1
|
Castilho T, da Silva Guimarães L, Póvoa HCC, Antunes LS, Antunes LAA. Influence of physical exercises on salivary immunoglobulin A (sIgA) concentration in athletes: a systematic review with meta-analysis. SPORT SCIENCES FOR HEALTH 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11332-021-00870-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
2
|
Rydzik Ł, Maciejczyk M, Czarny W, Kędra A, Ambroży T. Physiological Responses and Bout Analysis in Elite Kickboxers During International K1 Competitions. Front Physiol 2021; 12:691028. [PMID: 34335297 PMCID: PMC8322614 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.691028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Kickboxing is a combat sport with various forms of competition. Kickboxing according to the K1 rules is one of the most interesting and quickly developing forms of kickboxing. According to the K1 rules, it is possible to use a variety of techniques with great force. The aim of this study was to investigate the physiological responses during a real sports fight and to perform a technical and tactical analysis of the kickboxing bout according to the K1 rules. Methods: This study was conducted during two cycles of the international kickboxing league according to the K1 rules in a group of 15 elite athletes. The indicators of technical and tactical training were evaluated in real sports bout. Blood lactate (LA) levels and heart rate (HR) were measured during and after the bout. Results: The efficiency of the attack was on average 59.3 ± 2.7, its effectiveness was 50.3 ± 10.01, and its activeness was 112.3 ± 29. The peak LA concentration was 14.6 ± 1.9 mmol/L. LA concentration did not decrease to baseline after 20 min of recovery. Conclusion: A kickboxing bout was found to induce strong physiological stress for the participants. Reported HR and LA concentration show that the intensity of the fight was close to maximal, and anaerobic metabolism played an important role during a fight.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz Rydzik
- Institute of Sports Sciences, University of Physical Education, Kraków, Poland
| | - Marcin Maciejczyk
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, University of Physical Education, Kraków, Poland
| | - Wojciech Czarny
- College of Medical Sciences, Institute of Physical Culture Studies, University of Rzeszow, Rzeszów, Poland.,Department of Sports Kinanthropology, Faculty of Sports, University of Presov, Presov, Slovakia
| | - Andzej Kędra
- Institute of Sports Sciences, University of Physical Education, Kraków, Poland
| | - Tadeusz Ambroży
- Institute of Sports Sciences, University of Physical Education, Kraków, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Heiat M, Hashemi-Aghdam MR, Heiat F, Rastegar Shariat Panahi M, Aghamollaei H, Moosazadeh Moghaddam M, Sathyapalan T, Ranjbar R, Sahebkar A. Integrative role of traditional and modern technologies to combat COVID-19. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2020; 19:23-33. [PMID: 32703036 DOI: 10.1080/14787210.2020.1799784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION With the development of various branches of sciences, we will be able to resolve different clinical aspects of various diseases better. The convergence of these sciences can potentially tackle the new corona crisis. AREAS COVERED In this review, we attempted to explore and describe various scientific branches studying COVID-19. We have reviewed the literature focusing on the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of COVID-19. The primary databases targeted were Science Direct, Scopus and PubMed. The most relevant reports from the recent two decades were collected utilizing keywords including SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, COVID-19, epidemiology, therapeutics and diagnosis. EXPERT OPINION Based on this literature review, both traditional and emerging approaches are vital for the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of COVID-19. The traditional sciences play an essential role in the preventive and supportive care of corona infection, and modern technologies appear to be useful in the development of precise diagnosis and powerful treatment approaches for this disease. Indeed, the integration of these sciences will help us to fight COVID-19 disease more efficiently.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Heiat
- Baqiyatallah Research Center for Gastroenterology and Liver Disease, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences , Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad-Reza Hashemi-Aghdam
- Baqiyatallah Research Center for Gastroenterology and Liver Disease, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences , Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Heiat
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Islamic Azad University , Fasa Branch, Fasa, Iran
