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Maxwell KM, Odunayo A, Wissel C. Use of orally administered dexmedetomidine to induce emesis in cats. J Feline Med Surg 2024; 26:1098612X241248980. [PMID: 38717831 PMCID: PMC11156238 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x241248980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
CASE SERIES SUMMARY This case series describes the use of orally administered dexmedetomidine at a dose of 20 µg/kg to induce emesis in six cats. Emesis was successfully induced in 5/6 cats, with each of the cats vomiting once. The reasons for inducing vomiting included known or suspected ingestion of lilies, onions, acetaminophen (paracetamol) or acetylsalicylic acid. Four of the five cats in which emesis induction was successful did not develop any clinical signs of toxicity associated with the toxin ingested; the fifth cat developed clinicopathological changes consistent with acetaminophen toxicity. All six cats exhibited moderate to profound sedation, as expected, but no other adverse effects were documented. RELEVANCE AND NOVEL INFORMATION Induction of emesis in cats is notoriously difficult. This case series describes a novel route of administration of dexmedetomidine, a commonly available medication, with a high success rate observed for inducing emesis in this group of cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen M Maxwell
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Adesola Odunayo
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Charlotte Wissel
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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Schimites PI, Mangini LT, Gasparotto JC, Franco IG, Alves TS, Biaggio ML, Mangini NP, Freitas GC, Floriano BP, Soares AV. Sedative and cardiorespiratory effects of dexmedetomidine alone or combined with acepromazine in healthy cats. Vet J 2024; 304:106099. [PMID: 38462168 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2024.106099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to assess sedation, emesis and cardiovascular effects of dexmedetomidine alone or combined with acepromazine in healthy cats. Fourteen male cats aged 0.9 ± 0.5 years and weighing 3.7 ± 0.7 kg were randomly assigned to one of two experimental groups: GD, dexmedetomidine 5 µg/kg; and GDA, dexmedetomidine 5 µg/kg with acepromazine 0.03 mg/kg, all intramuscularly. Measurements were recorded at baseline, at 20 minutes and then at 10-minute intervals following sedation and included heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (FR), systolic arterial pressure (SAP), rectal temperature (RT), number of episodes of emesis and sedation score (0-4). Data were compared using ANOVA for repeated measures followed by Šídák and Dunnet test. Sedation scores were compared between groups at T20 using Mann-Whitney test. Significance was considered when P <0.05. At T20, HR was significantly lower in GDA (99 ± 14 beats/min) compared with GD (133 ± 19 beats/min) and SAP was significantly lower in both groups compared with baseline (126 ± 14 vs. 148 ± 26 and 111 ± 13 vs. 144 ± 17 mmHg in GD and GDA, respectively). Duration of sedation was similar between groups, although sedation scores differed significantly at T20, with 1 (0-4) in GD and 4 (4-4) in GDA. More episodes of emesis were recorded in GD compared with GDA. The combination of dexmedetomidine and acepromazine produced more profound sedation with faster onset and lower incidence of emesis compared with dexmedetomidine alone in healthy cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- P I Schimites
- Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Post-Graduation Program in Veterinary Medicine, Center of Rural Sciences, Department of Small Animal Clinic, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul State 97105-900, Brazil.
| | - L T Mangini
- Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Post-Graduation Program in Veterinary Medicine, Center of Rural Sciences, Department of Small Animal Clinic, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul State 97105-900, Brazil
| | - J C Gasparotto
- Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Post-Graduation Program in Veterinary Medicine, Center of Rural Sciences, Department of Small Animal Clinic, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul State 97105-900, Brazil
| | - I G Franco
- University Center of Ourinhos, Ourinhos, São Paulo State, Brazil
| | - T S Alves
- Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Post-Graduation Program in Veterinary Medicine, Center of Rural Sciences, Department of Small Animal Clinic, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul State 97105-900, Brazil
| | - M L Biaggio
- Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Post-Graduation Program in Veterinary Medicine, Center of Rural Sciences, Department of Small Animal Clinic, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul State 97105-900, Brazil
| | - N P Mangini
- Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Post-Graduation Program in Veterinary Medicine, Center of Rural Sciences, Department of Small Animal Clinic, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul State 97105-900, Brazil
| | - G C Freitas
- Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Post-Graduation Program in Veterinary Medicine, Center of Rural Sciences, Department of Small Animal Clinic, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul State 97105-900, Brazil
| | - B P Floriano
- Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Post-Graduation Program in Veterinary Medicine, Center of Rural Sciences, Department of Small Animal Clinic, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul State 97105-900, Brazil
| | - A V Soares
- Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Post-Graduation Program in Veterinary Medicine, Center of Rural Sciences, Department of Small Animal Clinic, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul State 97105-900, Brazil
