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Luo L, Fan W, Qin J, Guo S, Xiao H, Tang Z. Pharmacological and Pathological Effects of Mulberry Leaf Extract on the Treatment of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus Mice. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2023; 45:5403-5421. [PMID: 37504259 PMCID: PMC10378407 DOI: 10.3390/cimb45070343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 06/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the pharmacological and pathological effects of aqueous mulberry leaf extract on type 1 diabetes mellitus mice induced with an intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (STZ). Diabetic mice were randomized into six groups: control (normal group), model, metformin-treated mice, and high-dose, medium-dose, and low-dose mulberry. The mulberry-treated mice were divided into high-, medium-, and low-dose groups based on the various doses of aqueous mulberry leaf extract during gavage. The efficacy of the six-week intervention was evaluated by measuring levels of fasting plasma glucose, alkaline phosphatase, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate transaminase, blood urea nitrogen, gamma-glutamyl transferase, glucose, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, lactate dehydrogenase, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and recording body weight. Results revealed that mulberry leaf extract exhibited an ideal hypoglycemic effect, and the high-dose group was the most affected. Histology analysis, glycogen staining and apoptosis detection were used to study the extract's effects on the liver, kidney, and pancreatic cells of diabetic mice, enabling the assessment of its effectiveness and complications on a clinical and theoretical basis. It was shown that a certain concentration of aqueous mulberry leaf extract repaired the islet cells of type 1 diabetes mellitus mice, promoting normal insulin secretion. Herein, it was confirmed that mulberry leaf could be used to develop new hypoglycemic drugs or functional health food with broad applicability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liru Luo
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
- Hunan Engineering Technology Research Center for Rapeseed Oil Nutrition Health and Deep Development, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Wei Fan
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
- Hunan Engineering Technology Research Center for Rapeseed Oil Nutrition Health and Deep Development, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Jingping Qin
- Hunan Engineering Technology Research Center for Rapeseed Oil Nutrition Health and Deep Development, Changsha 410128, China
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Shiyin Guo
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
- Hunan Engineering Technology Research Center for Rapeseed Oil Nutrition Health and Deep Development, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Hang Xiao
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
- Hunan Engineering Technology Research Center for Rapeseed Oil Nutrition Health and Deep Development, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Zhonghai Tang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
- Hunan Engineering Technology Research Center for Rapeseed Oil Nutrition Health and Deep Development, Changsha 410128, China
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Hong L, Xu Y, Wang D, Zhang Q, Li X, Xie C, Wu J, Zhong C, Fu J, Geng S. Sulforaphane ameliorates bisphenol A-induced hepatic lipid accumulation by inhibiting endoplasmic reticulum stress. Sci Rep 2023; 13:1147. [PMID: 36670177 PMCID: PMC9859828 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-28395-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in bisphenol A (BPA) - induced hepatic lipid accumulation as well as the protective effects of Sulforaphane (SFN) in this process. Human hepatocyte cell line (LO2) and C57/BL6J mice were used to examine BPA-triggered hepatic lipid accumulation and the underlying mechanism. Hepatic lipid accumulation, triglycerides (TGs) levels, the expression levels of lipogenesis-related genes and proteins in the ER stress pathway were measured. It was revealed that BPA treatment increased the number of lipid droplets, the levels of TG and mRNAs expression of lipogenesis-related genes, and activated the ER stress pathway. These changes were inhibited by an ER stress inhibitor 4-phenylbutyric acid. SFN treatment abrogated BPA-altered hepatic lipid metabolism and ameliorated BPA-induced ER stress-related markers. Together, these findings suggested that BPA activated ER stress to promote hepatic lipid accumulation, and that SFN reversed those BPA effects by alleviating ER stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixia Hong
- Department of Nutrition and Food Safety, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Jiangning District, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Yide Xu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Safety, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Jiangning District, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Dongdong Wang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Safety, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Jiangning District, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Safety, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Jiangning District, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Xiaoting Li
- Department of Nutrition and Food Safety, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Jiangning District, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Chunfeng Xie
- Department of Nutrition and Food Safety, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Jiangning District, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Jieshu Wu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Safety, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Jiangning District, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Caiyun Zhong
- Department of Nutrition and Food Safety, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Jiangning District, Nanjing, 211166, China.
| | - Jinyan Fu
- Department of Nutrition, Wuxi Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Wuxi, 214002, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Shanshan Geng
- Department of Nutrition and Food Safety, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Jiangning District, Nanjing, 211166, China.