| | | | - Hossein Aghamollaei
- Chemical Injuries Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences , Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Thozhukat Sathyapalan
- Academic Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hull York Medical School, University of Hull , United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Reza Ranjbar
- Molecular Biology Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences , Tehran, Iran
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Halal Research Center of IRI, FDA , Tehran, Iran.,Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences , Mashhad, Iran.,Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences , Mashhad,Iran.,Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital Research Institute (PMMHRI) , Lodz, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
The Effect of One Bout of Intensive Judo Exercise on Select Hematological and Immunological Parameters in Adolescent Elite Judo Athletes. Asian J Sports Med 2020. [DOI: 10.5812/asjsm.101364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Exercise-related studies do not agree on changes in blood parameters regarding anemia and serum immunoglobulin concentration as adaptive immunity. Objectives: The current study aimed to investigate exercise-induced variations in hematological and immunological parameters in response to one bout of intensive judo exercise in adolescent elite judoka. Methods: Venipuncture was performed on ten adolescent male Iranian elite judoka (age: 15.60 ± 0.69 years; body mass index: 24.15 ± 2.80 kg/m2) before and immediately after one bout of intensive judo protocol. Erythrocyte variables [red blood cell count (RBC), hemoglobin (HGB), hematocrit (HCT), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), red distribution width (RDW), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC)], platelets variables [platelet count (PLT), platelet distribution width (PDW), mean platelet volume (MPV), plateletcrit (PCT)], cellular immune variables [white blood cell (WBC), neutrophil (NEU), lymphocyte (LYM)], and humoral immune variables (IgM, IgA, IgG, IgE) were measured. Data were analyzed using Wilcoxon and paired-samples t-test, and P < 0.05 was considered significant. Results: After the plasma volume was corrected using the Dill and Costill equation, the results showed that RBC, HGB, HCT, MCHC, IgA, and IgM decreased significantly immediately after exercise. However, MCH, RDW, PLT, PDW, MPV, PCT, WBC, LYM, NEU, IgG, and IgE did not change significantly. Conclusions: According to the findings, it can be concluded that intensive judo exercise results in transient anemia and suppression of humoral immune response among adolescent elite judoka.
Collapse
|
5
|
Miranda-Mendoza J, Reynoso-Sánchez L, Reynoso-Sánchez L, Hoyos-Flores J, Hoyos-Flores J, Quezada-Chacón J, Quezada-Chacón J, Naranjo J, Naranjo J, Rangel-Colmenero B, Rangel-Colmenero B, Hernández-Cruz G. STRESS SCORE Y LnrRMSSD COMO PARÁMETROS DE CARGA INTERNA DURANTE UNA COMPETICIÓN. REVISTA INTERNACIONAL DE MEDICINA Y CIENCIAS DE LA ACTIVIDAD FÍSICA Y DEL DEPORTE 2020. [DOI: 10.15366/rimcafd2020.77.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
6
|
Mariscal G, Vera P, Platero JL, Bodí F, de la Rubia Ortí JE, Barrios C. Changes in different salivary biomarkers related to physiologic stress in elite handball players: the case of females. Sci Rep 2019; 9:19554. [PMID: 31863075 PMCID: PMC6925254 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-56090-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
This study evaluates pre- and post-match concentrations of salivary cortisol, alpha-amylase (AA) and immunoglobulin A (lgA) in a group of 21 elite female handball players in the Spanish national women's league. The players' mean age was 23.0 ± 5.4 years. The concentration of the biomarkers was determined using ELISA. Mean playing time was 25.2 min. The players' cortisol concentration increased significantly (p < 0.05) whereas the IgA concentration fell significantly (p < 0.01) at the end of the match. There were no significant changes in the concentrations of AA between pre and post-match timepoints. The changes observed in the study also depended on the position played; defenders exhibited the highest cortisol and lowest IgA concentrations after the match. Larger changes in cortisol and IgA were seen in those who played for more than 30 min. The present study shows that a competitive handball match increases physiologic stress in females, with activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and the adrenergic system, resulting in decreased immunocompetence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gonzalo Mariscal
- Institute of Research on Musculoskeletal Disorders, Valencia Catholic University, Valencia, Spain.
