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Papadimitriou K, Kabasakalis A, Papadopoulos A, Mavridis G, Tsalis G. Comparison of Ultra-Short Race Pace and High-Intensity Interval Training in Age Group Competitive Swimmers. Sports (Basel) 2023; 11:186. [PMID: 37755863 PMCID: PMC10537129 DOI: 10.3390/sports11090186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was tο examine the acute responses to an Ultra-Short Race Pace Training (USRPT) and a High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT), both oriented for the event of 100 m freestyle. Eighteen national-level swimmers (8 boys, 10 girls) aged 13.5 ± 0.1 years, with 8.0 ± 0.5 years of experience participated in the study. All participants completed a USRPT and a HIIT protocol consisting of 2 × 10 × 25 m (USRPT1 & USRPT2) and 5 × 50 m. Significantly higher swimming velocity (SV) were achieved in USRPT compared to HIIT (p < 0.001), while significantly lower distance per stroke (DPS) and stroke index (SI) were obtained (p = 0.007 and p < 0.001). Also, significantly lower blood lactate and glucose (BL & BG) concentrations were found after USRPT (p ≤ 0.001 and p = 0.037). Heart rate (HR) and rate of perceived exertion (RPE) were significantly lower after USRPT than HIIT (p < 0.001 and p = 0.015). According to the results, an USRPT swimming set consisting of 20 × 25 m at a 100 m pace seems to induce more specific responses in kinematic characteristics, biomarkers, HR and RPE compared to a 5 × 50 m HIIT set.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos Papadimitriou
- Faculty of Sport and Rehabilitation Sciences, Metropolitan College, University of East London, 546 24 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Athanasios Kabasakalis
- Laboratory of Evaluation of Human Biological Performance, School of Physical Education and Sport Science, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 570 01 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - Anastasios Papadopoulos
- School of Physical Education and Sport Science, Democritus University of Thrace, 691 00 Komotini, Greece;
| | - Georgios Mavridis
- School of Physical Education and Sport Science, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 570 01 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - Georgios Tsalis
- School of Physical Education and Sport Science, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 621 22 Serres, Greece;
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Liu H, Wang J. The Effects of Incorporating Dry-land Short Intervals to Long Aerobic-dominant In-Water Swimming Training on Physiological Parameters, Hormonal Factors, and Performance: A Randomized-Controlled Intervention Study. J Sports Sci Med 2023; 22:329-337. [PMID: 37293428 PMCID: PMC10244997 DOI: 10.52082/jssm.2023.329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the impact of a 4-week dry-land short sprint interval program (sSIT) on a swim ergometer, when incorporated into long aerobic-dominant in-water swimming training, on the physiological parameters, hormonal factors, and swimming performance of well-trained swimmers. Sixteen participants (age = 25 ± 6 years, height = 183 ± 6 cm, weight 78 ± 6 kg, body fat = 10.6 ± 3.1%) were randomized to either a long aerobic-dominant in-pool training plus three sessions/week of sSIT or a control group (CON) who didn't engage in SIT. sSIT consisted of 3 sets of 10 × 4 s, 10 × 6 s, and 10 × 8 s all-out sprints interspersed by 15, 60, and 40 s recovery between each sprint, respectively. Pre- and post-training assessments included peak oxygen uptake (V̇O2peak), O2pulse (V̇O2/HR), ventilation at V̇O2peak (V̇E@V̇O2peak), peak and average power output, and freestyle swim performance at 50, 100, and 200-m distances, stroke rate, as well as testosterone and cortisol. sSIT resulted in significant improvements in V̇O2peak (5.8%), O2pulse (4.7%), V̇E@V̇O2peak (7.1%), peak and average power output (6.7% and 13.8%, respectively), total testosterone (20%), testosterone to cortisol ratio (16.1%), and 50, 100, and 200-m freestyle swimming performance (-2.2%, -1.2%, and -1.1%, respectively). Furthermore, the observed alterations in the physiological, biochemical, and performance adaptations were significantly more substantial in the sSIT group than the CON group (p ≤ 0.05), demonstrating no modifications during the 4-week long aerobic-dominant in-water swimming without sSIT. The current research effectively established that supplementing standard long aerobic-dominant in-water swim training with three weekly dry-land sSIT sessions triggers adaptive mechanisms that foster enhancements in the aerobic and anaerobic capacity and swimming performance in well-trained swimmers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Liu
- Woosuk University, 443, Samnye-ro, Samnye-eup, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do, 55338, South Korea
| | - Jue Wang
- Kookmin University, 77 Jeongeung-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02707, South Korea
