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Moeckel C, Mareboina M, Konnaris MA, Chan CS, Mouratidis I, Montgomery A, Chantzi N, Pavlopoulos GA, Georgakopoulos-Soares I. A survey of k-mer methods and applications in bioinformatics. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2024; 23:2289-2303. [PMID: 38840832 PMCID: PMC11152613 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2024.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
The rapid progression of genomics and proteomics has been driven by the advent of advanced sequencing technologies, large, diverse, and readily available omics datasets, and the evolution of computational data processing capabilities. The vast amount of data generated by these advancements necessitates efficient algorithms to extract meaningful information. K-mers serve as a valuable tool when working with large sequencing datasets, offering several advantages in computational speed and memory efficiency and carrying the potential for intrinsic biological functionality. This review provides an overview of the methods, applications, and significance of k-mers in genomic and proteomic data analyses, as well as the utility of absent sequences, including nullomers and nullpeptides, in disease detection, vaccine development, therapeutics, and forensic science. Therefore, the review highlights the pivotal role of k-mers in addressing current genomic and proteomic problems and underscores their potential for future breakthroughs in research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Moeckel
- Institute for Personalized Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Manvita Mareboina
- Institute for Personalized Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Maxwell A. Konnaris
- Institute for Personalized Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Candace S.Y. Chan
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ioannis Mouratidis
- Institute for Personalized Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
- Huck Institute of the Life Sciences, Penn State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Austin Montgomery
- Institute for Personalized Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Nikol Chantzi
- Institute for Personalized Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | | | - Ilias Georgakopoulos-Soares
- Institute for Personalized Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
- Huck Institute of the Life Sciences, Penn State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
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2
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da Silva IBN, de Moraes Rodrigues J, Batista RCG, Gomes VDS, Chacon CDS, Almeida MDS, de Araujo TS, Ortiz da Silva B, Castiñeiras TMPP, Ferreira Junior ODC, Carneiro FA, Montero-Lomeli M. Development and assessment of a multiepitope synthetic antigen for the diagnosis of Dengue virus infection. Braz J Infect Dis 2024; 28:103746. [PMID: 38703788 PMCID: PMC11096929 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjid.2024.103746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Immunodiagnostic tests for detecting dengue virus infections encounter challenges related to cross-reactivity with other related flaviviruses. Our research focuses on the development of a synthetic multiepitope antigen tailored for dengue immunodiagnostics. Selected dengue epitopes involved structural linearity and dissimilarity from the proteomes of Zika and Yellow fever viruses which served for computationally modeling the three-dimensional protein structure, resulting in the design of two proteins: rDME-C and rDME-BR. Both proteins consist of seven epitopes, separated by the GPGPG linker, and a carboxy-terminal 6 × -histidine tag. The molecular weights of the final proteins rDME-C and rDME-BR are 16.83 kDa and 16.80 kDa, respectively, both with an isoelectric point of 6.35. The distinguishing factor between the two proteins lies in the origin of their epitope sequences, where rDME-C is based on the reference dengue proteome, while rDME-BR utilizes sequences from prevalent Dengue genotypes in Brazil from 2008 to 2019. PyMol analysis revealed exposure of epitopes in the secondary structure. Successful expression of the antigens was achieved in soluble form and fluorescence experiments indicated a disordered structure. In subsequent testing, rDME-BR and rDME-C antigens were assessed using an indirect Elisa protocol against Dengue infected serum, previously examined with a commercial diagnostic test. Optimal concentrations for antigens were determined at 10 µg/mL for rDME-BR and 30 µg/mL for rDME-C, with serum dilutions ranging from 1:50 to 1:100. Both antigens effectively detected IgM and IgG antibodies in Dengue fever patients, with rDME-BR exhibiting higher sensitivity. Our in-house test showed a sensitivity of 77.3 % and 82.6 % and a specificity of 89.4 % and 71.4 % for rDME-C and rDEM-BR antigens. No cross-reactivity was observed with serum from Zika-infected mice but with COVID-19 serum samples. Our findings underscore the utility of synthetic biology in crafting Dengue-specific multiepitope proteins and hold promise for precise clinical diagnosis and monitoring responses to emerging Dengue vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isis Botelho Nunes da Silva
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Juliano de Moraes Rodrigues
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Ramon Cid Gismonti Batista
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Vivian Dos Santos Gomes
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Clarissa de Souza Chacon
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Marcius da Silva Almeida
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Centro Nacional de Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem, Plataforma Avançada de Biomoléculas, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Talita Stelling de Araujo
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Centro Nacional de Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem, Plataforma Avançada de Biomoléculas, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Bianca Ortiz da Silva
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Núcleo de Enfrentamento e Estudos de Doenças Infecciosas Emergentes e Reemergentes (NEEDIER), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Terezinha Marta Pereira Pinto Castiñeiras
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Núcleo de Enfrentamento e Estudos de Doenças Infecciosas Emergentes e Reemergentes (NEEDIER), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Faculdade de Medicina, Departamento de Doenças Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Orlando da Costa Ferreira Junior
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Núcleo de Enfrentamento e Estudos de Doenças Infecciosas Emergentes e Reemergentes (NEEDIER), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Biologia, Laboratório de Virologia Molecular, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Fabiana Avila Carneiro
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Núcleo de Pesquisa (Numpex-Bio), Campus Duque de Caxias Professor Geraldo Cidade, Duque de Caxias, RJ, Brazil
| | - Monica Montero-Lomeli
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
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3
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Cláudia Marinho da Silva A, Lima Amaral CM, Maestre Herazo MA, Nattaly Nobre Santos E, Petterson Viana Pereira E, Paula Silva da Costa H, Rodrigues Freitas E, Renata Figueiredo Gadelha C, Izabel Florindo Guedes M, Fraga van Tilburg M. Production and characterization of egg yolk antibodies against the ZIKV NS2B expressed in Nicotiana benthamiana. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 125:111088. [PMID: 37925945 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.111088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of Zika virus (ZIKV) and its associated neonatal and congenital complications pose a threat to global health, particularly in tropical and subtropical regions with co-circulation of related flaviviruses and intense vector proliferation. Diagnosis of ZIKV by RT-PCR is limited to the viraemic phase and is not always accessible in low-income tropical settings, while serological tests often show cross-reactivity with other flaviviruses. Given the similarity of ZIKV symptoms to those of other arboviruses, but the different prognosis and risks, it is important to develop specific and accessible diagnostic tools. Egg yolk antibodies (IgY) were obtained from Leghorn laying hens immunized with recombinant ZIKV NS2B protein produced in agroinfiltrated Nicotiana benthamiana. After three immunizations, total IgY was recovered from the eggs by the 20% ammonium sulfate precipitation method. After characterisation by SDS-PAGE, dot blotting and ELISA, the IgY was adsorbed to dengue virus (DENV) from cell culture supernatants and tested for its ability to specifically detect ZIKV-positive sera samples. High yield and purity were observed on SDS-PAGE for polyclonal IgY, which reacted with NS2B at high titres in ELISA and detected both NS2B and ZIKV in dot blotting. However, a cross-reaction with DENV was observed and the anti-NS2B IgY was unable to discriminate ZIKV from DENV positive sera samples, even after adsorption with DENV. This is probably due to the phylogenetic relationship of the viruses and the shared identity of their proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Cláudia Marinho da Silva
- Northeast Biotechnology Network, Graduate Program of Biotechnology, State University of Ceará, Campus do Itaperi, 60714-903 Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil; Biotechnology and Molecular Biology Laboratory, State University of Ceará, Campus do Itaperi, 60714-903 Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Cícero Matheus Lima Amaral
- Northeast Biotechnology Network, Graduate Program of Biotechnology, State University of Ceará, Campus do Itaperi, 60714-903 Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil; Biotechnology and Molecular Biology Laboratory, State University of Ceará, Campus do Itaperi, 60714-903 Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Mario A Maestre Herazo
- Northeast Biotechnology Network, Graduate Program of Biotechnology, Federal University of Ceará, Campus do Pici, 60020-181 Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Eduarda Nattaly Nobre Santos
- Biotechnology and Molecular Biology Laboratory, State University of Ceará, Campus do Itaperi, 60714-903 Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Eric Petterson Viana Pereira
- Superior Institute of Biomedical Sciences, State University of Ceará, Campus do Itaperi, 60714-903 Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil.
