasingly popular alternative pet food choice, however studies worldwide have demonstrated them to be contaminated with zoonotic and antimicrobial resistant (AMR) bacteria, including bacteria resistant to critically important antibiotics. Despite this, few data exist surrounding the presence of these bacteria in RMD in the United Kingdom. The present study aimed to identify the most commonly selected RMD and non-raw diets (NRMD) by United Kingdom dog owners. Additionally, it investigated the presence of AMR-Enterobacteriaceae in samples of pre-prepared RMD and cooked commercial kibble dog foods. An online survey investigating diet preferences of United Kingdom dog owners was open for 6 weeks between February-March 2020. From this, the top 10 brands of pre-prepared raw and cooked kibble diets were ascertained and 134 samples purchased (110 RMD, 24 kibble) and subjected to microbiological testing. Bacterial enumeration of E. coli and other Enterobacteriaceae was undertaken, and the presence of Salmonella spp. and AMR-E. coli within samples determined. Whole genome sequencing was undertaken on Salmonella spp. and third-generation cephalosporin-resistant 3GCR-E. coli isolates. Pre-prepared RMD was most commonly selected by dog owners who fed RMD, and cooked commercial complete dry food was most frequently fed by owners who fed NRMD. Damaged and leaking packaging was observed in samples of RMD, alongside variability in information provided surrounding product traceability. Counts of E. coli and other Enterobacteriaceae exceeding >5,000 CFU/g were identified in samples of RMD. AMR-, extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing and 3GCR-E. coli was isolated from 39, 14 and 16% of RMD samples, respectively. Multiple antimicrobial resistance genes were identified in 3GCR-E. coli isolates. Of the ESBL encoding genes, blaCTX-M-15 was most commonly identified. S. enterica was isolated from 5% of RMD samples. No Enterobacteriaceae were isolated from any of the cooked kibble samples. The present study suggests that pre-prepared RMD available for dogs in the United Kingdom can be contaminated with zoonotic and AMR-Enterobacteriaceae. RMDs, therefore, are potentially an important One Health concern. Veterinary and medical professionals, pet food retailers and pet owners should be aware of these risks; and stringent hygiene measures should be practiced if owners choose to feed RMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genever Morgan
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Neston, United Kingdom
| | - Gina Pinchbeck
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Neston, United Kingdom
| | - Eda Taymaz
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Neston, United Kingdom
| | - Marie Anne Chattaway
- Gastrointestinal Bacteria Reference Unit, United Kingdom Health Security Agency, London, United Kingdom
| | - Vanessa Schmidt
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Neston, United Kingdom
| | - Nicola Williams
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Neston, United Kingdom
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Kim HT, Wakshlag JJ. Nutrition and Theriogenology: A Glimpse Into Nutrition and Nutritional Supplementation During Gestation, Lactation, Weaning and Breeding Dogs and Cats. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2023:S0195-5616(23)00076-1. [PMID: 37353417 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2023.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/25/2023]
Abstract
Feeding during normal reproduction is often not thought of until there is a problem with conception or gestational losses. Energy demands of lactation and early puppy/kitten are of concern, particularly in large and giant breed dogs where mineral balance is crucial to normal development. There is a paucity of information around optimizing feeding during conception and gestation with many myths around ingredients which will be explored in this article along with supplements that may be able to support spermatogenesis and conception which primarily comes from the human literature and may have validity in times of difficult conception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Tae Kim
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Advanced Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3800 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Joseph J Wakshlag
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, 930 Campus Road, CPC -3-526, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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Morgan G, Saal M, Corr A, Jenkins C, Chattaway MA, Pinchbeck G, Williams N. Isolation of Salmonella species of public health concern from commonly fed dried meat dog treats. Vet Rec 2023; 192:e2642. [PMID: 36715168 DOI: 10.1002/vetr.2642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dried non-heat-treated meat treats, such as ears, skin and tails, are popular supplementary dog foods. Previous studies have demonstrated Salmonella spp. contamination on treats, particularly in pig ears and chicken products. This small, exploratory, cross-sectional study investigated Salmonella spp. presence in dried treats available in the UK. METHODS A selection of dried treats from local pet shops and online retailers underwent bacterial culture for Salmonella spp. and subsequent antimicrobial susceptibility testing, with Salmonella serotype determined by whole genome sequencing. RESULTS Eighty-four samples were tested, with 16% being Salmonella spp. positive. Five Salmonella serotypes were identified, each associated with specific treat types. An antimicrobial-resistant phenotype was identified in 39% of isolates. All serotypes identified are known to cause human infection. LIMITATIONS This study was limited by a small sample size and limited number of retail sources. CONCLUSION Salmonella spp. of public health concern were present in some dried dog treats in this study. Dog owners, pet food retailers and veterinary professionals should be aware of the potential zoonotic disease risk associated with these treats, and appropriate hygiene measures, including thorough hand washing, should be utilised if they are fed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genever Morgan
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Neston, UK
| | - Mikhela Saal
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Neston, UK
| | - Aoife Corr
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Neston, UK
| | - Claire Jenkins
- Gastrointestinal Bacteria Reference Unit, United Kingdom Health Security Agency, London, UK
| | - Marie Anne Chattaway
- Gastrointestinal Bacteria Reference Unit, United Kingdom Health Security Agency, London, UK
| | - Gina Pinchbeck
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Neston, UK
| | - Nicola Williams
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Neston, UK
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Kiprotich S, Altom E, Mason R, Trinetta V, Aldrich G. Application of encapsulated and dry-plated food acidulants to control Salmonella enterica in raw meat-based diets for dogs. J Food Prot 2023; 86:100077. [PMID: 37003096 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfp.2023.100077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Abstract
There is an increasing demand for raw meat-based diets (RMBDs) for dogs, but these foods cannot be heat-pasteurized. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial efficacy of encapsulated and dry-plated glucono delta lactone (GDL), citric acid (CA), and lactic acid (LA) when challenged against Salmonella enterica inoculated in a model raw meat-based diet (RMBDs) for dogs. Nutritionally complete, raw diets were formulated with different levels (1.0, 2.0 and 3.0% (w/w)) of both encapsulated and dry-plated GDL, CA, and LA with both the positive (PC) and the negative controls (NC) without acidulants. The diets were formed into patties of ∼100 g and inoculated with 3-cocktail mixtures of Salmonella enterica serovars, excluding the NC to achieve a final concentration of ∼6.0 Log CFU/patty. Microbial analyses were performed on the inoculated diets and survivors of S. enterica enumerated. Both encapsulated and dry-plated CA and LA had higher log reductions compared to GDL (P < 0.05). However, encapsulated CA and LA at 1.0% (w/w) exhibited higher log reductions (P > 0.05) and preserved product quality compared to the dry-plated acidulants at 1.0%. We concluded that 1.0% (w/w) of encapsulated citric or lactic acids could be successfully applied as an antimicrobial intervention in raw diets for dogs.
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Kiprotich SS, Aldrich CG. A review of food additives to control the proliferation and transmission of pathogenic microorganisms with emphasis on applications to raw meat-based diets for companion animals. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:1049731. [DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.1049731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Raw meat-based diets (RMBDs) or sometimes described as biologically appropriate raw food (BARFs) are gaining in popularity amongst dog and cat owners. These pet guardians prefer their animals to eat minimally processed and more “natural” foods instead of highly heat-processed diets manufactured with synthetic preservatives. The market for RMBDs for dogs and cats is estimated at $33 million in the United States. This figure is likely underestimated because some pet owners feed their animals raw diets prepared at home. Despite their increasing demand, RMBDs have been plagued with numerous recalls because of contamination from foodborne pathogens like Salmonella, E. coli, or Campylobacter. Existing literature regarding mitigation strategies in RMBD's for dogs/cats are very limited. Thus, a comprehensive search for published research was conducted regarding technologies used in meat and poultry processing and raw materials tangential to this trade (e.g., meats and poultry). In this review paper, we explored multiple non-thermal processes and GRAS approved food additives that can be used as potential antimicrobials alone or in combinations to assert multiple stressors that impede microbial growth, ultimately leading to pathogen inactivation through hurdle technology. This review focuses on use of high-pressure pasteurization, organic acidulants, essential oils, and bacteriophages as possible approaches to commercially pasteurize RMBDs effectively at a relatively low cost. A summary of the different ways these technologies have been used in the past to control foodborne pathogens in meat and poultry related products and how they can be applied successfully to impede growth of enteric pathogens in commercially produced raw diets for companion animals is provided.