| | | | | | - Fernando Bodí
- Physics Faculty, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Carlos Barrios
- Institute of Research on Musculoskeletal Disorders, Valencia Catholic University, Valencia, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Kılıc Y, Cetin HN, Sumlu E, Pektas MB, Koca HB, Akar F. Effects of Boxing Matches on Metabolic, Hormonal, and Inflammatory Parameters in Male Elite Boxers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 55:medicina55060288. [PMID: 31216765 PMCID: PMC6630693 DOI: 10.3390/medicina55060288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Revised: 06/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Background and objectives: Boxing is a popular combat sport that requires high intensity and cooperation. However, there are limited data about the influence of boxing matches on blood parameters. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the match-induced changes in the metabolic, hormonal, and inflammatory status in male elite boxers. Materials and methods: High-level 20 male boxers with more than 5 years experience in boxing voluntarily participated in this study. Venous blood samples of the boxers, before and after combat, were taken for determination of the plasma parameters. Results: Our results indicated that a 9-min boxing match caused significant increases in plasma energy fuels (glucose and lactate), metabolic hormones (insulin, adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), cortisol, and growth hormone), inflammatory markers (interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α)), muscle damage indicators (alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST)), and oxidative stress marker (SOD). A decrease in total oxidant status (TOS) was also considered. However, there were no significant alterations in the plasma levels of androgenic hormone (free and total testosterone), anabolic hormone (IGF-1), lipids (total cholesterol, triglyceride, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and low-density lipoprotein (LDL)), kidney function markers (creatinine and urea), and minerals (iron (Fe) and magnesium (Mg)). Conclusion: Elevations in the level of energy fuels and metabolic hormones of the boxers could be taken as a reflection of high-energy turnover during combat performance. The increases in inflammatory and tissue damage indicators may possibly be an indication of traumatic injury. Understanding the biochemical changes that occur during boxing match could be valuable to optimize the performance improvement of the athletes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yakup Kılıc
- Department of Coaching Education, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Fırat University, 23119 Elazığ, Turkey.
| | - Hasan N Cetin
- Department of Coaching, Faculty of Sports Science, Lokman Hekim University, 06510 Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Esra Sumlu
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, 06330 Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Mehmet B Pektas
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Afyon Kocatepe University, 03218 Afyonkarahisar, Turkey.
| | - Halit B Koca
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Afyon Kocatepe University, 03218 Afyonkarahisar, Turkey.
| | - Fatma Akar
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, 06330 Ankara, Turkey.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Slimani M, Paravlic AH, Chaabene H, Davis P, Chamari K, Cheour F. Hormonal responses to striking combat sports competition: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Biol Sport 2018; 35:121-136. [PMID: 30455540 PMCID: PMC6234310 DOI: 10.5114/biolsport.2018.71601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2017] [Revised: 08/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Striking combat sports are challenging, commonly stressing the endocrinological system based on a mixture of body-contact actions and physiological efforts. The aims of this systematic review and meta-analysis were to discuss the hormonal responses related to striking combat sports competitions and to investigate the moderator and mediator variables of the hormonal response-competition/outcome relationship. Three electronic databases (i.e., PubMed, Google Scholar and ScienceDirect) were systematically searched (up to February 2016) followed by a manual search of retrieved papers. The data showed a moderate increase in cortisol (C) (ES = 0.79; 95% CI 0.31-1.28; p = 0.001), an extremely large increase in adrenaline (ES = 4.22; 95% CI 2.62-5.82; p < 0.001), and a very large increase in noradrenaline (ES = 3.40; 95% CI 1.03-5.76; p = 0.005) and human growth hormone (HGH) levels (ES = 3.69; 95% CI 1.96-5.42; p < 0.001) immediately following the combat events, compared to the control condition i.e., "pre-combat". Furthermore, amateur athletes had a larger increase in C levels compared to highly trained athletes (ES = 2.91 [very large] vs ES = 0.56 [small]), while evening events showed greater alterations in C levels compared to morning events (ES = 1.91 [large] vs ES = 0.48 [small]), without significant differences between them (p = 0.26 and p = 0.06, respectively). The present meta-analysis also showed a