| | - Helen Paula Silva da Costa
- Biotechnology and Molecular Biology Laboratory, State University of Ceará, Campus do Itaperi, 60714-903 Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | | | | | - Maria Izabel Florindo Guedes
- Northeast Biotechnology Network, Graduate Program of Biotechnology, State University of Ceará, Campus do Itaperi, 60714-903 Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil; Biotechnology and Molecular Biology Laboratory, State University of Ceará, Campus do Itaperi, 60714-903 Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Mauricio Fraga van Tilburg
- Northeast Biotechnology Network, Graduate Program of Biotechnology, State University of Ceará, Campus do Itaperi, 60714-903 Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil; Biotechnology and Molecular Biology Laboratory, State University of Ceará, Campus do Itaperi, 60714-903 Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
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4
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Tsai PS, Du PX, Keskin BB, Lee NY, Wan SW, Lin YL, Su WY, Lin PC, Lin WH, Shih HC, Ho TS, Syu GD. Antibody Profiling of Dengue Severities Using Flavivirus Protein Microarrays. Anal Chem 2023; 95:15217-15226. [PMID: 37800729 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c02165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
Dengue is a viral disease transmitted by Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. According to the World Health Organization, about half of the world's population is at risk of dengue. There are four serotypes of the dengue virus. After infection with one serotype, it will be immune to such a serotype. However, subsequent infection with other serotypes will increase the risk of severe outcomes, e.g., dengue hemorrhagic fever, dengue shock syndrome, and even death. Since severe dengue is challenging to predict and lacks molecular markers, we aim to build a multiplexed Flavivirus protein microarray (Flaviarray) that includes all of the common Flaviviruses to profile the humoral immunity and cross-reactivity in the dengue patients with different outcomes. The Flaviarrays we fabricated contained 17 Flavivirus antigens with high reproducibility (R-square = 0.96) and low detection limits (172-214 pg). We collected serums from healthy subjects (n = 36) and dengue patients within 7 days after symptom onset (mild dengue (n = 21), hospitalized nonsevere dengue (n = 29), and severe dengue (n = 36)). After profiling the serum antibodies using Flaviarrays, we found that patients with severe dengue showed higher IgG levels against multiple Flavivirus antigens. With logistic regression, we found groups of markers with high performance in distinguishing dengue patients from healthy controls as well as hospitalized from mild cases (AUC > 0.9). We further reported some single markers that were suitable to separate dengue patients from healthy controls (AUC > 0.9) and hospitalized from mild outcomes (AUC > 0.8). Together, Flaviarray is a valuable tool to profile antibody specificities, uncover novel markers for decision-making, and shed some light on early preventions and treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Shan Tsai
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioindustry Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Pin-Xian Du
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioindustry Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Batuhan Birol Keskin
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioindustry Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Nan-Yao Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
- Center for Infection Control, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Wen Wan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
- Center of Infectious Disease and Signaling Research, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Lan Lin
- Department of Pediatrics, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 704, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Yu Su
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioindustry Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Chun Lin
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioindustry Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Hsun Lin
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioindustry Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Hsi-Chang Shih
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
| | - Tzong-Shiann Ho
- Center of Infectious Disease and Signaling Research, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
- Department of Pediatrics, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 704, Taiwan
- Department of Pediatrics, Tainan Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Tainan 700, Taiwan R.O.C
- Department of Pediatrics, National Cheng Kung University Hospital Dou-Liou Branch, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Yunlin 640, Taiwan
| | - Guan-Da Syu
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioindustry Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
- Center for Infection Control, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
- International Center for Wound Repair and Regeneration, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
- Medical Device Innovation Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
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5
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Kasbergen LMR, Nieuwenhuijse DF, de Bruin E, Sikkema RS, Koopmans MPG. The increasing complexity of arbovirus serology: An in-depth systematic review on cross-reactivity. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2023; 17:e0011651. [PMID: 37738270 PMCID: PMC10550177 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Diagnosis of arbovirus infection or exposure by antibody testing is becoming increasingly difficult due to global expansion of arboviruses, which induce antibodies that may (cross-)react in serological assays. We provide a systematic review of the current knowledge and knowledge gaps in differential arbovirus serology. The search included Medline, Embase and Web of Science databases and identified 911 publications which were reduced to 102 after exclusion of studies not providing data on possible cross-reactivity or studies that did not meet the inclusion criteria regarding confirmation of virus exposure of reference population sets. Using a scoring system to further assess quality of studies, we show that the majority of the selected papers (N = 102) provides insufficient detail to support conclusions on specificity of serological outcomes with regards to elucidating antibody cross-reactivity. Along with the lack of standardization of assays, metadata such as time of illness onset, vaccination, infection and travel history, age and specificity of serological methods were most frequently missing. Given the critical role of serology for diagnosis and surveillance of arbovirus infections, better standards for reporting, as well as the development of more (standardized) specific serological assays that allow discrimination between exposures to multiple different arboviruses, are a large global unmet need.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David F. Nieuwenhuijse
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Erwin de Bruin
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Reina S. Sikkema
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marion P. G. Koopmans
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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6
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Kumar A, Kumar P, Mishra PM, Giri R. Investigating the folding dynamics of NS2B protein of Zika virus. Virology 2023; 584:24-36. [PMID: 37210794 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2023.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
NS2B protein of the Zika virus acts as a co-factor for NS3 protease and also involves in remodeling NS3 protease structure. Therefore, we investigated the overall dynamics of NS2B protein. We find surprising similarities between selected flavivirus NS2B model structures predicted from Alphafold2. Further, the simulated ZIKV NS2B protein structure shows a disordered cytosolic domain (residues 45-95) as a part of a full-length protein. Since only the cytosolic domain of NS2B is sufficient for the protease activity, we also investigated the conformational dynamics of only ZIKV NS2B cytosolic domain (residues 49-95) in the presence of TFE, SDS, Ficoll, and PEG using simulation and spectroscopy. The presence of TFE induces α-helix in NS2B cytosolic domain (residues 49-95). On the other hand, the presence of SDS, ficoll, and PEG does not induce secondary structural change. This dynamics study could have implications for some unknown folds of the NS2B protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankur Kumar
- School of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, VPO-Kamand, Mandi, 175005, HP, India
| | - Prateek Kumar
- School of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, VPO-Kamand, Mandi, 175005, HP, India
| | - Pushpendra Mani Mishra
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, VPO-Kamand, Mandi, 175005, HP, India
| | - Rajanish Giri
- School of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, VPO-Kamand, Mandi, 175005, HP, India.
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7
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Zephyr J, Rao DN, Johnson C, Shaqra AM, Nalivaika EA, Jordan A, Kurt Yilmaz N, Ali A, Schiffer CA. Allosteric quinoxaline-based inhibitors of the flavivirus NS2B/NS3 protease. Bioorg Chem 2023; 131:106269. [PMID: 36446201 PMCID: PMC10155214 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2022.106269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Viruses from the Flavivirus genus infect millions of people worldwide and cause severe diseases, including recent epidemics of dengue virus (DENV), and Zika virus (ZIKV). There is currently no antiviral treatment against flavivirus infections, despite considerable efforts to develop inhibitors against essential viral enzymes including NS2B/NS3 protease. Targeting the flavivirus NS2B/NS3 protease proved to be challenging because of the conformational dynamics, topology, and electrostatic properties of the active site. Here, we report the identification of quinoxaline-based allosteric inhibitors by fragment-based drug discovery approach as a promising new drug-like scaffold to target the NS2B/NS3 protease. Enzymatic assays and mutational analysis of the allosteric site in ZIKV NS2B/NS3 protease support noncompetitive inhibition mechanism as well as engineered DENV protease construct indicating the compounds likely compete with the NS2B cofactor for binding to the protease domain. Furthermore, antiviral activity confirmed the therapeutic potential of this new inhibitor scaffold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueto Zephyr
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, United States
| | - Desaboini Nageswara Rao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, United States
| | - Colby Johnson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, United States
| | - Ala M Shaqra
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, United States
| | - Ellen A Nalivaika
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, United States
| | - Aria Jordan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, United States
| | - Nese Kurt Yilmaz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, United States.
| | - Akbar Ali
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, United States.
| | - Celia A Schiffer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, United States.
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8
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Garcia GA, Lord AR, Santos LMB, Kariyawasam TN, David MR, Couto-Lima D, Tátila-Ferreira A, Pavan MG, Sikulu-Lord MT, Maciel-de-Freitas R. Rapid and Non-Invasive Detection of Aedes aegypti Co-Infected with Zika and Dengue Viruses Using Near Infrared Spectroscopy. Viruses 2022; 15:11. [PMID: 36680052 PMCID: PMC9863061 DOI: 10.3390/v15010011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The transmission of dengue (DENV) and Zika (ZIKV) has been continuously increasing worldwide. An efficient arbovirus surveillance system is critical to designing early-warning systems to increase preparedness of future outbreaks in endemic countries. The Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS) is a promising high throughput technique to detect arbovirus infection in Ae. aegypti with remarkable advantages such as cost and time effectiveness, reagent-free, and non-invasive nature over existing molecular tools for similar purposes, enabling timely decision making through rapid detection of potential disease. Our aim was to determine whether NIRS can differentiate Ae. aegypti females infected with either ZIKV or DENV single infection, and those coinfected with ZIKV/DENV from uninfected ones. Using 200 Ae. aegypti females reared and infected in laboratory conditions, the training model differentiated mosquitoes into the four treatments with 100% accuracy. DENV-, ZIKV-, and ZIKV/DENV-coinfected mosquitoes that were used to validate the model could be correctly classified into their actual infection group with a predictive accuracy of 100%, 84%, and 80%, respectively. When compared with mosquitoes from the uninfected group, the three infected groups were predicted as belonging to the infected group with 100%, 97%, and 100% accuracy for DENV-infected, ZIKV-infected, and the co-infected group, respectively. Preliminary lab-based results are encouraging and indicate that NIRS should be tested in field settings to evaluate its potential role to monitor natural infection in field-caught mosquitoes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela A. Garcia
- Laboratório de Mosquitos Transmissores de Hematozoários, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Anton R. Lord
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
- Spectroscopy and Data Consultants Pty Ltd., Brisbane, QLD 4035, Australia
| | - Lilha M. B. Santos
- Laboratório de Mosquitos Transmissores de Hematozoários, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Mariana R. David
- Laboratório de Mosquitos Transmissores de Hematozoários, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Dinair Couto-Lima
- Laboratório de Mosquitos Transmissores de Hematozoários, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Aline Tátila-Ferreira
- Laboratório de Mosquitos Transmissores de Hematozoários, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Márcio G. Pavan
- Laboratório de Mosquitos Transmissores de Hematozoários, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Maggy T. Sikulu-Lord
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Rafael Maciel-de-Freitas
- Laboratório de Mosquitos Transmissores de Hematozoários, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Department of Arbovirology, Bernhard Nocht Institute of Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany
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9
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Japanese Encephalitis Vaccine Generates Cross-Reactive Memory T Cell Responses to Zika Virus in Humans. J Trop Med 2022; 2022:8379286. [DOI: 10.1155/2022/8379286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2022] [Revised: 10/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective. Zika virus (ZIKV) and Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) are mosquito-borne flaviviruses with sequence homology. ZIKV circulates in some regions where JEV also circulates, or where JE vaccination is used. Cross-immunity between flaviviruses exists, but the precise mechanisms remain unclear. We previously demonstrated that T cell immunity induced by the live-attenuated Japanese encephalitis (JE) SA14-14-2 vaccine conferred protective immunity against ZIKV infection in mice, which could even bypass antibody-dependent enhancement. However, the role of T cell immune, especially memory T cell subsets, in cross-reactive immune responses between JE vaccine and ZIKV in humans has not been reported. Methods. We examined central and effector memory CD4+ and CD8+ T cell (TCM and TEM) responses (including degranulation, cytokines, and chemokines) in the presence of JEV and ZIKV, respectively, by using qualified peripheral blood mononuclear cell samples from 18 children who had recently received a two-dose course of JE vaccine SA14-14-2 as well as seven children without JE vaccination. Results. Cross-reactive CD8+ TCM in response to ZIKV was characterized by secretion of IFN-γ, whereas CD8+ TEM did not show significant upregulation of functional factors. In the presence of ZIKV, IFN-γ and TNF-α expression was upregulated by CD4+ TEM, and the expression signature of CD4+ TCM is more cytotoxic potential. Conclusions. We profiled the cross-reactive memory T cell responses to ZIKV in JE vaccine recipients. These data will provide evidence for the mechanism of cross-reactive memory T cell immune responses between JEV and ZIKV and a more refined view of bivalent vaccine design strategy.
