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Miqueleiz U, Aguado-Jimenez R, Lecumberri P, Gorostiaga EM. Consistency of sex-based differences between treadmill and overground running using an inertial measurement unit (IMU). J Biomech 2024; 172:112202. [PMID: 38945010 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2024.112202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Revised: 06/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
Differences in running gait between treadmill and overground running has been subject of study, while consistency of group differences between running surfaces has not been previously analysed. This study examined both the differences between running surfaces and the consistency of sex-based differences between surfaces in some spatiotemporal and kinematic variables measured by an inertial measurement unit fastened over the lumbar spine. Thirty-two (sixteen females) endurance runners firstly performed overground and then treadmill (1 % inclination) runs at speeds between 9-21 km∙h-1. Males showed lower flight time (FT) [moderate effect size (ES)] during treadmill running compared to overground, while females showed greater stride frequency (SF) (moderate ES), lower stride length (SL) (moderate ES), FT (moderate ES), and vertical (VT) trunk displacement (moderate ES), as well as greater medio-lateral (ML) trunk displacement (moderate ES). No differences in CT between surfaces were found (trivial to small). Furthermore, all the sex-differences were consistent between treadmill and overground running: Males showed lower SF (large and moderate ES, respectively), greater SL (large and moderate ES) and CT (moderate and large ES), lower FT (large ES), greater VT displacement (moderate to large ES), and lower ML displacement (moderate ES) than females. These results may be of interest to carefully transfer the running gait analyses between surfaces depending on sex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Unai Miqueleiz
- Department of Health Sciences, Public University of Navarre, Pamplona, Spain; Studies, Research and Sports Medicine Centre (CEIMD), Government of Navarre, Pamplona, Spain
| | | | - Pablo Lecumberri
- Department of Mathematics, Public University of Navarre, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Esteban M Gorostiaga
- Studies, Research and Sports Medicine Centre (CEIMD), Government of Navarre, Pamplona, Spain
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Godin A, Rouget L, Eustache E, Mourot L, Sagawa Y. Evaluation of the optimal number of steps to obtain reliable running spatio-temporal parameters and their variability. Gait Posture 2024; 111:37-43. [PMID: 38615567 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2024.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spatio-temporal running parameters and their variability help to determine a runner's running style. However, determining whether a change is due to the measurement or to a specific condition such as an injury is a matter of debate, as no recommendation on the number of steps required to obtain reliable assessments exists. RESEARCH QUESTION What is the optimal number of steps required to measure different spatio-temporal parameters and study their variability at different running speeds? METHODS Twenty-five runners performed three experimental sessions of three bouts of treadmill running at 8, 10 and 12 km/h separated by 24 h. We measured cadence, stride, step, contact and flight time. We calculated the duty factor and the leg stiffness index (Kleg). Mean spatio-temporal parameters and linear (coefficient of variation, standard deviation) and non-linear (Higuchi fractal index, α1 coefficient of detrended fluctuation analysis) analyses were computed for different numbers of steps. Relative reliability was determined using the intraclass coefficient correlation. The minimal number of steps which present a good reliability level was considered as the optimal number of steps for measurement. Absolute reliability was assessed by calculating minimal detectable change. RESULTS To assess the mean values of spatio-temporal running parameters, between 16 and 150 steps were required. We were unable to obtain an optimal number of steps for cadence, stride and step-time variabilities for all speeds. For the linear analyses, we deduced the optimal number of steps for Kleg and the contact time (around 350 steps). Non-linear analyses measurements required between 350 and 540 steps, depending on the parameter. SIGNIFICANCE Researchers and clinicians should optimize experimental conditions (number of steps and running speed) depending on the parameter or the variability analysis targeted. Future studies must use absolute reliability metrics to report changes in response to a specific condition with no bias due to measurement error.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Godin
- Université de Franche-Comté, SINERGIES, Besançon F-25000, France; Université de Franche-Comté, Plateforme Exercice Performance Santé Innovation, Besançon F-25000, France.