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Sirasanagandla SR, Al-Huseini I, Sakr H, Moqadass M, Das S, Juliana N, Abu IF. Natural Products in Mitigation of Bisphenol A Toxicity: Future Therapeutic Use. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27175384. [PMID: 36080155 PMCID: PMC9457803 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27175384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 08/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) is a ubiquitous environmental toxin with deleterious endocrine-disrupting effects. It is widely used in producing epoxy resins, polycarbonate plastics, and polyvinyl chloride plastics. Human beings are regularly exposed to BPA through inhalation, ingestion, and topical absorption routes. The prevalence of BPA exposure has considerably increased over the past decades. Previous research studies have found a plethora of evidence of BPA’s harmful effects. Interestingly, even at a lower concentration, this industrial product was found to be harmful at cellular and tissue levels, affecting various body functions. A noble and possible treatment could be made plausible by using natural products (NPs). In this review, we highlight existing experimental evidence of NPs against BPA exposure-induced adverse effects, which involve the body’s reproductive, neurological, hepatic, renal, cardiovascular, and endocrine systems. The review also focuses on the targeted signaling pathways of NPs involved in BPA-induced toxicity. Although potential molecular mechanisms underlying BPA-induced toxicity have been investigated, there is currently no specific targeted treatment for BPA-induced toxicity. Hence, natural products could be considered for future therapeutic use against adverse and harmful effects of BPA exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srinivasa Rao Sirasanagandla
- Department of Human and Clinical Anatomy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat 123, Oman
| | - Isehaq Al-Huseini
- College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat 123, Oman
| | - Hussein Sakr
- College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat 123, Oman
| | - Marzie Moqadass
- College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat 123, Oman
| | - Srijit Das
- Department of Human and Clinical Anatomy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat 123, Oman
- Correspondence: or
| | - Norsham Juliana
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia, Nilai 71800, Malaysia
| | - Izuddin Fahmy Abu
- Institute of Medical Science Technology, Universiti Kuala Lumpur, Kuala Lumpur 50250, Malaysia
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Gomes ECZ, Teleken JL, Vargas R, Alegre-Maller ACP, Amorim JPDA, Bonfleur ML, Balbo SL. Exposure to glyphosate-based herbicide during early stages of development increases insulin sensitivity and causes liver inflammation in adult mice offspring. EINSTEIN-SAO PAULO 2022; 20:eAO6778. [PMID: 35674629 PMCID: PMC9165568 DOI: 10.31744/einstein_journal/2022ao6778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect of pre and postnatal exposure to a glyphosate-based herbicide on glucose metabolism and liver histology in adult F1 mice offspring. METHODS Female mice (C57Bl/6) received 0.5% of glyphosate (Roundup Original DI®) in drinking water or purified water (Glyphosate Group and Control Group respectively) during pregnancy and lactation. Offspring (F1) were submitted to glucose and insulin tolerance tests and euthanized on postnatal day 150. Body and plasma parameters, and liver histology were analyzed. RESULTS Exposure to glyphosate reduced maternal body weight gain during pregnancy and lactation, with no impacts on litter size. Pre and postnatal exposure to glyphosate did not affect body parameters but increased glucose tolerance on postnatal day 60. In spite of glucose tolerance normalization by postnatal day 143, this effect was associated with higher insulin sensitivity relative to mice in the Control-F1 Group. Mice in the Glyphosate-F1 Group had mild and moderate lobular inflammation in the liver. CONCLUSION Maternal exposure to glyphosate affected insulin sensitivity and caused hepatic inflammation in adult F1 mice offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Carolina Zawoski Gomes
- Universidade Estadual do Oeste do ParanáCascavelPRBrazilUniversidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, Cascavel, PR, Brazil.
| | - Jakeline Liara Teleken
- Universidade Estadual do Oeste do ParanáCascavelPRBrazilUniversidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, Cascavel, PR, Brazil.
| | - Rodrigo Vargas
- Universidade Estadual do Oeste do ParanáCascavelPRBrazilUniversidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, Cascavel, PR, Brazil.
| | - Ana Claudia Paiva Alegre-Maller
- Centro Universitário Fundação Assis GurgaczCascavelPRBrazilCentro Universitário Fundação Assis Gurgacz, Cascavel, PR, Brazil.
| | - João Paulo de Arruda Amorim
- Universidade Estadual do Oeste do ParanáCascavelPRBrazilUniversidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, Cascavel, PR, Brazil.
| | - Maria Lúcia Bonfleur
- Universidade Estadual do Oeste do ParanáCascavelPRBrazilUniversidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, Cascavel, PR, Brazil.
| | - Sandra Lucinei Balbo
- Universidade Estadual do Oeste do ParanáCascavelPRBrazilUniversidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, Cascavel, PR, Brazil.