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M de Souza HJ, Alves CR, Castro SM, Pedro JF, Meirelles ACA. Foreign body ingestion due to detachment of pill dispenser tips in cats: a retrospective study of 13 cases. J Feline Med Surg 2023; 25:1098612X231201808. [PMID: 37906200 PMCID: PMC10812022 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x231201808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to evaluate and describe 13 cases in which a pet piller broke during the administration of medication, and the tip was accidentally ingested by the cat. METHODS A total of 15 presentations to the clinic were identified in a private practice database involving 13 cats in which the silicone tip broke. Two of these cats ingested foreign bodies on two separate occasions. Routine radiographic examination enabled the identification of silicone tips in all animals. On 2/15 occasions, the cats did not receive an emetic drug. Intramuscular xylazine (0.2 mg/kg) and dexmedetomidine (6 μg/kg) were administered to 12/15 and 1/15 cats, respectively. RESULTS The cats were aged 3-17 years (mean age 11.00 ± 4.35 years). Vomiting occurred in 13 cats that received alpha-2 adrenoceptor agonists, although the silicone tip was recovered in only five occurrences. In 9/15 occurrences, endoscopy was performed under general inhalation anesthesia, and the silicone tip was successfully removed. Natural elimination occurred in only one case. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE The use of pet pillers with detachable silicone tips increases the risk of accidental foreign body ingestion by animals. Therefore, guidelines regarding safety standards for manufacturing would be beneficial. No cat in this series developed clinical signs related to the ingestion of the piller tip, probably because of the quick presentation by the owners and early intervention, including endoscopic retrieval. Surgical intervention was not required in any case, including one in which the foreign body was lodged within the small intestine before being passed naturally by the cat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heloisa Justen M de Souza
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, University Federal Rural of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Camila R Alves
- University Federal Rural of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Sarah M Castro
- Clínica Veterinária Gatos e Gatos Vet, Botafogo, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Julia F Pedro
- Clínica Veterinária Gatos e Gatos Vet, Botafogo, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Di Franco C, Evangelista F, Briganti A. Multiple uses of dexmedetomidine in small animals: a mini review. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1135124. [PMID: 37342619 PMCID: PMC10278766 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1135124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Dexmedetomidine is an alpha-2 adrenergic agonist, which use had an exponential increase in human and veterinary medicine in the last 10 years. The aim of this mini review is to summarize the various uses of dexmedetomidine underlining its new applications and capabilities in the small animals' clinical activity. While this drug was born as sedative in veterinary medicine, some studies demonstrated to be effective as an analgesic both in single administration and in continuous infusion. Recent studies have also shown the role of dexmedetomidine as an adjuvant during locoregional anesthesia, increasing the duration of the sensitive block and consequently decreasing the demand for systemic analgesics. The various analgesic properties make dexmedetomidine an interesting drug for opioid-free analgesia. Some studies highlighted a potential neuroprotective, cardioprotective and vasculoprotective role of dexmedetomidine, thus conferring it a place in critical care medicine, such as trauma and septic patients. Dexmedetomidine has demonstrated to be a multitasking molecule and it is ready to face new challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Di Franco
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Flavia Evangelista
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- Vet Hospital H24, Firenze, Italy
| | - Angela Briganti
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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Martín Bellido V, Martínez i Ferré B, McDonald H, Vettorato E. Effect of intravenous fentanyl on cough reflex and quality of endotracheal intubation in cats. Vet Anaesth Analg 2023; 50:230-237. [PMID: 37076353 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaa.2023.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the effects of intravenous (IV) fentanyl on cough reflex and quality of endotracheal intubation (ETI) in cats. STUDY DESIGN Randomized, blinded, negative controlled clinical trial. ANIMALS A total of 30 client-owned cats undergoing general anaesthesia for diagnostic or surgical procedures. METHODS Cats were sedated with dexmedetomidine (2 μg kg-1 IV), and 5 minutes later either fentanyl (3 μg kg-1, group F) or saline (group C) was administered IV. After alfaxalone (1.5 mg kg-1 IV) administration and 2% lidocaine application to the larynx, ETI was attempted. If unsuccessful, alfaxalone (1 mg kg-1 IV) was administered and ETI re-attempted. This process was repeated until successful ETI. Sedation scores, total number of ETI attempts, cough reflex, laryngeal response and quality of ETI were scored. Postinduction apnoea was recorded. Heart rate (HR) was continuously recorded and oscillometric arterial blood pressure (ABP) was measured every minute. Changes (Δ) in HR and ABP between pre-intubation and intubation were calculated. Groups were compared using univariate analysis. Statistical significance was set as p < 0.05. RESULTS The median and 95% confidence interval of alfaxalone dose was 1.5 (1.5-1.5) and 2.5 (1.5-2.5) mg kg-1 in groups F and C, respectively (p = 0.001). The cough reflex was 2.10 (1.10-4.41) times more likely to occur in group C. The overall quality of ETI was superior in group F (p = 0.001), with lower laryngeal response to ETI (p < 0.0001) and ETI attempts (p = 0.045). No differences in HR, ABP and postinduction apnoea were found. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE In cats sedated with dexmedetomidine, fentanyl could be considered to reduce the alfaxalone induction dose, cough reflex and laryngeal response to ETI and to improve the overall quality of ETI.