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Cuenca-Fernández F, Boullosa D, Ruiz-Navarro JJ, Gay A, Morales-Ortíz E, López-Contreras G, Arellano R. Lower fatigue and faster recovery of ultra-short race pace swimming training sessions. Res Sports Med 2023; 31:21-34. [PMID: 34032530 DOI: 10.1080/15438627.2021.1929227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Ultra-short race-pace training (USRPT) is a high-intensity training modality used in swimming for the development of specific race-technique. However, there is little information about the fatigue associated to this modality. In a crossover design, acute responses of two volume-equated sessions (1000-m) were compared on 14 national swimmers: i) USRPT: 20×50-m; ii) RPT: 10×100-m. Both protocols followed an equivalent work-recovery ratio (1:1) based on individual 200-m race-pace. The swimming times and the arm-strokes count were monitored on each set and compared by mixed-models. Blood lactate [La-] and countermovement jump-height (CMJ) were compared within and between conditions 2 and 5 min after the protocols. The last bouts in RPT were 1.5-3% slower than the target pace, entailing an arm-strokes increase of ~0.22 for every second increase in swimming time. USRPT produced lower [La-] ([Mean ± standard deviation], 2 min: 8.2±2.4 [p = 0.021]; 5 min: 6.9±2.8 mM/L [p = 0.008]), than RPT (2 min: 10.9±2.3; 5 min: 9.9±2.4 mM/L). CMJ was lowered at min 2 after RPT (-11.09%) and USRPT (-5.89%), but returned to baseline in USRPT at min 5 of recovery (4.07%). In conclusion, lower fatigue and better recovery were achieved during USRPT compared to traditional high-volume set.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Cuenca-Fernández
- Aquatics Lab. Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Daniel Boullosa
- INISA, Federal University of Mato Grosso Do Sul, Campo Grande, Brazil
| | - Jesús Juan Ruiz-Navarro
- Aquatics Lab. Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Ana Gay
- Aquatics Lab. Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Esther Morales-Ortíz
- Aquatics Lab. Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Gracia López-Contreras
- Aquatics Lab. Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Raúl Arellano
- Aquatics Lab. Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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Li X, Wang H. IMPROVEMENT OF SWIMMERS’ PHYSICAL COORDINATION BASED ON ANAEROBIC ENDURANCE TRAINING. REV BRAS MED ESPORTE 2023. [DOI: 10.1590/1517-8692202329012022_0311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Introduction: Anaerobic exercise is a critical factor in swimming training. Coaches who monitor an athlete’s anaerobic capacity can use this tool to improve competitive performance. Objective: Analyze the effect of the anaerobic function test on swimmers’ training. Methods: We examined the anaerobic exercise capacity of swimmers the relationship between human body composition and anaerobic work capacity. For this purpose, 14 swimmers were selected by random sampling. Individual anaerobic threshold, serum testosterone and serum cortisol of the athletes at different periods were measured. Results: Individual anaerobic thresholds were significantly lower in male and female athletes after training. The difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). The plasma testosterone/cortisol content of female swimmers after six weeks of anaerobic endurance training was significantly lower than the pre-training mean (P<0.05). After six weeks of anaerobic endurance training, the plasma testosterone/cortisol content of the male swimmers was lower than that of the standard group (P<0.05). Conclusion: The swimmers’ bodies were impacted after anaerobic endurance training. The importance of attention by the coach to consider the differences between male and female athletes when conducting dedicated anaerobic threshold training is emphasized. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies-investigating treatment outcomes .
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Shi J, Li X. POTENTIAL PHYSICAL ENDURANCE TRAINING SYSTEM FOR SWIMMERS. REV BRAS MED ESPORTE 2023. [DOI: 10.1590/1517-8692202329012022_0302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Introduction: Endurance and speed are fundamental to swimming. It is also essential for athletes to use the correct practice method during training to improve swimmers’ level of strength, endurance, and speed. Standardized swimming exercises can also reduce the inability of conventional land sports to adapt to the transition process from land to water. At the same time, standardized swimming exercises can also reduce the inability of conventional land sports to adapt to the transition process from land to water. This total swimming ability is also the goal pursued by many coaches and players. Objective: This study analyzes the training methods to improve swimmers’ strength, endurance, and speed. The results of this work can establish a theoretical basis for coaches to formulate training plans. Methods: This paper selects 20 swimmers as the object of research. There were ten males and ten females. All athletes participate in an endurance training program. This paper records the training intensity and endurance data during the athlete’s training. This paper uses mathematical statistics for data analysis. Results: The athletes’ human body’s technical level improved significantly after the endurance system exercise. The data were statistically significant (P<0.05). Conclusion: Endurance training can improve swimmers’ lower body strength. This training can make special training infinitely close to the demands of competition. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment outcomes.