| | - Lucas Rouget
- Université de Franche-Comté, SINERGIES, Besançon F-25000, France
| | - Esther Eustache
- Institut des Sciences du Sport de l'Université de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Laurent Mourot
- Université de Franche-Comté, SINERGIES, Besançon F-25000, France; Université de Franche-Comté, Plateforme Exercice Performance Santé Innovation, Besançon F-25000, France; Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Thompson Rivers University, Kamloops, BC V2C 0C8, Canada
| | - Yoshimasa Sagawa
- Université de Franche-Comté, CHU Besançon, LINC, Besançon F-25000, France
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Miqueleiz U, Aguado-Jimenez R, Lecumberri P, Garcia-Tabar I, Gorostiaga EM. Reliability of Xsens inertial measurement unit in measuring trunk accelerations: a sex-based differences study during incremental treadmill running. Front Sports Act Living 2024; 6:1357353. [PMID: 38600906 PMCID: PMC11004309 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2024.1357353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Inertial measurement units (IMUs) are utilized to measure trunk acceleration variables related to both running performances and rehabilitation purposes. This study examined both the reliability and sex-based differences of these variables during an incremental treadmill running test. Methods Eighteen endurance runners performed a test-retest on different days, and 30 runners (15 females) were recruited to analyze sex-based differences. Mediolateral (ML) and vertical (VT) trunk displacement and root mean square (RMS) accelerations were analyzed at 9, 15, and 21 km·h-1. Results No significant differences were found between test-retests [effect size (ES)<0.50)]. Higher intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) were found in the trunk displacement (0.85-0.96) compared to the RMS-based variables (0.71-0.94). Male runners showed greater VT displacement (ES = 0.90-1.0), while female runners displayed greater ML displacement, RMS ML and anteroposterior (AP), and resultant euclidean scalar (RES) (ES = 0.83-1.9). Discussion The IMU was found reliable for the analysis of the studied trunk acceleration-based variables. This is the first study that reports different results concerning acceleration (RMS) and trunk displacement variables for a same axis in the analysis of sex-based differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Unai Miqueleiz
- Department of Health Sciences, Public University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Studies, Research and Sports Medicine Centre (CEIMD), Government of Navarre, Pamplona, Spain
| | | | - Pablo Lecumberri
- Department of Mathematics, Public University of Navarre, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Ibai Garcia-Tabar
- Society, Sports and Physical Exercise Research Group (GIKAFIT), Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Education and Sport, University of the Basque Country, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Esteban M. Gorostiaga
- Studies, Research and Sports Medicine Centre (CEIMD), Government of Navarre, Pamplona, Spain
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Chalitsios C, Nikodelis T, Mavrommatis G, Kollias I. Subject-specific sensitivity of several biomechanical features to fatigue during an exhaustive treadmill run. Sci Rep 2024; 14:1004. [PMID: 38200137 PMCID: PMC10781943 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-51296-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to examine the sensitivity of several movement features during running to exhaustion in a subject-specific setup adopting a cross-sectional design and a machine learning approach. Thirteen recreational runners, that systematically trained and competed, performed an exhaustive running protocol on an instrumented treadmill. Respiratory data were collected to establish the second ventilatory threshold (VT2) in order to obtain a reference point regarding the gradual accumulation of fatigue. A machine learning approach was adopted to analyze kinetic and kinematic data recorded for each participant, using a random forest classifier for the region pre and post the second ventilatory threshold. SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) analysis was used to explain the models' predictions and to provide insight about the most important variables. The classification accuracy value of the models adopted ranged from 0.853 to 0.962. The most important feature in six out of thirteen participants was the angular range in AP axis of upper trunk C7 (RTAPu) followed by maximum loading rate (RFDmaxD) and the angular range in the LT axis of the C7. SHAP dependence plots also showed an increased dispersion of predictions in stages around the second ventilatory threshold which is consistent with feature interactions. These results showed that each runner used the examined features differently to cope with the increase in fatigue and mitigate its effects in order to maintain a proper motor pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christos Chalitsios
- Biomechanics Laboratory, Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Thomas Nikodelis
- Biomechanics Laboratory, Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Georgios Mavrommatis
- Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Iraklis Kollias
- Biomechanics Laboratory, Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
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Rodríguez J, Marín J, Royo AC, Padrón L, Pérez-Soto M, Marín JJ. KeepRunning: A MoCap-Based Rapid Test to Prevent Musculoskeletal Running Injuries. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:9336. [PMID: 38067707 PMCID: PMC10708810 DOI: 10.3390/s23239336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