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Sanches MC, Bessi WH, Rusch E, Schaffhausser MB, Cassoli AA, Freitas SH, Gehrcke MI, Carregaro AB. Cardiopulmonary and propofol-sparing effects of dexmedetomidine in total intravenous anesthesia in cats undergoing ovariohysterectomy. J Feline Med Surg 2022; 24:e490-e497. [PMID: 36409556 PMCID: PMC10812347 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x221130036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to assess the effect of dexmedetomidine on the propofol-based anesthesia of cats subjected to ovariohysterectomy. METHODS Twenty-eight cats were randomly allocated to four groups (seven cats in each) and premedicated with either 5 µg/kg dexmedetomidine (groups Dex 1, Dex 3 and Dex 5) or 0.05 ml saline (Prop group) intramuscularly. After the induction of anesthesia with propofol, total intravenous anesthesia was initiated with 300 µg/kg/min propofol plus 3 ml/kg/h NaCl 0.9% (Prop), or 200 µg/kg/min propofol plus dexmedetomidine at the rates of 1 µg/kg/h (Dex 1), 3 µg/kg/h (Dex 3) or 5 µg/kg/h (Dex 5). Cardiorespiratory variables were assessed 5 mins after induction and every 10 mins thereafter, until the end of anesthesia. The propofol infusion rate was adjusted every 10 mins (± 50 µg/kg/min) to maintain anesthetic depth. The times to extubation, sternal recumbency, ambulation and total recovery were recorded. Pain scoring was performed 1, 2, 4, 8, 12 and 24 h after the end of anesthesia. RESULTS Dexmedetomidine produced a propofol-sparing effect of 72.8%, 71.1% and 74.6% in the Dex 1, Dex 3 and Dex 5 groups, respectively. Cats in the Prop group maintained higher heart rate values than the other groups, and the mean arterial pressure remained higher in the Dex 3 and Dex 5 groups. Rescue intraoperative analgesia (fentanyl bolus) was most frequent in the Prop group. There was no significant difference in the time of extubation. Cats in the Dex 1 and Dex 3 groups had a faster anesthetic recovery, with shorter times to achieving sternal recumbency, regaining ambulation and reaching full recovery. Cats in the Dex 1 and Dex 5 groups presented the best recovery quality scores, with 4 (range 4-5) and 4 (range 3-5), respectively, while the Prop group scored 1 (range 1-3), the worst anesthetic recovery score among the groups. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE The use of dexmedetomidine as a total intravenous anesthesia adjuvant, especially at doses of 1 and 3 µg/kg/h, reduces propofol consumption and improves cardiorespiratory stability and intraoperative analgesia, while promoting a better and quicker recovery from anesthesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana C Sanches
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Wellington H Bessi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Elidiane Rusch
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marianna B Schaffhausser
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana A Cassoli
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Silvio H Freitas
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Martielo I Gehrcke
- Departament of Veterinary Clinics, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Adriano B Carregaro
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Lima CMS, Segatto CZ, Zanelli GR, Nicácio GM, Cassu RN. Effects of Lidocaine Injection at Acupuncture Points on Perioperative Analgesia in Cats Undergoing Ovariohysterectomy. J Acupunct Meridian Stud 2022; 15:255-263. [DOI: 10.51507/j.jams.2022.15.4.255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Camila Menossi Sueza Lima
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Anestesiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade do Oeste Paulista, Presidente Prudente, SP, Brazil
| | - Camila Zanetti Segatto
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Anestesiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade do Oeste Paulista, Presidente Prudente, SP, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Ricci Zanelli
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Anestesiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade do Oeste Paulista, Presidente Prudente, SP, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Montoro Nicácio
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Anestesiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade do Oeste Paulista, Presidente Prudente, SP, Brazil
| | - Renata Navarro Cassu
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Anestesiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade do Oeste Paulista, Presidente Prudente, SP, Brazil
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Hommuang K, Sattasathuchana P, Thengchaisri N. Effects of intranasal and intramuscular dexmedetomidine in cats receiving total intravenous propofol anesthesia. Vet World 2022; 15:1706-1713. [PMID: 36185505 PMCID: PMC9394123 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2022.1706-1713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: The efficacy of intranasal (IN) dexmedetomidine in cats as a premedication remains elusive. Thus, this study aimed to compare the perioperative and sparing effects of IN and intramuscular (IM) dexmedetomidine administration on propofol requirements for anesthetic induction in cats. Materials and Methods: This study randomly assigned 16 cats into two groups of IN or IM dexmedetomidine at 20 μg/kg. Sedation scores and side effects were recorded at time points of 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 min after the dexmedetomidine