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Huang CC, Yang CY, Su CC, Fang KM, Yen CC, Lin CT, Liu JM, Lee KI, Chen YW, Liu SH, Huang CF. 4-Methyl-2,4-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)pent-1-ene, a Major Active Metabolite of Bisphenol A, Triggers Pancreatic β-Cell Death via a JNK/AMPKα Activation-Regulated Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress-Mediated Apoptotic Pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094379. [PMID: 33922211 PMCID: PMC8122752 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
4-methyl-2,4-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)pent-1-ene (MBP), a major active metabolite of bisphenol A (BPA), is generated in the mammalian liver. Some studies have suggested that MBP exerts greater toxicity than BPA. However, the mechanism underlying MBP-induced pancreatic β-cell cytotoxicity remains largely unclear. This study demonstrated the cytotoxicity of MBP in pancreatic β-cells and elucidated the cellular mechanism involved in MBP-induced β-cell death. Our results showed that MBP exposure significantly reduced cell viability, caused insulin secretion dysfunction, and induced apoptotic events including increased caspase-3 activity and the expression of active forms of caspase-3/-7/-9 and PARP protein. In addition, MBP triggered endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, as indicated by the upregulation of GRP 78, CHOP, and cleaved caspase-12 proteins. Pretreatment with 4-phenylbutyric acid (4-PBA; a pharmacological inhibitor of ER stress) markedly reversed MBP-induced ER stress and apoptosis-related signals. Furthermore, exposure to MBP significantly induced the protein phosphorylation of JNK and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)α. Pretreatment of β-cells with pharmacological inhibitors for JNK (SP600125) and AMPK (compound C), respectively, effectively abrogated the MBP-induced apoptosis-related signals. Both JNK and AMPK inhibitors also suppressed the MBP-induced activation of JNK and AMPKα and of each other. In conclusion, these findings suggest that MBP exposure exerts cytotoxicity on β-cells via the interdependent activation of JNK and AMPKα, which regulates the downstream apoptotic signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Chin Huang
- Department of Emergency, Taichung Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Taichung 427, Taiwan; (C.-C.H.); (J.-M.L.); (K.-IL.)
| | - Ching-Yao Yang
- Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 100, Taiwan;
| | - Chin-Chuan Su
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua County 500, Taiwan;
- School of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Kai-Min Fang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City 220, Taiwan;
| | - Cheng-Chieh Yen
- Department of Occupational Safety and Health, College of Health Care and Management, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402, Taiwan;
| | - Ching-Ting Lin
- School of Chinese Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan;
| | - Jui-Min Liu
- Department of Emergency, Taichung Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Taichung 427, Taiwan; (C.-C.H.); (J.-M.L.); (K.-IL.)
| | - Kuan-I Lee
- Department of Emergency, Taichung Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Taichung 427, Taiwan; (C.-C.H.); (J.-M.L.); (K.-IL.)
| | - Ya-Wen Chen
- Department of Physiology and Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan;
| | - Shing-Hwa Liu
- Institute of Toxicology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (S.-H.L.); (C.-F.H.)
| | - Chun-Fa Huang
- School of Chinese Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan;
- Department of Nursing, College of Medical and Health Science, Asia University, Taichung 413, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (S.-H.L.); (C.-F.H.)
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Akash MSH, Sabir S, Rehman K. Bisphenol A-induced metabolic disorders: From exposure to mechanism of action. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2020; 77:103373. [PMID: 32200274 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2020.103373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) is considered as ubiquitous xenooestrogen and an endocrine disrupting chemical which has deleterious effects on endocrine functions. Human populations are continuously exposed to BPA as it is abundant in daily life. It has been found to be associated with wide range of metabolic disorders notably type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM). Numerous epidemiological studies have been conducted to find its role in development of DM. Experimental studies have found that BPA exposure is associated with pathogenesis of DM and also considered as a risk factor for gestational diabetes. Being a lipophilic compound, BPA is preferably accumulated in adipose tissues where it alters the production of adipokines that play important roles in insulin resistance. BPA induces apoptosis by caspase activation after mitochondrial damage and it impairs insulin signaling pathways by altering associated ion channel activity especially potassium channels. Perinatal exposure of BPA makes offspring more susceptible to develop DM in early years. Epigenetic modifications are the key mechanisms for BPA-induced metabolic re-programming, where BPA alters the expression of DNA methyltransferases involved in methylation of various genes. In this way, DNA methyltransferase controls the expression of numerous genes including genes important for insulin secretion and signaling. Furthermore, BPA induces histone modifications and alters miRNA expression. In this article, we have briefly described the sources of BPA exposure to human being and summarized the evidence from epidemiological studies linking DM with BPA exposure. Additionally, we have also highlighted the potential molecular pathways for BPA-induced DM.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shakila Sabir