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Cheong HC, Cheok YY, Chan YT, Sulaiman S, Looi CY, Alshanon AF, Hassan J, Abubakar S, Wong WF. Zika Virus Vaccine: The Current State of Affairs and Challenges Posed by Antibody-Dependent Enhancement Reaction. Viral Immunol 2022; 35:586-596. [PMID: 36301533 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2022.0082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Heng Choon Cheong
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Yi Ying Cheok
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Yee Teng Chan
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Sofiah Sulaiman
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Chung Yeng Looi
- School of Biosciences, Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences, Taylor's University, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
| | - Ahmed F. Alshanon
- Center of Biotechnology Researches, University of Al-Nahrain, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Jamiyah Hassan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Sazaly Abubakar
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research and Educational Center (TIDREC), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Won Fen Wong
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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11
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Chan KR, Ismail AA, Thergarajan G, Raju CS, Yam HC, Rishya M, Sekaran SD. Serological cross-reactivity among common flaviviruses. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:975398. [PMID: 36189346 PMCID: PMC9519894 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.975398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The Flavivirus genus is made up of viruses that are either mosquito-borne or tick-borne and other viruses transmitted by unknown vectors. Flaviviruses present a significant threat to global health and infect up to 400 million of people annually. As the climate continues to change throughout the world, these viruses have become prominent infections, with increasing number of infections being detected beyond tropical borders. These include dengue virus (DENV), West Nile virus (WNV), Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), and Zika virus (ZIKV). Several highly conserved epitopes of flaviviruses had been identified and reported to interact with antibodies, which lead to cross-reactivity results. The major interest of this review paper is mainly focused on the serological cross-reactivity between DENV serotypes, ZIKV, WNV, and JEV. Direct and molecular techniques are required in the diagnosis of Flavivirus-associated human disease. In this review, the serological assays such as neutralization tests, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, hemagglutination-inhibition test, Western blot test, and immunofluorescence test will be discussed. Serological assays that have been developed are able to detect different immunoglobulin isotypes (IgM, IgG, and IgA); however, it is challenging when interpreting the serological results due to the broad antigenic cross-reactivity of antibodies to these viruses. However, the neutralization tests are still considered as the gold standard to differentiate these flaviviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Rol Chan
- Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, UCSI University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Amni Adilah Ismail
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Gaythri Thergarajan
- Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, UCSI University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Chandramathi Samudi Raju
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- *Correspondence: Shamala Devi Sekaran, ; Chandramathi Samudi Raju,
| | - Hock Chai Yam
- Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, UCSI University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Manikam Rishya
- Department of Trauma and Emergency Medicine, University Malaya Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Shamala Devi Sekaran
- Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, UCSI University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- *Correspondence: Shamala Devi Sekaran, ; Chandramathi Samudi Raju,
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12
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Hou B, Chen H, Gao N, An J. Cross-Reactive Immunity among Five Medically Important Mosquito-Borne Flaviviruses Related to Human Diseases. Viruses 2022; 14:v14061213. [PMID: 35746683 PMCID: PMC9228836 DOI: 10.3390/v14061213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2022] [Revised: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Flaviviruses cause a spectrum of potentially severe diseases. Most flaviviruses are transmitted by mosquitoes or ticks and are widely distributed all over the world. Among them, several mosquito-borne flaviviruses are co-epidemic, and the similarity of their antigenicity creates abundant cross-reactive immune responses which complicate their prevention and control. At present, only effective vaccines against yellow fever and Japanese encephalitis have been used clinically, while the optimal vaccines against other flavivirus diseases are still under development. The antibody-dependent enhancement generated by cross-reactive immune responses against different serotypes of dengue virus makes the development of the dengue fever vaccine a bottleneck. It has been proposed that the cross-reactive immunity elicited by prior infection of mosquito-borne flavivirus could also affect the outcome of the subsequent infection of heterologous flavivirus. In this review, we focused on five medically important flaviviruses, and rearranged and recapitulated their cross-reactive immunity in detail from the perspectives of serological experiments in vitro, animal experiments in vivo, and human cohort studies. We look forward to providing references and new insights for the research of flavivirus vaccines and specific prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baohua Hou
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; (B.H.); (J.A.)
| | - Hui Chen
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; (B.H.); (J.A.)
- Experimental Center for Basic Medical Teaching, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
- Correspondence: (H.C.); (N.G.)
| | - Na Gao
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; (B.H.); (J.A.)
- Correspondence: (H.C.); (N.G.)
| | - Jing An
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; (B.H.); (J.A.)
- Center of Epilepsy, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing 100093, China
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13
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Villalobos-Sánchez E, Burciaga-Flores M, Zapata-Cuellar L, Camacho-Villegas TA, Elizondo-Quiroga DE. Possible Routes for Zika Virus Vertical Transmission in Human Placenta: A Comprehensive Review. Viral Immunol 2022; 35:392-403. [PMID: 35506896 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2021.0199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) infections have gained notoriety due to congenital abnormalities. Pregnant women have a greater risk of ZIKV infection and consequent transmission to their progeny due to the immunological changes associated with pregnancy. ZIKV has been detected in amniotic fluid, as well as in fetal and neonatal tissues of infected pregnant women. However, the mechanism by which ZIKV reaches the fetus is not well understood. The four dengue virus serotypes have been the most widely used flaviviruses to elucidate the host-cell entry pathways. Nevertheless, it is of increasing interest to understand the specific interaction between ZIKV and the host cell, especially in the gestation period. Herein, the authors describe the mechanisms of prenatal vertical infection of ZIKV based on results from in vitro, in vivo, and ex vivo studies, including murine models and nonhuman primates. It also includes up-to-date knowledge from ex vivo and natural infections in pregnant women explaining the vertical transmission along four tracks: transplacental, paracellular, transcytosis mediated by extracellular vesicles, and paraplacental route and the antibody-dependent enhancement process. A global understanding of the diverse pathways used by ZIKV to cross the placental barrier and access the fetus, along with a better comprehension of the pathogenesis of ZIKV in pregnant females, may constitute a fundamental role in the design of antiviral drugs to reduce congenital disabilities associated with ZIKV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erendira Villalobos-Sánchez
- Medical and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Unit, Center for Research and Assistance in Technology and Design of the State of Jalisco (CIATEJ), Guadalajara, México
| | - Mirna Burciaga-Flores
- Medical and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Unit, Center for Research and Assistance in Technology and Design of the State of Jalisco (CIATEJ), Guadalajara, México
| | - Lorena Zapata-Cuellar
- Medical and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Unit, Center for Research and Assistance in Technology and Design of the State of Jalisco (CIATEJ), Guadalajara, México
| | - Tanya A Camacho-Villegas
- CONACYT-Medical and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Unit, Center for Research and Assistance in Technology and Design of the State of Jalisco (CIATEJ), Guadalajara, México
| | - Darwin E Elizondo-Quiroga
- Medical and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Unit, Center for Research and Assistance in Technology and Design of the State of Jalisco (CIATEJ), Guadalajara, México
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14
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Tharmalingam T, Han X, Wozniak A, Saward L. Polyclonal hyper immunoglobulin: A proven treatment and prophylaxis platform for passive immunization to address existing and emerging diseases. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2022; 18:1886560. [PMID: 34010089 PMCID: PMC9090292 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2021.1886560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Passive immunization with polyclonal hyper immunoglobulin (HIG) therapy represents a proven strategy by transferring immunoglobulins to patients to confer immediate protection against a range of pathogens including infectious agents and toxins. Distinct from active immunization, the protection is passive and the immunoglobulins will clear from the system; therefore, administration of an effective dose must be maintained for prophylaxis or treatment until a natural adaptive immune response is mounted or the pathogen/agent is cleared. The current review provides an overview of this technology, key considerations to address different pathogens, and suggested improvements. The review will reflect on key learnings from development of HIGs in the response to public health threats due to Zika, influenza, and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tharmala Tharmalingam
- Therapeutics Business Unit, Emergent BioSolutions Incorporated, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Xiaobing Han
- Therapeutics Business Unit, Emergent BioSolutions Incorporated, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Department of Immunology, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Ashley Wozniak
- Therapeutics Business Unit, Emergent BioSolutions Incorporated, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Laura Saward
- Therapeutics Business Unit, Emergent BioSolutions Incorporated, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
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15
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Karlikow M, da Silva SJR, Guo Y, Cicek S, Krokovsky L, Homme P, Xiong Y, Xu T, Calderón-Peláez MA, Camacho-Ortega S, Ma D, de Magalhães JJF, Souza BNRF, de Albuquerque Cabral DG, Jaenes K, Sutyrina P, Ferrante T, Benitez AD, Nipaz V, Ponce P, Rackus DG, Collins JJ, Paiva M, Castellanos JE, Cevallos V, Green AA, Ayres C, Pena L, Pardee K. Field validation of the performance of paper-based tests for the detection of the Zika and chikungunya viruses in serum samples. Nat Biomed Eng 2022; 6:246-256. [PMID: 35256758 PMCID: PMC8940623 DOI: 10.1038/s41551-022-00850-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
AbstractIn low-resource settings, resilience to infectious disease outbreaks can be hindered by limited access to diagnostic tests. Here we report the results of double-blinded studies of the performance of paper-based diagnostic tests for the Zika and chikungunya viruses in a field setting in Latin America. The tests involved a cell-free expression system relying on isothermal amplification and toehold-switch reactions, a purpose-built portable reader and onboard software for computer vision-enabled image analysis. In patients suspected of infection, the accuracies and sensitivities of the tests for the Zika and chikungunya viruses were, respectively, 98.5% (95% confidence interval, 96.2–99.6%, 268 serum samples) and 98.5% (95% confidence interval, 91.7–100%, 65 serum samples) and approximately 2 aM and 5 fM (both concentrations are within clinically relevant ranges). The analytical specificities and sensitivities of the tests for cultured samples of the viruses were equivalent to those of the real-time quantitative PCR. Cell-free synthetic biology tools and companion hardware can provide de-centralized, high-capacity and low-cost diagnostics for use in low-resource settings.
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16
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Medina FA, Vila F, Premkumar L, Lorenzi O, Paz-Bailey G, Alvarado LI, Rivera-Amill V, de Silva A, Waterman S, Muñoz-Jordán J. Capacity of a Multiplex IgM Antibody Capture ELISA to Differentiate Zika and Dengue Virus Infections in Areas of Concurrent Endemic Transmission. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2022; 106:585-592. [PMID: 34929668 PMCID: PMC8832915 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.20-1651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Serological cross-reactivity has proved to be a challenge to diagnose Zika virus (ZIKV) infections in dengue virus (DENV) endemic countries. Confirmatory testing of ZIKV IgM positive results by plaque reduction neutralization tests (PRNTs) provides clarification in only a minority of cases because most individuals infected with ZIKV were previously exposed to DENV. The goal of this study was to evaluate the performance of a ZIKV/DENV DUO IgM antibody capture ELISA (MAC-ELISA) for discriminating between DENV and ZIKV infections in endemic regions. Our performance evaluation included acute and convalescent specimens from patients with real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR)-confirmed DENV or ZIKV from the Sentinel Enhanced Dengue Surveillance System in Ponce, Puerto Rico. The ZIKV/DENV DUO MAC-ELISA specificity was 100% for DENV (N = 127) and 98.4% for ZIKV (N = 275) when specimens were tested during the optimal testing window (days post-onset of illness [DPO] 6-120). The ZIKV/DENV DUO MAC-ELISA sensitivity of RT-PCR confirmed specimens reached 100% for DENV by DPO 6 and for ZIKV by DPO 9. Our new ZIKV/DENV DUO MAC-ELISA was also able to distinguish ZIKV and DENV regardless of previous DENV exposure. We conclude this novel serologic diagnostic assay can accurately discriminate ZIKV and DENV infections. This can potentially be useful considering that the more labor-intensive and expensive PRNT assay may not be an option for confirmatory diagnosis in areas that lack PRNT capacity, but experience circulation of both DENV and ZIKV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Freddy A. Medina
- Surveillance and Research Laboratory, Dengue Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Frances Vila
- Surveillance and Research Laboratory, Dengue Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Lakshmanane Premkumar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Olga Lorenzi
- Surveillance and Research Laboratory, Dengue Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Gabriela Paz-Bailey
- Surveillance and Research Laboratory, Dengue Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | | | | | - Aravinda de Silva
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Steve Waterman
- Surveillance and Research Laboratory, Dengue Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Jorge Muñoz-Jordán
- Surveillance and Research Laboratory, Dengue Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, San Juan, Puerto Rico;,Address correspondence to Jorge Muñoz-Jordán, Surveillance and Research Laboratory, Dengue Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1324 Calle Cañada, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00920. E-mail:
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Abstract
Viral proteases are diverse in structure, oligomeric state, catalytic mechanism, and substrate specificity. This chapter focuses on proteases from viruses that are relevant to human health: human immunodeficiency virus subtype 1 (HIV-1), hepatitis C (HCV), human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1), flaviviruses, enteroviruses, and coronaviruses. The proteases of HIV-1 and HCV have been successfully targeted for therapeutics, with picomolar FDA-approved drugs currently used in the clinic. The proteases of HTLV-1 and the other virus families remain emerging therapeutic targets at different stages of the drug development process. This chapter provides an overview of the current knowledge on viral protease structure, mechanism, substrate recognition, and inhibition. Particular focus is placed on recent advances in understanding the molecular basis of diverse substrate recognition and resistance, which is essential toward designing novel protease inhibitors as antivirals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueto Zephyr
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
| | - Nese Kurt Yilmaz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
| | - Celia A Schiffer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States.
