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Romano MC. Toxic Garden and Landscaping Plants. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2024; 40:61-76. [PMID: 38061967 DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2023.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Many popular ornamental shrubs are not only beautiful but also toxic when ingested in sufficient quantities. Common toxic landscaping shrubs in North America include yew (Taxus spp), oleander (Nerium oleander), and rhododendrons and azaleas (Rhododendron spp). Horses are often exposed when plant trimmings are placed within reach or discarded in pastures. Occasionally clippings or fallen leaves contaminate hay. Some plants are unpalatable unless dried and mixed with hay or lawn clippings but others are ingested more readily. In many cases, disease can be severe and treatment unrewarding; therefore, client education is critical to preventing serious and potentially fatal poisonings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan C Romano
- Department of Veterinary Science, Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Kentucky, 1490 Bull Lea Road, PO Box 14125, Lexington, KY 40512-4125, USA.
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2
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Pugliese N, Tinelli A, Crescenzo G, Nieddu M, Baralla E, Schiavone A, Zizzo N, Samarelli R, Dessì F, Circella E, Zizzadoro C, Saleh MS, Camarda A. Poisoning by Nerium oleander L. in Franconia Geese. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:612. [PMID: 38396580 PMCID: PMC10885877 DOI: 10.3390/ani14040612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2024] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
This study describes the acute poisoning of four 3-month-old Franconia geese (Anser anser) by oleander plants (Nerium oleander). After the accidental ingestion of oleander clippings, the geese exhibited a rapid onset of severe symptoms, leading to mortality within 15-90 min. Necropsy revealed cardiac and renal lesions. Specifically, interstitial edema, red blood cell infiltration, and myofibril loss were observed in the cardiac muscle, and tubular epithelial degeneration, interstitial edema, and hemorrhages were evident in the kidneys. Oleandrin, a glycoside with cardiac effects, was detected in the liver, kidneys, heart, brain, and muscles. The clinical implications underscore the urgency of veterinary intervention upon oleander ingestion, and the specific findings contribute valuable insights into the pathological effects of acute oleander poisoning in geese, aiding veterinarians in prompt diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Pugliese
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, 70010 Valenzano, Italy; (N.P.); (G.C.); (A.S.); (N.Z.); (R.S.); (E.C.); (C.Z.); (M.S.S.); (A.C.)
| | - Antonella Tinelli
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, 70010 Valenzano, Italy; (N.P.); (G.C.); (A.S.); (N.Z.); (R.S.); (E.C.); (C.Z.); (M.S.S.); (A.C.)
| | - Giuseppe Crescenzo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, 70010 Valenzano, Italy; (N.P.); (G.C.); (A.S.); (N.Z.); (R.S.); (E.C.); (C.Z.); (M.S.S.); (A.C.)
| | - Maria Nieddu
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy;
| | - Elena Baralla
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (E.B.); (F.D.)
| | - Antonella Schiavone
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, 70010 Valenzano, Italy; (N.P.); (G.C.); (A.S.); (N.Z.); (R.S.); (E.C.); (C.Z.); (M.S.S.); (A.C.)
| | - Nicola Zizzo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, 70010 Valenzano, Italy; (N.P.); (G.C.); (A.S.); (N.Z.); (R.S.); (E.C.); (C.Z.); (M.S.S.); (A.C.)
| | - Rossella Samarelli
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, 70010 Valenzano, Italy; (N.P.); (G.C.); (A.S.); (N.Z.); (R.S.); (E.C.); (C.Z.); (M.S.S.); (A.C.)
| | - Filomena Dessì
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (E.B.); (F.D.)
| | - Elena Circella
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, 70010 Valenzano, Italy; (N.P.); (G.C.); (A.S.); (N.Z.); (R.S.); (E.C.); (C.Z.); (M.S.S.); (A.C.)
| | - Claudia Zizzadoro
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, 70010 Valenzano, Italy; (N.P.); (G.C.); (A.S.); (N.Z.); (R.S.); (E.C.); (C.Z.); (M.S.S.); (A.C.)
| | - Medhat S. Saleh
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, 70010 Valenzano, Italy; (N.P.); (G.C.); (A.S.); (N.Z.); (R.S.); (E.C.); (C.Z.); (M.S.S.); (A.C.)