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Government College University Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Kanwal Rehman
- Department of Pharmacy, University Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
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Soundararajan A, Yoganantharajah P, Raghavan S, Mohan V, Balasubramanyam M, Gibert Y. Bisphenol A exposure under metabolic stress induces accelerated cellular senescence in vivo in a p53 independent manner. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 689:1201-1211. [PMID: 31358486 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.06.391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Senescence is an irreversible process that is a characteristic of age-associated disease like Type 2 diabetes (T2D). Bisphenol-A (BPA), one of the most common endocrine disruptor chemicals, received special attention in the development of insulin resistance and T2D. To understand the role played by BPA in cellular senescence under metabolic stress, zebrafish embryos were exposed to BPA in the absence and presence of hyperglycaemia. Transcriptional levels of the senescence markers p15, p53, Rb1 and β-galactosidase were increased when BPA was combined with metabolic stress. In addition, zebrafish embryos that were exposed to combination of hyperglycaemia and BPA exhibited increased levels of apoptosis. However, cellular senescence remained induced by a combination of hyperglycaemia and BPA exposure even in the absence of a translated p53 protein suggesting that senescence is primarily independent of it but dependent on the p15-Rb1 pathway under our experimental conditions. To confirm that our results hold true in adult mammalian tissues, we validated our embryonic experiments in an adult mammalian metabolic model of skeletal muscle cells. Our work reveals a novel and unique converging role of senescence and apoptosis axis contributing to glucose dyshomeostasis. Thus, we conclude that BPA exposure can exacerbate existing metabolic stress to increase cellular senescence that leads to aggravation of disease phenotype in age-associated diseases like type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avinash Soundararajan
- Metabolic Genetic Diseases Laboratory, Metabolic Research Unit, Deakin University School of Medicine, 75 Pigdons Road, Geelong, VIC 3216, Australia; Depts. of Cell and Molecular Biology and Diabetology, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation & Dr. Mohan's Diabetes Specialties Centre, ICMR- Centre for Advanced Research on Diabetes and WHO Collaborating Centre for Non-Communicable Diseases Prevention & Control, Gopalapuram, Chennai 600086, India
| | - Prusothman Yoganantharajah
- Metabolic Genetic Diseases Laboratory, Metabolic Research Unit, Deakin University School of Medicine, 75 Pigdons Road, Geelong, VIC 3216, Australia
| | - Srividhya Raghavan
- Depts. of Cell and Molecular Biology and Diabetology, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation & Dr. Mohan's Diabetes Specialties Centre, ICMR- Centre for Advanced Research on Diabetes and WHO Collaborating Centre for Non-Communicable Diseases Prevention & Control, Gopalapuram, Chennai 600086, India
| | - Viswanathan Mohan
- Depts. of Cell and Molecular Biology and Diabetology, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation & Dr. Mohan's Diabetes Specialties Centre, ICMR- Centre for Advanced Research on Diabetes and WHO Collaborating Centre for Non-Communicable Diseases Prevention & Control, Gopalapuram, Chennai 600086, India
| | - Muthuswamy Balasubramanyam
- Depts. of Cell and Molecular Biology and Diabetology, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation & Dr. Mohan's Diabetes Specialties Centre, ICMR- Centre for Advanced Research on Diabetes and WHO Collaborating Centre for Non-Communicable Diseases Prevention & Control, Gopalapuram, Chennai 600086, India
| | - Yann Gibert
- Metabolic Genetic Diseases Laboratory, Metabolic Research Unit, Deakin University School of Medicine, 75 Pigdons Road, Geelong, VIC 3216, Australia.
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Tudurí E, Marroqui L, Dos Santos RS, Quesada I, Fuentes E, Alonso-Magdalena P. Timing of Exposure and Bisphenol-A: Implications for Diabetes Development. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:648. [PMID: 30429829 PMCID: PMC6220716 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Bisphenol-A (BPA) is one of the most widespread endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs). It is used as the base compound in the production of polycarbonate and other plastics present in many consumer products. It is also used as a building block in epoxy can coating and the thermal paper of cash register receipts. Humans are consistently exposed to BPA and, in consequence, this compound has been detected in the majority of individuals examined. Over the last decade, an enlarging body of evidence has provided a strong support for the role of BPA in the etiology of diabetes and other metabolic disorders. Timing of exposure to EDCs results crucial since it has important implications on the resulting adverse effects. It is now well established that the developing organisms are particularly sensitive to environmental influences. Exposure to EDCs during early life may result in permanent adverse consequences, which increases the risk of developing chronic diseases like diabetes in adult life. In addition to that, developmental abnormalities can be transmitted from one generation to the next, thus affecting future generations. More recently, it has been proposed that gestational environment may also program long-term susceptibility to metabolic disorders in the mother. In the present review, we will comment and discuss the contributing role of BPA in the etiology of diabetes. We will address the metabolic consequences of BPA exposure at different stages of life and comment on the final phenotype observed in different whole-animal models of study.
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