administration. Anesthesia was induced with intravenous (IV) 1% propofol by titrating a bolus of 2 mg every 45 s and the total dose of the administered IV propofol to achieve endotracheal intubation was recorded. Results: Cats receiving IM dexmedetomidine were significantly associated with higher sedation scores. All cats were sedated at 20 min after premedication; however, the average composite sedation scores in the IN group were significantly lower than those in the IM group during premedication. Pre-operative side effects, including vomiting, were more frequently observed in the IN group (5 cats, 62.5%) than in the IM group (3 cats, 37.5%; p < 0.05). Higher body temperature (>1°F compared to baseline) was more frequently observed in the IN group (6 cats, 75.0%) than in the IM group (1 cat, 12.5%; p < 0.05). The dosage of required propofol in the IN group was significantly higher (1.1 ± 0.3 mg/kg) than that in the IM group (0.7 ± 0.2 mg/kg; p < 0.05). The duration of general anesthesia was comparable between the groups. Conclusion: IN dexmedetomidine produces moderate sedation and cats may have side effects, including vomiting and higher body temperature. Higher sparing effects of propofol were identified in the IM group compared with the IN group. Nonetheless, IN administration of dexmedetomidine provides a noninvasive alternative to the IM route.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kewvaree Hommuang
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Science, Graduate Student in Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Panpicha Sattasathuchana
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Naris Thengchaisri
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand; Tippimarn Veterinary Hospital, Chulabhorn Royal Academy, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand
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Riemer S, Heritier C, Windschnurer I, Pratsch L, Arhant C, Affenzeller N. A Review on Mitigating Fear and Aggression in Dogs and Cats in a Veterinary Setting. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11010158. [PMID: 33445559 PMCID: PMC7826566 DOI: 10.3390/ani11010158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 01/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The majority of dogs and cats are fearful during veterinary visits, and some individuals may show aggression as a result. We review ways to avoid negative experiences and promote positive emotions in animals visiting the veterinarian. Whenever an animal is in the practice, the veterinary team should endeavour to make the visit as pleasant as possible, by using non-threatening body language and by creating positive associations. High-value food (unless an animal needs to be fasted) or toys should be used generously throughout the visit. In the interaction with the animals, low-stress handling methods, brief pauses and adjusting the procedure based on the animal’s body language help them to feel secure. Distractions can be used to minimise perceived pain such as from injections. If a known painful area needs to be treated, pain killers are advised. For animals that are very fearful, several medication options are available that can be given prior to the veterinary visit to help them with their fears. With reward-based training, animals can learn to accept veterinary procedures. A stress-free veterinary visit benefits all involved parties—the animals, their owners, as well as the veterinary team. Abstract A high proportion of dogs and cats are fearful during veterinary visits, which in some cases may escalate into aggression. Here, we discuss factors that contribute to negative emotions in a veterinary setting and how these can be addressed. We briefly summarise the available evidence for the interventions discussed. The set-up of the waiting area (e.g., spatial dividers; elevated places for cat carriers), tailoring the examination and the treatment to the individual, considerate handling (minimal restraint when possible, avoiding leaning over or cornering animals) and offering high-value food or toys throughout the visit can promote security and, ideally, positive associations. Desensitisation and counterconditioning are highly recommended, both to prevent and address existing negative emotions. Short-term pain from injections can be minimised by using tactile and cognitive distractions and topical analgesics, which are also indicated for painful procedures such as ear cleanings. Recommendations for handling fearful animals to minimise aggressive responses are discussed. However, anxiolytics or sedation should be used whenever there is a risk of traumatising an animal or for safety reasons. Stress-reducing measures can decrease fear and stress in patients and consequently their owners, thus strengthening the relationship with the clients as well as increasing the professional satisfaction of veterinary staff.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Riemer
- Companion Animal Behaviour Group, Division of Animal Welfare, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
- Correspondence:
| | | | - Ines Windschnurer
- Institute of Animal Welfare Science, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna (Vetmeduni Vienna), 1210 Vienna, Austria; (I.W.); (C.A.)
| | - Lydia Pratsch
- Veterinary Behaviour Consultant, 1200 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Christine Arhant
- Institute of Animal Welfare Science, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna (Vetmeduni Vienna), 1210 Vienna, Austria; (I.W.); (C.A.)