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Benha University, Benha 13736, Egypt
| | - Antonio Camarda
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, 70010 Valenzano, Italy; (N.P.); (G.C.); (A.S.); (N.Z.); (R.S.); (E.C.); (C.Z.); (M.S.S.); (A.C.)
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3
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Sharma R, Singh S, Tewari N, Dey P. A toxic shrub turned therapeutic: The dichotomy of Nerium oleander bioactivities. Toxicon 2023; 224:107047. [PMID: 36706925 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2023.107047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Nerium oleander L. is a medicinal plant, used for the treatment of cancers and hyperglycemia across the world, especially in Indian sub-continent, Turkey, Morocco, and China. Although clinical studies supporting its pharmacological effects remain critically underexplored, accidental and intentional consumption of any part of the plant causes fatal toxicity in animals and humans. While the polyphenolic fraction of oleander leaves has been attributed to its pre-clinical pharmacological activities, the presence of diverse cardiac glycosides (especially oleandrin) causes apoptosis to cancer cells in vitro and results in clinical signs of oleander poisoning. Thus, the dual pharmacological and toxicological role of oleander is a perplexing dichotomy in phytotherapy. The current investigative review, therefore, intended to analyze the intrinsic and extrinsic factors that likely contribute to this conundrum. Especially by focusing on gut microbial diversity, abundance, and metabolic functions, oleander-associated pharmacological and toxicological studies have been critically analyzed to define the dual effects of oleander. Electronic databases were extensively screened for relevant research articles (including pre-clinical and clinical) related to oleander bioactivities and toxicity. Taxonomic preference was given to the plant N. oleander L. and synonymous plants as per 'The World Flora Online' database (WCSP record #135196). Discussion on yellow oleander (Cascabela thevetia (L.) Lippold) has intentionally been avoided since it is a different plant. The review indicates that the gut microbiota likely plays a key role in differentially modulating the pharmacological and toxicological effects of oleander. Other factors identified influencing the oleander bioactivities include dose and mode of treatment, cardiac glycoside pharmacokinetics, host-endogenous glycosides, plant material processing and phytochemical extraction methods, plant genotypic variations, environmental effects on the phytochemical quality and quantity, gene expression variations, host dietary patterns and co-morbidity, etc. The arguments proposed are also relevant to other medicinal plants containing toxic cardiac glycosides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajat Sharma
- Department of Biotechnology, Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Patiala, Punjab, India.
| | - Swati Singh
- Department of Zoology, University of North Bengal, Siliguri, West Bengal, India.
| | - Nisha Tewari
- Department of Biotechnology, Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Patiala, Punjab, India.
| | - Priyankar Dey
- Department of Biotechnology, Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Patiala, Punjab, India.
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4
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Freitas MS, Pereira AHB, Pereira GO, Menezes IS, Lucena AR, Almeida CRF, Pereira EG, Santos LA, Tozin LRS, Alves FM, Macedo AL, Silva DB, Ubiali DG. Acetogenin-induced fibrotic heart disease from avocado (Persea americana, Lauraceae) poisoning in horses. Toxicon 2022; 219:106921. [PMID: 36122667 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2022.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Poisoning by avocado (Persea americana) has been confirmed in sheep, goats, dogs, rabbits and ostriches. The clinical signs and lesions are attributed to the acetogenin, persin. Little is known regarding the epidemiology, clinical signs, lesions and therapy caused by acetogenin-induced heart damage. During the two-year study, we investigated a horse farm with six horses that often fed themselves with P. americana leaves or mature fruit pulp and skin on the ground. Two horses died, and one underwent necropsy, histopathology, and immunohistochemistry using the anti-cardiac troponin C (cTnC). Grossly and histopathologically, there was severe cardiac fibroplasia. Immunohistochemically, there was a multifocal decrease or negative expression in the cTnC cardiomyocytes' cytoplasm. Persea americana leaves were confirmed in the alimentary tract using botanical anatomy and molecular techniques. The chemical investigation by (LC-ESI-MS) revealed the presence of the acetogenins, persin and avocadene 1-acetate from P. americana. Persin was present in leaves and fruits (seed and pulp), while avocadene 1-acetate was found in leaves and fruits (seed, peel, and pulp) with a higher concentration in the pulp. Four other horses have been examined by electrocardiogram, echocardiogram and serum Troponin 1 (cTnI). To establish a causal effect of consumption of P. Americana and heart fibroplasia in horses, long-time experiments must be carried out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina S Freitas