The worldwide popularisation of running as a sport and recreational practice has led to a high rate of musculoskeletal injuries, usually caused by a lack of knowledge about the most suitable running technique for each runner. This running technique is determined by a runner's anthropometric body characteristics, dexterity and skill. Therefore, this study aims to develop a motion capture-based running analysis test on a treadmill called KeepRunning to obtain running patterns rapidly, which will aid coaches and clinicians in assessing changes in running technique considering changes in the study variables. Therefore, a review and proposal of the most representative events and variables of analysis in running was conducted to develop the KeepRunning test. Likewise, the minimal detectable change (MDC) in these variables was obtained using test-retest reliability to demonstrate the reproducibility and viability of the test, as well as the use of MDC as a threshold for future assessments. The test-retest consisted of 32 healthy volunteer athletes with a running training routine of at least 15 km per week repeating the test twice. In each test, clusters of markers were placed on the runners' body segments using elastic bands and the volunteers' movements were captured while running on a treadmill. In this study, reproducibility was defined by the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and MDC, obtaining a mean value of ICC = 0.94 ± 0.05 for all variables and MDC = 2.73 ± 1.16° for the angular kinematic variables. The results obtained in the test-retest reveal that the reproducibility of the test was similar or better than that found in the literature. KeepRunning is a running analysis test that provides data from the involved body segments rapidly and easily interpretable. This data allows clinicians and coaches to objectively provide indications for runners to improve their running technique and avoid possible injury. The proposed test can be used in the future with inertial motion capture and other wearable technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Rodríguez
- IDERGO (Research and Development in Ergonomics), I3A (Instituto de Investigación en Ingeniería de Aragón), University of Zaragoza, C/María de Luna, 3, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain (A.C.R.); (L.P.); (M.P.-S.); (J.J.M.)
| | - Javier Marín
- IDERGO (Research and Development in Ergonomics), I3A (Instituto de Investigación en Ingeniería de Aragón), University of Zaragoza, C/María de Luna, 3, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain (A.C.R.); (L.P.); (M.P.-S.); (J.J.M.)
- Department of Design and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Zaragoza, C/María de Luna, 3, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Ana C. Royo
- IDERGO (Research and Development in Ergonomics), I3A (Instituto de Investigación en Ingeniería de Aragón), University of Zaragoza, C/María de Luna, 3, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain (A.C.R.); (L.P.); (M.P.-S.); (J.J.M.)
- Department of Design and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Zaragoza, C/María de Luna, 3, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Luis Padrón
- IDERGO (Research and Development in Ergonomics), I3A (Instituto de Investigación en Ingeniería de Aragón), University of Zaragoza, C/María de Luna, 3, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain (A.C.R.); (L.P.); (M.P.-S.); (J.J.M.)
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Zaragoza, C/Mariano Esquillor s/n, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Manuel Pérez-Soto
- IDERGO (Research and Development in Ergonomics), I3A (Instituto de Investigación en Ingeniería de Aragón), University of Zaragoza, C/María de Luna, 3, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain (A.C.R.); (L.P.); (M.P.-S.); (J.J.M.)
- Department of Design and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Zaragoza, C/María de Luna, 3, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - José J. Marín
- IDERGO (Research and Development in Ergonomics), I3A (Instituto de Investigación en Ingeniería de Aragón), University of Zaragoza, C/María de Luna, 3, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain (A.C.R.); (L.P.); (M.P.-S.); (J.J.M.)
- Department of Design and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Zaragoza, C/María de Luna, 3, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
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Kovács B, Petridis L, Négyesi J, Sebestyén Ö, Jingyi Y, Zhang J, Gu Y, Tihanyi J. An Acute Transition from Rearfoot to Forefoot Strike does not Induce Major Changes in Plantarflexor Muscles Activation for Habitual Rearfoot Strike Runners. J Sports Sci Med 2023; 22:512-525. [PMID: 37711699 PMCID: PMC10499148 DOI: 10.52082/jssm.2023.512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Footstrike pattern has received increased attention within the running community because there is a common belief that forefoot strike running (FFS) is more advantageous (i.e., improve performance and reduce running injuries) than rearfoot strike running (RFS) in distance running. Literature reports suggest greater knee joint flexion magnitude and initial knee angle during stance in FFS compared with RFS running We examined the EMG activation of the triceps surae muscles during an acute transition from RFS to FFS strike. We tested the hypothesis that due to larger knee flexion in FFS the gastrocnemius muscles possibly decrease their EMG activity because muscle fascicles operate under unfavorable conditions. Fourteen competitive healthy middle- and long-distance runners who were habitual RFS runners ran on a treadmill at three speeds: 12, 14, and 16 km·h-1. Each running speed was performed with both FFS and RFS patterns. Lower limb kinematics in the sagittal plane and normalized electromyography (EMG) activity of medial gastrocnemius proximal, middle and distal regions, lateral gastrocnemius and soleus muscles were compared between footstrike patterns and running speeds across the stride cycle. Contrary to our expectations, the knee joint range of motion was similar in FFS and RFS running. However, the sagittal plane ankle joint motion was greater (p < 0.01) while running with FFS, resulting in a significantly greater muscle-tendon unit lengthening (p < 0.01) in FFS compared with RFS running. In addition, medial and lateral gastrocnemius showed higher EMG activity in FFS compared with RFS running in the late swing and early stance but only for a small percentage of the stride cycle. However, strike patterns and running speed failed to induce region-specific activation differences within the medial gastrocnemius muscle. Overall, well-trained RFS runners are able to change to FFS running by altering only the ankle joint kinematics without remarkably changing the EMG activity pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bálint Kovács