| | - Nadja Affenzeller
- Department of Companion Animals, Clinical Unit of Internal Medicine Small Animals, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna (Vetmeduni Vienna), 1210 Vienna, Austria;
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Smith P, Tolbert MK, Gould E, Taylor A, Knych H, Messenger K. Pharmacokinetics, sedation and hemodynamic changes following the administration of oral transmucosal detomidine gel in cats. J Feline Med Surg 2020; 22:1184-1190. [PMID: 32643979 PMCID: PMC10814369 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x20917305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to describe the pharmacokinetics of oral transmucosal (OTM) detomidine gel in healthy cats and assess its effects on sedation and hemodynamic variables. METHODS Eight adult cats weighing 4.12 kg ± 0.72 received 4 mg/m2 detomidine gel onto the buccal mucosa. Level of sedation, heart rate (HR), blood pressure (BP) and respiratory rate (f R) were assessed at predetermined intervals following administration. Blood samples for plasma detomidine concentrations and venous blood gas variables were collected from a medial saphenous catheter. Plasma detomidine concentrations were analyzed using ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry detection, and pharmacokinetic estimates were obtained with compartmental methods. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and paired t-test or appropriate non-parametric tests. RESULTS Sedation occurred in all cats, and was increased from baseline at 30 mins (P <0.001). Decreases in HR occurred from 15-60 mins, ranging from 140 to 165 beats per min (P <0.001). Blood glucose increased from 101 ± 12 mg/dl to 168 ± 27.3 mg/dl at 60 mins (P = 0.004). Systolic blood pressure decreased from baseline (139 ± 14.8 mmHg) to 103 ± 23.0 mmHg at 60 mins (P = 0.023). All changes abated by 120 mins. Emesis occurred in 7/7 cats within 2 mins of gel administration. Geometric mean (coefficient of variation) for clearance was 220.7 ml/min/kg (35.3 ml/min/kg), volume of distribution was 14.9 l/kg (39.9 l/kg) (both a function of bioavailability) and elimination half-life was 46.9 mins (16.0 mins). Maximum plasma concentrations of 10.5 ng/ml (35.5 ng/ml) detomidine occurred at 36.9 mins (21.5 mins). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE OTM detomidine gel produced moderate sedation with minimal undesirable side effects in healthy cats, although emesis occurred in all cats. The pharmacokinetic profile supports short-term, minimally invasive sedation in this species. Further studies are warranted to assess its safety and feasibility for use in debilitated cats, or prior to general anesthesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preston Smith
- Quartet Veterinary Specialty and Emergency Hospital, Cary, NC, USA
| | - M Katherine Tolbert
- Texas A&M University, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Emily Gould
- Texas A&M University, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, College Station, TX, USA
| | | | - Heather Knych
- University of California, Davis, California Animal Health and Food Safety Lab Molecular Biosciences, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Kristen Messenger
- North Carolina State University, Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
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Kanda T, Toda C, Morimoto H, Shimizu Y, Itoi T, Furumoto K, Okamura Y, Iwata E. Antiemetic effect of oral maropitant treatment before the administration of brimonidine ophthalmic solution in healthy cats. J Feline Med Surg 2020; 22:557-563. [PMID: 31313970 PMCID: PMC10814329 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x19862687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to investigate the antiemetic, behavioural and physiological effects of oral maropitant treatment before the administration of brimonidine ophthalmic solution in healthy cats. METHODS Five cats received oral maropitant 8 mg or no treatment (control) 18 h before the administration of one drop of brimonidine solution in both eyes. Each cat was administered each of the two treatments, with a washout period of 1 week. The incidence of emesis, retching, sialorrhoea and lip-licking after brimonidine administration was recorded, while behavioural and physiological parameters, including heart rate, mean blood pressure, respiratory frequency and rectal temperature, were recorded before and 0, 30, 60, 90, 120, 180 and 240 mins after brimonidine administration. RESULTS Emesis and retching were not observed when maropitant was administered. However, 4/5 cats exhibited vomiting and retching in the absence of maropitant pretreatment. The incidence of emesis and retching after brimonidine administration was significantly lower in the treatment group than in the control group. Sialorrhoea occurred in one cat in the control group, while all cats showed lip-licking after brimonidine administration. There were no significant differences in the incidence of sialorrhoea and lip-licking between the two groups. Although behaviour scores were comparable between the two groups, those obtained during heart rate, mean blood pressure and respiratory frequency measurements were significantly lower than the baseline scores; this indicated a sedative effect after brimonidine administration. The heart rate and mean blood pressure significantly decreased after brimonidine administration in both groups, while there were no intergroup differences in the heart rate, mean blood pressure, respiratory frequency and rectal temperature. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Oral maropitant treatment before the administration of brimonidine ophthalmic solution in cats can alleviate emesis and retching without affecting the sedative effects of brimonidine and important physiological parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teppei Kanda
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Okayama University of Science, Imabari, Ehime, Japan
- Department of Comparative Animal Science, College of Life Science, Kurashiki University of Science and the Arts, Kurashiki, Okayama, Japan
| | - Chisato Toda
- Department of Comparative Animal Science, College of Life Science, Kurashiki University of Science and the Arts, Kurashiki, Okayama, Japan
| | - Haruka Morimoto
- Department of Comparative Animal Science, College of Life Science, Kurashiki University of Science and the Arts, Kurashiki, Okayama, Japan
| | - Yuki Shimizu
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Okayama University of Science, Imabari, Ehime, Japan
- Department of Comparative Animal Science, College of Life Science, Kurashiki University of Science and the Arts, Kurashiki, Okayama, Japan
| | - Takamasa Itoi
- Department of Comparative Animal Science, College of Life Science, Kurashiki University of Science and the Arts, Kurashiki, Okayama, Japan
| | - Kayo Furumoto
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Okayama University of Science, Imabari, Ehime, Japan
- Department of Comparative Animal Science, College of Life Science, Kurashiki University of Science and the Arts, Kurashiki, Okayama, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Okamura
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Okayama University of Science, Imabari, Ehime, Japan
- Department of Comparative Animal Science, College of Life Science, Kurashiki University of Science and the Arts, Kurashiki, Okayama, Japan
| | - Eri Iwata