- Anatomical Pathology Sector (SAP), Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRuralRJ), Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 23890-000, Brazil
| | - Asheley H B Pereira
- Anatomical Pathology Sector (SAP), Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRuralRJ), Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 23890-000, Brazil
| | - Gabriela O Pereira
- Anatomical Pathology Sector (SAP), Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRuralRJ), Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 23890-000, Brazil
| | - Islaine S Menezes
- Anatomical Pathology Sector (SAP), Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRuralRJ), Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 23890-000, Brazil
| | - Alessandra R Lucena
- Clincardio Veterinary Cardiology, Américas Avenue 7700, 121 Shopping Barra Mall, Barra da Tijuca, Rio de Janeiro, 22793081, Brazil
| | - Carolina R F Almeida
- Brazilian Jockey Club, Praça Santos Dumont, 31, Gávea, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | | | | | - Luiz R S Tozin
- Plant Anatomy Research Laboratory (LaPAV), Department of Botany, Institute of Biological and Health Sciences (ICBS), UFRuralRJ, Seropédica, RJ, Brazil
| | - Flávio M Alves
- Botany Laboratory / Herbarium (CGMS) Institute of Biosciences (INBIO), Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Brazil
| | - Arthur L Macedo
- Laboratory of Natural Products and Mass Spectrometry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Food and Nutrition (FACFAN), Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
| | - Denise B Silva
- Laboratory of Natural Products and Mass Spectrometry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Food and Nutrition (FACFAN), Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
| | - Daniel G Ubiali
- Anatomical Pathology Sector (SAP), Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRuralRJ), Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 23890-000, Brazil.
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Sykes CA, Uzal FA, Mete A, Ochoa J, Filigenzi M, Poppenga RH, Asin J. Renal Lesions in Horses with Oleander (Nerium oleander) Poisoning. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12111443. [PMID: 35681907 PMCID: PMC9179870 DOI: 10.3390/ani12111443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2022] [Revised: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
A presumptive postmortem diagnosis of oleander (Nerium oleander) poisoning is made based on the histological observation of cardiomyocyte degeneration and necrosis, which is considered to be a reliable diagnostic marker, and can be confirmed via the detection of oleandrin in tissues or fluids. However, cardiac lesions may not be present in every case, and autolysis can often preclude the identification of subtle changes in the cardiomyocytes. Several studies of experimental oleander poisoning have noted the presence of renal lesions in multiple mammalian species, and case studies of accidental exposure have found similar, although more variably severe, renal abnormalities. Kidney pathology in horses with oleander poisoning has been only briefly mentioned. In this study, we reviewed 21 cases of spontaneous oleander poisoning in horses, evaluated the kidneys microscopically, and compared the renal microscopic lesions with those detected in 10 horses that died or were euthanized due to other causes to assess if histological renal changes could serve as an additional diagnostic marker for oleander poisoning in horses. We found that microscopic renal lesions, principally mild to moderate tubular changes such as hyaline cast formation, neutrophilic casts, epithelial attenuation and necrosis, as well as mineralization and congestion, occur in horses with oleander poisoning. Most of these changes match the descriptions of lesions previously noted in other species, although with less frequency and severity. Similar lesions were found in horses that died spontaneously due to different causes or were euthanized. We concluded that microscopic renal lesions may be detected in horses with oleander poisoning but they cannot be used as a diagnostic marker that allows differentiation from other disease processes or causes of death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea A. Sykes
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System (CAHFS), University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (C.A.S.); (F.A.U.); (A.M.); (J.O.); (M.F.); (R.H.P.)
- CAHFS Davis Branch, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Francisco A. Uzal
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System (CAHFS), University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (C.A.S.); (F.A.U.); (A.M.); (J.O.); (M.F.); (R.H.P.)