small, insignificant increase in testosterone (T) (ES = 0.47 [small]; 95% CI -0.45-0.99; p = 0.074) and a decrease in insulin-like growth factor 1 levels (ES = -0.20 [trivial]; 95% CI -0.78-0.37; p = 0.486) immediately following the combat events, compared to the control condition. The type of combat sports practised, participants' gender, and the nature of competition contests (i.e., official vs simulation) did not moderate the relationship between competition and hormonal response. Additionaly, sub-analysis results showed a significant difference between younger and older athletes (Q = 4.05, p = 0.044), suggesting that after combat, younger individuals (less than 17 years of age) had a small decrease in T levels (ES = -0.58), compared with the moderate increase observed in older individuals (ES = 0.76). In conclusion, irrespective of striking combat sports types, the results showed that both official and simulated bouts are a real stressor of the hormonal system of practitioners. Coaches and applied practitioners should adopt "pre-competitive cognitive/coping strategies" to improve the psychological state that mediates the hormonal changes-competition/outcome relationship of their athletes in order to mitigate athletes' stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maamer Slimani
- Research Laboratory “Sports Performance Optimization”, National Centre of Medicine and Science in Sports (CNMSS), Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Armin Huso Paravlic
- Science and Research Centre, Institute for Kinesiology Research, Garibaldijeva 1, 6000 Koper, Slovenia
| | - Helmi Chaabene
- Research Laboratory “Sports Performance Optimization”, National Centre of Medicine and Science in Sports (CNMSS), Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Philip Davis
- Combat Sports Performance, Braintree, Essex, United Kingdom
| | - Karim Chamari
- Athlete Health and Performance Research Centre, ASPETAR, Qatar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar
| | - Foued Cheour
- Higher Institute of Applied Biology of Médenine, Medenine, Tunisia
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Turner AN, Kilduff LP, Marshall GJ, Phillips J, Noto A, Buttigieg C, Gondek M, Hills FA, Dimitriou L. Competition Intensity and Fatigue in Elite Fencing. J Strength Cond Res 2017; 31:3128-3136. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
|
10
|
Agostinho MF, Moreira A, Julio UF, Marcolino GS, Antunes BMM, Lira FS, Franchini E. Monitoring internal training load and salivary immune-endocrine responses during an annual judo training periodization. J Exerc Rehabil 2017; 13:68-75. [PMID: 28349036 PMCID: PMC5332002 DOI: 10.12965/jer.1732850.425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to examine the internal training load (TL), IgA, and salivary steroid hormone responses in elite youth judo athletes during an entire annual training periodization. Ten male judo athletes (18±2 years, 72.3±12.3 kg, and 175±6 cm) competing at a state/national level were examined for the TL and salivary imune-endocrine responses variations over an annual judo season, divided in three macrocyles composed by distinct periods denominated preparatory period (PP), competitive period (CP) and transition period (TP). At the end of PP and CP, saliva samples were collected to determine cortisol, testosterone and IgA concentrations. Throughout PP and CP the session-rating of perceived exertion and the total duration of each session were monitored, allowing the internal TL and weekly training strain (TS) calculation. During all macrocycles, significant decreases in TL and TS were observed during CP compared with PP (P<0.05), although no significant differences were observed for immune-endocrine concentrations between PP and CP (P>0.05). Specific variations were observed comparing periods with similar characteristics throughout the macrocycles as higher TL and TS (PP1 to PP2 and PP3, P<0.05), increased testosterone (CP1 to CP3, P=0.024) and decreased testosterone-cortisol ratio (PP1 to PP2, P=0.005). The present findings suggest that the internal TL variations over an annual multipeak traditional periodization did not influence the resting mucosal immune-endocrinal responses in young judo athletes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcus F Agostinho
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Moreira
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ursula F Julio
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gilvan S Marcolino
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Barbara M M Antunes
- Exercise and Immunometabolism Research Group, Department of Physical Education, Paulista State University (UNESP), Presidente Prudente, Brazil
| | - Fabio S Lira
- Exercise and Immunometabolism Research Group, Department of Physical Education, Paulista State University (UNESP), Presidente Prudente, Brazil
| | - Emerson Franchini