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Okayama University of Science, Imabari, Ehime, Japan
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12
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Bouillon J, Duke T, Focken AP, Snead EC, Cosford KL. Effects of dexmedetomidine on glucose homeostasis in healthy cats. J Feline Med Surg 2020; 22:344-349. [PMID: 31090471 PMCID: PMC10814663 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x19847282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Alpha(α)2-agonist administration has been documented to increase blood glucose concentrations in many species. The aim of this study was to further describe the effect of dexmedetomidine on glucose and its regulatory hormones in healthy cats. METHODS A randomized crossover study using eight healthy cats with a 14 day washout period was used to assess the effect of dexmedetomidine (10 μg/kg IV) and saline on glucose, cortisol, insulin, glucagon and non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) concentrations at 0, 20, 60, 120 and 180 mins post-administration. Glucose:insulin ratios were calculated for each time point. RESULTS Within the dexmedetomidine group, significant differences (P <0.05) were detected: increased median (range) blood glucose concentrations at 60 mins (11.55 mmol/l [5.9-16.6 mmol/l]) and 120 mins (12.0 mmol/l [6.1-13.8 mmol/l]) compared with baseline (6.05 mmol/l [4.8-13.3 mmol/l]); decreased glucagon concentrations at 120 mins (3.8 pmol/l [2.7-8.8 pmol/l]) and 180 mins (4.7 pmol/l [2.1-8.2 pmol/l]) compared with baseline (11.85 pmol/l [8.3-17.2 pmol/l]); decreased NEFA concentrations at 60 mins (0.281 mmol/l [0.041-1.357 mmol/l]) and 120 mins (0.415 mmol/l [0.035-1.356 mmol/l]) compared with baseline (0.937 mmol/l [0.677-1.482 mmol/l]); and significantly larger (P <0.05) glucose:insulin ratios at 60 mins compared with baseline. Insulin and cortisol concentrations were not significantly changed after dexmedetomidine administration. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Feline practitioners should be aware of the endocrine effects associated with the use of α2-agonists, particularly when interpreting blood glucose concentrations. The transient effects of dexmedetomidine on glucose homeostasis are unlikely to significantly affect clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliette Bouillon
- Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine/University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Tanya Duke
- Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine/University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Alexandra P Focken
- Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine/University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Elisabeth C Snead
- Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine/University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Kevin L Cosford
- Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine/University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
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13
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Nystrom MR, Odunayo A, Okafor CC. Assessment of hydromorphone and dexmedetomidine for emesis induction in cats. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2019; 29:360-365. [PMID: 31240797 DOI: 10.1111/vec.12866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Revised: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the efficacy of hydromorphone and dexmedetomidine at inducing emesis in cats. DESIGN Prospective, blinded, randomized crossover study. SETTING Veterinary university teaching hospital. ANIMALS 12 healthy purpose-bred cats. INTERVENTIONS Cats were randomly assigned to receive hydromorphone (0.1 mg/kg, subcutaneously) or dexmedetomidine (7 μg/kg, IM). Following administration, the incidences of emesis, number of emetic events, signs of nausea (hypersalivation, lip licking), temperature, heart rate, respiratory rate, and sedation score were recorded for 6 hours. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Emesis was successful in 9 of 12 (75%) cats when treated with hydromorphone and in 7 of 12 (58%) cats when treated with dexmedetomidine (P = 0.67). Dexmedetomidine was more likely to cause sedation than hydromorphone (P < 0.001). Heart rate in cats was significantly decreased at 1 and 2 hours post-hydromorphone (P = 0.003, 0.014, respectively) and at 1, 2, 3, 5, 6 hours post-dexmedetomidine (P = 0.001, 0.003, 0.038, 0.013, 0.001, respectively). Cats were more likely to develop an increase in body temperature with hydromorphone administration although this was not clinically significant. CONCLUSIONS Results of the present study indicate that hydromorphone is an effective alternative to dexmedetomidine for the induction of emesis in cats. Hydromorphone appears to cause less sedation and less decrease in heart rate. Further investigation into the most adequate dose of hydromorphone for optimizing emesis is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Nystrom
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN
| | - Adesola Odunayo
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN
| | - Chika C Okafor
- Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN
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14
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Hassen KM, Posner LP, Campbell NB. The effect of aquapuncture at Pericardium 6 (PC-6) on dexmedetomidine-induced nausea and vomiting in cats. Vet Anaesth Analg 2019; 46:308-314. [PMID: 30982710 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaa.2019.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Revised: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the effect of aquapuncture at acupuncture point Pericardium 6 (PC-6) on the incidence of dexmedetomidine-induced vomiting and nausea in cats. STUDY DESIGN Randomized, prospective, crossover study. ANIMALS A group of 22 cats, 14 females and eight males, aged 1-12 years and weighing 3.8-5.9 kg. METHODS Each cat was administered treatments in random order at ≥1 week intervals. For treatment (DEX-A), cats were administered PC-6 stimulation by aquapuncture (0.25 mL/250 μg vitamin B12 injection subcutaneously at PC-6). After 30 minutes, dexmedetomidine (10 μg kg-1) was administered intramuscularly (IM). For control treatment (DEX), cats were administered only dexmedetomidine (10 μg kg-1) IM. Incidence of vomiting, number of vomiting episodes and time to first vomiting were recorded by an observer unaware of treatment allocation. At 30 minutes after dexmedetomidine administration, atipamezole (0.1 mg kg-1) was injected IM. Behavior was video recorded and later scored by two observers for clinical signs of nausea. A regression model (analysis of covariance) was used to detect the influence of aquapuncture on vomiting and nausea. Significance was set at p < 0.05. RESULTS Of 21 cats, 18 (85%) and 16 cats (76%) vomited in DEX-A and DEX, respectively. There was no significant difference in the incidence of vomiting (p = 0.55), number of vomiting episodes (p = 0.55), mean time to vomit (p = 0.88) or nausea score (p = 0.51) between DEX-A and DEX. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE PC-6 aquapuncture did not reduce the incidence of dexmedetomidine-induced vomiting or severity of nausea in cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly M Hassen
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA.