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Eagan BH, Wang S, Hall N, Protopopova A. Consumer attitudes toward bacteriophage applications to pet food. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:921508. [PMID: 36032294 PMCID: PMC9403512 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.921508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
This study used a two-part questionnaire to investigate consumer knowledge and attitudes toward bacteriophage applications in pet food, pet food safety, and environmental sustainability. Part 1 included questions about pet food safety, sustainability, and knowledge and attitudes toward bacteriophages. Next, participants reviewed educational materials about each, and Part 2 assessed if this increased knowledge of, or changed attitudes toward, bacteriophage application. Participants (n = 80), were recruited through Amazon Mechanical Turk (MT) (n = 45) and Social Media (SM) (n = 35). Mean responses in Part 1 and Part 2 were compared by paired t-tests, and mean responses between MT and SM were compared by t-tests. Participants reported pet food safety was important to them (combined proportion strongly agree or agree, mean ± SD) (75/80, 94%, MT 4.66 ± 0.60, SM 4.71 ± 0.95) and were most concerned with raw pet food safety (51/80, 64%, MT 3.88 ± 0.80, SM 3.17 ± 1.40). Participants rated environmental sustainability as important (61/80, 76%, MT 3.86 ± 0.94, SM 3.97 ± 0.66); however, it was not a strong driver of pet food purchasing (26/80, 33%, MT 3.31 ± 1.25, SM 2.82 ± 0.82). Overall, data showed an increase in knowledge of bacteriophages following a review of educational material. However, in the SM group, no statistically significant difference was observed in the comfort eating food with bacteriophage additives (SM Part 1 3.37 ± 1.05, SM Part 2 3.48 ± 1.12, p = 0.279), whereas the MT group did show an increase (MT Part 1 3.57 ± 1.01, MT Part 2 4.08 ± 0.92, p < 0.001). In the SM group, no statistically significant difference was observed in comfort feeding their pet food with bacteriophage additives (SM Part 1 3.40 ± 1.03, SM Part 2 3.45 ± 1.14, p = 0.571), whereas the MT group did show an increase (MT Part 1 3.57 ± 0.98, MT Part 2 4.31 ± 0.84, p < 0.001). The strongest objections related to safety concerns (20/53, 38%, MT 2.83 ± 0.96, SM 3.27 ± 0.84). These results demonstrate that despite increasing knowledge, there is still hesitancy among some consumers toward bacteriophage applications in pet food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bailey H. Eagan
- Animal Welfare Program, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Siyun Wang
- Food, Nutrition and Health, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Nathaniel Hall
- Department of Food and Animal Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States
| | - Alexandra Protopopova
- Animal Welfare Program, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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Morgan G, Williams N, Schmidt V, Cookson D, Symington C, Pinchbeck G. A Dog's Dinner: Factors affecting food choice and feeding practices for UK dog owners feeding raw meat-based or conventional cooked diets. Prev Vet Med 2022; 208:105741. [PMID: 35994979 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2022.105741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Food selection is an area of dog ownership where owners have direct control over their pet's wellbeing. While commercial cooked complete foods remain the majority component of many dog diets, there is increasing interest in alternative options including natural and raw ingredients. This study aimed to provide further data regarding feeding practices and diet choice for UK dog owners with a focus on raw meat diets. METHODS An online survey available to all UK dog owners and advertised through sources including social media and at Crufts was conducted from February to March 2020. Feeding practices and diet choice were assessed, and owners were categorised as either feeding a raw meat diet (RMD) or non-raw diet (NRMD) based on their responses. Descriptive, univariable and multivariable data analyses were undertaken to determine dog and owner factors associated with feeding RMD, and thematic analysis was undertaken on free-text responses. RESULTS A total of 1831 owners completed the survey (915 RMD, 916 NRMD) detailing information for 3212 dogs (1754 RMD, 1458 NRMD). Dog breed (German Shepherd), Border Collie, Crossbreed (p < 0.001), entire neuter status (p < 0.001) and younger age (p 0.022) were associated with RMD feeding. RMD-feeding owners were likely to own > 1 dog (p < 0.001). RMD-feeding owners were more likely to cite a 'more natural' diet as a reason for their diet choice, and less likely to cite 'advice from a veterinary professional' compared to those who fed NRMD (p < 0.001). They were more likely to seek dietary advice from social media, friends/family and breeders rather than a veterinary surgeon/nurse (p < 0.001). RMD-feeding owners perceived their diet choice to provide a wide range of health benefits, including for coat health, oral hygiene, general digestive system health, anal sac clearance, mobility, performance and behaviour, and perceived NRMD as a health risk for most of these health factors (p < 0.001). NRMD-feeding owners perceived RMD to be a risk for bone splinters and foreign bodies (p < 0.001). RMD-feeding owners did not perceive diet to be a risk to their dog, themselves or in-contact dogs or people. In contrast, NRMD-feeding owners perceived the opposite (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Factors affecting dog food selection are multifactorial and complex, with owners who feed RMD and those who feed NRMD having differing views. Further research regarding benefits and risks of different diets is required, however it remains vital that communication regarding the public health risks of RMD is seen as credible to owners and disseminated in a way that reaches the desired audience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genever Morgan
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool Leahurst Campus, Leahurst Main Building, Chester High Road, Neston, Wirral CH64 7TE, United Kingdom.
| | - Nicola Williams
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool Leahurst Campus, Leahurst Main Building, Chester High Road, Neston, Wirral CH64 7TE, United Kingdom
| | - Vanessa Schmidt
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool Leahurst Campus, Leahurst Main Building, Chester High Road, Neston, Wirral CH64 7TE, United Kingdom
| | - Daisy Cookson
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool Leahurst Campus, Leahurst Main Building, Chester High Road, Neston, Wirral CH64 7TE, United Kingdom
| | - Carrie Symington
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool Leahurst Campus, Leahurst Main Building, Chester High Road, Neston, Wirral CH64 7TE, United Kingdom
| | - Gina Pinchbeck
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool Leahurst Campus, Leahurst Main Building, Chester High Road, Neston, Wirral CH64 7TE, United Kingdom
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Solís D, Toro M, Navarrete P, Faúndez P, Reyes-Jara A. Microbiological Quality and Presence of Foodborne Pathogens in Raw and Extruded Canine Diets and Canine Fecal Samples. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:799710. [PMID: 35923819 PMCID: PMC9339799 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.799710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pet food can be a source of microbiological hazards that might affect companion animals and owners. Even though owners usually rely on conventional pet diets, such as extruded diets, new feeding practices, such as raw meat-based diets (RMBDs), have grown. RMBDs' benefits are still scientifically uncertain, while its risks have been documented. The use of canine RMBDs might increase the exposure to zoonotic pathogens, such as Salmonella spp., Listeria monocytogenes, Campylobacter spp., among others. Identifying pathogen prevalence in canine food and pets is required to contribute to public health measures. The aims of this study were: (1) to compare the microbiological quality of RMBDs and extruded diets (2) to identify and compare the prevalence of Salmonella spp., Campylobacter jejuni, and L. monocytogenes from raw and extruded canine diets and canine fecal samples, and (3) to characterize pet owners according to the diet chosen to be used on their pets, their motivations for using RMBDs, and their knowledge about benefits and risks related to this feeding practice. Conventional and molecular microbiological methods were used to identify pathogen presence from food and fecal samples, while pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) was performed to evaluate the clonal relationship between isolates. Aerobic plate counts for RMBDs were higher than those detected for extruded diets. Salmonella spp. and L. monocytogenes were isolated from 35.7% (15/42) RMBDs, while Salmonella spp., C. jejuni, and L. monocytogenes from 33.3% (11/33) fecal samples from RMBD-fed dogs. From the RMBD samples positive to Salmonella spp., chicken was the main meat ingredient composing the diets. PFGE analysis confirmed a genetic association between Salmonella spp. isolates from fecal and raw food samples from the same household. We did not detect pathogens from extruded food samples or feces from extruded-fed dogs. Using a survey, we identified dog owners' unawareness and/or underestimation of risks related to RMBDs. We demonstrated that canine raw pet food might be a source of zoonotic foodborne pathogens that represent a health risk for both humans and pets. While clinical findings caused by the mentioned pathogens vary among pets, the zoonotic potential implies a significant concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doina Solís
- Laboratorio de Microbiología y Probióticos, Instituto de Nutrición y Tecnología de los Alimentos (INTA), Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Magaly Toro
- Laboratorio de Microbiología y Probióticos, Instituto de Nutrición y Tecnología de los Alimentos (INTA), Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Paola Navarrete
- Laboratorio de Microbiología y Probióticos, Instituto de Nutrición y Tecnología de los Alimentos (INTA), Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Patricio Faúndez
- Red de Atención Veterinaria, Hospital de Alta Complejidad Bilbao, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Angélica Reyes-Jara
- Laboratorio de Microbiología y Probióticos, Instituto de Nutrición y Tecnología de los Alimentos (INTA), Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- *Correspondence: Angélica Reyes-Jara
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McDonnell S, Gutierrez M, Leonard FC, O'Brien T, Kearney P, Swan C, Madigan G, Bracken E, McLernon J, Griffin M, O'Sullivan CM, Egan J, Prendergast DM. A survey of food-borne and antimicrobial resistance-harbouring bacteria in meat by-products from knackeries and associated equipment and kennels. Ir Vet J 2022; 75:9. [PMID: 35538509 PMCID: PMC9088083 DOI: 10.1186/s13620-022-00219-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In Ireland, meat by-products (MBP) harvested at knackeries from farmed animals that have not died of an infectious or systemic disease are legally permitted to be fed to dogs in kennels and packs of hounds. There is limited information available on the risks of spreading foodborne bacteria or antimicrobial resistant (AMR) determinants to dogs, their handlers or the associated environment. The aim of this study was to investigate the distribution of Salmonella serovars, Listeria monocytogenes, Campylobacter species, enterococci, their associated AMR determinants and the level of Escherichia coli in samples of MBP from knackeries and associated equipment and kennels. For this purpose, 313 fresh and 208 frozen MBP samples from 22 knackeries, 16 swabs of mincing equipment from two of the knackeries and 138 swabs from kennels adjacent to seven of the knackeries were collected and processed over a 12-month period. Results From the 521 MBP samples analysed, a total of 77 Salmonella (14.8%), 101 L. monocytogenes (19.4%), 12 Campylobacter (2.3%), 271 Enterococcus faecalis (52.0%) and 127 Enterococcus faecium (24.4%) strains were recovered. The 154 analysed environmental samples from kennels and mincing equipment yielded 194 isolates (3 Salmonella, 85 E. coli, 76 E. faecalis and 30 E. faecium.). E. coli was quantifiable in 423 of the 521 MBP samples with log counts per gram ranging between 1 and 6. AMR characterisation of 168 E. coli, enterococci and Salmonella isolates from MBP and environmental samples showed high levels of AMR including multi-drug resistance (MDR) with 63.6%, 9.1%, 29% and 45.8% of E. coli, Salmonella, E. faecalis and E. faecium isolates, respectively showing resistance to three or more antimicrobials (MDR) Conclusions The findings of this survey confirm that MBP from fallen animals contain high levels of zoonotic and AMR-harbouring bacteria that pose a risk of transmission to dogs, their handlers, and the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon McDonnell
- Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Backweston Complex, Celbridge, Co., Kildare, Ireland
| | - Montserrat Gutierrez
- Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Backweston Complex, Celbridge, Co., Kildare, Ireland
| | - Finola C Leonard
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Science Centre, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Tony O'Brien
- Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Backweston Complex, Celbridge, Co., Kildare, Ireland
| | - Pat Kearney
- Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Backweston Complex, Celbridge, Co., Kildare, Ireland
| | - Catherine Swan
- Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Backweston Complex, Celbridge, Co., Kildare, Ireland
| | - Gillian Madigan
- Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Backweston Complex, Celbridge, Co., Kildare, Ireland
| | - Elaine Bracken
- Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Backweston Complex, Celbridge, Co., Kildare, Ireland
| | - Joanne McLernon
- Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Backweston Complex, Celbridge, Co., Kildare, Ireland
| | - Margaret Griffin
- Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Backweston Complex, Celbridge, Co., Kildare, Ireland
| | - Ciaran M O'Sullivan
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Science Centre, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - John Egan
- Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Backweston Complex, Celbridge, Co., Kildare, Ireland
| | - Deirdre M Prendergast
- Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Backweston Complex, Celbridge, Co., Kildare, Ireland.