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Abernathy ME, Dam KMA, Esswein SR, Jette CA, Bjorkman PJ. How Antibodies Recognize Pathogenic Viruses: Structural Correlates of Antibody Neutralization of HIV-1, SARS-CoV-2, and Zika. Viruses 2021; 13:2106. [PMID: 34696536 PMCID: PMC8537525 DOI: 10.3390/v13102106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 10/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The H1N1 pandemic of 2009-2010, MERS epidemic of 2012, Ebola epidemics of 2013-2016 and 2018-2020, Zika epidemic of 2015-2016, and COVID-19 pandemic of 2019-2021, are recent examples in the long history of epidemics that demonstrate the enormous global impact of viral infection. The rapid development of safe and effective vaccines and therapeutics has proven vital to reducing morbidity and mortality from newly emerging viruses. Structural biology methods can be used to determine how antibodies elicited during infection or vaccination target viral proteins and identify viral epitopes that correlate with potent neutralization. Here we review how structural and molecular biology approaches have contributed to our understanding of antibody recognition of pathogenic viruses, specifically HIV-1, SARS-CoV-2, and Zika. Determining structural correlates of neutralization of viruses has guided the design of vaccines, monoclonal antibodies, and small molecule inhibitors in response to the global threat of viral epidemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan E. Abernathy
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA; (M.E.A.); (K.-M.A.D.); (C.A.J.)
| | - Kim-Marie A. Dam
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA; (M.E.A.); (K.-M.A.D.); (C.A.J.)
| | - Shannon R. Esswein
- David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA;
| | - Claudia A. Jette
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA; (M.E.A.); (K.-M.A.D.); (C.A.J.)
| | - Pamela J. Bjorkman
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA; (M.E.A.); (K.-M.A.D.); (C.A.J.)
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Vázquez-Guardado A, Mehta F, Jimenez B, Biswas A, Ray K, Baksh A, Lee S, Saraf N, Seal S, Chanda D. DNA-Modified Plasmonic Sensor for the Direct Detection of Virus Biomarkers from the Blood. NANO LETTERS 2021; 21:7505-7511. [PMID: 34496209 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c01609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The rapid spread of viral infections demands early detection strategies to minimize proliferation of the disease. Here, we demonstrate a plasmonic biosensor to detect Dengue virus, which was chosen as a model, via its nonstructural protein NS1 biomarker. The sensor is functionalized with a synthetic single-stranded DNA oligonucleotide and provides high affinity toward NS1 protein present in the virus genome. We demonstrate the detection of NS1 protein at a concentration of 0.1-10 μg/mL in bovine blood using an on-chip microfluidic plasma separator integrated with the plasmonic sensor which covers the clinical threshold of 0.6 μg/mL of high risk of developing Dengue hemorrhagic fever. The conceptual and practical demonstration shows the translation feasibility of these microfluidic optical biosensors for early detection of a wide range of viral infections, providing a rapid clinical diagnosis of infectious diseases directly from minimally processed biological samples at point of care locations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abraham Vázquez-Guardado
- CREOL, The College of Optics and Photonics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32816, United States
- NanoScience Technology Center, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32826, United States
| | - Freya Mehta
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32816, United States
| | - Beatriz Jimenez
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32816, United States
| | - Aritra Biswas
- CREOL, The College of Optics and Photonics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32816, United States
- NanoScience Technology Center, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32826, United States
| | - Keval Ray
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32816, United States
| | - Aliyah Baksh
- NanoScience Technology Center, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32826, United States
| | - Sang Lee
- NanoScience Technology Center, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32826, United States
| | - Nileshi Saraf
- Materials Science and Engineering, Advanced Materials Processing and Analysis Center, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32816, United States
| | - Sudipta Seal
- NanoScience Technology Center, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32826, United States
- Materials Science and Engineering, Advanced Materials Processing and Analysis Center, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32816, United States
- College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32827, United States
| | - Debashis Chanda
- CREOL, The College of Optics and Photonics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32816, United States
- NanoScience Technology Center, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32826, United States
- Department of Physics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32816, United States
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Delli Ponti R, Mutwil M. Structural landscape of the complete genomes of dengue virus serotypes and other viral hemorrhagic fevers. BMC Genomics 2021; 22:352. [PMID: 34000991 PMCID: PMC8127238 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-07638-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND With more than 300 million potentially infected people every year, and with the expanded habitat of mosquitoes due to climate change, Dengue virus (DENV) cannot be considered anymore only a tropical disease. The RNA secondary structure is a functional characteristic of RNA viruses, and together with the accumulated high-throughput sequencing data could provide general insights towards understanding virus biology. Here, we profiled the RNA secondary structure of > 7000 complete viral genomes from 11 different species focusing on viral hemorrhagic fevers, including DENV serotypes, EBOV, and YFV. RESULTS In our work we demonstrated that the secondary structure and presence of protein-binding domains in the genomes can be used as intrinsic signature to further classify the viruses. With our predictive approach, we achieved high prediction scores of the secondary structure (AUC up to 0.85 with experimental data), and computed consensus secondary structure profiles using hundreds of in silico models. We observed that viruses show different structural patterns, where e.g., DENV-2 and Ebola virus tend to be less structured than the other viruses. Furthermore, we observed virus-specific correlations between secondary structure and the number of interaction sites with human proteins, reaching a correlation of 0.89 in the case of Zika virus. We also identified that helicases-encoding regions are more structured in several flaviviruses, while the regions encoding for the contact proteins exhibit virus-specific clusters in terms of RNA structure and potential protein-RNA interactions. We also used structural data to study the geographical distribution of DENV, finding a significant difference between DENV-3 from Asia and South-America, where the structure is also driving the clustering more than sequence identity, which could imply different evolutionary routes of this subtype. CONCLUSIONS Our massive computational analysis provided novel results regarding the secondary structure and the interaction with human proteins, not only for DENV serotypes, but also for other flaviviruses and viral hemorrhagic fevers-associated viruses. We showed how the RNA secondary structure can be used to categorise viruses, and even to further classify them based on the interaction with proteins. We envision that these approaches can be used to further classify and characterise these complex viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Delli Ponti
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637551, Singapore.
| | - Marek Mutwil
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637551, Singapore.
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A Label and Probe-Free Zika Virus Immunosensor Prussian Blue@carbon Nanotube-Based for Amperometric Detection of the NS2B Protein. BIOSENSORS-BASEL 2021; 11:bios11050157. [PMID: 34065688 PMCID: PMC8156682 DOI: 10.3390/bios11050157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 05/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) is a mosquito-borne infection, predominant in tropical and subtropical regions causing international concern due to the ZIKV disease having been associated with congenital disabilities, especially microcephaly and other congenital abnormalities in the fetus and newborns. Development of strategies that minimize the devastating impact by monitoring and preventing ZIKV transmission through sexual intercourse, especially in pregnant women, since no vaccine is yet available for the prevention or treatment, is critically important. ZIKV infection is generally asymptomatic and cross-reactivity with dengue virus (DENV) is a global concern. An innovative screen-printed electrode (SPE) was developed for amperometric detection of the non-structural protein (NS2B) of ZIKV by exploring the intrinsic redox catalytic activity of Prussian blue (PB), incorporated into a carbon nanotube–polypyrrole composite. Thus, this immunosensor has the advantage of electrochemical detection without adding any redox-probe solution (probe-less detection), allowing a point-of-care diagnosis. It was responsive to serum samples of only ZIKV positive patients and non-responsive to negative ZIKV patients, even if the sample was DENV positive, indicating a possible differential diagnosis between them by NS2B. All samples used here were confirmed by CDC protocols, and immunosensor responses were also checked in the supernatant of C6/36 and in Vero cell cultures infected with ZIKV.
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Kumar A, Kumar P, Aarthy M, Singh SK, Giri R. Experiments and simulation on ZIKV NS2B-NS3 protease reveal its complex folding. Virology 2021; 556:110-123. [PMID: 33561698 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2021.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Revised: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Zika virus has been identified in various body fluids such as semen, urine, saliva, cerebrospinal fluid, and vaginal secretion of an infected individual. The pH of these fluids varies from mildly acidic to mildly alkaline. So it is imperative to understand the impact of these conditions on viral protein functioning. We investigated the NS2B-NS3 protease stability and its activity in different denaturing environments. Finding indicates that NS2B-NS3 protease maintains stability at pH 4.8-8.7. Thus it suggests that the complex remains functionally active to hydrolyze the polyprotein within a diverse environmental condition such as variable pH. Despite a stable structure at a broad pH range, a change in environmental conditions dramatically influence its protease activity. Moreover, it is susceptible to structural transformation leading to increased β-strand or helix content in the presence of alcohol. This study may help further to understand the folding-function relationship of the general flaviviral protease complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankur Kumar
- School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Mandi, 175005, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Prateek Kumar
- School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Mandi, 175005, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Murali Aarthy
- Department of Bioinformatics, Computer Aided Drug Design and Molecular Modeling Laboratory, Alagappa University, Science Block, Karaikudi, 630003, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sanjeev Kumar Singh
- Department of Bioinformatics, Computer Aided Drug Design and Molecular Modeling Laboratory, Alagappa University, Science Block, Karaikudi, 630003, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Rajanish Giri
- School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Mandi, 175005, Himachal Pradesh, India.
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Manna S, Dey S, Biswas S, Nandy A, Basak SC. Current Perspective of Zika Virus and Vaccine Development. EXPLORATORY RESEARCH AND HYPOTHESIS IN MEDICINE 2020; 000:1-9. [DOI: 10.14218/erhm.2020.00060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Highly sensitive and specific graphene/TiO 2 impedimetric immunosensor based on plant-derived tetravalent envelope glycoprotein domain III (EDIII) probe antigen for dengue diagnosis. Biosens Bioelectron 2020; 176:112895. [PMID: 33358432 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2020.112895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
This study reports on the development of a novel impedimetric immunosensor design using plant-derived antigenic glycoprotein for the detection of dengue virus (DENV) IgG antibodies. The electrochemical immunosensor platform was constructed using screen-printed carbon electrode (SPCE) modified with graphene/titanium dioxide (G/TiO2) nanocomposite to improve the electrode in terms electrochemical performance and specific surface area. A plant-derived dengue envelope domain III (EDIII) protein was used as the antigenic probe protein in this immunosensing strategy. Under optimised sensing conditions, the immunosensor demonstrated high sensitivity towards DENV IgG in a wide linear working range (62.5-2000 ng/mL), with a limit of detection of 2.81 ng/mL. The immunosensor showed high specificity for discriminating DENV IgG against antibodies of other infectious disease, including the closely related Zika virus (ZIKV). The reliability of the immunosensor in serological diagnosis was verified by challenging the immunosensor against serum samples, compared to conventional enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). As shown by its remarkable performance throughout the study, the devised immunosensor is proposed as a reliable and practical diagnostic tool for the serological detection of dengue in realistic applications.