- Ningbo University, Faculty of Sport Science, Ningbo, China
- Department of Kinesiology, Hungarian University of Sport Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Leonidas Petridis
- Research Centre for Sport Physiology, Hungarian University of Sport Sciences, Hungary
| | - János Négyesi
- Division of Biomedical Engineering for Health and Welfare, Tohoku University Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, Sendai, Japan
| | - Örs Sebestyén
- Department of Kinesiology, Hungarian University of Sport Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ye Jingyi
- Ningbo University, Faculty of Sport Science, Ningbo, China
| | - Jingfeng Zhang
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Department of Radiology, HwaMei Hospital, Ningbo, China
| | - Yaodong Gu
- Ningbo University, Faculty of Sport Science, Ningbo, China
| | - József Tihanyi
- Department of Kinesiology, Hungarian University of Sport Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
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Padulo J, Ayalon M, Barbieri FA, Di Capua R, Doria C, Ardigò LP, Dello Iacono A. Effects of Gradient and Speed on Uphill Running Gait Variability. Sports Health 2022; 15:67-73. [PMID: 35343321 PMCID: PMC9808836 DOI: 10.1177/19417381211067721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of gradient and speed on running variability (RV) and local dynamic stability (LDS) during uphill running. HYPOTHESES (1) Both gradient and speed increase metabolic effort, in terms of heart rate (HR) and perceived exertion (CR10), in line with the contemporary literature, and (2) gradient increases RV and impairs LDS. STUDY DESIGN "Crossover" observational design. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level 3. METHODS A total of 25 runners completed 10-minute running trials in 3 different conditions and in a randomized order: gradient at 0% (0CON), 2% (2CON), and 2% at isoefficiency speed (2IES). 0CON and 2CON speeds were calculated as the "best 10-km race performance" minus 1 km·h-1, whereas 2IES speed was adjusted to induce the same metabolic expenditure as 0CON. HR and perceived exertion as well as running kinematic variables were collected across all trials and conditions. Running variability was calculated as the standard deviation of the mean stride-to-stride intervals over 100 strides, while LDS was expressed by the Lyapunov exponent (LyE) determined on running cycle time over different running conditions. RESULTS Increases in HR and CR10 were observed between 0CON and 2CON (P < 0.001) and between 2IES and 2CON (P < 0.01). Higher RV was found in 2CON compared with 0CON and 2IES (both P < 0.001). Finally, the largest LyE was observed in 2IES compared with 0CON and 2CON (P = 0.02 and P = 0.01, respectively). CONCLUSION Whereas RV seems to be dependent more on metabolic effort, LDS is affected by gradient to a greater extent. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Running variability could be used to monitor external training load in marathon runners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johnny Padulo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health,
Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Moshe Ayalon
- The Academic College at Wingate, Netanya,
Israel
| | - Fabio A. Barbieri
- Human Movement Research Laboratory
(MOVI-LAB), Department of Physical Education, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Bauru,
Brazil
| | - Roberto Di Capua
- Department of Physics “E. Pancini,”
University of Naples “Federico II,” Naples, Italy,CNR-SPIN Institute, Naples, Italy
| | - Christian Doria
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health,
Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Luca P. Ardigò
- School of Exercise and Sport Science,
Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona,
Verona, Italy,Luca P. Ardigò, PhD, School of
Exercise and Sport Science, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement
Sciences, University of Verona, Via Felice Casorati, 43, Verona, 37131, Italy (
)
| | - Antonio Dello Iacono
- School of Health and Life Sciences,
University of the West of Scotland, Glasgow, UK
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Abstract
In recent years, there has been a significant expansion in female participation in endurance (road and trail) running. The often reported sex differences in maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) are not the only differences between sexes during prolonged running. The aim of this narrative review was thus to discuss sex differences in running biomechanics, economy (both in fatigue and non-fatigue conditions), substrate utilization, muscle tissue characteristics (including ultrastructural muscle damage), neuromuscular fatigue, thermoregulation and pacing strategies. Although males and females do not differ in terms of running economy or endurance (i.e. percentage VO2max sustained), sex-specificities exist in running biomechanics (e.g. females have greater non-sagittal hip and knee joint motion compared to males) that can be partly explained by anatomical (e.g. wider pelvis, larger femur-tibia angle, shorter lower limb length relative to total height in females) differences. Compared to males, females also show greater proportional area of type I fibres, are more able to use fatty acids and preserve carbohydrates during prolonged exercise, demonstrate a more even pacing strategy and less fatigue following endurance running exercise. These differences confer an advantage to females in ultra-endurance performance, but other factors (e.g. lower O2 carrying capacity, greater body fat percentage) counterbalance these potential advantages, making females outperforming males a rare exception. The present literature review also highlights the lack of sex comparison in studies investigating running biomechanics in fatigue conditions and during the recovery process.