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Bojanić K, Acke E, Biggs PJ, Midwinter AC. The prevalence of Salmonella spp. in working farm dogs and their home-kill raw meat diets in Manawatū, New Zealand. N Z Vet J 2022; 70:233-237. [DOI: 10.1080/00480169.2022.2064929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K Bojanić
- EpiLab, School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - E Acke
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - PJ Biggs
- EpiLab, School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - AC Midwinter
- EpiLab, School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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Yukawa S, Uchida I, Takemitsu H, Okamoto A, Yukawa M, Ohshima S, Tamura Y. Anti-microbial resistance of Salmonella isolates from raw meat-based dog food in Japan. Vet Med Sci 2022; 8:982-989. [PMID: 35077028 PMCID: PMC9122446 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Salmonella contamination of raw meat‐based diets (RMBDs) for pets poses a major public health concern but has not been investigated in Japan. Objective To investigate Salmonella contamination in RMBDs for dogs marketed in Japan and the anti‐microbial resistance profiles of the Salmonella isolates. Methods Sixty commercial RMBD samples were collected in the Okayama and Osaka Prefectures, Japan, between December 2016 and March 2017. The obtained Salmonella isolates were serotyped, their anti‐microbial resistance patterns were determined, and the anti‐microbial‐resistant isolates were screened for the presence of resistance genes by polymerase chain reaction. Results Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica was detected in seven of the 60 RMBD samples. Among them, five isolates were identified as S. Infantis (n = 3), S. Typhimurium (n = 1) and S. Schwarzengrund (n = 1), while the serotypes of two isolates were unable to be identified. All isolates were susceptible to ampicillin, cefazolin, cefotaxime and gentamycin. Two isolates were resistant to more than one anti‐microbial agent; one of the S. Infantis isolates was resistant to streptomycin, kanamycin, tetracycline and trimethoprim, while the S. Typhimurium isolate was resistant to nalidixic acid, ciprofloxacin and chloramphenicol. The S. Schwarzengrund isolate was resistant to tetracycline. Additionally, the S. Typhimurium isolate harboured the anti‐microbial resistance gene gyrA with a mutation corresponding to Ser‐83→Phe amino acid substitution. Conclusion The study findings suggest that RMBDs for dogs marketed in Japan can be a potential source of Salmonella infection for dogs and humans including infections caused by quinolone‐resistant isolates. The current study's objective was to determine the prevalence of Salmonella contamination in RMBD for dogs and the antimicrobial resistance profiles of these isolates. Therefore, the incidence of Salmonella contamination in RMBD for dogs currently sold in Japan was surveyed. Salmonella was detected in seven of the 60 raw food samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoichiro Yukawa
- Department of Comparative Animal Science, College of Life Science, Kurashiki University of Science and The Arts, Kurashiki-shi, Okayama, Japan
| | - Ikuo Uchida
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu-shi, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Takemitsu
- Department of Comparative Animal Science, College of Life Science, Kurashiki University of Science and The Arts, Kurashiki-shi, Okayama, Japan
| | - Asako Okamoto
- Department of Comparative Animal Science, College of Life Science, Kurashiki University of Science and The Arts, Kurashiki-shi, Okayama, Japan
| | | | - Seinosuke Ohshima
- Department of Comparative Animal Science, College of Life Science, Kurashiki University of Science and The Arts, Kurashiki-shi, Okayama, Japan
| | - Yutaka Tamura
- Center for Veterinary Drug Development, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu-shi, Hokkaido, Japan
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Ramos CP, Diniz AN, Ribeiro MG, de Paula CL, Costa ÉA, Sonne L, Pereira ST, Lopes CEB, Rennó MC, Silva ROS. Enteric Organisms Detected in Feces of Dogs With Bloody Diarrhea: 45 Cases. Top Companion Anim Med 2021; 45:100549. [PMID: 34044173 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcam.2021.100549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Bloody diarrhea is a common condition in dogs, but studies evaluating the enteropathogens involved specifically in adult dogs are scarce. In the present study, stool samples from 45 adult dogs with bloody diarrhea were evaluated for the four enteric organisms mainly reported in these cases: canine parvovirus type 2 (CPV-2), Clostridioides difficile, Clostridium perfringens, and Salmonella spp. In addition, the samples were also tested for coronavirus, rotavirus, Giardia spp., and Escherichia coli pathotypes to provide a better understanding of possible co-occurrence. Vaccination status, diet, and clinical outcome were also obtained when available. CPV-2b was identified in 17 dogs (37.8%), being the most frequent cause of bloody diarrhea, including completely vaccinated adult dogs. Toxigenic C. difficile and C. perfringens netF+ were detected in 6 (13.3%) and 5 (11.1%) dogs, in some cases in a co-occurrence with other enteric organisms. Three fatal cases of salmonellosis were identified in dogs fed a raw meat-based diet, raising the risks associated with this increasing practice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amanda Nádia Diniz
- Veterinary School. Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), MG, Brazil
| | - Marcio Garcia Ribeiro
- UNESP-São Paulo State University - Department of Animal Production and Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Carolina Lechinski de Paula
- UNESP-São Paulo State University - Department of Animal Production and Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Luciana Sonne
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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14
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Dróżdż M, Małaszczuk M, Paluch E, Pawlak A. Zoonotic potential and prevalence of Salmonella serovars isolated from pets. Infect Ecol Epidemiol 2021; 11:1975530. [PMID: 34531964 PMCID: PMC8439213 DOI: 10.1080/20008686.2021.1975530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonellosis is a global health problem, affecting approximately 1.3 billion people annually. Most of these cases are related to food contamination. However, although the majority of Salmonella serovars are pathogenic to humans, animals can be asymptomatic carriers of these bacteria. Nowadays, a wide range of animals is present in human households as pets, including reptiles, amphibians, dogs, cats, ornamental birds, and rodents. Pets contaminate the environment of their owners by shedding the bacteria intermittently in their feaces. In consequence, theyare thought to cause salmonellosis through pet-to-human transmission. Each Salmonella serovar has a different zoonotic potential, which is strongly regulated by stress factors such as transportation, crowding, food deprivation, or temperature. In this review, we summarize the latest reports concerning Salmonella-prevalence and distribution in pets as well as the risk factors and means of prevention of human salmonellosis caused by contact with their pets. Our literature analysis (based on PubMed and Google Scholar databases) is limited to the distribution of Salmonella serovars found in commonly owned pet species. We collected the recent results of studies concerning testing for Salmonella spp. in biological samples, indicating their prevalence in pets, with regard to clinical cases of human salmonellosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateusz Dróżdż
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Laboratory of Rna Biochemistry, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Emil Paluch
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, Wrocław, Poland
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15
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Thomas M, Feng Y. Risk of Foodborne Illness from Pet Food: Assessing Pet Owners' Knowledge, Behavior, and Risk Perception. J Food Prot 2020; 83:1998-2007. [PMID: 32609832 DOI: 10.4315/jfp-20-108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Pet food has been identified as a source of pathogenic bacteria, including Salmonella and Escherichia coli. A recent outbreak linked to Salmonella -contaminated pet treats infected over 150 people in the United States. The mechanism by which contaminated pet food leads to human illness has not been explicated. Pet owners' food safety knowledge and their pet food handling practices have not been reported. This study evaluated pet owners' food safety knowledge and pet-food handling practices through an online consumer survey. The survey consists of 62 questions and assesses (1) owners' food safety knowledge and pet-food handling practices; (2) owners' interaction with pets; (3) owners' risk perception related to their own health, their children's health, and their pets' health. The survey was pilot-tested among 59 pet owners before distribution to a national consumer panel, managed by Qualtrics XM. All participants (n=1,040) were dog and/or cat owners in the United States. Almost all pet owners interacted with their pets (93%) and most cuddled, allowed their pets to lick them, and slept with their pets. Less than one-third of pet owners washed their hands with soap after interacting with their pets. Over half (58%) the owners reported washing their hands after feeding their pets. Most pet owners fed their pets dry pet food and dry pet treats. Some fed their pets raw meat or raw animal product (RAP) diets because they believed these diets to be beneficial to their pet's overall health. Many owners (78%) were unaware of pet food recalls or outbreaks associated with foodborne pathogens. Less than 25% considered dry pet foods and treats as a potential source of foodborne pathogens. The findings of this study indicated the need for consumer education about pet food handling. The data collected can assist in developing more accurate risk assessment models and consumer education related to pet food handling.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yaohua Feng
- Purdue University Assistant Professor Food Science 745 Agriculture Mall Dr. UNITED STATES West Lafayette In 47907 +15305742267
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16
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Hanekom J, Pazzi P, Rautenbach Y, Henning A. Salmonella enterica
serovar Typhimurium bacteraemia in a puppy with canine parvoviral enteritis. VETERINARY RECORD CASE REPORTS 2020. [DOI: 10.1136/vetreccr-2020-001171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Josef Hanekom
- Companion Animal Clinical SciencesUniversity of Pretoria Faculty of Veterinary SciencePretoriaGautengSouth Africa
| | - Paolo Pazzi
- Companion Animal Clinical SciencesUniversity of Pretoria Faculty of Veterinary SciencePretoriaGautengSouth Africa
| | - Yolandi Rautenbach
- Companion Animal Clinical SciencesUniversity of Pretoria Faculty of Veterinary SciencePretoriaGautengSouth Africa
| | - Alischa Henning
- Paraclinical SciencesUniversity of Pretoria Faculty of Veterinary SciencePretoriaGautengSouth Africa
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17