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25
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Silva IBB, da Silva AS, Cunha MS, Cabral AD, de Oliveira KCA, Gaspari ED, Prudencio CR. Zika virus serological diagnosis: commercial tests and monoclonal antibodies as tools. J Venom Anim Toxins Incl Trop Dis 2020; 26:e20200019. [PMID: 33281886 PMCID: PMC7685096 DOI: 10.1590/1678-9199-jvatitd-2020-0019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV), an emerging arthropod-borne virus (arbovirus) of the Flaviviridae family, is a current issue worldwide, particularly because of the congenital and neurological syndromes associated with infection by this virus. As the initial clinical symptoms of all diseases caused by this group are very similar, clinical diagnosis is difficult. Furthermore, laboratory diagnostic efforts have failed to identify specific and accurate tests for each virus of the Flaviviridae family due to the cross-reactivity of these viruses in serum samples. This situation has resulted in underreporting of the diseases caused by flaviviruses. However, many companies developed commercial diagnostic tests after the recent ZIKV outbreak. Moreover, health regulatory agencies have approved different commercial tests to extend the monitoring of ZIKV infections. Considering that a specific and sensitive diagnostic method for estimating risk and evaluating ZIKV propagation is still needed, this review aims to provide an update of the main commercially approved serological diagnostics test by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and Brazilian National Health Surveillance Agency (ANVISA). Additionally, we present the technologies used for monoclonal antibody production as a tool for the development of diagnostic tests and applications of these antibodies in detecting ZIKV infections worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaura Beatriz Borges Silva
- Center of Immunology, Adolfo Lutz Institute, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.,Interunits Graduate Program in Biotechnology, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Elizabeth De Gaspari
- Center of Immunology, Adolfo Lutz Institute, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.,Interunits Graduate Program in Biotechnology, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Carlos Roberto Prudencio
- Center of Immunology, Adolfo Lutz Institute, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.,Interunits Graduate Program in Biotechnology, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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26
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The Molecular Interactions of ZIKV and DENV with the Type-I IFN Response. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8030530. [PMID: 32937990 PMCID: PMC7565347 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8030530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Zika Virus (ZIKV) and Dengue Virus (DENV) are related viruses of the Flavivirus genus that cause significant disease in humans. Existing control measures have been ineffective at curbing the increasing global incidence of infection for both viruses and they are therefore prime targets for new vaccination strategies. Type-I interferon (IFN) responses are important in clearing viral infection and for generating efficient adaptive immune responses towards infection and vaccination. However, ZIKV and DENV have evolved multiple molecular mechanisms to evade type-I IFN production. This review covers the molecular interactions, from detection to evasion, of these viruses with the type-I IFN response. Additionally, we discuss how this knowledge can be exploited to improve the design of new vaccine strategies.
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Zhuang J, Yin J, Lv S, Wang B, Mu Y. Advanced "lab-on-a-chip" to detect viruses - Current challenges and future perspectives. Biosens Bioelectron 2020; 163:112291. [PMID: 32421630 PMCID: PMC7215165 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2020.112291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Massive viral outbreaks draw attention to viruses that have not been thoroughly studied or understood. In recent decades, microfluidic chips, known as "lab-on-a-chip", appears as a promising tool for the detection of viruses. Here, we review the development of microfluidic chips that could be used in response to viral detection, specifically for viruses involved in more recent outbreaks. The advantages as well as the disadvantages of microfluidic systems are discussed and analyzed. We also propose ideas for future development of these microfluidic chips and we expect this advanced technology to be used in the future for viral outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianjian Zhuang
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Juxin Yin
- Research Centre for Analytical Instrumentation, Institute of Cyber-Systems and Control, State Key Laboratory of Industrial Control Technology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310058, China; Cancer Institute (Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, National Ministry of Education), The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310009, China; Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310029, China
| | - Shaowu Lv
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun, 130000, China
| | - Ben Wang
- Cancer Institute (Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, National Ministry of Education), The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310009, China; Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310029, China
| | - Ying Mu
- Research Centre for Analytical Instrumentation, Institute of Cyber-Systems and Control, State Key Laboratory of Industrial Control Technology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310058, China; College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China.
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Wang R, Zhen Z, Turtle L, Hou B, Li Y, Wu N, Gao N, Fan D, Chen H, An J. T cell immunity rather than antibody mediates cross-protection against Zika virus infection conferred by a live attenuated Japanese encephalitis SA14-14-2 vaccine. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:6779-6789. [PMID: 32556415 PMCID: PMC7347694 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-10710-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) and Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) are closely related to mosquito-borne flaviviruses. Japanese encephalitis (JE) vaccine SA14-14-2 has been in the Chinese national Expanded Program on Immunization since 2007. The recent recognition of severe disease syndromes associated with ZIKV, and the identification of ZIKV from mosquitoes in China, prompts an urgent need to investigate the potential interaction between the two. In this study, we showed that SA14-14-2 is protective against ZIKV infection in mice. JE vaccine SA14-14-2 triggered both Th1 and Th2 cross-reactive immune responses to ZIKV; however, it was cellular immunity that predominantly mediated cross-protection against ZIKV infection. Passive transfer of immune sera did not result in significant cross-protection but did mediate antibody-dependent enhancement in vitro, though this did not have an adverse impact on survival. This study suggests that the SA14-14-2 vaccine can protect against ZIKV through a cross-reactive T cell response. This is vital information in terms of ZIKV prevention or precaution in those ZIKV-affected regions where JEV circulates or SA14-14-2 is in widespread use, and opens a promising avenue to develop a novel bivalent vaccine against both ZIKV and JEV. KEY POINTS: • JEV SA14-14-2 vaccine conferred cross-protection against ZIKV challenge in mice. • T cell immunity rather than antibody mediated the cross-protection. • It provides important information in terms of ZIKV prevention or precaution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Infection diseases, Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Research Unit of Critical Infection in Children, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 2019RU016, Laboratory of Infection and Virology, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, National Center for Children's Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100045, China
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Zida Zhen
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Lance Turtle
- National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7BE, UK
- Tropical and Infectious Disease Unit, Liverpool University Hospitals Foundation Trust (Member of Liverpool Health Partners), Liverpool, L7 8XP, UK
| | - Baohua Hou
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Yueqi Li
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Na Wu
- Laboratory Animal Center, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Na Gao
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Dongying Fan
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Hui Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China.
| | - Jing An
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
- Center of Epilepsy, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, 100069, China
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29
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Matos de Souza MR, Cunha MS, Okon A, Monteiro FLL, Campanati L, Wagner CR, da Costa LJ. In Vitro and In Vivo Characterization of the Anti-Zika Virus Activity of ProTides of 2'-C-β-Methylguanosine. ACS Infect Dis 2020; 6:1650-1658. [PMID: 32525653 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.0c00091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The ProTide approach has emerged as a powerful tool to improve the intracellular delivery of nucleotide analogs with antiviral and anticancer activity. Here, we characterized the anti-ZIKV (ZIKV, Zika virus) activity of two ProTides of 2'-C-β-methylguanosine. ProTide UMN-1001 is a 2'-C-β-methylguanosine tryptamine phosphoramidate monoester, and ProTide UMN-1002 is a 2-(methylthio)-ethyl-2'-C-β-methylguanosine tryptamine phosphoramidate diester. UMN-1002 undergoes stepwise intracellular activation to the corresponding nucleotide monophosphate followed by P-N bond cleavage by intracellular histidine triad nucleotide binding protein 1 (Hint1). UMN-1001 is activated by Hint1 but is less cell-permeable than UMN-1002. UMN-1001 and UMN-1002 were found to be more potent than 2'-C-β-methylguanosine against ZIKV in human-derived microvascular endothelial and neuroblastoma cells and in reducing ZIKV RNA replication. Studies with a newborn mouse model of ZIKV infection demonstrated that, while treatment with 2'-C-β-methylguanosine and UMN-1001 was lethal, treatment with UMN-1002 was nontoxic and significantly reduced ZIKV infection. Our data suggests that anchimeric activated ProTides of 2'-C-β-methyl nucleosides should be further investigated for their potential as anti-ZIKV therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Aniekan Okon
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | | | | | - Carston R. Wagner
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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Immunopathology of Zika virus infection. Adv Virus Res 2020; 107:223-246. [PMID: 32711730 DOI: 10.1016/bs.aivir.2020.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) is a mosquito-borne virus of the flavivirus genus in the Flaviviridae family. Flaviviruses are single-stranded, positive-sense RNA viruses that have been responsible for numerous human epidemics. Notable flaviviruses include mosquito-borne viruses such as yellow fever virus (YFV), Dengue virus (DENV), West Nile virus (WNV), Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), as well as tick-borne viruses including Powassan virus (POWV) and tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV). Despite having been relatively obscure until the past decade, ZIKV has become a major global health concern, and is a topic of active research following multiple outbreaks across the globe. Here, we discuss ZIKV pathogenesis and the associated immunopathology, as well as advances in research, therapies, and vaccines developed using models of ZIKV pathogenesis.