- CAHFS San Bernardino Branch, San Bernardino, CA 92408, USA
| | - Aslı Mete
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System (CAHFS), University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (C.A.S.); (F.A.U.); (A.M.); (J.O.); (M.F.); (R.H.P.)
- CAHFS Davis Branch, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Jennine Ochoa
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System (CAHFS), University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (C.A.S.); (F.A.U.); (A.M.); (J.O.); (M.F.); (R.H.P.)
- CAHFS Tulare Branch, Tulare, CA 93274, USA
| | - Michael Filigenzi
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System (CAHFS), University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (C.A.S.); (F.A.U.); (A.M.); (J.O.); (M.F.); (R.H.P.)
- CAHFS Davis Branch, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Robert H. Poppenga
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System (CAHFS), University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (C.A.S.); (F.A.U.); (A.M.); (J.O.); (M.F.); (R.H.P.)
- CAHFS Davis Branch, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Javier Asin
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System (CAHFS), University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (C.A.S.); (F.A.U.); (A.M.); (J.O.); (M.F.); (R.H.P.)
- CAHFS San Bernardino Branch, San Bernardino, CA 92408, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(909)-751-3314
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Engiles JB, Uzal FA, Navarro MA, Reef VB, Bender SJ. Phlegmonous gastritis in 2 yearling horses. J Vet Diagn Invest 2022; 34:429-438. [PMID: 35000510 PMCID: PMC9254054 DOI: 10.1177/10406387211065044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Phlegmonous gastritis was diagnosed in 2 yearling fillies that were presented with a 1-wk history of fever, lethargy, and hypoproteinemia, associated with a previous diagnosis of equine proliferative enteropathy based on clinical signs and PCR assay detection of Lawsonia intracellularis in fecal samples. Abdominal ultrasound revealed enlargement of the stomach and expansion of its submucosal layer with hypoechoic fluid, as well as thickened hypomotile small intestinal segments. Given the poor prognosis and poor response to treatment, both horses were euthanized, one on the day of presentation and the other after 3 wk of intensive medical management including a combination of antimicrobials, analgesics, and intravenous colloids. At autopsy, acute mural gastritis characterized by severe submucosal edema with suppurative inflammation (i.e., phlegmonous gastritis) and necroulcerative enteritis compatible with the necrotizing form of equine proliferative enteropathy were identified in both horses. The gastric inflammation was associated with thrombosis and mixed bacterial populations, including Clostridium perfringens, that were confined to the submucosa without evidence of mucosal involvement; toxin genes compatible with C. perfringens type C were identified in one case. Human phlegmonous gastritis is an uncommon, often-fatal pyogenic infection that is often associated with mucosal injury, bacteremia, or immunocompromise. Our finding of this unusual gastric lesion in 2 horses with similar signalment, clinical disease, and spectrum of postmortem lesions suggests a similar etiopathogenesis that possibly involves local, regional, or distant hematogenous origin, and should be considered a potential complication of gastrointestinal mucosal compromise in horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie B. Engiles
- Julie B. Engiles, University of
Pennsylvania, School of Veterinary Medicine, 382 West Street Rd, Kennett Square, PA 19348,
USA.