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Cummings KJ, Mitchell PK, Rodriguez-Rivera LD, Goodman LB. Sequence analysis of Salmonella enterica isolates obtained from shelter dogs throughout Texas. Vet Med Sci 2020; 6:975-979. [PMID: 32613739 PMCID: PMC7738724 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Dogs are a potential source of zoonotic Salmonella transmission. We had previously estimated the prevalence of Salmonella shedding among shelter dogs throughout Texas using a repeated cross‐sectional study design. Our current objectives were to fully characterize the Salmonella isolates and to assess their relatedness, using whole‐genome sequencing. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes were detected in 4/27 (15%) of the isolates. The fosfomycin resistance gene fosA7 was identified in two isolates; to our knowledge, there are no published reports of this gene in canine Salmonella isolates. The biocide resistance gene qacEdelta1, conferring resistance to quaternary ammonium compounds, was detected in an isolate that had four additional AMR genes. The most frequently identified serotypes were Newport (6/27, 22%) and Javiana (4/27, 15%), both of which were widespread among animal shelters. For these serotypes, there was evidence of both transmission of Salmonella within the shelter environment and separate introductions of Salmonella into a shelter. Several canine Salmonella isolates were closely related to human clinical isolates (four canine isolates within 10 SNPs and six more within 20 SNPs), suggesting a shared pathogen population. Educational outreach programmes targeting animal shelter workers would be useful for optimizing knowledge of Salmonella and other canine‐associated zoonotic pathogens.
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18
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Viegas FM, Ramos CP, Xavier RGC, Lopes EO, Júnior CAO, Bagno RM, Diniz AN, Lobato FCF, Silva ROS. Fecal shedding of Salmonella spp., Clostridium perfringens, and Clostridioides difficile in dogs fed raw meat-based diets in Brazil and their owners' motivation. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0231275. [PMID: 32287295 PMCID: PMC7156072 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0231275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to explore the motivations of Brazilian dog owners and their knowledge about the risks related to raw meat-based diets (RMBD) as well as to evaluate important enteropathogens such as Salmonella spp., C. perfringens, and C. difficile, in feces of dogs fed different diets. The majority of the pet owners (69.3%) reported to have chosen this diet for their dogs, considering it to be more “natural”. A large number of owners declared that RMBD do not pose health risks for their animals (87.9%) or humans (98.8%), even though almost one third of the respondents (34.8%) declared having at least one individual at high risk of infection in contact with RMBD-fed dogs. Stool samples from 46 RMBD-fed dogs and 192 dogs fed commercial dry feed were collected. The present study revealed that dogs fed raw meat diets were almost 30 times more likely to be positive for Salmonella spp. than dogs on a conventional diet. Some of the serovars detected were commonly associated with human salmonellosis, such as S. Typhimurium and S. Saintpaul, and were multidrug resistant. RMBD-fed dogs were more likely to be positive for C. perfringens type A (p = 0.008) and one C. perfringens type F was isolated from these animals. Two toxigenic strains (4.3%) of C. difficile were isolated only from raw meat-fed dogs, all of which were under antibiotic therapy. These toxigenic C. difficile isolates were classified as RT106/ST54 and RT600/ST149, previously associated with infection in dogs and humans. The present work revealed that the owners have a tendency to ignore or are unaware of the risks associated with raw meat diets for dogs. Also, the higher fecal shedding of important enteropathogens in dogs fed RMBD suggests that this diet poses a risk for the animals and the people in contact with them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia Mello Viegas
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Carolina Pantuzza Ramos
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Rafael Gariglio Clark Xavier
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Emily Oliveira Lopes
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Carlos Augusto Oliveira Júnior
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Renata Marques Bagno
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Amanda Nadia Diniz
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Francisco Carlos Faria Lobato
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Otávio Silveira Silva
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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19
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Morelli G, Catellani P, Miotti Scapin R, Bastianello S, Conficoni D, Contiero B, Ricci R. Evaluation of microbial contamination and effects of storage in raw meat-based dog foods purchased online. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2019; 104:690-697. [PMID: 31789441 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Feeding raw-meat-based diets to companion animals has become a widespread practice, and many owners are now accustomed to buying frozen ingredients online. The goals of this study were to assess the microbiological quality of raw-meat dog foods obtained from specialized websites and to evaluate the effects of storage at different temperatures for a few days. Twenty-nine raw dog food products were processed for quantitative bacteriology (i.e. total viable count, TVC; Escherichia coli; faecal coliforms, FC) and sulphite-reducing clostridia, and analysed for the presence of Salmonella spp., Listeria monocytogenes, Yersinia enterocolitica and Clostridium difficile. Every sample was examined right after the delivery (T0), after 24 to 48 hr and after 72 hr, both at 2°C and 7°C. At T0, the mean score for the TVC was 5.9 × 106 cfu/g (SD = 4.8 × 107 cfu/g), while those for E. coli and FC were 1.1 × 104 cfu/g (SD = 2.5 × 105 cfu/g) and 3.3 × 103 cfu/g (SD = 6.5 × 104 cfu/g) respectively. The samples stored at 2°C had a significant increase of all parameters (TVC: p < .01; E. coli: p = .03; FC: p = .04) through time. Noteworthy differences between the analyses performed at 2°C and 7°C were found for TVC (p < .01), being the samples considerably more contaminated at higher temperatures. No sample tested positive for Salmonella spp., while L. monocytogenes was isolated from 19 products, Y. enterocolitica from three products and Clostridium perfringens and C. difficile from four and six products respectively. The microbiological quality of raw-meat dog foods sold online appears to be poor, carrying considerable amounts of potentially zoonotic bacteria and reaching greater levels of bacterial contaminations if not kept at proper refrigeration temperatures and fed soon after defrosting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giada Morelli
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padua, Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - Paolo Catellani
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padua, Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - Riccardo Miotti Scapin
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padua, Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - Sofia Bastianello
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padua, Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - Daniele Conficoni
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padua, Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - Barbara Contiero
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padua, Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - Rebecca Ricci
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padua, Legnaro, PD, Italy
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20
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Anturaniemi J, Barrouin-Melo SM, Zaldivar-López S, Sinkko H, Hielm-Björkman A. Owners' perception of acquiring infections through raw pet food: a comprehensive internet-based survey. Vet Rec 2019; 185:658. [PMID: 31427409 PMCID: PMC6952838 DOI: 10.1136/vr.105122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
There has been concerns related to the risk of bacterial contamination from raw pet food to humans, but research is still scarce. The purpose of this cross-sectional study was to use a worldwide internet survey-based data to evaluate the impact of raw pet foods on human health from the owners' experience. From 16 475 households, 0.2 per cent (n=39) reported having had a transmission of pathogen from the raw pet food to a human family member during the time that raw feeding had been used in the household. Only in three of those households the same pathogen that was found in the human sample was analysed and confirmed also in the raw pet food (0.02 per cent of all data). Moreover, 0.1 per cent (n=24) reported suspecting that a disease could have been transmitted to a human from the pet food. Feeding salmon and turkey, using more than 50 per cent of the diet as raw foods and preparing the raw food in the same place and utensils as the family foods all had negative association with infections. Having 2 to 6 year-old children living in the household was associated with more infections, although adults were the most frequently infected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Anturaniemi
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Sara Zaldivar-López
- Genomics and Animal Breeding Group, Department of Genetics, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Hanna Sinkko
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anna Hielm-Björkman
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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21
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Nüesch-Inderbinen M, Treier A, Zurfluh K, Stephan R. Raw meat-based diets for companion animals: a potential source of transmission of pathogenic and antimicrobial-resistant Enterobacteriaceae. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2019; 6:191170. [PMID: 31824726 PMCID: PMC6837177 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.191170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Feeding pets raw meat-based diets (RMBDs) has become increasingly popular but may constitute a risk due to the contamination with pathogenic and antimicrobial-resistant (AMR) bacteria. The aim of this study was to evaluate commercially available RMBDs with regard to microbiological quality and occurrence of AMR Enterobacteriaceae. Of 51 RMBD samples, 72.5% did not meet the microbiological standards for Enterobacteriaceae set out by EU regulations for animal by-products intended for pet food. Furthermore, Salmonella was detected in 3.9% of the samples. AMR bacteria were found in 62.7% of the samples, the majority thereof were resistant to third-generation cephalosporins due to the production of extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) including CTX-M-1, which is widespread in livestock, and CTX-M-15, which is the most common ESBL variant worldwide. Colistin- and aminoglycoside-resistant isolates, producing MCR-1 and RMTB, were identified in 3.9 and 2% of the samples, respectively. The majority of the AMR Escherichia coli belonged to commensal groups A or B1 and were associated with clonal complexes CC155 and CC10. Two belonged to the emerging extraintestinal pathogenic CC648, and one to the globally disseminated uropathogenic E. coli sequence type ST69, suggesting zoonotic potential. The microbiological quality and the high prevalence of AMR producing Enterobacteriaceae in RMBDs raise concerns for animal and public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Nüesch-Inderbinen
- Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, Vetsuisse Faculty University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 272, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
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22
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Davies RH, Lawes JR, Wales AD. Raw diets for dogs and cats: a review, with particular reference to microbiological hazards. J Small Anim Pract 2019; 60:329-339. [PMID: 31025713 PMCID: PMC6849757 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.13000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Revised: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
There is a recent trend to feed pet dogs and cats in Britain and other developed countries on raw meat and animal by-products using either commercial preparations or home recipes. This shift from heat-treated processed food has been driven by perceived health benefits to pets and a suspicion of industrially produced pet food. The diets of wild-living related species have been used as a rationale for raw feeding, but differences in biology and lifestyle impose limitations on such comparisons. Formal evidence does exist for claims by raw-feeding proponents of an altered intestinal microbiome and (subjectively) improved stool quality. However, there is currently neither robust evidence nor identified plausible mechanisms for many of the wide range of other claimed benefits. There are documented risks associated with raw feeding, principally malnutrition (inexpert formulation and testing of diets) and infection affecting pets and/or household members. Surveys in Europe and North America have consistently found Salmonella species in a proportion of samples, typically of fresh-frozen commercial diets. Another emerging issue concerns the risk of introducing antimicrobial-resistant bacteria. Raw pet food commonly exceeds hygiene thresholds for counts of Enterobacteriaceae. These bacteria often encode resistance to critically important antibiotics such as extended-spectrum cephalosporins, and raw-fed pets create an elevated risk of shedding such resistant bacteria. Other infectious organisms that may be of concern include Listeria, shiga toxigenic E scherichia coli , parasites such as Toxoplasma gondii and exotic agents such as the zoonotic livestock pathogen Brucella suis, recently identified in European Union and UK raw pet meat imported from Argentina.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. H. Davies
- Department of Bacteriology and Food SafetyAnimal and Plant Health Agency (APHA – Weybridge)Addlestone, KT15 3NBUK
| | - J. R. Lawes
- Department of Epidemiological SciencesAnimal and Plant Health Agency (APHA – Weybridge)Addlestone, KT15 3NBUK
| | - A. D. Wales
- Department of Pathology and Infectious Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of SurreyGuildford, GU2 7ALUK
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23
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Jones JL, Wang L, Ceric O, Nemser SM, Rotstein DS, Jurkovic DA, Rosa Y, Byrum B, Cui J, Zhang Y, Brown CA, Burnum AL, Sanchez S, Reimschuessel R. Whole genome sequencing confirms source of pathogens associated with bacterial foodborne illness in pets fed raw pet food. J Vet Diagn Invest 2019; 31:235-240. [PMID: 30663530 PMCID: PMC6838835 DOI: 10.1177/1040638718823046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Reports of raw meat pet food containing zoonotic foodborne bacteria, including Salmonella, Escherichia coli, and Listeria monocytogenes, are increasing. Contaminated raw pet food and biological waste from pets consuming those diets may pose a public health risk. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration Veterinary Laboratory Investigation and Response Network conducted 2 case investigations, involving 3 households with animal illnesses, which included medical record review, dietary and environmental exposure interviews, animal sample testing, and whole genome sequencing (WGS) of bacteria isolated from the pets and the raw pet food. For each case investigation, WGS with core genome multi-locus sequence typing analysis showed that the animal clinical isolates were closely related to one or more raw pet food bacterial isolates. WGS and genomic analysis of paired animal clinical and animal food isolates can confirm suspected outbreaks of animal foodborne illness.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Yan Zhang
- Yan Zhang, Ohio Animal
Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Ohio Department of Agriculture, 8995 East Main
Street, Building 6, Reynoldsburg, OH 43068.
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24
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Barstow C, Wilborn RR, Johnson AK. Breeding Soundness Examination of the Bitch. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2018; 48:547-566. [PMID: 29699831 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2018.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
A breeding soundness examination is a vital part of any breeding program. These examinations are not performed as frequently in the bitch as they are in the male dog. They allow clinicians to identify any problems at an early stage in a bitch's breeding career and to screen for any genetic abnormalities. A thorough physical examination and accurate history guide the choice of which diagnostics tests are most useful. Ultrasound, culture, cytology, and biopsies (surgical and nonsurgical techniques) are discussed. Knowing which stage of the cycle to perform these diagnostics yields the most information and increases the chance of a successful outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Barstow
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Auburn University, 1220 Wire Road, Auburn, AL 36849, USA.
| | - Robyn R Wilborn
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Auburn University, 1220 Wire Road, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Aime K Johnson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Auburn University, 1220 Wire Road, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
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van Bree FPJ, Bokken GCAM, Mineur R, Franssen F, Opsteegh M, van der Giessen JWB, Lipman LJA, Overgaauw PAM. Zoonotic bacteria and parasites found in raw meat-based diets for cats and dogs. Vet Rec 2018; 182:50. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.104535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Revised: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Freek P J van Bree
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University; Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Gertie C A M Bokken
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University; Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Robin Mineur
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment; Bilthoven The Netherlands
| | - Frits Franssen
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment; Bilthoven The Netherlands
| | - Marieke Opsteegh
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment; Bilthoven The Netherlands
| | | | - Len J A Lipman
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University; Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Paul A M Overgaauw
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University; Utrecht The Netherlands
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Kiflu B, Alemayehu H, Abdurahaman M, Negash Y, Eguale T. Salmonella serotypes and their antimicrobial susceptibility in apparently healthy dogs in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. BMC Vet Res 2017; 13:134. [PMID: 28526020 PMCID: PMC5437602 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-017-1055-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The close bond between pet animals and family members poses risk of infection with zoonotic bacterial pathogens such as Salmonella. No data is available on occurrence of Salmonella in dogs in Ethiopia. The aim of this study was therefore to determine the prevalence, serotype distribution and antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella from feces of apparently healthy dogs in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. RESULTS Of the total 360 dogs examined, 42 (11.7%; 95% Confidence limit of 8.5%-15.4%) were positive for Salmonella. Fourteen serotypes were detected and the predominant ones were S. Bronx (n = 7; 16.7%), S. Newport (n = 6; 14.3%), followed by S. Typhimurium, S. Indiana, S. Kentucky, S. Saintpaul and S. Virchow (n = 4; 9.5%) each. Salmonella infection status was significantly associated with history of symptom of diarrhea during the past 60 days (OR = 3.78; CI = 1.76-8.13; p = 0). Highest resistance rates were found for oxytetracycline (59.5%), neomycin (50%), streptomycin (38.1%), cephalothin (33.3%), doxycycline (30.9%), ampicillin (30.9%) and amoxicillin + clavulanic acid (26.2%). Thirty eight (90.5%) of the isolates were resistant or intermediately resistant to at least one of the 16 antimicrobials tested. Resistance to two or more antimicrobials was detected in 30 (71.4%) of the isolates. Resistance to three or more antimicrobials was detected in 19 (45.2%) of the isolates. CONCLUSION This study demonstrated high carriage rate of Salmonella serotypes known for causing human salmonellosis and large proportion of them were resistant to antimicrobials used in public and veterinary medicine for management of various bacterial infections, suggesting the possible risk of infection of human population in close contact with these dogs by drug resistant pathogens. Therefore, it is vital to work on raising public awareness on zoonotic canine diseases prevention measures and good hygienic practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bitsu Kiflu
- Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries, P.O. Box 170042, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Haile Alemayehu
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Mukarim Abdurahaman
- College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Jimma University, P.O.Box 307, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Yohannes Negash
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Tadesse Eguale
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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Reimschuessel R, Grabenstein M, Guag J, Nemser SM, Song K, Qiu J, Clothier KA, Byrne BA, Marks SL, Cadmus K, Pabilonia K, Sanchez S, Rajeev S, Ensley S, Frana TS, Jergens AE, Chappell KH, Thakur S, Byrum B, Cui J, Zhang Y, Erdman MM, Rankin SC, Daly R, Das S, Ruesch L, Lawhon SD, Zhang S, Baszler T, Diaz-Campos D, Hartmann F, Okwumabua O. Multilaboratory Survey To Evaluate Salmonella Prevalence in Diarrheic and Nondiarrheic Dogs and Cats in the United States between 2012 and 2014. J Clin Microbiol 2017; 55:1350-1368. [PMID: 28202802 PMCID: PMC5405253 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.02137-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 02/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Eleven laboratories collaborated to determine the periodic prevalence of Salmonella in a population of dogs and cats in the United States visiting veterinary clinics. Fecal samples (2,965) solicited from 11 geographically dispersed veterinary testing laboratories were collected in 36 states between January 2012 and April 2014 and tested using a harmonized method. The overall study prevalence of Salmonella in cats (3 of 542) was <1%. The prevalence in dogs (60 of 2,422) was 2.5%. Diarrhea was present in only 55% of positive dogs; however, 3.8% of the all diarrheic dogs were positive, compared with 1.8% of the nondiarrheic dogs. Salmonella-positive dogs were significantly more likely to have consumed raw food (P = 0.01), to have consumed probiotics (P = 0.002), or to have been given antibiotics (P = 0.01). Rural dogs were also more likely to be Salmonella positive than urban (P = 0.002) or suburban (P = 0.001) dogs. In the 67 isolates, 27 unique serovars were identified, with three dogs having two serovars present. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of 66 isolates revealed that only four of the isolates were resistant to one or more antibiotics. Additional characterization of the 66 isolates was done using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and whole-genome sequencing (WGS). Sequence data compared well to resistance phenotypic data and were submitted to the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). This study suggests an overall decline in prevalence of Salmonella-positive dogs and cats over the last decades and identifies consumption of raw food as a major risk factor for Salmonella infection. Of note is that almost half of the Salmonella-positive animals were clinically nondiarrheic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renate Reimschuessel