| | - Lysa P Posner
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
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15
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Dexmedetomidine low dose followed by constant rate infusion and antagonism by atipamezole in isoflurane-anesthetized cats: an echocardiographic study. Vet Anaesth Analg 2019; 46:43-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaa.2018.09.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Revised: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Abstract
The widespread use and availability of calcium channel blockers in human and veterinary medicine pose a risk for inadvertent pet exposure to these medications. Clinical signs of toxicosis can be delayed by many hours after exposure, with lethargy, hypotension, and cardiac rhythm changes as the predominant signs. Prompt decontamination and aggressive treatment using a variety of modalities may be necessary to treat patients exposed to calcium channel blockers. The prognosis of an exposed patient depends on the dose of the ingested calcium channel blockers, promptness of decontamination and other treatment measures, severity of clinical signs, and response to treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristine L Hayes
- ASPCA Animal Poison Control Center, 1717 South Philo Road, Suite 36, Urbana, IL 61802, USA.
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17
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Walton KL, Otto CM. Retrospective evaluation of feline rodenticide exposure and gastrointestinal decontamination: 146 cases (2000-2010). J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2018; 28:457-463. [PMID: 30129699 DOI: 10.1111/vec.12748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Revised: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the prevalence of rodenticide exposure in cats, describe the use of gastrointestinal decontamination (GID) after rodenticide exposure, and examine the efficacy of GID following exposure to anticoagulant rodenticides (ACR). DESIGN Retrospective study from 2000-2010. SETTING Emergency service of an urban university teaching hospital. ANIMALS One hundred forty-six cats presented for rodenticide exposure. MAIN RESULTS Annually, the number of cats that were presented for rodenticide exposure averaged 13 of 3,336 (0.39%) and totaled 146 cases over 11 years. Cats that had been exposed to rodenticide were significantly more likely to be young (P < 0.001), sexually intact (P < 0.001), and presented in the fall season (P = 0.002). The majority of cats lived indoors (67.6%). The type of rodenticide involved in the exposure was unknown in 50% (71/142) of cases. Of the known types, ACRs were most common (59/142, 41.5%) followed by cholecalciferol (7/142, 4.9%) and bromethalin (5/142, 3.5%). Gastrointestinal decontamination was attempted in 21/36 (58%) cats with exposure to a known ACR. Emesis was attempted in 17/21 (81%) and charcoal administered in 14/21 (67%) cats that underwent GID. This study did not detect an effect of GID efforts on prothrombin time (PT) prolongation 48 hours after exposure to a known ACR. CONCLUSIONS Cats consume rodenticides. Due to the lack of evidence of altered outcome associated with GID in cats exposed to ACRs, a PT should be evaluated 48 hours after first exposure regardless of whether GID is performed. Treatment should be based on the results of the PT. Gastrointestinal decontamination should be performed at the clinician's discretion based on history, risks, calculated toxic dose, low prevalence of ACR toxicosis in cats, general resistance of cats to ACR toxicosis, and treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karie L Walton
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Advanced Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104
| | - Cynthia M Otto
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Advanced Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104
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18
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Bhalla RJ, Trimble TA, Leece EA, Vettorato E. Comparison of intramuscular butorphanol and buprenorphine combined with dexmedetomidine for sedation in cats. J Feline Med Surg 2018; 20:325-331. [PMID: 28548551 PMCID: PMC11129212 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x17709612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
Objectives The objective of this study was to compare the sedative effect of butorphanol-dexmedetomidine with buprenorphine-dexmedetomidine following intramuscular (IM) administration in cats. Methods Using a prospective, randomised, blinded design, 40 client-owned adult cats were assigned to receive IM dexmedetomidine (10 µg/kg) combined with either butorphanol (0.4 mg/kg) ('BUT' group) or buprenorphine (20 µg/kg) ('BUP' group). Sedation was scored using a previously published multidimensional composite scale before administration (T0) and 5, 10, 15 and 20 mins afterwards (T5, T10, T15 and T20, respectively). Alfaxalone (1.5 mg/kg) was administered IM at T20 if the cat was not deemed adequately sedated to place an intravenous catheter. Adverse events were recorded. Friedman two-way ANOVA analysed sedation scores within groups. Mann-Whitney Rank Sum test compared sedation scores between groups; Fisher's exact test analysed the frequency of alfaxalone administration and adverse events. P <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results Sedation scores between groups were similar at baseline, but at T5, T10, T15 and T20 scores were higher in the BUT group ( P <0.01). Within both groups, sedation scores changed over time and the highest sedation scores were reached at T10. Requirement for additional sedation was similar between groups: two cats in the BUT group and five cats in the BUP group. One cat and 11 cats vomited ( P = 0.002) in the BUT and BUP groups, respectively. No other adverse events were recorded. Conclusions and relevance At these doses, IM buprenorphine-dexmedetomidine provides inferior sedation and a higher incidence of vomiting than butorphanol-dexmedetomidine in cats. Butorphanol-dexmedetomidine may be preferred for feline sedation, especially where vomiting is contraindicated.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Toby A Trimble