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Perez GM, VanSumeren M, Brown M, Hew-Butler T. Pandemic-Induced Reductions on Swim Training Volume and Performance in Collegiate Swimmers. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 19:164. [PMID: 35010423 PMCID: PMC8750307 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19010164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic caused significant training disruptions during the 2020-2021 season, due to lockdowns, quarantines, and strict adherence to the pandemic protocols. The main purpose of this study was to determine how the pandemic training restrictions affected training volume and performance in one collegiate swim team. Cumulative training volume data across a 28-week season were compared between a pandemic (2020-2021) versus non-pandemic (2019-2020) season. The swimmers were categorized into three groups (sprinters, mid-distance, and long-distance) based on their training group. The performance times of 25 swimmers who competed in the regional championships, during both the non-pandemic and pandemic year, were compared via one-way ANOVA. Twenty-six male and 22 female swimmers commenced the 2020-2021 (pandemic) season, with 23% of the swimmers voluntarily opting out. Three COVID-19 cases were confirmed (2%) by the medical staff, with no long-term effects. Significant reductions in the average swim volume were verified in sprinters (32,867 ± 10,135 vs. 14,800 ± 7995 yards; p < 0.001), mid-distance (26,457 ± 10,692 vs. 17,054 ± 9.923 yards; p < 0.001), and long-distance (37,600 ± 14,430 vs. 22,254 ± 14,418 yards; p < 0.001) swimmers (non-pandemic vs. pandemic season, respectively). In the regional performance analyses, the sprinters swam faster (n = 8; -0.5 ± 0.6 s), while the mid-distance (n = 10; 0.17 ± 2.1 s) and long-distance (n = 7; 6.0 ± 4.9 s) swimmers swam slower (F = 11.76; p = 0.0003; r2 = 0.52). Thus, the pandemic caused significant reductions in swim training volume, with sprinters performing better and long-distance swimmers performing worse at the regional championships.
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Relevance of a Sprint Interval Swim Training Set to the 100-Meter Freestyle Event Based on Blood Lactate and Kinematic Variables. J Hum Kinet 2021; 80:153-161. [PMID: 34868425 PMCID: PMC8607769 DOI: 10.2478/hukin-2021-0091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Sprint interval training (SIT) sets are commonly used by coaches in the training routine of swimmers competing in short-distance events; however, data regarding their relevance to competitive events are scarce. The aim of this study was to examine whether performance variables differed or correlated between a 4 × 50-m maximal swimming set (with a work-to-rest ratio of 1:4) and the 100-m freestyle event. Eleven male and 16 female competitive swimmers aged 16.1 ± 1.1 years participated in the study. All swimmers trained at least six times a week and had training experience of more than 4 years. They completed the two freestyle tests on different days, in random and counterbalanced order. In each test, speed, blood lactate, stroke rate (SR), and stroke index (SI) were measured. Speed, blood lactate, and SR were higher at the 4 × 50 m compared to the 100 m and were positively correlated between tests (p < 0.001). The SI did not differ significantly, but was positively correlated between tests. Males were faster and had a higher SI than females, but genders did not differ in lactate. Since performance variables were better in the SIT set and correlated with those in the 100-m bout, we suggest that the 4 × 50-m set can be used to improve performance in the 100-m freestyle event. Moreover, this set can help coaches identify which swimmers will swim fastest in the event.
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Mohamed TJ, zied A, Francisco CF, Abderraouf BA. Physiological, perceptual responses, and strategy differences in age-group swimmers between heats and semi-finals in the 400 metres freestyle event. INT J PERF ANAL SPOR 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2021.1963107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tijani Jed Mohamed
- Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Ksar-Said, University of Manouba, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Abbes zied
- Physical Education Program, College of Education, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Cuenca-Fernández Francisco
- Aquatics Lab, Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Spain
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