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31
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Li CX, Guo XX, Deng YQ, Liu QM, Xing D, Sun AJ, Wu Q, Dong YD, Zhang YM, Zhang HD, Cao WC, Qin CF, Zhao TY. Susceptibility of Armigeres subalbatus Coquillett (Diptera: Culicidae) to Zika virus through oral and urine infection. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008450. [PMID: 32628662 PMCID: PMC7402514 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Zika virus (ZIKV) disease outbreaks have been occurring in South America since 2015, and has spread to North America. Because birth defects and cases of Guillain Barré have been associated with infection with ZIKV, this has drawn global attention. ZIKV is generally considered an Aedes-transmitted pathogen. The transmission of ZIKV through blood by Aedes mosquito bites has been recognized as the major transmission route. However, it is not clear whether there are other transmission routes that can cause viral infection in mosquitos. The aim of the present study is to describe the susceptibility of Armigeres subalbatus, which often develop in human waste lagoons, to ZIKV, through oral infection in adult mosquitoes and urine infection in larvae. Methodology/Principal findings Five-day-old female Ar. subalbatus ingested infectious blood meals containing ZIKV. After 4, 7, and 10 days of ingesting infectious blood meals, ZIKV could be detected in the midguts, salivary glands, ovaries, and collected saliva of mosquitoes. The ZIKV infection rate (IR) on day 10 reached 40% in salivary glands and 13% in saliva, indicating that these mosquitoes were able to transmit ZIKV. In addition, ZIKV infection was also discovered in mosquito ovaries, suggesting the possibility of vertical transmission of virus. Moreover, Ar. subalbatus transmitted ZIKV to infant mice bitten by infectious mosquitoes. In a second experiment, 1st-instar larvae of Ar. subalbatus were reared in water containing ZIKV and human urine. After pupation, pupae were placed in clean water and transferred to a mosquito cage for emergence. Although ZIKV RNA was detected in all of the larvae tested, ZIKV was not detected in the saliva of any adult Ar. subalbatus. Considering that there are more uncontrollable factors in nature than in the laboratory environment, the possibility that the virus is transmitted to adult mosquitoes via larvae is very small period. Conclusions/Significance Adult Ar. subalbatus could be infected with ZIKV and transmit ZIKV through mosquito bites. Therefore, in many rural areas in China and in undeveloped areas of other Asian countries, the management of human waste lagoons in the prevention and control of Zika disease should be considered. Corresponding adjustments and modifications should also be made in prevention and control strategies against ZIKV. Zika is a serious threat to global health since the outbreak in Brazil in 2015. Zika virus (ZIKV) is generally considered as an Aedes-transmitted pathogen. The transmission of ZIKV by mosquito bite has been recognized as the major transmission route. However, it is possible that some important potential vectors may not yet have been examined. Armigeres subalbatus is one of primary mosquito species in China, which could develop in human waste lagoons. In the study, through oral infection experiments, it was found that Ar. subalbatus could be infected with ZIKV and transmit ZIKV through mosquito bites. Therefore, in many rural areas in China and in undeveloped areas of other Asian countries, it is valid to consider that this mosquito species should be given enough attention in the prevention and control of Zika epidemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-xiao Li
- Department of Vector Biology and Control, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-xia Guo
- Department of Vector Biology and Control, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Yong-qiang Deng
- Department of Virology, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Qin-mei Liu
- Department of Vector Biology and Control, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Dan Xing
- Department of Vector Biology and Control, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Ai-juan Sun
- Department of Vector Biology and Control, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Qun Wu
- Department of Vector Biology and Control, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Yan-de Dong
- Department of Vector Biology and Control, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Ying-mei Zhang
- Department of Vector Biology and Control, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Heng-duan Zhang
- Department of Vector Biology and Control, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Wu-chun Cao
- Department of Epidemiology, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (WCC); (CFQ); (TYZ)
| | - Cheng-feng Qin
- Department of Virology, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (WCC); (CFQ); (TYZ)
| | - Tong-yan Zhao
- Department of Vector Biology and Control, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (WCC); (CFQ); (TYZ)
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32
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Esswein SR, Gristick HB, Jurado A, Peace A, Keeffe JR, Lee YE, Voll AV, Saeed M, Nussenzweig MC, Rice CM, Robbiani DF, MacDonald MR, Bjorkman PJ. Structural basis for Zika envelope domain III recognition by a germline version of a recurrent neutralizing antibody. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:9865-9875. [PMID: 32321830 PMCID: PMC7211955 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1919269117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent epidemics demonstrate the global threat of Zika virus (ZIKV), a flavivirus transmitted by mosquitoes. Although infection is usually asymptomatic or mild, newborns of infected mothers can display severe symptoms, including neurodevelopmental abnormalities and microcephaly. Given the large-scale spread, symptom severity, and lack of treatment or prophylaxis, a safe and effective ZIKV vaccine is urgently needed. However, vaccine design is complicated by concern that elicited antibodies (Abs) may cross-react with other flaviviruses that share a similar envelope protein, such as dengue virus, West Nile virus, and yellow fever virus. This cross-reactivity may worsen symptoms of a subsequent infection through Ab-dependent enhancement. To better understand the neutralizing Ab response and risk of Ab-dependent enhancement, further information on germline Ab binding to ZIKV and the maturation process that gives rise to potently neutralizing Abs is needed. Here we use binding and structural studies to compare mature and inferred-germline Ab binding to envelope protein domain III of ZIKV and other flaviviruses. We show that affinity maturation of the light-chain variable domain is important for strong binding of the recurrent VH3-23/VK1-5 neutralizing Abs to ZIKV envelope protein domain III, and identify interacting residues that contribute to weak, cross-reactive binding to West Nile virus. These findings provide insight into the affinity maturation process and potential cross-reactivity of VH3-23/VK1-5 neutralizing Abs, informing precautions for protein-based vaccines designed to elicit germline versions of neutralizing Abs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon R Esswein
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125
| | - Harry B Gristick
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125
| | - Andrea Jurado
- Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Disease, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065
| | - Avery Peace
- Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Disease, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065
| | - Jennifer R Keeffe
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125
| | - Yu E Lee
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125
| | - Alisa V Voll
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125
| | - Mohsan Saeed
- Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Disease, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065
| | - Michel C Nussenzweig
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065
| | - Charles M Rice
- Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Disease, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065
| | - Davide F Robbiani
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065
| | - Margaret R MacDonald
- Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Disease, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065
| | - Pamela J Bjorkman
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125;
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33
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Guevarra LA, Boado KJO, Ceñidoza FBB, Imbao MRLM, Sia MJG, Dalmacio LMM. A synthetic peptide analog of in silico-predicted immunogenic epitope unique to dengue virus serotype 2 NS1 antigen specifically binds immunoglobulin G antibodies raised in rabbits. Microbiol Immunol 2020; 64:153-161. [PMID: 31710119 DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.12757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Development of a serotyping-capable dengue detection test is hampered by the absence of an identified unique marker that can detect specific dengue virus (DENV) serotype. In the current commercially available antibody-capture diagnostic methods, immobilized nonstructural 1 (NS1) antigen indiscriminately binds and detects immunoglobulin M or immunoglobulin G against any serotype, thus limiting its capability to distinguish existing serotypes of dengue. Identification of dengue serotype is important because certain serotypes are associated with severe forms of dengue as well as dengue hemorrhagic fever. In this study, we aimed to identify an immunogenic epitope unique to DENV2 NS1 antigen and determine the binding specificity of its synthetic peptide mimotope to antibodies raised in animal models. Selection of a putative B-cell epitope from the reported DENV2 NS1 antigen was done using Kolaskar and Tongaonkar Antigenicity prediction, Emini surface accessibility prediction, and Parker hydrophilicity prediction available at the immune epitope database and analysis resource. Uniqueness of the B-cell epitope to DENV2 was analyzed by BLASTp. Immunogenicity of the synthetic peptide analog of the predicted immunogenic epitope was tested in rabbits. The binding specificity of the antibodies raised in animals and the synthetic peptide mimotope was tested by indirect ELISA. A synthetic peptide analog comprising the unique epitope of DENV2 located at the 170th-183rd position of DENV2 NS1 was found to be immunogenic in animal models. The antipeptide antibody produced in rabbits showed specific binding to the synthetic peptide mimotope of the predicted unique DENV2 NS1 immunogenic epitope.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo A Guevarra
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santo Tomas, España Blvd, Sampaloc, Manila, Philippines.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of the Philippines Manila, 1/F Salcedo Hall Pedro Gil St., Ermita, Manila, Philippines.,Research Center for Natural and Applied Sciences, University of Santo Tomas, España Blvd, Sampaloc, Manila, Philippines
| | - Kathleen Joyce O Boado
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santo Tomas, España Blvd, Sampaloc, Manila, Philippines
| | - Fidel Bryan B Ceñidoza
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santo Tomas, España Blvd, Sampaloc, Manila, Philippines
| | - Ma Rio Lauren M Imbao
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santo Tomas, España Blvd, Sampaloc, Manila, Philippines
| | - Michelle Joy G Sia
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santo Tomas, España Blvd, Sampaloc, Manila, Philippines
| | - Leslie Michelle M Dalmacio
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of the Philippines Manila, 1/F Salcedo Hall Pedro Gil St., Ermita, Manila, Philippines
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Flavivirus Cross-Reactivity to Dengue Nonstructural Protein 1 Antigen Detection Assays. Diagnostics (Basel) 2019; 10:diagnostics10010011. [PMID: 31878299 PMCID: PMC7167843 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics10010011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Dengue virus (DENV) and Zika virus (ZIKV) are flaviviruses of public health relevance. Both viruses circulate in the same endemic settings and acute infections generally manifest similar symptoms. This highlights the importance of accurate diagnosis for clinical management and outbreak control. One of the commonly used acute diagnostic markers for flaviviruses is nonstructural protein 1 (NS1). However, false positives due to antigenic cross-reactivity have been reported between DENV and ZIKV infections when using DENV NS1 antigen (NS1 Ag) detection assays in acute cases. Therefore, we investigated the lowest detectable virus titres and cross-reactivity of three commercial dengue NS1 Ag rapid assays and two ELISAs for different flaviviruses. Our results showed that substantially high viral titres of ZIKV, Kunjin virus (KUNV) and yellow fever virus (YFV) are required to give false-positive results when using DENV NS1 rapid detection assays. Commercial DENV NS1 ELISAs did not react with ZIKV and YFV. In comparison, tested assays detected DENV at a significantly low virus titre. Given the relatively low viral loads reported in clinical samples, our findings suggest that commercially available dengue NS1 Ag detection assays are less likely to generate false-positive results among clinical samples in areas where multiple flaviviruses cocirculate.
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Kerkhof K, Falconi-Agapito F, Van Esbroeck M, Talledo M, Ariën KK. Reliable Serological Diagnostic Tests for Arboviruses: Feasible or Utopia? Trends Microbiol 2019; 28:276-292. [PMID: 31864844 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2019.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Infections with arthropod-borne viruses are increasing globally as a result of climate and demographic changes, global dispersion of insect vectors, and increased air travel. The similar symptomatology of arboviral diseases and the cocirculation of different arboviruses in Africa, Asia, and South America complicate diagnosis. Despite the high sensitivity and specificity of molecular diagnostic tests, their utility is limited to the short viremic phase of arbovirus infections, and therefore the diagnosis of infection is frequently missed in clinical practice. Conversely, the duration of antibody responses provides a wider window of opportunity, making diagnosis more dependent on IgM/IgG detection. This review discusses the issues underlying the low specificity of antibody-detection assays, and addresses the challenges and strategies for discovering more specific biomarkers to enable a more accurate diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Kerkhof
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Unit of Virology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Francesca Falconi-Agapito
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Unit of Virology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium; Molecular Epidemiology Laboratory, Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Marjan Van Esbroeck
- Department of Clinical Sciences, National Reference Center for Arboviruses, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Michael Talledo
- Molecular Epidemiology Laboratory, Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Kevin K Ariën
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Unit of Virology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
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Nasar S, Rashid N, Iftikhar S. Dengue proteins with their role in pathogenesis, and strategies for developing an effective anti-dengue treatment: A review. J Med Virol 2019; 92:941-955. [PMID: 31784997 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Dengue virus is an arbovirus belonging to class Flaviviridae Its clinical manifestation ranges from asymptomatic to extreme conditions (dengue hemorrhagic fever/dengue shock syndrome). A lot of research has been done on this ailment, yet there is no effective treatment available for the disease. This review provides the systematic understanding of all dengue proteins, role of its structural proteins (C-protein, E-protein, prM) in virus entry, assembly, and secretion in host cell, and nonstructural proteins (NS1, NS2a, NS2b, NS3, NS4a, NS4b, and NS5) in viral assembly, replication, and immune evasion during dengue progression and pathogenesis. Furthermore, the review has highlighted the controversies related to the only commercially available dengue vaccine, that is, Dengvaxia, and the risk associated with it. Lastly, it provides an insight regarding various approaches for developing an effective anti-dengue treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sitara Nasar
- School of Biological Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Naeem Rashid
- School of Biological Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Saima Iftikhar
- School of Biological Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
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Versiani AF, Rocha RP, Mendes TAO, Pereira GC, Coelho dos Reis JGA, Bartholomeu DC, da Fonseca FG. Identification of B-Cell Epitopes with Potential to Serologicaly Discrimnate Dengue from Zika Infections. Viruses 2019; 11:E1079. [PMID: 31752352 PMCID: PMC6893796 DOI: 10.3390/v11111079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Dengue is currently one of the most important arbovirus infections worldwide. Early diagnosis is important for disease outcome, particularly for those afflicted with the severe forms of infection. The goal of this work was to identify conserved and polymorphic linear B-cell Dengue virus (DENV) epitopes that could be used for diagnostic purposes. To this end, we aligned the predicted viral proteome of the four DENV serotype and performed in silico B-cell epitope mapping. We developed a script in Perl integrating alignment and prediction information to identify potential serotype-specific epitopes. We excluded epitopes that were similarly present in the yellow fever and zika viruses' proteomes. A total of 15 polymorphic and nine conserved peptides among DENV serotypes were selected. Peptides were spotted on cellulose membranes and tested against sera from rabbits that were monoinfected with each DENV serotype. Although serotype-specific peptides failed to recognize any sera, three conserved peptides were recognized by all anti-dengue sera and were included on an ELISA test employing a well-characterized human sera bank. Of the three peptides, one was able to efficiently identify sera from all four DENV serotypes and to discriminate them from Zika virus positive sera.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice F. Versiani
- Laboratório de Virologia Básica e Aplicada, Departamento de Microbiologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil; (A.F.V.); (R.P.R.); (J.G.A.C.d.R.)