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Papacosta E, Nassis GP, Gleeson M. Salivary hormones and anxiety in winners and losers of an international judo competition. J Sports Sci 2015; 34:1281-7. [PMID: 26584022 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2015.1111521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the responses of salivary hormones and salivary secretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA) and anxiety in winners and losers during an international judo competition. Twenty-three trained, male, national-level judo athletes provided three saliva samples during a competition day: morning, in anticipation of competition after an overnight fast, mid-competition, and post-competition within 15 min post-fight for determination of salivary cortisol, salivary testosterone, salivary testosterone/cortisol ratio, SIgA absolute concentrations, SIgA secretion rate and saliva flow rate. The competitive state anxiety inventory questionnaire was completed by the athletes (n = 12) after the first saliva collection for determination of somatic anxiety, cognitive anxiety and self-confidence. Winners were considered 1-3 ranking place (n = 12) and losers (n = 11) below third place in each weight category. Winners presented higher anticipatory salivary cortisol concentrations (p = 0.03) and a lower mid-competition salivary testosterone/cortisol ratio (p = 0.003) compared with losers with no differences for salivary testosterone. Winners tended to have higher SIgA secretion rates (p = 0.07) and higher saliva flow rates (p = 0.009) at mid-competition. Higher levels of cognitive anxiety (p = 0.02) were observed in the winners, without differences according to the outcome in somatic anxiety and self-confidence. The results suggest that winners experienced higher levels of physiological arousal and better psychological preparedness in the morning, and as the competition progressed, the winners were able to control their stress response better.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Papacosta
- a Exercise Immunology Laboratory, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences , Loughborough University , Loughborough , United Kingdom
| | - George P Nassis
- b National Sports Medicine Programme-Excellence in Football Project , Aspetar , Doha , Qatar
| | - Michael Gleeson
- a Exercise Immunology Laboratory, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences , Loughborough University , Loughborough , United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Ouergui I, Houcine N, Marzouki H, Davis P, Zaouali M, Franchini E, Gmada N, Bouhlel E. Development of a Noncontact Kickboxing Circuit Training Protocol That Simulates Elite Male Kickboxing Competition. J Strength Cond Res 2015; 29:3405-11. [PMID: 25970497 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to verify whether the specific kickboxing circuit training protocol (SKCTP) could reproduce kickboxing combat's hormonal, physiological, and physical responses. Twenty athletes of regional and national level volunteered to participate in the study (mean ± SD, age: 21.3 ± 2.7 years; height: 170 ± 0.5 cm; body mass: 73.9 ± 13.9 kg). After familiarization, SKCTP was conducted 1 week before a kickboxing competition. Cortisol, testosterone, growth hormone (GH), blood lactate [La], and glucose concentrations, as well as the Wingate upper-body test and countermovement jump (CMJ) performances were measured before and after SKCTP and combat. Heart rate (HR) and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) were measured throughout rounds (R) R1, R2, and R3. Testosterone, GH, glucose, [La], HR, RPE, and CMJ did not differ among the 2 conditions (p > 0.05). However, Cortisol was higher for competition (p = 0.038), whereas both peak (p = 0.003) and mean power (p < 0.001) were higher in SKCTP. The study suggests that SKCTP replicates the hormonal, physiological, and physical aspects of competition. It is therefore suggested as a good form of specific kickboxing training, as well as a specific assessment tool to be used by kickboxing coaches to quantify kickboxers' fitness levels, when physiological parameters responses to the test are measured.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim Ouergui
- 1Research Unit, "Sportive Performance and Physical Rehabilitation," High Institute of Sports and Physical Education, Kef, University of Jendouba, Jendouba, Tunisia; 2Faculty of Sciences, Bizerte, Tunisia; 3Combat Sports Performance, Essex, United Kingdom; 4Department of Physiology and Functional Exploration, Farhat Hached University Hospital, Sousse, Tunisia; 5Martial Arts and Combat Sports Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil; 6Sultan Qaboos Sports Academy, Ministry of Sports Affairs, Sultanate of Oman; and 7Laboratory of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine of Sousse, University of Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Pesce M, Fratta IL, Ialenti V, Patruno A, Ferrone A, Franceschelli S, Rizzuto A, Tatangelo R, Campagna G, Speranza L, Felaco M, Grilli A. Emotions, immunity and sport: Winner and loser athlete's profile of fighting sport. Brain Behav Immun 2015; 46:261-9. [PMID: 25712259 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2015.