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Veterinary Medicine, Office of Research, Laurel, Maryland, USA
| | - Michael Grabenstein
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Veterinary Medicine, Office of Research, Laurel, Maryland, USA
| | - Jake Guag
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Veterinary Medicine, Office of Research, Laurel, Maryland, USA
| | - Sarah M Nemser
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Veterinary Medicine, Office of Research, Laurel, Maryland, USA
| | - Kyunghee Song
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Veterinary Medicine, Office of New Animal Drug Evaluation, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Junshan Qiu
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Kristin A Clothier
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Barbara A Byrne
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Stanley L Marks
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Kyran Cadmus
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Kristy Pabilonia
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Susan Sanchez
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Infectious Disease, Athens Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Sreekumari Rajeev
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Investigational Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Georgia, Tifton, Georgia, USA
| | - Steve Ensley
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Timothy S Frana
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Albert E Jergens
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Kimberly H Chappell
- College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Siddhartha Thakur
- College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Beverly Byrum
- Ohio Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Ohio Department of Agriculture, Reynoldsburg, Ohio, USA
| | - Jing Cui
- Ohio Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Ohio Department of Agriculture, Reynoldsburg, Ohio, USA
| | - Yan Zhang
- Ohio Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Ohio Department of Agriculture, Reynoldsburg, Ohio, USA
| | - Matthew M Erdman
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Shelley C Rankin
- University of Pennsylvania, Matthew J. Ryan Veterinary Hospital, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Russell Daly
- Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences Department, Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota, USA
| | - Seema Das
- Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences Department, Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota, USA
| | - Laura Ruesch
- Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences Department, Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota, USA
| | - Sara D Lawhon
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Shuping Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Timothy Baszler
- Washington Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Dubraska Diaz-Campos
- Washington Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Faye Hartmann
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences/WVDL, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Ogi Okwumabua
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences/WVDL, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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Hamper BA, Bartges JW, Kirk CA. Evaluation of two raw diets vs a commercial cooked diet on feline growth. J Feline Med Surg 2017; 19:424-434. [PMID: 26927818 PMCID: PMC11119654 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x16634388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Objectives The objective of this study was to determine if two raw feline diets were nutritionally adequate for kittens. Methods Twenty-four 9-week-old kittens underwent an Association of American Feed Control Officials' (AAFCO) 10 week growth feeding trial with two raw diet groups and one cooked diet group (eight kittens in each). Morphometric measurements (weight, height and length), complete blood counts, serum chemistry, whole blood taurine and fecal cultures were evaluated. Results Overall, the growth parameters were similar for all diet groups, indicating the two raw diets used in this study supported feline growth, within the limitations of an AAFCO growth feeding trial. Kittens fed the raw diets had lower albumin ( P = 0.010) and higher globulin ( P = 0.04) levels than the kittens fed the cooked diet. These lower albumin levels were not clinically significant, as all groups were still within normal age reference intervals. A red cell microcytosis ( P = 0.001) was noted in the combination raw diet group. Increases in fecal Clostridium perfringens were noted in all groups, along with positive fecal Salmonella serovar Heidelberg and Clostridium difficile toxin in the combination raw diet group. Conclusions and relevance The majority of the parameters for feline growth were similar among all groups, indicating the two raw diets studied passed an AAFCO growth trial. In theory, it is possible to pass an AAFCO growth trial but still have nutrient deficiencies in the long term due to liver and fat storage depots. Some of the raw feeders had elevated globulin and microcytosis, likely associated with known enteropathogenic exposure. Disease risks to both pets and owners are obvious. Additional research in this area is needed to investigate the impact of raw diets on the health of domestic cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beth A Hamper
- Beth Hamper DVM, PhD, DACVN, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, 2407 River Drive, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Joseph W Bartges
- Current address: Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Claudia A Kirk
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
- Current address: Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
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Morgan SK, Willis S, Shepherd ML. Survey of owner motivations and veterinary input of owners feeding diets containing raw animal products. PeerJ 2017; 5:e3031. [PMID: 28265510 PMCID: PMC5337082 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.3031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The practice of feeding of diets containing raw animal products (RAP) to pets (dogs and cats) is discouraged by veterinary organizations and governmental public health organizations. Nevertheless, the practice of feeding RAP to pets is increasing in popularity. Pet owner motivations for feeding RAP diets to pets have not been explored and the benefits of RAP diets remain largely anecdotal. We hypothesized that pet owners feeding RAP diets would not rely on veterinary advice in choosing their pet’s diet. We also hypothesized that these owners would have lower levels of trust in veterinary advice with respect to nutrition relative to pet owners not feeding RAP. Methods An anonymous web-based survey was developed to identify pet owner motivations for feeding RAP diets, and to characterize the veterinarian-client relationships of individuals feeding RAP diets. Results There were 2,337 respondents and 2,171 completed surveys. Of survey respondents, 804 reported feeding RAP at the time of the survey. While 20% of pet owners feeding RAP relied on online resources to determine what or how much RAP to feed, only 9% reported consulting with a veterinarian in making decisions about feeding RAP. Pet owners feeding RAP reported lower levels of trust in veterinary advice both ‘in general’ and ‘with respect to nutrition’ than pet owners not feeding RAP. Most pet owners reported that a discussion regarding their pet’s nutrition does not occur at every veterinary appointment. Discussion Pet owners feeding a RAP diet have lower trust in veterinary advice than pet owners not feeding a RAP diet. Owners feeding RAP are more reliant on online resources than their own veterinarian in deciding what and how much RAP to feed. Pet owners perceive that nutrition is not discussed at most veterinary appointments. Therefore, there is room for improvement in the veterinarian-client communication with regards to nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stewart K Morgan
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences/Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (Virginia Tech) , Blacksburg , VA , United States
| | - Susan Willis
- Center for Survey Research, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (Virginia Tech) , Blacksburg , VA , United States
| | - Megan L Shepherd
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences/Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (Virginia Tech) , Blacksburg , VA , United States
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Marx FR, Machado GS, Pezzali JG, Marcolla CS, Kessler AM, Ahlstrøm Ø, Trevizan L. Raw beef bones as chewing items to reduce dental calculus in Beagle dogs. Aust Vet J 2016; 94:18-23. [PMID: 26814157 DOI: 10.1111/avj.12394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Revised: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Evaluate the effect of raw bovine cortical bone (CB) (medullary bone cross-sectioned) and marrow or epiphyseal 'spongy' bone (SB) as chew items to reduce dental calculus in adult dogs. METHODS Eight 3-year-old Beagle dogs were observed in two study periods. In the first study, the dogs each received a piece of bovine femur CB (122 ± 17 g) daily and in the second study, a piece of bovine femur SB (235 ± 27 g). The first study lasted 12 days and the second 20 days. Dental calculus was evaluated using image integration software. RESULTS At the start of the studies, dental calculus covered 42.0% and 38.6% of the dental arcade areas, respectively. In study one, the chewing reduced the established dental calculus area to 27.1% (35.5% reduction) after 3 days and after 12 days the dental calculus covering was reduced to 12.3% (70.6% reduction). In study two, the dental calculus covered 16.8% (56.5% reduction) after 3 days, 7.1% (81.6% reduction) after 12 days and 4.7% (87.8% reduction) after 20 days. The CB remained largely intact after 24 h, but SB was reduced to smaller pieces and in some cases totally consumed after 24 h. No complications such as tooth fractures, pieces of bone stuck between teeth or intestinal obstructions were observed during the studies. CONCLUSIONS Chewing raw bovine bones was an effective method of removing dental calculus in dogs. The SB bones removed dental calculus more efficiently in the short term.