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Virologia, Departamento de Doenças Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Faculdade de Medicina de São José do Rio Preto, São José do Rio Preto 15090-000, Brazil
| | - Raissa Prado Rocha
- Laboratório de Virologia Básica e Aplicada, Departamento de Microbiologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil; (A.F.V.); (R.P.R.); (J.G.A.C.d.R.)
| | - Tiago A. O. Mendes
- Laboratório de Imunologia e Genômica de Parasitos, Departamento de Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil; (T.A.O.M.); (D.C.B.)
| | | | - Jordana Graziella A. Coelho dos Reis
- Laboratório de Virologia Básica e Aplicada, Departamento de Microbiologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil; (A.F.V.); (R.P.R.); (J.G.A.C.d.R.)
| | - Daniella C. Bartholomeu
- Laboratório de Imunologia e Genômica de Parasitos, Departamento de Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil; (T.A.O.M.); (D.C.B.)
| | - Flávio G. da Fonseca
- Laboratório de Virologia Básica e Aplicada, Departamento de Microbiologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil; (A.F.V.); (R.P.R.); (J.G.A.C.d.R.)
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Gonçalves RL, de Lima Menezes G, Sussuchi L, Moreli ML, Mottin M, Andrade CH, Pereira M, da Silva RA. Dynamic behavior of Dengue and Zika viruses NS1 protein reveals monomer–monomer interaction mechanisms and insights to rational drug design. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2019; 38:4353-4363. [DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2019.1677504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Luciane Sussuchi
- Núcleo Colaborativo de BioSistemas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Jataí, GO, Brazil
| | - Marcos Lázaro Moreli
- Núcleo Colaborativo de BioSistemas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Jataí, GO, Brazil
| | - Melina Mottin
- LabMol – Laboratory for Molecular Modeling and Drug Design, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Carolina Horta Andrade
- LabMol – Laboratory for Molecular Modeling and Drug Design, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Maristela Pereira
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
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Amrun SN, Yee W, Abu Bakar F, Lee B, Kam Y, Lum F, Tan JJL, Lim VWX, Watthanaworawit W, Ling C, Nosten F, Renia L, Leo Y, Ng LFP. Novel differential linear B-cell epitopes to identify Zika and dengue virus infections in patients. Clin Transl Immunology 2019; 8:e1066. [PMID: 31372218 PMCID: PMC6659153 DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Revised: 06/09/2019] [Accepted: 06/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Recent Zika virus (ZIKV) outbreaks challenged existing laboratory diagnostic standards, especially for serology-based methods. Because of the genetic and structural similarity of ZIKV with other flaviviruses, this results in cross-reactive antibodies, which confounds serological interpretations. METHODS Plasma from Singapore ZIKV patients was screened longitudinally for antibody responses and neutralising capacities against ZIKV. Samples from healthy controls, ZIKV patients and DENV patients were further assessed using ZIKV and DENV peptides of precursor membrane (prM), envelope (E) or non-structural 1 (NS1) viral proteins in a peptide-based ELISA for epitope identification. Identified epitopes were re-validated and diagnostically evaluated using sera of patients with DENV, bacteria or unknown infections from Thailand. RESULTS Long-lasting ZIKV-neutralising antibodies were elicited during ZIKV infection. Thirteen potential linear B-cell epitopes were identified, and of these, four common flavivirus, three ZIKV-specific and one DENV-specific differential epitopes had more than 50% sensitivity and specificity. Notably, ZIKV-specific peptide 26 on domain I/II of E protein (amino acid residues 271-288) presented 80% sensitivity and 85.7% specificity. Importantly, the differential epitopes also showed significance in differentiating non-flavivirus patient samples. CONCLUSION Linear B-cell epitope candidates to differentiate between ZIKV and DENV infections were identified, providing the first step towards the design of a much-needed serology-based assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siti Naqiah Amrun
- Singapore Immunology NetworkAgency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR)Singapore CitySingapore
| | - Wearn‐Xin Yee
- Singapore Immunology NetworkAgency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR)Singapore CitySingapore
| | - Farhana Abu Bakar
- Singapore Immunology NetworkAgency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR)Singapore CitySingapore
| | - Bernett Lee
- Singapore Immunology NetworkAgency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR)Singapore CitySingapore
| | - Yiu‐Wing Kam
- Singapore Immunology NetworkAgency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR)Singapore CitySingapore
| | - Fok‐Moon Lum
- Singapore Immunology NetworkAgency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR)Singapore CitySingapore
| | - Jeslin JL Tan
- Singapore Immunology NetworkAgency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR)Singapore CitySingapore
| | - Vanessa WX Lim
- Communicable Diseases CentreInstitute of Infectious Diseases and EpidemiologyTan Tock Seng HospitalSingapore CitySingapore
| | - Wanitda Watthanaworawit
- Shoklo Malaria Research UnitMahidol‐Oxford Tropical Medicine Research UnitFaculty of Tropical MedicineMahidol UniversityMae SotThailand
| | - Clare Ling
- Shoklo Malaria Research UnitMahidol‐Oxford Tropical Medicine Research UnitFaculty of Tropical MedicineMahidol UniversityMae SotThailand
| | - Francois Nosten
- Shoklo Malaria Research UnitMahidol‐Oxford Tropical Medicine Research UnitFaculty of Tropical MedicineMahidol UniversityMae SotThailand
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global HealthNuffield Department of MedicineUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Laurent Renia
- Singapore Immunology NetworkAgency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR)Singapore CitySingapore
| | - Yee‐Sin Leo
- Communicable Diseases CentreInstitute of Infectious Diseases and EpidemiologyTan Tock Seng HospitalSingapore CitySingapore
- Lee Kong Chian School of MedicineNanyang Technological UniversitySingapore CitySingapore
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public HealthNational University of SingaporeSingapore CitySingapore
| | - Lisa FP Ng
- Singapore Immunology NetworkAgency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR)Singapore CitySingapore
- National Institute of Health ResearchHealth Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic InfectionsLiverpoolUK
- Institute of Infection and Global HealthUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpoolUK
- Department of BiochemistryYong Loo Lin School of MedicineNational University of SingaporeSingapore CitySingapore
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40
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Fowler AM, Tang WW, Young MP, Mamidi A, Viramontes KM, McCauley MD, Carlin AF, Schooley RT, Swanstrom J, Baric RS, Govero J, Diamond MS, Shresta S. Maternally Acquired Zika Antibodies Enhance Dengue Disease Severity in Mice. Cell Host Microbe 2019; 24:743-750.e5. [PMID: 30439343 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2018.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Revised: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Antibody (Ab)-dependent enhancement can exacerbate dengue virus (DENV) infection due to cross-reactive Abs from an initial DENV infection, facilitating replication of a second DENV. Zika virus (ZIKV) emerged in DENV-endemic areas, raising questions about whether existing immunity could affect these related flaviviruses. We show that mice born with circulating maternal Abs against ZIKV develop severe disease upon DENV infection. Compared with pups of naive mothers, those born to ZIKV-immune mice lacking type I interferon receptor in myeloid cells (LysMCre+Ifnar1fl/fl) exhibit heightened disease and viremia upon DENV infection. Passive transfer of IgG isolated from mice born to ZIKV-immune mothers resulted in increased viremia in naive recipient mice. Treatment with Abs blocking inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor linked to DENV disease or Abs blocking DENV entry improved survival of DENV-infected mice born to ZIKV-immune mothers. Thus, the maternal Ab response to ZIKV infection or vaccination might predispose to severe dengue disease in infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela M Fowler
- Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - William W Tang
- Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Matthew P Young
- Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Anila Mamidi
- Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Karla M Viramontes
- Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Melanie D McCauley
- Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Aaron F Carlin
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Robert T Schooley
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Jesica Swanstrom
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Ralph S Baric
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Jennifer Govero
- Departments of Medicine, Molecular Microbiology, Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Michael S Diamond
- Departments of Medicine, Molecular Microbiology, Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Sujan Shresta
- Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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Matsudaira PT, Verma CS. Editorial. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 143:1-4. [PMID: 30951764 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2019.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul T Matsudaira
- Department of Biological Science, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, 117543, Singapore; Centre for BioImaging Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, 117543, Singapore; MechanoBiology Institute, National University of Singapore, 5A Engineering Drive 1, 117411, Singapore.
| | - Chandra S Verma
- Department of Biological Science, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, 117543, Singapore; School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Dr, 637551, Singapore; Bioinformatics Institute (A*STAR), 30 Biopolis Street, #07-01 Matrix, 138671, Singapore.
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42
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Heffron AS, Mohr EL, Baker D, Haj AK, Buechler CR, Bailey A, Dudley DM, Newman CM, Mohns MS, Koenig M, Breitbach ME, Rasheed M, Stewart LM, Eickhoff J, Pinapati RS, Beckman E, Li H, Patel J, Tan JC, O’Connor DH. Antibody responses to Zika virus proteins in pregnant and non-pregnant macaques. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018; 12:e0006903. [PMID: 30481182 PMCID: PMC6286021 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Revised: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The specificity of the antibody response against Zika virus (ZIKV) is not well-characterized. This is due, in part, to the antigenic similarity between ZIKV and closely related dengue virus (DENV) serotypes. Since these and other similar viruses co-circulate, are spread by the same mosquito species, and can cause similar acute clinical syndromes, it is difficult to disentangle ZIKV-specific antibody responses from responses to closely-related arboviruses in humans. Here we use high-density peptide microarrays to profile anti-ZIKV antibody reactivity in pregnant and non-pregnant macaque monkeys with known exposure histories and compare these results to reactivity following DENV infection. We also compare cross-reactive binding of ZIKV-immune sera to the full proteomes of 28 arboviruses. We independently confirm a purported ZIKV-specific IgG antibody response targeting ZIKV nonstructural protein 2B (NS2B) that was recently reported in ZIKV-infected people and we show that antibody reactivity in pregnant animals can be detected as late as 127 days post-infection (dpi). However, we also show that these responses wane over time, sometimes rapidly, and in one case the response was elicited following DENV infection in a previously ZIKV-exposed animal. These results suggest epidemiologic studies assessing seroprevalence of ZIKV immunity using linear epitope-based strategies will remain challenging to interpret due to susceptibility to false positive results. However, the method used here demonstrates the potential for rapid profiling of proteome-wide antibody responses to a myriad of neglected diseases simultaneously and may be especially useful for distinguishing antibody reactivity among closely related pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna S. Heffron
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States of America
| | - Emma L. Mohr
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States of America
| | - David Baker
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States of America
| | - Amelia K. Haj
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States of America
| | - Connor R. Buechler
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States of America
| | - Adam Bailey
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States of America
| | - Dawn M. Dudley
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States of America
| | - Christina M. Newman
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States of America
| | - Mariel S. Mohns
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States of America
| | - Michelle Koenig
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States of America
| | - Meghan E. Breitbach
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States of America
| | - Mustafa Rasheed
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States of America
| | - Laurel M. Stewart
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States of America
| | - Jens Eickhoff
- Department of Biostatistics & Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States of America
| | - Richard S. Pinapati
- Technology Innovation, Roche Sequencing Solutions, Madison, WI, United States of America
| | - Erica Beckman
- Technology Innovation, Roche Sequencing Solutions, Madison, WI, United States of America
| | - Hanying Li
- Technology Innovation, Roche Sequencing Solutions, Madison, WI, United States of America
| | - Jigar Patel
- Technology Innovation, Roche Sequencing Solutions, Madison, WI, United States of America
| | - John C. Tan
- Technology Innovation, Roche Sequencing Solutions, Madison, WI, United States of America
| | - David H. O’Connor
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States of America
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Lee HJ, Cho Y, Kang HJ, Choi H, Han KR, Chong CK, Kim YB. Identification of peptide based B-cell epitopes in Zika virus NS1. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 505:1010-1014. [PMID: 30309651 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV), a mosquito-borne flavivirus that has recently emerged globally, poses a major threat to public health. To control this emerging disease, accurate diagnostics are required for monitoring current ZIKV outbreaks. Owing to the high nucleotide sequence similarity and cross-reactivity of ZIKV with other members of the Flaviviridae family, discrimination from other flavivirus infections is often difficult in endemic areas. ZIKV NS1 induces major virus-specific antibodies and is therefore utilized as a serological marker for ZIKV diagnosis. To identify ZIKV specific epitopes for clinical application, 33 NS1 peptides that are 15-30 amino acid in length covering whole NS1 were synthesized and analyzed linear B-cell epitopes with 38 human serum samples (20 ZIKV-positive and 18 ZIKV-negative). As a result of screening, eight epitope regions were identified. In particular, the Z8 and Z14 peptides located in the β-ladder surface region showed higher levels of binding activity in ZIKV-positive sera without cross-reactivity to other flaviviruses. These identified sensitive and specific epitopes provide a tool for design of diagnostics and structure-based vaccine antigens for ZIKV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee-Jung Lee
- Department of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, South Korea.