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Revised: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Several studies have focused on the relationship between hormonal changes and affective states in sporting contexts relating to an agonistic outcome. More recently, pro-inflammatory cytokines have also been successfully associated with affective state modulation. The aim of this study was to investigate whether athletes who won or lost show different levels of steroid hormones (testosterone and cortisol), pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-1β, or expressions of anger and anxiety during six training fights in seasonal competitions down to the main seasonal competition. In 25 male kick-boxing athletes (age±SD, 28.68±5.34), anger states (RS score) and anxiety states (AS score) were assessed by STAXI-2 and STAI-Y, respectively. Cortisol (C), testosterone (T) and IL-1β salivary levels were measured by the ELISA method. The saliva samples were taken in the afternoon, 30min prior to the start and 30min from the end of both simulated and official competitions. The results showed that the RS score, T, T/C ratio salivary levels increased during the season, whereas the AS score, C and IL-1β suggested an opposite trend. Close to an official competition, the RS score, T, T/C ratio and IL-1β salivary concentrations were significantly higher, and then decreased during competition. By contrast, the AS score and C levels significantly increased throughout the official competition. In addition, significant differences were found for hormones and IL-1β concentrations as well as psychometric assessment close to the outcome of an official match. Athletes who lost showed an higher AS score and C level, while those who won were characterized by an higher level during the pre-competition RS score, T, T/C ratio, and IL-1β. Note that these factors were positively and significantly correlated at the pre-official competition time, while in a linear regression analysis, IL-1β, T and T/C ratio concentrations explained 43% of the variance in the RS score observed at the same time (adjusted R(2)=0.43, ANOVA P<.05). Our data suggest that the beginning of an agonistic event could trigger emotional responses which correspond to different biological processes instead that of a simulated fight. In particular, IL-1β could be a potential new biological marker of anger and the combined measurement of these factors may be a useful way of understanding athletes' change in relation to their performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mirko Pesce
- Medicine and Health Science School, University G. d'Annunzio, Via dei Vestini, 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Irene La Fratta
- Medicine and Health Science School, University G. d'Annunzio, Via dei Vestini, 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy.
| | - Valentina Ialenti
- Medicine and Health Science School, University G. d'Annunzio, Via dei Vestini, 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Antonia Patruno
- Medicine and Health Science School, University G. d'Annunzio, Via dei Vestini, 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Alessio Ferrone
- Medicine and Health Science School, University G. d'Annunzio, Via dei Vestini, 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Sara Franceschelli
- Medicine and Health Science School, University G. d'Annunzio, Via dei Vestini, 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Alessia Rizzuto
- Medicine and Health Science School, University G. d'Annunzio, Via dei Vestini, 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Raffaella Tatangelo
- Medicine and Health Science School, University G. d'Annunzio, Via dei Vestini, 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Giovanna Campagna
- Medicine and Health Science School, University G. d'Annunzio, Via dei Vestini, 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Lorenza Speranza
- Medicine and Health Science School, University G. d'Annunzio, Via dei Vestini, 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Mario Felaco
- Medicine and Health Science School, University G. d'Annunzio, Via dei Vestini, 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Alfredo Grilli
- Medicine and Health Science School, University G. d'Annunzio, Via dei Vestini, 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Ouergui I, Hssin N, Haddad M, Franchini E, Behm DG, Wong DP, Gmada N, Bouhlel E. Time-motion analysis of elite male kickboxing competition. J Strength Cond Res 2014; 28:3537-43. [PMID: 25412162 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000000579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the study was to analyze the time structure of high-level kickboxing matches. A total of 45 combats from 2 male World Championships were monitored using a time-motion analysis system. The combat time structure (i.e., high-intensity activity [HIA], low-intensity activity [LIA], and referee breaks or pauses) during competition and weight divisions was determined and compared. Results indicated that the time structures were HIA: 2.2 ± 1.2 seconds; LIA: 2.3 ± 0.8 seconds; pauses: 5.4 ± 4.3 seconds; and 3.4 ± 1.2 seconds between 2 subsequent HIA. The fighting to nonfighting ratio was found to be 1:1. Moreover, the number of HIA and LIA and the time of LIA decreased in latter rounds (e.g., the average number of HIA was 27.1 ± 7.1, 25.1 ± 6.6, and 24.9 ± 6.1, respectively, for rounds 1, 2, and 3), meanwhile the time and number of pauses increased (e.g., the average pause times were 12.8 ± 11.4, 22.3 ± 22.6, and 24.6 ± 23.3 seconds, respectively, for rounds 1, 2, and 3). The activity times did not differ among weight categories. The present results confirm the intermittent nature of kickboxing competition and provide coaches with more information on how to structure training sessions to mimic the physical demands in competition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim Ouergui