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Affiliation(s)
- F R Marx
- Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves, 7712, 91540-000, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
| | - G S Machado
- Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves, 7712, 91540-000, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - J G Pezzali
- Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves, 7712, 91540-000, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - C S Marcolla
- Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves, 7712, 91540-000, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - A M Kessler
- Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves, 7712, 91540-000, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Ø Ahlstrøm
- Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - L Trevizan
- Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves, 7712, 91540-000, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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Lee KM, Herrman TJ, Post L. Evaluation of Selected Nutrients and Contaminants in Distillers Grains from Ethanol Production in Texas. J Food Prot 2016; 79:1562-1571. [PMID: 28221926 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-16-072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
This article contains the results of the evaluation of distillers grain (DG) coproducts from different ethanol plants around the United States and supplemented in animal diets in Texas, based on samples analyzed from 2008 to 2014. The samples were assessed for concentration, occurrence, and prevalence of selected nutrients and contaminants. Protein and sulfur contents of DG were largely different between maize and sorghum coproducts, as well as wet distillers grain with solubles (WDGS) and dried distillers grain with solubles (DDGS), indicating a significant effect of grain feedstock and dry grind process stream on DG composition and quality. Salmonella was isolated in 4 DDGS samples of a total of 157 DG samples, a percentage (2.5%) that is lower than the percentage of Salmonella -positive samples found in other feed samples analyzed during the same period. A small amount of virginiamycin residue was found in 24 maize DDGS, 1 maize WDGS, and 2 sorghum DDGS samples of 242 samples in total. One sorghum DDGS sample of 168 DG samples was contaminated with animal protein prohibited for use in ruminant feed and was channeled to poultry feed. The concentrations of aflatoxin and fumonisin DG coproducts averaged 3.4 μg/kg and 0.7 mg/kg, respectively. Among contaminated maize DG samples, five DDGS samples for aflatoxin contained a higher concentration than the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) minimum action level of 20 μg/kg for use in animal feed, whereas no sample for fumonisin was found above the action level of 5 mg/kg. The study provides the most current results involving DG coproducts and associated hazards that will assist development of food safety plans required by the FDA in their September 2015 rule titled "Current Good Manufacturing Practice Hazard Analysis and Risk Based Preventive Controls for Food for Animals."
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung-Min Lee
- Office of the Texas State Chemist, Texas A&M AgriLife Research, Texas A&M University System, College Station, Texas 77841
| | - Timothy J Herrman
- Office of the Texas State Chemist, Texas A&M AgriLife Research, Texas A&M University System, College Station, Texas 77841
| | - Lynn Post
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
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Fauth E, Freeman LM, Cornjeo L, Markovich JE, Janecko N, Weese JS. Salmonella bacteriuria in a cat fed a Salmonella-contaminated diet. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2016; 247:525-30. [PMID: 26295559 DOI: 10.2460/javma.247.5.525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
CASE DESCRIPTION A 9-year-old castrated male domestic shorthair cat was evaluated because of hematuria and weight loss after an 8-year history of intermittent signs of feline lower urinary tract disease (FLUTD). A complete diet history revealed that the cat was eating a commercial diet that does not undergo the same processing procedures as most pet foods and so might be at increased risk for bacterial contamination owing to a nonstandard industry cooking procedure. CLINICAL FINDINGS The cat had a history consistent with FLUTD, but bacteriologic culture of the urine revealed Salmonella organisms. Additional analysis revealed Salmonella enterica serotype I:ROUGH-O:g,m,s:- in samples of urine and feces as well as Salmonella enterica serotype Johannesburg and Salmonella enterica serotype Senftenberg in the diet. TREATMENT AND OUTCOME The cat responded positively to antimicrobial treatment for the Salmonella bacteriuria as well as to dietary and environmental management for the clinical signs associated with FLUTD. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Findings in this case highlighted an additional health consequence associated with ingestion of Salmonella-contaminated food. Such contamination is of particular concern with raw meat-based diets or diets that have not undergone standard industry cooking practices. Veterinarians should obtain a diet history for every companion animal during every evaluation to help with diagnosis and optimal treatment.
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Leahy AM, Cummings KJ, Rodriguez-Rivera LD, Rankin SC, Hamer SA. Evaluation of FaecalSalmonellaShedding Among Dogs at Seven Animal Shelters across Texas. Zoonoses Public Health 2016; 63:515-521. [DOI: 10.1111/zph.12257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. M. Leahy
- Texas A&M University; College Station TX USA
| | | | | | | | - S. A. Hamer
- Texas A&M University; College Station TX USA
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Kölle P, Schmidt M. [Raw-meat-based diets (RMBD) as a feeding principle for dogs]. TIERAERZTLICHE PRAXIS AUSGABE KLEINTIERE HEIMTIERE 2015; 43:409-19; quiz 420. [PMID: 26593644 DOI: 10.15654/tpk-150782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BARF (Bone And Raw Food) is an increasing trend for feeding dogs in Germany. This article provides an overview of the history and principles of this type of feeding. Risks of feeding raw-meat diets include infections of dogs with parasites, bacteria and viruses. Some of these pathogenic organisms also have zoonotic potential. Additionally, raw-meat diets often show nutritional imbalances. Over-supplementation and deficiencies of nutrients are frequently found, especially regarding calcium, the trace elements copper, zinc and iodine, vitamins A and D and the calcium : phosphorus ratio. This malnutrition can cause clinical symptoms. Therefore, checking and optimising the diet by a specialized veterinarian is strongly recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Kölle
- PD Dr. Petra Kölle, Medizinische Kleintierklinik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Veterinärstraße 13, 80539 München, E-Mail:
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Lowden P, Wallis C, Gee N, Hilton A. Investigating the prevalence of Salmonella in dogs within the Midlands region of the United Kingdom. BMC Vet Res 2015; 11:239. [PMID: 26381479 PMCID: PMC4574458 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-015-0553-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The intimate relationship between dogs and their owners has the potential to increase the risk of human exposure to bacterial pathogens. Over the past 40 years, there have been several reports on transmission of salmonellae from dogs to humans. This study therefore aimed to determine the prevalence of Salmonella in the faeces of dogs from the Midlands region of the United Kingdom to assess exposure risk and potential for zoonotic transmission. Results A total of 436 apparently healthy dogs without diarrhoea from households (n = 126), rescue centres (n = 96), boarding kennels (n = 43), retired greyhound kennels (n = 39) and a pet nutrition facility (n = 132) were investigated for Salmonella shedding. Faecal samples were processed by an enrichment culture based method. The faeces from one dog (0.23 %; 95 % confidence limit 0.006 %, 1.27 %) was positive for Salmonella. The species was S. enterica subspecies arizonae. Conclusion This study showed that the prevalence of Salmonella from faeces from apparently healthy dogs from a variety of housing conditions is low; however, Salmonella shedding was still identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preena Lowden
- Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, B4 7ET, UK.
| | - Corrin Wallis
- WALTHAM Centre for Pet Nutrition, Waltham-on-the-Wolds, Leicestershire, LE14 4RB, UK.
| | - Nancy Gee
- WALTHAM Centre for Pet Nutrition, Waltham-on-the-Wolds, Leicestershire, LE14 4RB, UK.
| | - Anthony Hilton
- Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, B4 7ET, UK.
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Lumbis R, Chan DL. The raw deal: clarifying the nutritional and public health issues regarding raw meat-based diets. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.12968/vetn.2015.6.6.336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel L Chan
- Professor of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, both at The Royal Veterinary College, North Mymms, Herts AL9 7TA
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Freeman LM, Chandler ML, Hamper BA, Weeth LP. Current knowledge about the risks and benefits of raw meat–based diets for dogs and cats. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2013; 243:1549-58. [DOI: 10.2460/javma.243.11.1549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Beloshapka AN, Dowd SE, Suchodolski JS, Steiner JM, Duclos L, Swanson KS. Fecal microbial communities of healthy adult dogs fed raw meat-based diets with or without inulin or yeast cell wall extracts as assessed by 454 pyrosequencing. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2013; 84:532-41. [PMID: 23360519 DOI: 10.1111/1574-6941.12081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2012] [Revised: 01/17/2013] [Accepted: 01/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Our objective was to determine the effects of feeding raw meat-based diets with or without inulin or yeast cell wall extract (YCW) on fecal microbial communities of dogs using 454 pyrosequencing. Six healthy female adult beagles (5.5 ± 0.5 years; 8.5 ± 0.5 kg) were randomly assigned to six test diets using a Latin square design: (1) beef control; (2) beef + 1.4% inulin; (3) beef + 1.4% YCW; (4) chicken control; (5) chicken + 1.4% inulin; and (6) chicken + 1.4% YCW. Following 14 days of adaptation, fresh fecal samples were collected on day 15 or day 16 of each period. Fecal genomic DNA was extracted and used to create 16S rRNA gene amplicons, which were subjected to 454 pyrosequencing and qPCR. Predominant fecal bacterial phyla included Fusobacteria, Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, and Proteobacteria. Beef-based diets increased (P < 0.05) Escherichia, but decreased (P < 0.05) Anaerobiospirillum vs. chicken-based diets. Inulin decreased (P < 0.05) Enterobacteriaceae. Inulin increased (P < 0.05) Megamonas vs. control. Inulin also decreased (P < 0.05) Escherichia vs. YCW. qPCR data showed that YCW increased (P < 0.05) Bifidobacterium vs. inulin and control and inulin increased (P < 0.05) Lactobacillus vs. YCW. Although a few changes in fecal microbiota were observed with inulin or YCW consumption, a strong prebiotic effect was not observed.