| | - Yeondong Cho
- Department of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, South Korea; Department of Bio-industrial Technologies, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, South Korea.
| | - Hyeon Jeong Kang
- Department of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, South Korea; Department of Bio-industrial Technologies, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, South Korea.
| | - Hanul Choi
- Department of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, South Korea; Department of Bio-industrial Technologies, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, South Korea.
| | | | | | - Young Bong Kim
- Department of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, South Korea; Department of Bio-industrial Technologies, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, South Korea.
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Pearce JC, Learoyd TP, Langendorf BJ, Logan JG. Japanese encephalitis: the vectors, ecology and potential for expansion. J Travel Med 2018; 25:S16-S26. [PMID: 29718435 DOI: 10.1093/jtm/tay009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Japanese encephalitis (JE) is a viral disease predominantly located in South East Asia and commonly associated with transmission between amplifying hosts, such as pigs, and the mosquito Culex tritaeniorhynchus, where human infection represents a dead end in the life cycle of the virus. The expansion of JE beyond an Asiatic confine is dependent on a multitude of complex factors that stem back to genetic subtype variation. A complex interplay of the genetic variation and vector competencies combine with variables such as geography, climate change and urbanization. METHODS Our understanding of JE is still at an early stage with long-term longitudinal vector surveillance necessary to better understand the dynamics of JE transmission and to characterize the role of potential secondary vectors such as Cx. pipiens and Cx. bitaeniorhynchus. The authors review the vectors indicated in transmission and the ecological, genetic and anthropological factors that affect the disease's range and epidemiology. CONCLUSION Monitoring for the presence of JE virus in mosquitoes in general can be used to estimate levels of potential JE exposure, intensity of viral activity and genetic variation of JEV throughout surveyed areas. Increased surveillance and diagnosis of viral encephalitis caused by genotype 5 JE virus is required in particular, with the expansion in epidemiology and disease prevalence in new geographic areas an issue of great concern. Additional studies that measure the impact of vectors (e.g. bionomics and vector competence) in the transmission of JEV and that incorporate environmental factors (e.g. weekly rainfall) are needed to define the roles of Culex species in the viral pathogenesis during outbreak and non-outbreak years.
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Affiliation(s)
- James C Pearce
- ARCTEC, Keppel Street, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Tristan P Learoyd
- Valneva UK Ltd, Centaur House, Ancells Business Park, Ancells Road, Fleet, Hampshire GU51 2UJ, UK
| | - Benjamin J Langendorf
- ARCTEC, Keppel Street, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - James G Logan
- ARCTEC, Keppel Street, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK.,Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK
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Abstract
The spread of Zika virus to the Americas was accompanied by surge in the number of infants with CNS abnormalities leading to a declaration of a health emergency by the WHO. This was accompanied by significant responses from governmental health agencies in the United States and Europe that resulted in significant new information described in the natural history of this perinatal infection in a very short period of time. Although much has been learned about Zika virus infection during pregnancy, limitations of current diagnostics and the challenges for accurate serologic diagnosis of acute Zika virus infection has restricted our understanding of the natural history of this perinatal infection to infants born to women with clinical disease during pregnancy and to Zika exposed infants with obvious clinical stigmata of disease. Thus, the spectrum of disease in infants exposed to Zika virus during pregnancy remains to be defined. In contrast, observations in informative animal models of Zika virus infections have provided rational pathways for vaccine development and existing antiviral drug development programs for other flaviviruses have resulted in accelerated development for potential antiviral therapies. This brief review will highlight some of the current concepts of the natural history of Zika virus during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J Britt
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama School of Medicine, Childrens Hospital Harbor Bldg 160, Birmingham, AL 35233.
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Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) is implicated in fetal stillbirth, microcephaly, intracranial calcifications, and ocular anomalies following vertical transmission from infected mothers. In adults, infection may trigger autoimmune inflammatory polyneuropathy. Transmission most commonly follows the bite of infected Aedes mosquitoes but may also occur through sexual intercourse or receipt of blood products. Definitive diagnosis through detection of viral RNA is possible in serum or plasma within 10 days of disease onset, in whole blood within 3 weeks of onset, and in semen for up to 3 months. Serological diagnosis is nonetheless critical because few patients have access to molecular diagnostics during the acute phase of infection and infection may be associated with only mild or inapparent disease that does not prompt molecular testing. Serological diagnosis is confounded by cross-reactivity of immune sera with other flaviviruses endemic in the areas where ZIKV has recently emerged. Accordingly, we built a high-density microarray comprising nonredundant 12-mer peptides that tile, with one-residue overlap, the proteomes of Zika, dengue, yellow fever, West Nile, Ilheus, Oropouche, and chikungunya viruses. Serological analysis enabled discovery of a ZIKV NS2B 20-residue peptide that had high sensitivity (96.0%) and specificity (95.9%) versus natural infection with or vaccination against dengue, chikungunya, yellow fever, West Nile, tick-borne encephalitis, or Japanese encephalitis virus in a microarray assay and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) of early-convalescent-phase sera (2 to 3 weeks after onset of symptomatic infection). The emergence of Zika virus (ZIKV) as a teratogen is a profound challenge to global public health. Molecular diagnosis of infection is straightforward during the 3-week period when patients are viremic. However, serological diagnosis thereafter of historical exposure has been confounded by cross-reactivity. Using high-density peptide arrays that tile the proteomes of a selection of flaviviruses to identify a ZIKV-specific peptide, we established two assays that enable sensitive and specific diagnosis of exposure to ZIKV. These assays may be useful in guiding clinical management of mothers at risk for potential exposure to ZIKV and enable insights into the epidemiology of ZIKV infections.
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A plant-produced vaccine protects mice against lethal West Nile virus infection without enhancing Zika or dengue virus infectivity. Vaccine 2018; 36:1846-1852. [PMID: 29490880 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.02.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Revised: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV) has caused multiple global outbreaks with increased frequency of neuroinvasive disease in recent years. Despite many years of research, there are no licensed therapeutics or vaccines available for human use. One of the major impediments of vaccine development against WNV is the potential enhancement of infection by related flaviviruses in vaccinated subjects through the mechanism of antibody-dependent enhancement of infection (ADE). For instance, the recent finding of enhancement of Zika virus (ZIKV) infection by pre-exposure to WNV further complicates the development of WNV vaccines. Epidemics of WNV and the potential risk of ADE by current vaccine candidates demand the development of effective and safe vaccines. We have previously reported that the domain III (DIII) of the WNV envelope protein can be readily expressed in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves, purified to homogeneity, and promote antigen-specific antibody response in mice. Herein, we further investigated the in vivo potency of a plant-made DIII (plant-DIII) in providing protective immunity against WNV infection. Furthermore, we examined if vaccination with plant-DIII would enhance the risk of a subsequent infection by ZIKV and Dengue virus (DENV). Plant-DIII vaccination evoked antigen-specific cellular immune responses as well as humoral responses. DIII-specific antibodies were neutralizing and the neutralization titers met the threshold correlated with protective immunity by vaccines against multiple flaviviruses. Furthermore, passive administration of anti-plant DIII mouse serum provided full protection against a lethal challenge of WNV infection in mice. Notably, plant DIII-induced antibodies did not enhance ZIKV and DENV infection in Fc gamma receptor-expressing cells, addressing the concern of WNV vaccines in inducing cross-reactive antibodies and sensitizing subjects to subsequent infection by heterologous flavivirus. This study provides the first report of a WNV subunit vaccine that induces protective immunity, while circumventing induction of antibodies with enhancing activity for ZIKV and DENV infection.
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Development of Zika Virus Serological Testing Strategies in New York State. J Clin Microbiol 2018; 56:JCM.01591-17. [PMID: 29263203 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.01591-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent outbreak of Zika virus (ZIKV) in the Americas has challenged diagnostic laboratory testing strategies. At the Wadsworth Center, ZIKV serological testing was performed for over 10,000 specimens, using a combination of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for IgM antibodies (Abs) to ZIKV, a polyvalent microsphere immunoassay (MIA) to detect Abs broadly reactive with flaviviruses, and a plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT) for further testing. Overall, 42% of patients showed serological evidence of flavivirus infection (primarily past dengue virus [DENV] infection), while 7% possessed IgM Abs to ZIKV and/or DENV. ZIKV IgM Abs typically arose within 3 to 4 days, with only one instance of duration beyond 100 days after reported symptoms. PRNT analysis of 826 IgM-positive specimens showed 7% positive neutralization to ZIKV alone, 9% to DENV alone, and 85% to both ZIKV and DENV. Thus, the extensive Ab cross-reactivity among flaviviruses significantly reduced the value of performing PRNT analysis, especially when a traditional paired serum algorithm with viral neutralization titering was used. Nevertheless, the finding of a negative ZIKV result by PRNT was invaluable for reassuring both physicians and patients. The MIA detected both IgM and IgG, which enabled us to identify patients who presented without IgM anti-ZIKV Abs but still had ZIKV-specific neutralizing Abs. On the basis of these results, a new algorithm, which included an IgM Ab capture (MAC)-ELISA to detect recent infection, a flavivirus MIA to identify patients no longer producing IgM, and a single-dilution PRNT for ZIKV exclusion and occasional discrimination of ZIKV and DENV, was implemented.
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