| | - Francisco A. Uzal
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory, San
Bernardino Branch, University of California–Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Mauricio A. Navarro
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory, San
Bernardino Branch, University of California–Davis, Davis, CA, USA,Instituto de Patología Animal, Facultad de Ciencias
Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Chile
| | - Virginia B. Reef
- Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine,
University of Pennsylvania, Kennett Square, PA, USA
| | - Susan J. Bender
- Departments of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary
Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Kennett Square, PA, USA
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Zhai J, Dong X, Yan F, Guo H, Yang J. Oleandrin: A Systematic Review of its Natural Sources, Structural Properties, Detection Methods, Pharmacokinetics and Toxicology. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:822726. [PMID: 35273501 PMCID: PMC8902680 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.822726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Oleandrin is a highly lipid-soluble cardiac glycoside isolated from the plant Nerium oleander (Apocynaceae) and is used as a traditional herbal medicine due to its excellent pharmacological properties. It is widely applied for various disease treatments, such as congestive heart failure. Recently, oleandrin has attracted widespread attention due to its extensive anti-cancer and novel anti-viral effects. However, oleandrin has a narrow therapeutic window and exhibits various toxicities, especially typical cardiotoxicity, which is often fatal. This severe toxicity and low polarity have significantly hindered its application in the clinic. This review describes natural sources, structural properties, and detection methods of oleandrin. Based on reported poisoning cases and sporadic animal experiments, the pharmacokinetic characteristics of oleandrin are summarized, so as to infer some possible phenomena, such as enterohepatic circulation. Moreover, the relevant factors affecting the pharmacokinetics of oleandrin are analyzed, and some research approaches that may ameliorate the pharmacokinetic behavior of oleandrin are proposed. With the toxicology of oleandrin being thoroughly reviewed, the development of safe clinical applications of oleandrin may be possible given potential research strategies to decrease toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinxiao Zhai
- Institute of Forensic Medicine and Laboratory Medicine, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Xiaoru Dong
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Xiaoru Dong,
| | - Fenglian Yan
- Institute of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Hongsong Guo
- Institute of Forensic Medicine and Laboratory Medicine, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Jinling Yang
- Institute of Forensic Medicine and Laboratory Medicine, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
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Lubian E, Capitelli R, Nappi S, Semenza Esposito R, Russo RP, Lodi G, Ravasio G, Bardi E. Use of intralipid emulsion therapy to treat suspected oleander toxicosis in a domestic goose (Anser anser domesticus). J Exot Pet Med 2021. [DOI: 10.1053/j.jepm.2021.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Dey P. The pharmaco-toxicological conundrum of oleander: Potential role of gut microbiome. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 129:110422. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
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Ceci L, Girolami F, Capucchio MT, Colombino E, Nebbia C, Gosetti F, Marengo E, Iarussi F, Carelli G. Outbreak of Oleander ( Nerium oleander) Poisoning in Dairy Cattle: Clinical and Food Safety Implications. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12080471. [PMID: 32722138 PMCID: PMC7472096 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12080471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Oleander is a spontaneous shrub widely occurring in Mediterranean regions. Poisoning is sporadically reported in livestock, mainly due to the ingestion of leaves containing toxic cardiac glycosides (primarily oleandrin). In this study, 50 lactating Fleckvieh cows were affected after being offered a diet containing dry oleander pruning wastes accidentally mixed with fodder. Clinical examination, electrocardiogram, and blood sampling were conducted. Dead animals were necropsied, and heart, liver, kidney, spleen, and intestine were submitted to histological investigation. Oleandrin detection was performed through ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry in blood, serum, liver, heart, milk, and cheese samples. Severe depression, anorexia, ruminal atony, diarrhea, serous nasal discharge, tachycardia, and irregular heartbeat were the most common clinical signs. The first animal died within 48 h, and a total of 13 cows died in 4 days. Disseminated hyperemia and hemorrhages, multifocal coagulative necrosis of the cardiac muscle fibers, and severe and diffuse enteritis were suggestive of oleander poisoning. The diagnosis was confirmed by the presence of oleandrin in serum, liver, heart, milk, and cheese. Our results confirm the high toxicity of oleander in cattle and report for the first time the transfer into milk and dairy products, suggesting a potential risk for the consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Ceci
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, 70121 Bari, Italy; (L.C.); (G.C.)
| | - Flavia Girolami
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Torino, 10124 Torino, Italy; (M.T.C.); (E.C.); (C.N.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Maria Teresa Capucchio
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Torino, 10124 Torino, Italy; (M.T.C.); (E.C.); (C.N.)
| | - Elena Colombino
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Torino, 10124 Torino, Italy; (M.T.C.); (E.C.); (C.N.)
| | - Carlo Nebbia
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Torino, 10124 Torino, Italy; (M.T.C.); (E.C.); (C.N.)
| | - Fabio Gosetti
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milano, Italy;
| | - Emilio Marengo
- Department of Sciences and Technological Innovation, University of Eastern Piedmont, 13100 Vercelli, Italy;
| | - Fabrizio Iarussi
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy;
| | - Grazia Carelli
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, 70121 Bari, Italy; (L.C.); (G.C.)