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Kerr KR, Vester Boler BM, Morris CL, Liu KJ, Swanson KS. Apparent total tract energy and macronutrient digestibility and fecal fermentative end-product concentrations of domestic cats fed extruded, raw beef-based, and cooked beef-based diets. J Anim Sci 2012; 90:515-22. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2010-3266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- K. R. Kerr
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801
| | | | | | - K. J. Liu
- Natura Pet Products Inc., Fremont, NE 68025
| | - K. S. Swanson
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801
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Weese JS. Bacterial enteritis in dogs and cats: diagnosis, therapy, and zoonotic potential. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2011; 41:287-309. [PMID: 21486637 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2010.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
A variety of bacteria are known or suspected of being able to cause enteritis in dogs and cats. Campylobacter spp, Clostridium difficile, Clostridium perfringens, and Salmonella spp are most commonly implicated, but many other organisms are likely involved. Poor understanding of the intestinal microflora and the fact that many, if not all, of these microorganisms can also be found in healthy individuals complicates testing, thereby affecting the use of specific treatments and assessment of potential infection control and zoonotic disease risks. An understanding of the strengths and limitations of various diagnostic options is important for the management of canine and feline enteritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Scott Weese
- Department of Pathobiology, Centre for Public Health and Zoonoses, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G2W1, Canada.
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Dossin O. Laboratory tests for diagnosis of gastrointestinal and pancreatic diseases. Top Companion Anim Med 2011; 26:86-97. [PMID: 21596348 PMCID: PMC7104967 DOI: 10.1053/j.tcam.2011.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2011] [Accepted: 02/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The panel of laboratory tests available for diagnosis of gastrointestinal (GI) diseases in dogs and cats is wide, and, recently, several new tests have been developed. This article will focus on advances in laboratory tests that are available for the general practitioner for diagnosis of GI diseases. Laboratory tests for diagnosis of gastric and intestinal infectious diseases include fecal parasite screening tests, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for parvoviral enteritis, and some specific bacterial tests like fluorescent in situ hybridization for identification of specific bacteria attached to the intestinal epithelial cells. Serum concentrations of folate and cobalamin are markers of intestinal absorption, but are also changed in exocrine pancreatic insufficiency and intestinal bacterial overgrowth. Hypocobalaminemia is common in GI and pancreatic disease. Decreased serum trypsin-like immunoreactivity is a very sensitive and specific test for the diagnosis of exocrine pancreatic insufficiency in dogs and cats. Serum pancreatic lipase is currently the most sensitive and specific test to identify pancreatic cell damage and acute pancreatitis. However, serum canine pancreas-specific lipase is less sensitive in canine chronic pancreatitis. Increased serum trypsin-like immunoreactivity is also specific for pancreatic damage but is less sensitive. It is very likely that further studies will help to better specify the role of these new tests in the diagnosis of canine and feline pancreatic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Dossin
- Internal Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, National Veterinary School, Toulouse, France.
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Leonard EK, Pearl DL, Finley RL, Janecko N, Peregrine AS, Reid-Smith RJ, Weese JS. Evaluation of pet-related management factors and the risk of Salmonella spp. carriage in pet dogs from volunteer households in Ontario (2005-2006). Zoonoses Public Health 2011; 58:140-9. [PMID: 20163574 DOI: 10.1111/j.1863-2378.2009.01320.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine pet-related management factors that may be associated with the presence of Salmonella spp. in feces of pet dogs from volunteer households. From October 2005 until May 2006, 138 dogs from 84 households in Ontario were recruited to participate in a cross-sectional study. Five consecutive daily fecal samples were collected from each dog and enrichment culture for Salmonella spp. was performed. A higher than expected number of the dogs (23.2%; 32/138) had at least one fecal sample positive for Salmonella, and 25% (21/84) of the households had at least one dog shedding Salmonella. Twelve serotypes of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica were identified, with the predominant serotypes being Typhimurium (33.3%; 13/39), Kentucky (15.4%; 6/39), Brandenburg (15.4%; 6/39) and Heidelberg (12.8%; 5/39). Univariable logistic regression models were created with a random effect for household to account for clustering. Statistically significant risk factors for a dog testing positive included having contact with livestock, receiving a probiotic in the previous 30 days, feeding a commercial or homemade raw food diet, feeding raw meat and eggs, feeding a homemade cooked diet, and having more than one dog in the household. In two-variable models that controlled for feeding raw food, the non-dietary variables were no longer statistically significant. These results highlight the potential public health risk of including raw animal products in canine diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- E K Leonard
- Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada.
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Steneroden KK, Van Metre DC, Jackson C, Morley PS. Detection and control of a nosocomial outbreak caused by Salmonella newport at a large animal hospital. J Vet Intern Med 2010; 24:606-16. [PMID: 20337913 DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2010.0484.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nosocomial salmonellosis is often assumed to occur because infection control and surveillance practices are inadequate, but published evidence is lacking to support the related contention that rigorous application of these practices can impact the severity of outbreaks. OBJECTIVE Describe active surveillance, early recognition, and intensive mitigation efforts used in an effort to control an outbreak of nosocomial Salmonella enterica serotype Newport infections without hospital closure. ANIMALS Large animals hospitalized at a referral hospital. METHODS This prospective outbreak investigation was initiated when Salmonella Newport infections were detected among hospitalized animals by active surveillance. Data were analyzed to identify temporal and spatial patterns for epidemic spread of Salmonella in the hospital. Mitigation efforts were aggressively adjusted in response to surveillance data. Genetic relatedness of isolates was investigated by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. RESULTS Of 145 large animals sampled, 8 (5.6%) were infected with the Salmonella strain associated with this outbreak, and all but 1 shed Salmonella in the absence of or before the onset of disease. This strain was recovered from 14.2% (42/295) of environmental samples (ENV samples), indicating that widespread environmental contamination had occurred. Isolates of Salmonella Newport obtained from infected animals and the environment were genetically indistinguishable, confirming clonal dissemination. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Active surveillance allowed early detection of nosocomial Salmonella transmission and hospital contamination. Use of aggressive interventions was followed by cessation of transmission. Active surveillance can allow earlier recognition and mitigation compared with programs by only sampling of clinically affected animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- K K Steneroden
- Animal Population Health Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Ft Collins, CO, USA
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Lefebvre SL, Reid-Smith R, Boerlin P, Weese JS. Evaluation of the risks of shedding Salmonellae and other potential pathogens by therapy dogs fed raw diets in Ontario and Alberta. Zoonoses Public Health 2008; 55:470-80. [PMID: 18811908 DOI: 10.1111/j.1863-2378.2008.01145.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Dogs that participate in animal-assisted interventions (AAIs), often called 'therapy dogs', commonly interact with humans whose immune systems are not functioning optimally. The advisability of feeding raw meat (including poultry) to these animals remains a highly contentious issue, in spite of increasing evidence that raw meat is frequently contaminated with Salmonella. We set out to determine if consuming raw meat influences the risk of therapy dogs shedding Salmonella and other pathogens. Two hundred healthy therapy dogs from Ontario and Alberta were enrolled. Between May 2005 and November 2006, fecal specimens were collected from each dog every 2 months for 1 year, along with a log of places visited, antimicrobial use within the home, dog health status and diet. Specimens were cultured for Salmonella, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE), extended-spectrum cephalosporinase (ESC) Escherichia coli and Clostridium difficile. Forty (20%) of the dogs were reported to have been fed raw meat at some point during the year. The incidence rate of Salmonella shedding in the raw meat-fed dogs was 0.61 cases/dog-year, compared with 0.08 cases/dog-year in dogs that were not fed raw meat (P<0.001). Controlling for therapy dog group, the repeated measures, and pig ear consumption and diarrhoea in the 2 months prior to specimen submission, dogs that consumed raw meat were significantly more likely to test positive for Salmonella at least once during the year than dogs that did not eat raw meat [odds ratio (OR) 22.7; 95% confidence interval (CI) 3.1-58.8; P<0.001]. Specific Salmonella serovars were more common among dogs that consumed raw meat versus those that did not include S. Typhimurium, S. Heidelberg and S. Kentucky. Raw meat consumption was also significantly associated with shedding ESC E. coli (OR 17.2; 95% CI 9.4-32.3). No associations between C. difficile, MRSA or VRE and consumption of raw meat were detected. We recommend that dogs fed raw meat should be excluded from AAI programmes, particularly when the programmes involve interaction with humans at high risk of infection or adverse sequelae attributable to infection. Furthermore, although AAI dogs may not be representative of the general population of dogs, we also recommend that feeding of raw meat to dogs is to be avoided in homes where immunocompromised people live.
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Affiliation(s)
- S L Lefebvre
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
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Laflamme DP, Abood SK, Fascetti AJ, Fleeman LM, Freeman LM, Michel KE, Bauer C, Kemp BLE, Doren JRV, Willoughby KN. Pet feeding practices of dog and cat owners in the United States and Australia. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2008; 232:687-94. [PMID: 18312173 DOI: 10.2460/javma.232.5.687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dorothy P Laflamme
- Nestlé Purina Petcare Research, Checkerboard Sq, St Louis, MO 63164, USA
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Dennis MM, Nelson SN, Cantor GH, Mosier DA, Blake JE, Basaraba RJ. Assessment of necropsy findings in sled dogs that died during Iditarod Trail sled dog races: 23 cases (1994–2006). J Am Vet Med Assoc 2008; 232:564-73. [DOI: 10.2460/javma.232.4.564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Lord LK, Yaissle JE, Marin L, Couto CG. Results of a Web-Based Health Survey of Retired Racing Greyhounds. J Vet Intern Med 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2007.tb01945.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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