- 1Athletic Performance and Physical Rehabilitation Research Unit, High Institute of Sport and Physical Education, Kef, University of Jendouba, Jendouba, Tunisia; 2Sport Science Program, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar; 3Martial Arts and Combat Sports Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil; 4Faculty of Sports Sciences, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France; 5School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, Newfoundland, Canada; 6Human Performance Laboratory, The Technological and Higher Education Institute of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; 7Laboratory of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine of Sousse, University of Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia; and 8High Institute of Sports and Physical Education (ISSEP) of Ksar Said, University of Manouba, Manouba, Tunisia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Arruda AFSD, Freitas CGD, Moura NRD, Aoki MS, Moreira A. Resposta imuno-endócrina associada à partida de futsal. MOTRIZ: REVISTA DE EDUCACAO FISICA 2013. [DOI: 10.1590/s1980-65742013000200023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
O objetivo do estudo foi analisar o efeito de uma partida simulada de futsal sobre as concentrações salivares de cortisol (Cs) e imunoglobulina A (SIgA) em jogadores de elite. Amostras de saliva foram coletadas antes e após a partida e analisadas, posteriormente, pelo método de ELISA. A carga interna de treinamento foi avaliada através do método da Percepção Subjetiva de Esforço da sessão. Através da análise do tamanho do efeito (TE), foi constatado aumento grande (TE=1,07) do Cs e diminuição grande (TE=-1,36) da SIgA do momento pré para o pós-partida. Foi observada correlação significante (r=0,66) entre a carga interna de treinamento e a resposta do Cs. Os resultados do presente estudo indicam que uma partida simulada de futsal pode modular a resposta imuno-endócrina. A adoção de estratégias para monitorar as respostas imuno-endócrinas, em associação a utilização de instrumentos psicométricos, pode auxiliar o planejamento e o ajuste das cargas de treinamento.
Collapse
|
16
|
Moreira A, Franchini E, de Freitas CG, Schultz de Arruda AF, de Moura NR, Costa EC, Aoki MS. Salivary cortisol and immunoglobulin A responses to simulated and official Jiu-Jitsu matches. J Strength Cond Res 2012; 26:2185-91. [PMID: 22027851 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0b013e31823b8702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare the salivary cortisol (sC) and the salivary immunoglobulin A (sIgA) responses to simulated and official Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu (BJJ) matches. Saliva samples were collected from 9 male BJJ athletes before (pre) and after (post) 2 simulated matches (SMs) and 2 official matches (OMs) performed during 2 different competitions. Salivary cortisol and sIgA concentrations (absolute concentration of sIgA [sIgAabs] and the secretion rate of sIgA [sIgArate]) were measured by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. For sC, there was an effect of condition (SM vs. OM) (p < 0.05) and a time effect (pre and post) (p < 0.05). The sC was lower during SMs as compared with that during OMs and lower at premeasurement when compared with postmeasurement. No changes were observed for sIgA measurements. In summary, both SMs and official BJJ matches can increase sC levels. Moreover, the higher sC resting levels, observed before OMs, suggest that psychological factors associated with high physical-physiological demands from official BJJ competitions maximize stress hormone responses. In addition, the present findings suggest that the acute effect of BJJ matches on mucosal immunity is minimal, and it seems unlikely that changes in cortisol play a major role in the alterations in sIgA levels in response to BJJ matches. The findings of this study suggest that the use of sC can provide valuable information for coaches regarding athletes' responses to competition. In addition, psychological strategies should be implemented before events, to improve the manner in which BJJ athletes cope with the stress inherent to official matches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Moreira
- Department of Sport, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Papacosta E, Nassis GP. Saliva as a tool for monitoring steroid, peptide and immune markers in sport and exercise science. J Sci Med Sport 2011; 14:424-34. [PMID: 21474377 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2011.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2010] [Revised: 02/16/2011] [Accepted: 03/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Papacosta
- Loughborough University, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough, Leicestershire, United Kingdom.
| | | |
Collapse
|