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Macías-Rioseco M, Hill AE, Uzal FA. Fatal intestinal inflammatory lesions in equids in California: 710 cases (1990-2013). J Am Vet Med Assoc 2020; 256:455-462. [PMID: 31999521 DOI: 10.2460/javma.256.4.455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine incidences and underlying causes of fatal intestinal inflammatory lesions (FIILs) and demographic characteristics of affected equids necropsied at any of the California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory facilities between January 1, 1990, and April 16, 2013. ANIMALS 710 equids with FIILs, including colitis, duodenitis, enteritis, enterocolitis, enteropathy, enterotyphlitis, gastritis, gastroenteritis, ileitis, jejunitis, typhlitis, or typhlocolitis, alone or in combination. PROCEDURES The medical records were reviewed, and data collected included animal age, sex, geographic origin, necropsy submission date, and breed, purpose, or characteristic of use. Descriptive statistics were compiled and reported as numbers and percentages. RESULTS Colitis (323/710 [45.5%]), enteritis (146/710 [20.6%]), and typhlocolitis (138/710 [19.4%]) were the most common FIILs, and the underlying cause of most FIILs was categorized as either undetermined (465/710 [65.5%]) or bacterial (167/710 [23.5%]). The most common bacteria responsible for FIILs were Clostridium spp and Salmonella spp. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results indicated that the underlying cause for most FIILs could not be identified; however, when it was identified, it was most commonly bacterial and typically Clostridium spp or Salmonella spp, which could be useful information for practitioners when evaluating and managing horses and other equids with intestinal distress. In addition, results underscored the need for improved diagnostic procedures and strategies to determine underlying causes of FIILs in equids. Knowledge of the most common FIILs and their underlying causes may help in diagnosing and mitigating intestinal disease in equids.
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A Probable Fatal Case of Oleander (Nerium oleander) Poisoning on a Cattle Farm: A New Method of Detection and Quantification of the Oleandrin Toxin in Rumen. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11080442. [PMID: 31349685 PMCID: PMC6723884 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11080442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Oleander (Nerium oleander) is an ornamental plant common in tropical and sub-tropical regions that is becoming increasingly widespread, even in temperate regions. Oleander poisoning may occur in animals and humans. The main active components contained in the plant are cardiac glycosides belonging to the class of cardenolides that are toxic to many species, from human to insects. This work describes a case of oleander poisoning that occurred on a small cattle farm and resulted in the fatality of all six resident animals. Furthermore, the investigation of the poisonous agent is described, with particular focus on the characterization of the oleandrin toxin that was recovered from the forage and rumen contents. The innovation of this study is the first description of the detection and quantification of the oleandrin toxin by liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) in rumen.
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Pericardial Disease, Myocardial Disease, and Great Vessel Abnormalities in Horses. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2019; 35:139-157. [PMID: 30871834 DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2018.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pericardial, myocardial, and great vessel diseases are relatively rare in horses. The clinical signs are often nonspecific and vague, or related to the underlying cause. Physical examination usually reveals tachycardia, fever, venous distension or jugular pulsation, a weak or bounding arterial pulse, ventral edema, and abnormal cardiac auscultation such as arrhythmia, murmur, or muffled heart sounds. The prognosis depends on the underlying cause and the disease progression, and ranges from full recovery to poor prognosis for survival. This article focuses on the etiology, diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of pericarditis, pericardial mass lesions, myocarditis, cardiomyopathy, and great vessel aneurysm or rupture.
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Butler J, Khan S, Scarzella G. Fatal Oleander Toxicosis in Two Miniature Horses. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2016; 52:398-402. [PMID: 27685366 DOI: 10.5326/jaaha-ms-6433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Two young American miniature horses from the same farm were evaluated by a veterinarian due to presence of lethargy, anorexia, and cardiac arrhythmias. Both horses were treated aggressively with IV fluids and other supportive measures. The first horse died approximately 72 hr after the start of clinical signs and the second horse was humanely euthanized due to poor response to treatment. Oleander toxicosis was suspected based on the types of clinical signs present and due to several oleander plants and dried leaves present on the property. Oleander toxicosis was confirmed by the presence of oleandrin in gastrointestinal contents and digoxin in the serum of second horse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarrod Butler
- From the ASPCA Animal Poison Control Center, Urbana, Illinois (J.B., S.K.); and College Road Animal Hospital, Wilmington, North Carolina (G.S.)
| | - Safdar Khan
- From the ASPCA Animal Poison Control Center, Urbana, Illinois (J.B., S.K.); and College Road Animal Hospital, Wilmington, North Carolina (G.S.)
| | - Gina Scarzella
- From the ASPCA Animal Poison Control Center, Urbana, Illinois (J.B., S.K.); and College Road Animal Hospital, Wilmington, North Carolina (G.S.)