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Molina-Molina A, Latorre-Román PÁ, Mercado-Palomino E, Delgado-García G, Richards J, Soto-Hermoso VM. The effect of two retraining programs, barefoot running vs increasing cadence, on kinematic parameters: A randomized controlled trial. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2021; 32:533-542. [PMID: 34717013 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare the effects of two 10-week non-laboratory-based running retraining programs on foot kinematics and spatiotemporal parameters in recreational runners. One hundred and three recreational runners (30 ± 7.2 years old, 39% females) were randomly assigned to either: a barefoot retraining group (BAR) with 3 sessions/week over 10 weeks, a cadence retraining group (CAD) who increased cadence by 10% again with 3 sessions/week over 10 weeks and a control group (CON) who did not perform any retraining. The footstrike pattern, footstrike angle (FSA), and spatial-temporal variables at comfortable and high speeds were measured using 2D/3D photogrammetry and a floor-based photocell system. A 3 × 2 ANOVA was used to compare between the groups and 2 time points. The FSA significantly reduced at the comfortable speed by 5.81° for BAR (p < 0.001; Cohen's d = 0.749) and 4.81° for CAD (p = 0.002; Cohen's d = 0.638), and at high speed by 6.54° for BAR (p < 0.001; Cohen's d = 0.753) and by 4.71° for CAD (p = 0.001; Cohen's d = 0.623). The cadence significantly increased by 2% in the CAD group (p = 0.015; Cohen's d = 0.344) at comfortable speed and the BAR group showed a 1.7% increase at high speed. BAR and CAD retraining programs showed a moderate effect for reducing FSA and rearfoot prevalence, and a small effect for increasing cadence. Both offer low-cost and feasible tools for gait modification within recreational runners in clinical scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Molina-Molina
- Campus Universitario, Universidad San Jorge, Autov A23 km 299, Villanueva de Gállego, Zaragoza, 50830, Spain.,Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | | | - Elia Mercado-Palomino
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Gabriel Delgado-García
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Jim Richards
- Allied Health Research Unit, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK
| | - Víctor Manuel Soto-Hermoso
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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Ueno H, Nakazawa S, Takeuchi Y, Sugita M. Relationship between Step Characteristics and Race Performance during 5000-m Race. Sports (Basel) 2021; 9:sports9090131. [PMID: 34564336 PMCID: PMC8473258 DOI: 10.3390/sports9090131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
This study examined the relationship between step characteristics and race time in a 5000-m race. Twenty-one male Japanese endurance runners performed a 5000-m race. Step length, step frequency, contact time, and flight time of two gait cycles (i.e., four consecutive ground contacts) were measured every 400-m by using high-speed video image. Moreover, step length was normalized to body height to minimize the effect of body size. In addition to step characteristics on each lap, the averages of all laps and the per cent change from the first half to the second half were calculated. The average step frequency and step length normalized to body height correlated significantly with the 5000-m race time (r = −0.611, r = −0.575, respectively, p < 0.05 for both). Per cent changes in contact time and step length correlated significantly with the 5000-m race time (r = 0.514, r = −0.486, respectively, p < 0.05 for both). These findings suggest that, in addition to higher step frequency and step length normalized to body height, smaller changes in step length during a given race may be an important step characteristic to achieving superior race performance in endurance runners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromasa Ueno
- Graduate School of Health and Sport Science, Nippon Sport Science University, 7-1-1 Fukasawa, Tokyo 158-8508, Japan;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-3-5706-0900; Fax: +81-3-5706-0912
| | - Sho Nakazawa
- Faculty of Sport Science, Nippon Sport Science University, 7-1-1 Fukasawa, Tokyo 158-8508, Japan; (S.N.); (M.S.)