- Small Animal Hospital, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Elizabeth A Leece
- Anaesthesia Service, Northwest Veterinary Specialists, Sutton Weaver, UK
| | - Enzo Vettorato
- Anaesthesia Service, Dick White Referrals, Six Mile Bottom, UK
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Thies M, Bracker K, Sinnott V. Retrospective evaluation of the effectiveness of xylazine for inducing emesis in cats: 48 cats (2011-2015). J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2017; 27:658-661. [PMID: 28853243 DOI: 10.1111/vec.12641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Revised: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the effectiveness of xylazine for the induction of emesis in cats that were suspected of ingesting potentially toxic substances or foreign objects. DESIGN Retrospective study. SETTING Private emergency and specialty referral hospital. ANIMALS Forty-eight client-owned cats that were administered xylazine to induce emesis for decontamination of a toxic substance or expulsion of an ingested foreign object. INTERVENTIONS None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS The medical records of 48 cats presenting for known or suspected ingestion of foreign material that underwent decontamination with xylazine were reviewed. Signalment, material ingested, dose and route of xylazine administration, success of emesis and recovery of foreign material ingested, use of a reversal agent, and adverse effects were noted. The induction of emesis was successful in 29/48 (60%) of cats. Sedation was the most common adverse effect and was noted in 15/48 (31%) of patients. CONCLUSIONS Xylazine is safe and reasonably effective at inducing emesis in cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret Thies
- Angell Animal Medical Center, Emergency and Critical Care Department, Boston, MA, 02130
| | - Kiko Bracker
- Angell Animal Medical Center, Emergency and Critical Care Department, Boston, MA, 02130
| | - Virginia Sinnott
- Angell Animal Medical Center, Emergency and Critical Care Department, Boston, MA, 02130
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Sedative and physiological effects of brimonidine tartrate ophthalmic solution in healthy cats. Vet Anaesth Analg 2017; 44:1091-1100. [PMID: 28865952 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaa.2017.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Revised: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the effects of brimonidine tartrate ophthalmic solution on sedation, heart rate (HR), respiratory frequency (fR), rectal temperature (RT) and noninvasive mean arterial pressure (MAP) in healthy cats. STUDY DESIGN Randomized, blinded crossover study, with 1 week washout between treatments. ANIMALS Six healthy purpose-bred cats. METHODS Brimonidine tartrate ophthalmic solution 0.1% (one or two drops; 58.6 ± 3.3 μg per drop) or a control solution (artificial tear solution) was administered to six healthy cats. Behavioural observations and measurements of HR, fR, RT and MAP were recorded before and at 30, 60, 90, 120, 180, 240, 300 and 360 minutes after topical administration. Behavioural scores were analysed using Friedman's test for repeated measures to evaluate the time effect in each treatment and treatment effect at each time point. Physiological variables (HR, fR, RT and MAP) were analysed using two-way analysis of variance for repeated measures to evaluate the time and treatment effects. The level of significance was set at p < 0.05. RESULTS Dose-dependent behavioural and physiological responses were noted. A dose of two drops of brimonidine resulted in sedation in the cats and decreased HR and MAP. Significant sedative effects occurred between 30 and 120 minutes and for physiological responses up to 360 minutes. The most frequent adverse reaction was vomiting, occurring within 40 minutes in all six cats administered two drops and five of the six cats administered one drop of brimonidine. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE The results demonstrated that ocular administration of brimonidine 0.1% ophthalmic solution induced sedation in cats and some cardiovascular effects usually associated with α2-adrenoceptor agonists. Further studies should be performed to determine clinical applications for this agent in cats.
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Stevens BJ, Frantz EM, Orlando JM, Griffith E, Harden LB, Gruen ME, Sherman BL. Efficacy of a single dose of trazodone hydrochloride given to cats prior to veterinary visits to reduce signs of transport- and examination-related anxiety. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2016; 249:202-7. [DOI: 10.2460/javma.249.2.202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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