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Abstract
Oleander poisoning typically results in cardiac arrhythmias, hyperkalemia, and gastrointestinal irritation, and can be fatal. Oleander extracts have also been studied experimentally as hypoglycemic agents. Here, we describe a dog with confirmed oleander toxicosis presenting with classical symptoms and also hypoglycemia. After excluding other likely causes of hypoglycemia, the finding was attributed to oleander toxicosis, which has not been previously reported in dogs. A 7-year-old female spayed Maltese was presented to the emergency service after ingesting oleander leaves. Toxicosis was confirmed by measurement of digoxin using a competitive binding immunoassay, patient level 0.7 ng/mL (0.9 nmol/L) 24-h post-ingestion. Clinical symptoms included vomiting, cardiac arrhythmia, mild hyperkalemia, and hypoglycemia. Treatment was successful with aggressive supportive care, and the dog was discharged from the hospital after 48 h and made a full recovery. This case reviews the presentation and treatment of oleander toxicity but also highlights possible effects of oleander on blood sugar in dogs. Hypoglycemia in this dog, attributed to oleander poisoning, is interesting as it supports experimental research into hypoglycemic properties of oleander extracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Page
- Department of Internal Medicine, VCA All-Care Animal Referral Center, 18440 Amistad Street, Fountain Valley, CA, 92708, USA,
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Abstract
The gastrointestinal system of horses is affected by a large variety of inflammatory infectious and noninfectious conditions. The most prevalent form of gastritis is associated with ulceration of the pars esophagea. Although the diagnostic techniques for alimentary diseases of horses have improved significantly over the past few years, difficulties still exist in establishing the causes of a significant number of enteric diseases in this species. This problem is compounded by several agents of enteric disease also being found in the intestine of clinically normal horses, which questions the validity of the mere detection of these agents in the intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco A Uzal
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, 105 West Central Avenue, San Bernardino, CA 92409, USA.
| | - Santiago S Diab
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- F. Caloni
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety (VESPA); Università degli Studi di Milano; Milan Italy
| | - C. Cortinovis
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety (VESPA); Università degli Studi di Milano; Milan Italy
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Rossi TM, Pyle WG, Maxie MG, Pearl DL, Physick-Sheard PW. Troponin assays in the assessment of the equine myocardium. Equine Vet J 2014; 46:270-5. [PMID: 24215569 DOI: 10.1111/evj.12209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Accepted: 11/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In 2000, troponin assays were adopted as the test of choice for detection of myocardial injury in man. This decision was made after extensive testing and followed a 60 year search for a biomarker of myocardial damage with sufficient analytical sensitivity and specificity. This has led to proliferation of assays for use in human medicine, each requiring extensive testing and validation before it could be made available on the open market for human use. The search for ever-more analytically sensitive assays and for a standard reference material continues. The adoption of troponin testing in veterinary medicine followed shortly after its development for use in man, providing a much-needed means of detecting and monitoring myocardial damage in horses. However, application of these tests in veterinary medicine has exclusively involved use of assays designed for and clinically validated in human patients. There is no mandated requirement for test validation in veterinary medicine and, while many of these assays have been shown to be capable of detecting equine troponin, the wide diversity of available tests, lack of validation, absence of protocols for their use and lack of standardisation make their application problematic. The objective of this review article is to address this issue, offering guidance where data are available and encouraging caution where there are none. Ultimately, the overall goal of this review is to examine critically the use of troponin assays in the horse and to promote the accurate and appropriate interpretation of valid results.
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Affiliation(s)
- T M Rossi
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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