| | - Yohsuke Takeuchi
- Graduate School of Health and Sport Science, Nippon Sport Science University, 7-1-1 Fukasawa, Tokyo 158-8508, Japan;
| | - Masaaki Sugita
- Faculty of Sport Science, Nippon Sport Science University, 7-1-1 Fukasawa, Tokyo 158-8508, Japan; (S.N.); (M.S.)
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Relationship between Running Spatiotemporal Kinematics and Muscle Performance in Well-Trained Youth Female Athletes. A Cross-Sectional Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18168869. [PMID: 34444618 PMCID: PMC8392471 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18168869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this cross-sectional study was to analyse the relationship of neuromuscular performance and spatiotemporal parameters in 18 adolescent distance athletes (age, 15.5 ± 1.1 years). Using the OptoGait system, the power, rhythm, reactive strength index, jump flying time, and jump height of the squat jump, countermovement jump, and eight maximal hoppings test (HT8max) and the contact time (CT), flying time (FT), step frequency, stride angle, and step length of running at different speeds were measured. Maturity offset was determined based on anthropometric variables. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) of repeated measurements showed a reduction in CT (p < 0.000) and an increase in step frequency, step length, and stride angle (p < 0.001), as the velocity increased. The HT8max test showed significant correlations with very large effect sizes between neuromuscular performance variables (reactive strength index, power, jump flying time, jump height, and rhythm) and both step frequency and step length. Multiple linear regression found this relationship after adjusting spatiotemporal parameters with neuromuscular performance variables. Some variables of neuromuscular performance, mainly in reactive tests, were the predictors of spatiotemporal parameters (CT, FT, stride angle, and VO). Rhythm and jump flying time in the HT8max test and power in the countermovement jump test are parameters that can predict variables associated with running biomechanics, such as VO, CT, FT, and stride angle.
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Ramirez-Campillo R, Andrade DC, García-Pinillos F, Negra Y, Boullosa D, Moran J. Effects of jump training on physical fitness and athletic performance in endurance runners: A meta-analysis. J Sports Sci 2021; 39:2030-2050. [PMID: 33956587 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2021.1916261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to assess the effects of jump training (JT) on measures of physical fitness and athletic performances in endurance runners. Controlled studies which involved healthy endurance runners, of any age and sex, were considered. A random-effects model was used to calculate effect sizes (ES; Hedge's g). Means and standard deviations of outcomes were converted to ES with alongside 95% confidence intervals (95%CI). Twenty-one moderate-to-high quality studies were included in the meta-analysis, and these included 511 participants. The main analyses revealed a significant moderate improvement in time-trial performance (i.e. distances between 2.0 and 5.0 km; ES = 0.88), without enhancements in maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max), velocity at VO2max, velocity at submaximal lactate levels, heart rate at submaximal velocities, stride rate at submaximal velocities, stiffness, total body mass or maximal strength performance. However, significant small-to-moderate improvements were noted for jump performance, rate of force development, sprint performance, reactive strength, and running economy (ES = 0.36-0.73; p < 0.001 to 0.031; I2 = 0.0% to 49.3%). JT is effective in improving physical fitness and athletic performance in endurance runners. Improvements in time-trial performance after JT may be mediated through improvements in force generating capabilities and running economy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Ramirez-Campillo
- Human Performance Laboratory. Department of Physical Activity Sciences. Universidad de Los Lagos. Osorno, Chile.,Centro de Investigación en Fisiología del Ejercicio. Facultad de Ciencias. Universidad Mayor. Santiago, Chile
| | - David C Andrade
- Centro de Investigación en Fisiología del Ejercicio. Facultad de Ciencias. Universidad Mayor. Santiago, Chile.,Centro de Medicina y Fisiología de Altura, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile
| | - Felipe García-Pinillos
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.,Department of Physical Education, Sports and Recreation, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - Yassine Negra
- Research Unit (UR17JS01) «Sport Performance, Health & Society», Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Ksar Saîd, University of "La Manouba", Tunisia
| | - Daniel Boullosa
- INISA, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Brazil
| | - Jason Moran
- School of Sport, Rehabilitation and Exercise Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, UK
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